Journal articles on the topic 'Human population history of Indians'
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1
Goicoechea, Alicia S., Francisco R. Carnese, Alicia L. Caratini, Sergio Avena, Maria Salaberry, and Francisco M. Salzano. "Demography, genetic diversity, and population relationships among Argentinean Mapuche Indians." Genetics and Molecular Biology 23, no. 3 (September 2000): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572000000300001.
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Fertility, mortality and migration data from four Mapuche Indian communities located along a 215-km NE-SW linear area in the Province of Río Negro, Argentina, were collated with genetic information furnished by nine blood group systems and by mtDNA haplogroups. The demographic and genetic data indicated a clear dichotomy, which split the four populations into two groups of two. Differing degrees of non-Indian exchanges was probably the main determining factor for this separation. Total genetic variability was very similar in all groups, and the interpopulational variability accounted for only 10% of the total variability. A low prevalence of the Diego(a) antigen among the Mapuche was confirmed. The fact that significant genetic heterogeneity and population clusters were found in such a small territorial region attests to the sensitivity of demographic and genetic approaches in unraveling human history.
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Martinez-Serna, Gabriel. "Jesuit Missionaries, Indian Polities, and Environmental Transformation in the Lagoon March of Northeastern New Spain." Journal of Early American History 3, no. 2-3 (2013): 207–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00303008.
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The introduction of European agriculture and livestock transformed the natural and human landscape of the Americas profoundly. In the borderlands of the continent, it was often missionaries who introduced these practices to areas where mobile Indians groups had adapted their cultures to an environment that was irrevocably changed. Transforming a landscape usually doomed a mobile ethnic group to forced adaptation, migration or extinction, but could also prove a catalyst to an ethnogenesis that could not have occurred without the effects the Columbian Exchange brought about by the missionaries. The so-called Lagoon March (Comarca Lagunera) of the northeastern borderlands of New Spain experienced perhaps the most dramatic of these episodes in this story of Colonial North America. This region was home to the Lagunero Indians, the most populous pre-contact group in the borderlands, and as late as the last decade of the sixteenth century it was a lush lagoon environment surrounded by wooded mountains. The Jesuits founded the Parras mission there in 1598, and within two generations, the Laguneros had largely disappeared, and the area was transformed into an archipelago of highly productive oasis surrounded by scrub barely suitable for livestock. Viticulture made the area the richest non-mining region of the entire frontier, and a magnet for population. Tlaxcalan (Nahua) colonist that had lived in the mission and survived the Lagunero extinction became a borderlands community intrinsically attached to viticulture and communal rights to water from the region’s only major spring, giving them a legal status that distinguished them from other Indian groups (including other Tlaxcalans) and underlining a social cohesion that lasted until the Independence period. Thus, the unintended effects of the Jesuit presence transformed the Parras environment and the way Indian identity related to it.
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Jones, Alick R. "Dietary Change and Human Population at Indian Creek, Antigua." American Antiquity 50, no. 3 (July 1985): 518–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280319.
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The midden at Indian Creek, Antigua, is very probably a nearly complete record of the animal food consumed by the inhabitants over about 1,100 years of occupation. During that time the resource exploitation pattern changed in a number of major and minor ways. The most obvious change, when crab gave way to bivalve mollusks as an important dietary element, has been examined in some detail and the possible causes for the change discussed. Although the data presented here could be used for a variety of theoretical models it seems likely that no single model is sufficient to explain all the changes. The faunal remains obtained from the excavation have been used to calculate the amount of protein represented and this in turn used to calculate the approximate mean human population over the period of occupation. The figure obtained is between 21-53 depending upon the criteria adopted. The possible sources of error in the calculations are identified and discussed.
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Rahman, Gazi Mizanur. "Transnational History and Colonial Records: Locating Bengali Mobility in the British Malaya." Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration 3, no. 2 (December 9, 2019): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmsni.v3i2.6267.
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By the late 1980s, some historians began to identify their works as transnational history – which dealt with the past human mobility, and the circulation of goods, information, and ideas across the globe. Colonial records are an essential source for reconstructing transnational history. However, some of the colonial census-makers were not aware of the racial identity of transmigrants during the population enumeration. They categorised the transmigrants under different umbrella heads, and due to their stringent systems of cataloguing, the identity of diverse migrants was misplaced or generalised in census reports. Therefore, these certain ambiguities complicate the reconstruction of the transnational history of some specific migrant communities. With the impact of British colonialism in present-day South and Southeast Asia, South Asian multi-ethnic people, including Bengalis, migrated to Malaya. Initially, the British colonial administrators categorised the South Asian multi-racial migrants under different heads including “Bengalis & c.”, “Tamils & c.” and “Indians”. These umbrella terms in colonial records create problems in reconstructing the transnational history of anyone specific race from South Asia, such as the Bengali. Through a reinterpretation of colonial documents, empirical evidence, and oral interviews, this paper attempts to locate the Bengali migrants in British Malaya.
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Sommer, Barbara A. "Colony of the Sertão: Amazonian Expeditions and the Indian Slave Trade." Americas 61, no. 3 (January 2005): 401–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2005.0053.
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After expelling their European rivals from the Amazon in the early–seventeenth century, the Portuguese set about exploiting the principal assets of the vast basin—the indigenous inhabitants. As allies, converts, and slaves the native population provided the labor and much of the social fabric of the developing colony. While a variety of canoe-borne expeditions ventured ever farther up the main river and its tributaries seeking elusive gold, harvesting forest products, and expanding the crown's domain, prosperity and power for the leaders and sponsors of those forays derived mainly from the human cargo brought downstream to missions, forts, and other settlements. As a result, crown and colonial authorities attempted to regulate and control the expeditions, and fierce competition developed among institutions and individuals involved in the process. Documents in Portuguese and Brazilian archives reveal the key role played by the Indians themselves in collaboration with the little-studied cross-cultural intermediaries, known as cunhamenas.
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Pande, S., and M. Ertsen. "Endogenous change: on cooperation and water in ancient history." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 4 (April 17, 2013): 4829–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-4829-2013.
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Abstract. We propose and test the theory of endogenous change based on historical reconstructions of two ancient civilizations, Indus and Hohokam, in two water scarce basins, the Indus basin in the Indian subcontinent and the Lower Colorado basin in Southwestern United States. The endogenous institutional change sees changes in institutions as a sequence of equilibria brought about by changes in "quasi-parameters" such as rainfall, population density, soil and land use induced water resource availability. In the historical reconstructions of ancient civilizations, institutions are proximated by the scale of cooperation be it in the form of the extent of trade, sophisticated irrigation network, a centrally planned state or a loosely held state with a common cultural identity. The "quasi-parameters" either change naturally or are changed by humans and the changes affect the stability of cooperative structures over time. However, human influenced changes in the quasi-parameters itself are conditioned on the scale of existing cooperative structures. We thus provide insights into the quantitative dimensions of water access by ancient populations and its co-evolution with the socioeconomic and sociopolitical organization of the human past. We however do not suggest that water manipulation was the single most significant factor in stimulating social development and complexity – clearly this has been shown as highly reductionist, even misleading. The paper cautiously contributes to proximate prediction of hydrological change by attempting to understand the complexity of coupled human-hydrological systems.
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Stannard, David E. "Disease and Infertility: a New Look at the Demographic Collapse of Native Populations in the Wake of Western Contact." Journal of American Studies 24, no. 3 (December 1990): 325–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875800033661.
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During the past fifty years few subjects of historical consequence have been more controversial than that of the population history of the American Indian. At one extreme, in 1939 Alfred L. Kroeber estimated the population of pre-Columbian North America at about 900,000. At the other extreme, in 1983 Henry F. Dobyns estimated it at about 18,000,000. Since the total North American Indian population by the early twentieth century was no more than 350,000 to 450,000, the human question concealed in the statistical controversy is staggering: did the North American Indian population decline by a ratio of about 2 to 1 between the end of the fifteenth century and the end of the nineteenth century – or did it decline by 50 to 1 ? Or more?
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Bahl, Ankur, Lalit Dar, BK Mohanti, Pankaj Kumar, Alok Thakar, Venkat Karthikeyan, and Atul Sharma. "Prevalence, trends, and survival impact of human papillomavirus on oropharyngeal cancer in Indian population." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): 5540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.5540.
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5540 Background: Among oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the true prevalence of HPV remains variable and studies have estimated that up to 60% may be HPV positive. Patients with HPV positive tumor are usuallyyounger in age, less likely to have history of tobacco or alcohol consumption and associated with a better prognosis but this information for Indian patients is largely unknown. Methods: 105 newly diagnosed patients of OSCC were enrolled. HPV genotyping was done on the biopsy specimen by consensus polymerase chain reaction and reverse line-blot hybridization assay. HPV prevalence was studied according to gender, age, tobacco and alcohol use and high risk sexual behavior. Results: Overall HPV prevalence was 22.8%. HPV positive patients were younger by 8 years as compared to negative patients (P=0.003). No significant correlation between tobacco consumption, alcoholic habits, and HPV status was observed. The mean number of life time sexual partners in HPV positive patients was 1.66 while, it was 1.33 in HPV negative patients (P=0.049). Incidence of high risk sexual behaviors was more in HPV positive patients (P<0.001). There were no significant associations between the two groups with respect to tumor size, nodal stage and the overall stage of the tumor. 16% of the base of tongue cancers and 40% of tonsillar carcinoma were positive (P = 0.02). Among positive samples, HPV 16 was the commonest (79%) followed by HPV 18 (12%). 96% of patients received treatment. At 18.8 months there was no significant difference in OS, EFS between HPV positive and negative OSCC (P = 0.97 and P= 0.51 respectively). Conclusions: The current study reconfirms that HPV positive OSCC patients are younger with high risk sexual behavior. Impact of smoking and alcohol consumption on HPV status was not found in this study. HPV positive rates were significantly higher for tonsillar cancer. Contrary to literature, we did not find any differences in OS or EFS between two groups. Small numbers of patients in the study group, short follow up period and significant tobacco smoking in HPV group may be the one of the reason for this.
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Haring, Lee. "Eastward to the Islands: The Other Diaspora." Journal of American Folklore 118, no. 469 (July 1, 2005): 290–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4137915.
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Abstract The Indian Ocean islands of Mauritius, Réunion, and Seychelles, named the "Mascareignes" after a Portuguese explorer, are products of an eastward African diaspora, almost invisible in the West except to a few historians. Empty of human population until European exploitation settled them with afew colonists and thousands of slaves from East Africa and Madagascar, their multicultural history demonstrates the astonishing durability of African and Malagasy cultures. Folktales provide the finest window into that history and its values. Through that window, creolization is revealed in its actual occurrence.
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Sharma, Shivam. "Partition of India: The Gurdaspur Dispute." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 07 (July 27, 2021): 1270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/07271.
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The Partition of India was arguably one of the largest Two-way migration in human history. There are several sets of census data and other verified sources which strengthens the argument that the exchange of population since 1947 has caused immense harm to the integrity of the Indian Sub-continent which is beyond repair. The paper discusses a brief history and the sequence of events that lead to the allotment of three out of four tehsil’s of Gurdaspur district to the Indian dominion despite having a majority Muslim population. The importance of Gurdaspur was remarkable for both the dominions and the contested area was earlier assumed to be allotted to Pakistan while a later amendment made it a part of India, which opened routes for a direct pathway to Kashmir. It also discusses the Radcliffe Commission that was appointed to demarcate the two new separate dominions, India, and Pakistan in just eight weeks.
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Richards, J. F., James R. Hagen, and Edward S. Haynes. "Changing Land Use in Bihar, Punjab and Haryana, 1850–1970." Modern Asian Studies 19, no. 3 (July 1985): 699–732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00007770.
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Undivided colonial India experienced an accelerated rate of economic change in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Official policies and funds combined with private entrepreneurial energies and investment to intensify India's linkages with the world market in trade, industry, agriculture, and natural resource extraction. Slow, but in the long term steady, population expansion accompanied this trend. After 1947, economic development accelerated under five-year plans in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, and transformed the earlier colonial economy. Population figures have similarly shot up since partition and independence. These two linked trends have accompanied steadily intensifying human intervention in the natural environment of the subcontinent over the same time. One effect, among others, has been dramatic alteration in land use and vegetation cover. Comparing Francis Buchanan's early nineteenth-century descriptions of the countryside in both north and south India with the appearance of these areas today suggests just how sweeping these changes have been. The landscape of today in virtually every Indian district is very different from that seen two hundred or even hundred years ago.
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Fernandes, Veronica, Nicolas Brucato, Joana C. Ferreira, Nicole Pedro, Bruno Cavadas, François-Xavier Ricaut, Farida Alshamali, and Luisa Pereira. "Genome-Wide Characterization of Arabian Peninsula Populations: Shedding Light on the History of a Fundamental Bridge between Continents." Molecular Biology and Evolution 36, no. 3 (January 21, 2019): 575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz005.
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Abstract The Arabian Peninsula (AP) was an important crossroad between Africa, Asia, and Europe, being the cradle of the structure defining these main human population groups, and a continuing path for their admixture. The screening of 741,000 variants in 420 Arabians and 80 Iranians allowed us to quantify the dominant sub-Saharan African admixture in the west of the peninsula, whereas South Asian and Levantine/European influence was stronger in the east, leading to a rift between western and eastern sides of the Peninsula. Dating of the admixture events indicated that Indian Ocean slave trade and Islamization periods were important moments in the genetic makeup of the region. The western–eastern axis was also observable in terms of positive selection of diversity conferring lactose tolerance, with the West AP developing local adaptation and the East AP acquiring the derived allele selected in European populations and existing in South Asia. African selected malaria resistance through the DARC gene was enriched in all Arabian genomes, especially in the western part. Clear European influences associated with skin and eye color were equally frequent across the Peninsula.
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Latimore, Janis. "Life without Milk." Nutrition and Food Processing 3, no. 2 (August 17, 2020): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/026.
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This op-ed article is a metaphor, bemoaning life without the cruelty, brutality, and murder of minorities by police. It indicates the similarities in not needing milk nor police when it is intolerant to survival. Milk is an important nutrient, staple, and a source of calcium for the purpose of supplementing the health in children’s development and for adults in need of additional, calcium-rich foods. Milk is known to build bone development and density. Milk has a long history in the “western diet” (Dalsgaard, Bertram 2015) (standard American diet), as an important nutrient, representative as a valuable source for the human body. In validating food “intake biomarkers (a measurable substance in an organism whose presence is indicative of some phenomenon, such as disease, infection, or environmental exposure), milk becomes part of the human biofluid (a generic term for bio-organic fluid produced by an organism such as, serum, plasma, urine, saliva, and so on” (Dalsgaard, Bertram 2015). We are taught by our parents and advised by natal-conscious doctors, that children cannot grow or maintain a healthy life as babies, pre-k, young adults or grown-ups, if we don’t drink milk or have a diet of milk by-products. But in 1972, early research found; “Negroes” (Paige, Bayless, Graham 1972), Asians, American Indians, Hispanic, South Americans and Black Heritage (American Family Physician, 2006), had trouble digesting an enzyme that breaks down the natural sugar in milk and the same intestinal intolerance arrives in significant numbers when this same group of people within the greater population are in the presence of police.
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Singh, A. V., S. V. Singh, D. K. Verma, R. Yadav, P. K. Singh, and J. S. Sohal. "Evaluation of “Indigenous Absorbed ELISA Kit” for the Estimation of Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Antibodies in Human Beings in North India." ISRN Veterinary Science 2011 (May 23, 2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/636038.
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In present pilot study aimed to estimate, presence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) antibodies in the human serum samples originating from North India using “Indigenous absorbed ELISA kit” (ELISA kit). The phase I, “ELISA kit” was optimized using protoplasmic antigen from native isolate of MAP “Indian Bison type” recovered from the biopsies of Crohn's disease patients. The phase II, sensitivity and specificity of the kit were estimated as 40.0 and 83.3%, respectively, when evaluated in 40 human serum samples (5 Crohn's disease and 22 ulcerative colitis patients and 13 healthy human subjects) with defined MAP status with respect to stool culture. Seroprevalence of MAP antibodies was higher in CD patients (80.0%) as compared to ulcerative colitis patients (4.5%) and normal human subjects (15.3%). The phase III, seroprevalence of MAP antibodies was estimated as 23.4%, on the basis of the screening of 452 human serum samples (without history) from different geographical regions of North India. Region-wise, 34.0, 33.3, 32.8, 25.0, 23.0, 17.7, and 12.5% samples were positive from the states of Punjab, Uttarakhand, New Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir, respectively. Study reported moderately higher presence of MAP antibodies in human population, which necessitates programs to reduce the bioburden of MAP in the environment and in animal population.
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Sharma, Narayan, M. D. Madhusudan, Prabal Sarkar, Mayur Bawri, and Anindya Sinha. "Trends in extinction and persistence of diurnal primates in the fragmented lowland rainforests of the Upper Brahmaputra Valley, north-eastern India." Oryx 46, no. 2 (April 2012): 308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605311001402.
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AbstractThe historical deforestation of the Upper Brahmaputra Valley in the Indian state of Assam has resulted in the transformation of its once-contiguous lowland rainforests into many isolated forest fragments that are still rich in species, including primates. We report the recent history and current status of six diurnal primates in one large (2,098 ha) and three small (<500 ha) fragments of the Upper Brahmaputra Valley. We censused primates in the small fragments during 2002, 2005, 2009, in the large fragment in 2008, and used other published census data to derive population trends. We also used key informant surveys to obtain historical occurrence data for these populations. Our analyses reveal the recent extinction of some populations and the simultaneous long-term persistence of others in these fragments over 16 years. Most populations appeared to have declined in the small fragments but primate abundance has increased significantly in the largest fragment over the last decade. Addressing the biomass needs of the local human populations, which appears to drive habitat degradation, and better protection of these forests, will be crucial in ensuring the future survival of this diverse and unique primate assemblage in the last rainforest fragments of the human-dominated Upper Brahmaputra Valley.
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Bhatt, Supriya, Suvankar Biswas, Krithi Karanth, Bivash Pandav, and Samrat Mondol. "Genetic analyses reveal population structure and recent decline in leopards (Panthera pardus fusca) across the Indian subcontinent." PeerJ 8 (February 4, 2020): e8482. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8482.
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Background Large carnivores maintain the stability and functioning of ecosystems. Currently, many carnivore species face declining population sizes due to natural and anthropogenic pressures. The leopard, Panthera pardus, is probably the most widely distributed and highly adaptable large felid globally, still persisting in most of its historic range. However, we lack subspecies-level data on country or regional scale on population trends, as ecological monitoring approaches are difficult to apply on such wide-ranging species. We used genetic data from leopards sampled across the Indian subcontinent to investigate population structure and patterns of demographic decline. Methods We collected faecal samples from the Terai-Arc landscape of northern India and identified 56 unique individuals using a panel of 13 microsatellite markers. We merged this data with already available 143 leopard individuals and assessed genetic structure at country scale. Subsequently, we investigated the demographic history of each identified subpopulations and compared genetic decline analyses with countrywide local extinction probabilities. Results Our genetic analyses revealed four distinct subpopulations corresponding to Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau-Semi Arid, Shivalik and Terai region of the north Indian landscape, each with high genetic variation. Coalescent simulations with microsatellite loci revealed a possibly human-induced 75–90% population decline between ∼120–200 years ago across India. Population-specific estimates of genetic decline are in concordance with ecological estimates of local extinction probabilities in these subpopulations obtained from occupancy modeling of the historic and current distribution of leopards in India. Conclusions Our results confirm the population decline of a widely distributed, adaptable large carnivore. We re-iterate the relevance of indirect genetic methods for such species in conjunction with occupancy assessment and recommend that detailed, landscape-level ecological studies on leopard populations are critical to future conservation efforts. Our approaches and inference are relevant to other widely distributed, seemingly unaffected carnivores such as the leopard.
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Kling, Blair B. "Paternalism in Indian Labor: The Tata Iron and Steel Company of Jamshedpur." International Labor and Working-Class History 53 (1998): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900013673.
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The most celebrated case of paternalism in India is that of the Tata Iron and Steel Company (Tisco) and its company town, Jamshedpur. In the context of India, Jamshedpur is a marvel: a relatively clean, spacious, and prosperous city where more people live in middle-class neighborhoods than in slums. With a population of 650,000, Jamshedpur is certainly the largest company town in the world, and, because it is still controlled and administered by the private company that founded it in 1909, it is probably the oldest extant company town. Aside from the town, the steel company itself holds a special place in Indian industrial history. It was founded and capitalized in the colonial period by the Indian business community of Bombay in 1907, began production in 1911, and thereafter took its place as the largest private company in India and the largest integrated steel mill in the British Empire. It has survived revolutionary political changes, near-bankruptcy, and nationalization attempts, largely because its directors convinced the British that it was an essential defense industry and the Indian nationalists that it was a national treasure run by men of integrity for the benefit of the nation.
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Green, William A. "The New World and the Rise of European Capitalist Hegemony: Some Historiographical Perspectives." Itinerario 10, no. 2 (July 1986): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300007543.
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The Columbian legacy also involved catastrophic demographic collapse and brutal exploitation. Within fifty years of Spanish occupation, native populations of the Caribbean archipelago verged on extinction; after eighty years, demographic decline in Mexico and Central America may have reached ninety percent. Although epidemiological transfers devastated American Indians, other aspects of inter-hemispheric biological exchange substantially enhanced the world's capacity to support human life. Eurasian grazing stock (goats, cattle, pigs, sheep) as well as animals of burden (horses and oxen) were introduced to the Americas while native American plants — not least, the potato, maize, tomato, various beans, and squash — were transferred to the Eastern Hemisphere. Precious metals were also conveyed to the Old World with effects that continue to be debated upon European economic growth, the distribution of wealth, the organization of power, and the conduct of war. Africa's portion of the Columbian legacy was to supply 5/6ths of the human migrants from the Eastern to the Western Hemisphere between 1492 and 1775 and to experience the domestic transformations dictated by the Atlantic slave trade. Taken together, the convergence of continents in the age of discovery would appear to have shaped the modern world, as Abbe Raynal implied. But did it? From Raynal's time to our own, how have historians related these developments to the advent of modernity or to the establishment of Europe's global economic paramountcy? Did the development of the Old World hinge upon the discovery of the New?
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Besky, Sarah. "Empire and indigestion: Materializing tannins in the Indian tea industry." Social Studies of Science 50, no. 3 (April 15, 2020): 398–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312720915780.
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In the mid-1800s, plantation-produced tea from India came onto the British market. Tea retailers blended this more malty and black tea with the lighter Chinese-grown tea to which consumers had become accustomed. By the turn of the 20th century, blending helped Empire-grown tea supplant Chinese-grown tea on the market. Scholars of tea have shown how British tea companies working in South Asia stoked racialized fears that Chinese tea arrived in Britain in an adulterated state, laden with impurities that included dyes, perfumes and even human sweat. This article describes how concerns about protecting tea leaves from outside adulteration gave way to concerns about the potential digestive threat that lay inside tea leaves themselves. Medical journals linked the increased consumption of Indian teas to a population-wide ‘epidemic’ of indigestion. The most cited culprits in this epidemic were tannins, chemical compounds that were also thought to give black tea its characteristic bitterness and color. The normalization of black tea consumption among the British public was not just a work of marketing or branding but a work of resolving uncertainty about what tannins were at a material, biophysical level. As this uncertainty was resolved scientifically, tea was materialized not as a singular, unified product but as an active chemical assemblage.
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Khoo, Su Pei, Nirmala Bhoo-Pathy, Siew Hwei Yap, Mohd Khairul Anwar Shafii, Nazrilla Hairizan Nasir, Jerome Belinson, ShriDevi Subramaniam, et al. "Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of cervicovaginal human papillomavirus (HPV) carriage in a cross-sectional, multiethnic, community-based female Asian population." Sexually Transmitted Infections 94, no. 4 (November 27, 2017): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053320.
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ObjectivesCervical cancer is a largely preventable disease, and the strategic implementation of a cervical cancer prevention programme is partly dependent on the impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection interpreted within the context of the country’s sociodemographic attributes. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of cervicovaginal HPV infection among a healthy, community-based, multiethnic Malaysian population. The HPV prevalence was subsequently correlated to the individual’s sociodemographics and sexual/reproductive history. Of significance, the observed prevalence captured was in a birth cohort not included in the national school-based HPV vaccination programme.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study where 1293 healthy women aged between 18 and 60 years were recruited via convenience sampling from five community-based clinics in Selangor, Malaysia. Cervicovaginal self-samples were obtained and DNA was extracted for HPV detection and genotyping. A comprehensive questionnaire was administered to determine the sociodemographics and behavioural patterns of participants.ResultsThe median age at enrolment was 37 years old (IQR: 30–47). In total, 86/1190 (7.2%) of the samples collected were positive for HPV infection, with the highest HPV prevalence (11.9%) detected in the subgroup of 18–24 years old. The top three most prevalent HPV genotypes were HPV 16, 52 and 58. The independent risk factors associated with higher rates of HPV infection included Indian ethnicity, widowed status and women with partners who are away from home for long periods and/or has another sexual partner.ConclusionsThe overall prevalence of HPV infection in this Malaysian multiethnic population was 7.2%, with 6.5% being high-risk genotypes. The top three most common high-risk HPV types were HPV 16, 52 and 58. This information is important for the planning of primary (HPV vaccination) and secondary (screening) cervical cancer prevention programmes in Malaysia.
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Kamalanathan, Sadishkumar, Sarayu Gopal SS, Jayaprakash Sahoo, Dukhabandhu Naik, and Vir Singh Negi. "ODP166 Autoantibody Positivity and Random C-peptide Profile in Young Ethnic South Indian Population with Diabetes Mellitus." Journal of the Endocrine Society 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): A300—A301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvac150.621.
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Abstract The islet cell autoantibody and beta-cell reserve profiles of young-onset diabetes patients in India are not only heterogeneous but also differ from those in the rest of the world. We sought to assess 3 standard islet cell autoantibodies and random C-peptide in the young ethnic South Indian population with diabetes mellitus attending the Endocrinology OPD of our tertiary care. A total of 190 young diabetes patients aged between 12-30 years were screened for inclusion in the study. Known cases of gestational diabetes and those on diabetogenic drugs were excluded. Additionally, those with clinical features suggestive of pancreatic diabetes or maturity-onset diabetes of young (MODY), or any diabetes-associated syndromic disorders were also excluded. Finally, 138 eligible young diabetes patients were included in the study. The islet cell autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), insulinoma-associated protein-2 (IA-2), zinc transporter (ZnT8)was measured by sandwich ELISA technique using a human GAD ELISA kit (Euroimmun, Germany), human IA2 ELISA kit (Euroimmun, Germany), human ZnT8 ELISA kit (RSR diagnostics, USA) respectively. Random C-peptide was measured with chemiluminescence immunoassay analyser Advia Centaur XP. Diagnosis of T1DM was based on the requirement of immediate insulin replacement therapy for hyperglycemia with or without acute-onset ketosis with random C-peptide (<0.6 ng/ml) with /without any of islet cell antibodies. Diagnosis of T2DM is based on the history of control of hyperglycemia with oral hypoglycemic agents with documentation of adequate beta-cell reserve (random C-peptide ≥ 0.6 ng/ml) while maintaining euglycemia. Based on the patient characteristics, treatment profile, islet cell antibody status, and beta-cell reserve as assessed by random C-peptide levels, 82 were classified as T1DM, and 48 were classified as T2DM. The rest 8 patients were categorized as unclassified diabetes. GAD antibody was seen in 54(66%) of 82 T1DM patients. Islet cell autoantibody negativity was documented in 21(26%) of T1DM patients. IA-2 and ZnT8 antibodies contributed to an additional 7(8%) to islet cell antibody positivity in T1DM patients. IA-2 antibody positivity was low and random C-peptide was undetectable in many cases of T1DM in our study and is probably due to prolonged duration of diabetes in many T1DM patients. Autoantibody positivity was seen in 4(8%) T2DM patients. These patients need to be followed up for possible evolution of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. References: Sahoo SK, Zaidi G, Vipin VP, Chapla A, Thomas N, Yu L,et al. Heterogeneity in the aetiology of diabetes mellitus in young adults: A prospective study from north India. Indian J Med Res 2019; 149: 479-88. Presentation: No date and time listed
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Jain, Pritesh, Amlan Ghosh, Debarshi Jana, and Dilip Kumar Pal. "Chronic pelvic pain syndrome/chronic prostatitis: Is it related to human papillomavirus infection? A case-control study from Eastern India." Urologia Journal 87, no. 3 (January 16, 2020): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0391560319899848.
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Introduction: Relationship between human papillomavirus infection and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome is not clear in the Indian population. The present study evaluated human papillomavirus infection as a risk factor in the development of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Methods: Patients between the age group of 18 and 50 years, diagnosed with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (Cases) or sexually active asymptomatic men with primary infertility (Controls), were recruited. Recording of the personal and/or family history and National Institute of Health-chronic prostatitis symptom index scoring (pain score, urinary score, and quality-of-life score) was done in all prostatitis patients. Seminal fluids of all study patients were evaluated for genomic sequences of human papillomavirus including oncogenic subtypes human papillomavirus-16 and -18. Results: Study participants were divided in cases (n = 50) and controls (n = 50). The mean age of cases and controls were 30.72 and 32.48 years, respectively. Among the cases, the mean duration of symptoms was 9.98 months and mean total National Institute of Health-chronic prostatitis symptom index scoring score and mean International Prostate Symptom Score were 20.52 and 5.8, respectively. Among cases, 26 (52%) were found positive for human papillomavirus infection compared to only 6 (12%) in control group (risk ratio = 0.43; 95% confidence interval = 0.3–0.62; p < 0.001). Infection with human papillomavirus-16 subtype was significantly associated with patients from cases group (χ2 = 4.17; risk ratio (confidence interval) (0.39–0.59); p = 0.041). Oncogenic human papillomavirus-18 subtype was not found in any of the group. Conclusion: These observations indicate that infection with human papillomavirus (HPV-16 subtype) can be considered as a risk factor for the development of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in Indian males under the age of 50 years.
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SABIA, L., G. ZAGAMI, M. G. MAZZOCCHI, E. ZAMBIANCHI, and M. UTTIERI. "Spreading factors of a globally invading coastal copepod." Mediterranean Marine Science 16, no. 2 (May 21, 2015): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.1154.
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The Mediterranean Sea is one of the areas most affected by alien invasions, which are continuously increasing also due to intense human activities and environmental changes that favor the introduction of species previously unable to colonize the basin. This is the case of the copepods of the genus Pseudodiaptomus, first described in the Indian Ocean and considered one of the most resistant to unfavorable conditions but never recorded in the Mediterranean until 2011 though present in adjacent seas. Pseudodiaptomus marinus, in particular, is common in shallow marine-brackish waters and is one of the species often found in ballast waters and in aquaculture plants. Native of Japan, it has started spreading since 1950s and its populations have established in several harbours, eutrophic inlets and lagoons along the coasts of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. In the last few years, P. marinus has been increasingly reported in European Seas (Mediterranean Sea and North Sea). In this paper, we review the invasion history of this species with a special emphasis on its records in the Mediterranean Sea, and its occurrence and establishment in Sicilian waters. We also compare the biological traits and population dynamics of P. marinus with those of other representative of the genus and discuss about the possible mechanisms of introduction in new environments. Aim of our work is to understand the reasons of successful invasion of P. marinus and the environmental and biological factors that may lead to its further biogeographic expansion.
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Jeyanthi, Venkadapathi. "COVID-19 outbreak: An overview and India’s perspectives on the management of infection." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 13, no. 36 (September 26, 2020): 3716–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v13i36.1116.
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Objectives: To provide an overview of COVID-19 including epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, antiviral agents, prevention and risk management strategies in India. Methods: The inclusion criteria for this study were Indian population. The article discusses the COVID-19 confirmed cases, recovered and death cases from March, 2020 to till date in the Indian population. People who have been tested COVID-19 positive with aymptomatic or mild to moderate symptoms. Exclusion criteria consisted of patients with previous history of respiratory disease or other pneumonia. Findings: For the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection, RT-PCR was found to be the most sensitive method. A Serological test used to detect the presence of SARSCoV-2 antibodies present in blood serum. In India, self-quarantine and physical distancing was found to be the effective way to prevent the spread of infection.Few clinically approved repurposing drugs such as Favipiravir, Remdesivir,Lopinavir/ Ritonavir, Hydroxychloroquine (or chloroquine) and Dexamethasone were entered into clinical trial in human. Improvement: This study will also help to raise awareness of the current pandemic among primary and secondary health care providers. Simultaneously, our review also focuses on the most up-to-date COVID-19 cases and risk management strategies in India. It also highlighted about vaccines that are being developed by various countries including India against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The clinical trials are ongoing with promising outcomes against this pandemic disease. Keywords: COVID19; epidemiology; pathogenesis; diagnosis; antiviral agents;management
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Long, Kate, Sujith Chandy, Frank Goodrich (Rich) Feeley III, Richard Laing, Lance D. Laird, and Veronika J. Wirtz. "Mission Hospital Responses to Challenges and Implications for their Future Role in India’s Health System." Christian Journal for Global Health 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15566/cjgh.v7i2.337.
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Background: India’s health system is currently experiencing rapid change. Achieving India’s aspirations for improved population health and universal health coverage will require the contribution of all health providers; public, private-for-profit, not-for-profit and charitable providers. Among the largest charitable providers in India are Christian mission hospitals, who have played a historic role in healthcare delivery to the poor and underserved. This study explored the main internal and external challenges facing mission hospitals, their response to those challenges, and the role they might play in the broader health system going forward.
Methods: The study employed interdisciplinary, mixed methodology to assess the top challenges and responses between 2010-2017. The theory of everyday resilience was used to categorize challenges as chronic stresses or acute shocks and to explore features of resilience in responses to challenges, along with the underlying capabilities that enable resilience responses.
Results and Discussion: Mission hospitals were impacted by social, political, and health system challenges. Most operated as “stressors”, for example, strained governance structures and human resource shortages. “Shocks” included major changes in health policy and increasing competition from for-profit providers. In response, some mission hospitals exhibited features of everyday resilience, traversing between absorptive, adaptive, and transformative strategies. Among mission hospitals that appeared to be successfully navigating challenges, three core capacities were present: 1) cognitive capacity, understanding the challenge and developing appropriate response strategies; 2) behavioral capacity, having agency to deploy context-specific responses; and 3) contextual capacity, having adequate resources, including hardware (money, people, infrastructure) and software (e.g. values, relationships, networks), to exercise the first two capacities. Building on their history and current examples of everyday resilience, mission hospitals can contribute to the larger health system by attending to health and well-being at the margins of society, encouraging innovation, developing human resources, and engaging in policy and advocacy.
Conclusion: While mission hospitals face pressing internal and external challenges, many exhibit features of everyday resilience and retain strong commitment to population health and service to the poor. These features make them potentially strong actors in their local contexts as well as potential partners in the realization of improved population health across India.
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Zaheer, Aniqa, Abid Ghafoor Chaudhry, and Shagufta Hamid Ali. "Identity Crisis among Migrants after Partition of 1947: A Case Study of Daultala Gujjar Khan." Global Regional Review VII, no. I (March 30, 2022): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2022(vii-i).11.
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An examination of human history would reveal the critical role that migration and population mobility have played in shaping the fundamental nature of human civilization today. While this may appear to be a natural process, its power to alter the social, political, and economic dynamics of both the sending and host countries, as well as important notions like "citizenship," "identification,"and "belonging,”. Upon the establishment of Pakistan in 1947, millions of Indian refugees and migrants settled in Karachi and other regions of the country, coexisting with the local people. They identified as‘mohajirs' (migrants) and have since been a part of Pakistan's lengthy process of assimilation into the multiethnic, multilingual Islamic republic. The topic of the research was "Identity Crisis among Migrants after Partition: A case study of Daultala, Gujjar Khan”. The main objective of the research was to find out how the local people consider themselves superior to migrants. The research was conducted in Daultalain the tehsil Gujjar Khan of district Rawalpindi. The methodology used in the research was descriptive.The current study was carried out using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods,including questionnaires and interviews with a sample of 45 local respondents selected using a convenient sampling technique living in Daultala, Gujjar Khan.
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Iqbal, Jamshaid, Parsotam Ravjee Hira, Faiza Al-Ali, and Nabila Khalid. "Cyclospora cayetanensis: First report of imported and autochthonous infections in Kuwait." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 5, no. 05 (May 26, 2011): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.1722.
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Introduction: The intestinal coccidian parasites Cryptosporidium spp. and Cyclospora cayetanensis have emerged as significant human pathogens worldwide. The reports of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in the Middle East are sporadic and no case has been reported from Kuwait. Methodology: Stool specimens were collected from six individuals presenting with watery diarrhoea of varying degree and severity at the District General hospitals, Kuwait. Four patients were male, two were female and their ages ranged from 5 to 64 years. Three cases were seen among the migrant population from the Indian subcontinent who had recently returned to Kuwait and two cases were seen in the local population with no history of travel abroad. The stool smears were stained with modified acid-fast stain and examined under ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence illumination. . Results: Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts with variable staining characteristics were detected by microscopy. Two of the cases were also associated with other enteric pathogens. Clinical suspicion of Cyclospora infection was not recorded for any of the cases. All patients showed remarkable symptomatic and parasitologic improvements upon treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Conclusion: Cyclospora spp. are important aetiological agents of diarrhoea in the Middle East. An awareness of the parasitic infection and use of appropriate diagnostic modalities are essential to elucidate the clinical and epidemiological significance of the parasitosis in this geographic area.
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Farrell, John J., Awatif N. Al-Nafaie, Amein K. Al-Ali, Abdullah M. Al-Rubaish, Zaki Naserullah, Ahmed Alsuliman, Martin H. Steinberg, and Clinton T. Baldwin. "The Evolutionary Impact Of Malaria On The Saudi Arabian Genome." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.1001.1001.
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Abstract The sickle hemoglobin (HbS) gene has a high frequency in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia where it is associated with the Arab-Indian haplotype. This haplotype is characterized by HbF of 15-20% in adults and a disease phenotype that is characterized by milder anemia, splenomegaly, fewer strokes and rare leg ulcers, but with a high frequency of pain, acute chest syndrome and osteonecrosis. The emergence of malaria in Africa several millennia ago provided the selective pressure allowing the evolution of many polymorphisms that protected their carriers from the ravages of malarial infestation; the HbS gene was but one of these protective traits that emerged and reached polymorphic frequencies. The HbS gene found in our subjects from the Eastern Province might have arisen in the Indian aboriginal population of the Indus Valley Harappa culture that might be related to the pre-Arab populations of the Arabian Peninsula and distributed to the Arabian through gene flow to the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman. We completed whole genome sequencing with 40x coverage on 14 unrelated individuals who were homozygous for HbS and from the indigenous population of the Al-Qatif and Al-Hasa region located along the Western shore of the Persian Gulf in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Human settlement in this region dates to 3500 BC and the area was a center of trade between India and present day Iraq. This population has a little admixture with populations from other areas of the Kingdom and has inhabited the area for over 1,000 years. For each individual, there were an average of 3,282,949 SNPs, and 771,332 insertions/deletions among which we searched for variants associated with malaria resistance. Besides HbS, these patients were found to be enriched with malaria resistant variants from: DARC (Duffy Antigen), G6PD, HBA2, TIRAP, SCL4A1, CD36, FCGR2B, ABO, MARVELD3 and ATP2B4. The population has a mix of malaria resistant variants that are found in European, African and Asian populations. Among these genes are several novel variants in functionally important proteins (Table of Malaria Resistant Variants in Saudi Arabians). In CD36 which has a role in the adhesion of infected RBCs, two novel SNPs were discovered that are in functionally important sites. Malaria has therefore been a major evolutionary force on this initial out-of-Africa population. Selective sweeps have resulted in a population with multiple protective variants and a different phenotype of sickle cell disease. Further, mitochondrial analysis of the Saudi Arabian samples found the two most frequent haplogroups were U7a and L both with frequencies of 29% each. The relative high frequency of the African ancestral L haplogroup was unexpected and suggested recent African admixture. To examine this possibility further, we performed formal tests for a history of admixture (“three population” test). This test found no evidence of admixture within the Saudi Arabian population with the African populations. The Saudi genome findings are consistent with the hypothesis that modern humans populated the Middle East 110,000 years before present, became isolated by the changing climate, and due to selective pressures of malaria, the HbS mutation and other malaria resistant variants independently arose outside of Africa.Table of Malaria Resistant Variants in Saudi ArabiansGeneVariantFreqChangeMalaria Disease ResistanceDARCrs28147780.86GATA Binding SiteDuffy blood group system, FY(a-b-) phenotypeDARCrs120750.04G42DDuffy blood group system, FYA/FYB polymorphismFCGR2Brs10505010.36I225TRegulation of antibody productionATP2B4rs49510740.25Main calcium pump of erythrocytesHLA-BHLA*B*53:010.11Immune ResponseCD36rs32118610.10Frame-shiftAdhesion of infected RBCsCD36rs13345120.32UTR-5Adhesion of infected RBCsCD36rs1443442490.10N53SAdhesion of infected RBCsCD36chr7:802860100.03T92MNovel and probably damagingCD36chr7:803002940.03S198PNovel and important targetABOrs81767190.25Blood group type O alleleTIRAPrs81773740.18S180LInnate immune systemHBBrs3341.00E7VHbSHBA2rs637500670.033'UTRAlpha-thalassemia-2 nondeletionalMARVELD3rs23348800.93IntergenicSLC4A1rs50360.07K56EBand 3 MemphisSLC4A1rs50350.07D38AG6PDrs50308680.29S188FG6PD MediterraneanG6PDrs10508290.11N126DG6PD_A+G6PDrs10508280.07V68MG6PD A- Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Moore, David, Matthias Heilweck, and Peter Petros. "Saving the planet with appropriate biotechnology: 2. Cultivate shellfish to remediate the atmosphere." Mexican Journal of Biotechnology 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 31–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29267/mxjb.2021.6.1.31.
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Shellfish cultivation is the only industry on the planet that (a) feeds us, (b) permanently removes CO2 from our atmosphere, and, with care, could (c) engineer our marine habitats to maintain the health and biodiversity of those ecosystems into the future. About 30-50% of shellfish biomass is represented by the animals’ shells, and shellfish shell is made by converting atmospheric CO2 into crystalline calcium carbonate which is stable for geological periods of time. The human tradition of eating shellfish is recorded in the ancient middens of shellfish shells that track migrations of early humans around the world. Recent history shows increasing exploitation of marine resources by an ever-growing human population. By the end of the 19th century oysters had become a cheap staple food on both sides of the Atlantic, but this oyster dredging destroyed 85% of the world’s oyster beds. In the tropics, Giant Clams have also been fished to extinction in many Indian Ocean and Pacific waters. In the 21st century, these animals deserve to have the same vigour applied to their restoration and conservation as we applied to dredging them from the seabed. In return they will cleanse our atmosphere by permanently sequestering its excess CO2 into limestone. And we must start now, before Homo sapiens is added to the list of organisms driven to extinction by humanity’s follies.
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Finger, John R., Russell Thornton, C. Matthew Snipp, and Nancy Breen. "The Cherokees: A Population History: Indians of the Southeast." Journal of Southern History 58, no. 2 (May 1992): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2210923.
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Levin, L. A., W. Ekau, A. J. Gooday, F. Jorissen, J. J. Middelburg, S. W. A. Naqvi, C. Neira, N. N. Rabalais, and J. Zhang. "Effects of natural and human-induced hypoxia on coastal benthos." Biogeosciences 6, no. 10 (October 8, 2009): 2063–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2063-2009.
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Abstract. Coastal hypoxia (defined here as <1.42 ml L−1; 62.5 μM; 2 mg L−1, approx. 30% oxygen saturation) develops seasonally in many estuaries, fjords, and along open coasts as a result of natural upwelling or from anthropogenic eutrophication induced by riverine nutrient inputs. Permanent hypoxia occurs naturally in some isolated seas and marine basins as well as in open slope oxygen minimum zones. Responses of benthos to hypoxia depend on the duration, predictability, and intensity of oxygen depletion and on whether H2S is formed. Under suboxic conditions, large mats of filamentous sulfide oxidizing bacteria cover the seabed and consume sulfide. They are hypothesized to provide a detoxified microhabitat for eukaryotic benthic communities. Calcareous foraminiferans and nematodes are particularly tolerant of low oxygen concentrations and may attain high densities and dominance, often in association with microbial mats. When oxygen is sufficient to support metazoans, small, soft-bodied invertebrates (typically annelids), often with short generation times and elaborate branchial structures, predominate. Large taxa are more sensitive than small taxa to hypoxia. Crustaceans and echinoderms are typically more sensitive to hypoxia, with lower oxygen thresholds, than annelids, sipunculans, molluscs and cnidarians. Mobile fish and shellfish will migrate away from low-oxygen areas. Within a species, early life stages may be more subject to oxygen stress than older life stages. Hypoxia alters both the structure and function of benthic communities, but effects may differ with regional hypoxia history. Human-caused hypoxia is generally linked to eutrophication, and occurs adjacent to watersheds with large populations or agricultural activities. Many occurrences are seasonal, within estuaries, fjords or enclosed seas of the North Atlantic and the NW Pacific Oceans. Benthic faunal responses, elicited at oxygen levels below 2 ml L−1, typically involve avoidance or mortality of large species and elevated abundances of enrichment opportunists, sometimes prior to population crashes. Areas of low oxygen persist seasonally or continuously beneath upwelling regions, associated with the upper parts of oxygen minimum zones (SE Pacific, W Africa, N Indian Ocean). These have a distribution largely distinct from eutrophic areas and support a resident fauna that is adapted to survive and reproduce at oxygen concentrations <0.5 ml L−1. Under both natural and eutrophication-caused hypoxia there is loss of diversity, through attrition of intolerant species and elevated dominance, as well as reductions in body size. These shifts in species composition and diversity yield altered trophic structure, energy flow pathways, and corresponding ecosystem services such as production, organic matter cycling and organic C burial. Increasingly the influences of nature and humans interact to generate or exacerbate hypoxia. A warmer ocean is more stratified, holds less oxygen, and may experience greater advection of oxygen-poor source waters, making new regions subject to hypoxia. Future understanding of benthic responses to hypoxia must be established in the context of global climate change and other human influences such as overfishing, pollution, disease, habitat loss, and species invasions.
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De Sanctis, Vincenzo. "β-thalassemia distribution in the old world: a historical standpoint of an ancient disease." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 9, no. 1 (February 20, 2017): e2017018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2017.018.
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Abstract Background: Haemoglobinopathies constitute the commonest recessive monogenic disorders worldwide, and the treatment of affected individuals presents a substantial global disease burden. β -thalassaemia is characterised by the reduced synthesis (β +) or absence (β o) of the β-globin chains in the HbA molecule, resulting in accumulation of excess unbound α-globin chains that precipitate in erythroid precursors in the bone marrow and in the mature erythrocytes, leading to ineffective erythropoiesis and peripheral haemolysis. Approximately 1.5% of the global population are heterozygotes (carriers) of the β-thalassemias: there is a high incidence in populations extending from the Mediterranean basin throughout the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Melanesia and into the Pacific IslandsAim: The principal aim of this paper is to review, from a historical standpoint, our knowledge about an ancient disease, the β-thalassemias, and in particular, when, how and in what way β-thalassemia spread worldwide to reach such high incidences in certain populations. Results: Mutations involving the ß-globin gene are the most common cause of genetic disorders in humans. To date, more than 350 β -thalassaemia mutations have been reported. Considering the current distribution of β- thalassemia, the wide diversity of mutations and the small number of individual population’s specific mutations, it seems unlikely that β-thalassemia originated in a single place and time. Conclusions: Various processes are known to determine the frequency of genetic disease in human populations. However, it is almost impossible to decide to what extent each process is responsible for the presence of a particular genetic disease. The wide spectrum of β-thalassemia mutations could well be explained by looking at its geographical distribution, the history of malaria, wars, invasions, mass migrations, consanguinity and settlements. The analysis of the molecular spectrum and distribution of haemoglobinopathies allows for the development and improvement of diagnostic tests and management for these disorders.
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Groeneveld, Johan C., Antonio M. Hoguane, Baraka Kuguru, Fiona Mackay, Cosmas Munga, and Jorge Santos. "Estuarize-WIO: A socio-ecological assessment of small-scale fisheries in estuaries of the Western Indian Ocean." Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, no. 1/2021 (December 23, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wiojms.si2021.1.1.
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Estuaries provide unique ecosystem goods and services and have been focal points for human settlement andresource use throughout recorded history. In the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region, the effects of human population growth, rapid economic development and climate change on estuaries threaten their ecological functioning and the sustainability of estuary-dependent livelihoods. Governance systems are ill-equipped to deal with the mounting challenges. Long-term datasets that describe estuary-scale trends are scarce, and socio-ecological interactions that support sustainable use of resources are incompletely understood. To address these gaps, the Estuarize-WIO project (2016-2019) compiled datasets on biophysical, ecological, socio-economic and fisheries aspects of selected estuaries in Mozambique (Bons Sinais), Tanzania (Ruvu) and Kenya (Tana), analysed trends per estuary, and used a socio-ecological systems (SES) framework to integrate information from multiple sources at local and regional levels. The introductory paper of this Special Issue of the Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science provides regional context and reviews the relevant literature available for WIO estuaries. In succeeding papers, estuarine circulation is inferred from hydrological measurements, seasonal and decadal trends in land cover and land use are investigated using remote sensing images, household surveys are used to investigate socio-economic circumstances and resource use, and long-term catch survey data and field samples are used to describe small-scale fisheries. In the synthesis paper, a SES framework is constructed to investigate linkages and feedback loops in individual estuaries. A regionally comparative analysis across the WIO region was conducted, and recommendations were made for future research and governance. The methodological approach developed for Estuarize-WIO is well-suited to research of data poor systems with limited accessibility and research infrastructure.
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Pomohaibo, Valentyn Mychailovych. "Philosophy of life in successful community." Filosofiya osvity. Philosophy of Education 24, no. 1 (December 4, 2019): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31874/2309-1606-2019-24-1-128-141.
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Historical experience and scientific researches witness that both an individual’s life success and a country’s prosperity and the living standard of population depend not on the quality of education itself, but on its effectiveness. The effectiveness of education, in turn, is determined by a social productivity of science, which can be presented elementarily by such a simple indicator as a number of Nobel laureates. The USA holds the leading place among countries in this area. Thus, the United States is the country that can maximally ensure human development, and most importantly – a realization of human natural gifts and an acquisition of appropriate material welfare. This is evidenced not only by the high level of science development, but also by the phenomenon of a success of a number of immigrant communities compared with the US European population. The most successful ethnic groups in the United States are Jews, Indians, Chinese, Nigerians, Cubans, Iranians and Lebanese. Particularly impressive is the success of the Nigerians and Cubans against a background of comparatively small achievements of the African and Latin Americans. It has been found that all most successful ethnic groups in the USA have three mental traits: a superiority complex, an insecurity, and impulse control. The superiority complex lies in deep inner confidence in an uniqueness of your community compared to others. This confidence can be based on religion, majestic history and culture, origin, and so on. Insecurity means anxiety uncertainty in its significance in society, concern about a lack of results of its activities. Key sources of insecurity are scorn by other communities, fear and parents’ pressure. A scorn by the people of a strange country and its own indignation in this regard may be the most powerful incentive for growth. The second source of the insecurity is fear of being unable to survive in a strange country, which can lead to despair, paralysis of will, capitulation, even shame. But it can also cause a completely different reaction – an urge to rise, earn money, reach power, either to become successful here, or to have same means to escape. The third and most common source of the sense of threat in successful immigrant communities is the pressure from parents to children to be succeed. Parents bring up children's to conviction that success, foremost in learning, is a responsibility of family honor, as well as protection from an uncertain and hostile world. Impulse control means an ability to withstand various temptations, especially the temptation to relinquish difficulty and challenge a difficult task rather than to perform it. No human society can exist without control of impulses. However, it must be remembered that individual control of impulses is just a futile austerity. Success is only possible as a result of combining all three principles – a conviction of superiority, a sense of threat, and an impulse control. Philosophy of a successful life is an extremely effective means of achieving a high social status, if it is important for you. However, it should be used only to succeed. After this it is necessary to get rid of success philosophy, because in the future it can cause a pathological drive to extremes. The experience of bringing up children in the successful communities of America will undoubtedly be useful in the current reforming of Ukrainian education.
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Grebenyuk, P. S. "Eskimo Problem in the Light of New Data." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 21, no. 3 (March 21, 2022): 122–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-3-122-139.
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Purpose. The problem of the origin of the Eskimos has received considerable attention, at the same time also providing insights about human presence in far Northeast Siberia and America. I review earlier studies and discuss some of the more exciting recent results emerging from ancient DNA data sets. I also highlight important features of genetic and archeological data and discuss key questions and future research directions. Results. The Paleo-Eskimos and Neo-Eskimos ancestors along the Q-NWT01 Y-DNA line lived in the Kolyma River basin at the turn of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. The migration of the East Asian ancestors of the Paleo-Eskimos was associated with the representatives of the Neolithic cultures of Northeast Asia, which brought the ancestral haplotype for mtDNA haplogroup D2a to Alaska. The emergence of the Neo-Eskimo cultures took place in the Bering strait area on the basis of the local Paleo-Eskimo tradition and under the influence of the cultural traditions of Southwestern Alaska and Chukotka. The Ust'-Belaya culture of Chukotka could act as a genetic source for the development of the Neo-Eskimo cultures.Conclusion. Analysis of ancient DNA from human remains over the past decade has had a transformative effect on the study of the origin of the Eskimos. Data sets of ancient DNA have revealed an increasingly complex picture of human demographic history in North-East of Asia and America and development of Paleo-Eskimo and Neo-Eskimo traditions, suggesting multiple waves of migration over the Bering Strait and episodes of admixture of different groups of population, including Ancient Paleosiberian, East Asian, Paleo-Indian, Paleo-Eskimos, Neo-Eskimos and others.
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Levin, L. A., W. Ekau, A. J. Gooday, F. Jorissen, J. J. Middelburg, W. Naqvi, C. Neira, N. N. Rabalais, and J. Zhang. "Effects of natural and human-induced hypoxia on coastal benthos." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 2 (April 3, 2009): 3563–654. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-3563-2009.
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Abstract. Coastal hypoxia (<1.42 ml L−1; 62.5 μM; 2 mg L−1, approx. 30% oxygen saturation) occurs seasonally in many estuaries, fjords, and along open coasts subject to upwelling or excessive riverine nutrient input, and permanently in some isolated seas and marine basins. Underlying causes of hypoxia include enhanced nutrient input from natural causes (upwelling) or anthropogenic origin (eutrophication) and reduction of mixing by limited circulation or enhanced stratification; combined these lead to higher surface water production, microbial respiration and eventual oxygen depletion. Advective inputs of low-oxygen waters may initiate or expand hypoxic conditions. Responses of estuarine, enclosed sea, and open shelf benthos to hypoxia depend on the duration, predictability, and intensity of oxygen depletion and on whether H2S is formed. Under suboxic conditions, large mats of filamentous sulfide oxidizing bacteria cover the seabed and consume sulfide, thereby providing a detoxified microhabitat for eukaryotic benthic communities. Calcareous foraminiferans and nematodes are particularly tolerant of low oxygen concentrations and may attain high densities and dominance, often in association with microbial mats. When oxygen is sufficient to support metazoans, small, soft-bodied invertebrates (typically annelids), often with short generation times and elaborate branchial structures, predominate. Large taxa are more sensitive than small taxa to hypoxia. Crustaceans and echinoderms are typically more sensitive to hypoxia, with lower oxygen thresholds, than annelids, sipunculans, molluscs and cnidarians. Mobile fish and shellfish will migrate away from low-oxygen areas. Within a species, early life stages may be more subject to oxygen stress than older life stages. Hypoxia alters both the structure and function of benthic communities, but effects may differ with regional hypoxia history. Human-caused hypoxia is generally linked to eutrophication, and occurs adjacent to watersheds with large populations or agricultural activities. Many occurrences are seasonal, within estuaries, fjords or enclosed seas of the North Atlantic and the NW Pacific Oceans. Benthic faunal responses, elicited at oxygen levels below 2 ml L−1, typically involve avoidance or mortality of large species and elevated abundances of enrichment opportunists, sometimes prior to population crashes. Areas of low oxygen persist seasonally or continuously beneath upwelling regions, associated with the upper parts of oxygen minimum zones (SE Pacific, W Africa, N Indian Ocean). These have a distribution largely distinct from eutrophic areas and support a resident fauna that is adapted to survive and reproduce at oxygen concentrations <0.5 ml L−1. Under both natural and eutrophication-caused hypoxia there is loss of diversity, through attrition of intolerant species and elevated dominance, as well as reductions in body size. These shifts in species composition and diversity yield altered trophic structure, energy flow pathways, and corresponding ecosystem services such as production, organic matter cycling and organic C burial. Increasingly the influences of nature and humans interact to generate or exacerbate hypoxia. A warmer ocean is more stratified, holds less oxygen, and may experience greater advection of oxygen-poor source waters, making new regions subject to hypoxia. Future understanding of benthic responses to hypoxia must be established in the context of global climate change and other human influences such as overfishing, pollution, disease, habitat loss, and species invasions.
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Jongkhajornpong, Passara, Kaevalin Lekhanont, Phattrawan Pisuchpen, Patchima Chantaren, Vilavun Puangsricharern, Pinnita Prabhasawat, Kanya Suphapeetiporn, Shigeru Kinoshita, and Mayumi Ueta. "Association between HLA-B*44:03-HLA-C*07:01 haplotype and cold medicine-related Stevens-Johnson syndrome with severe ocular complications in Thailand." British Journal of Ophthalmology 102, no. 9 (April 29, 2018): 1303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311823.
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BackgroundPolymorphisms in human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I genes have been found to be associated with cold medicine (CM)-related Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) with severe ocular complications (SOC). Because ethnic differences in genetic predisposition to SJS/TEN among different populations have been proposed, we focused on Thai patients and investigated the association between HLA class I genotypes and CM-SJS/TEN with SOC.MethodsThis multicentre case–control study was conducted between September 2014 and August 2017. Seventy-one Thai patients with SJS/TEN with SOC and 159 healthy Thai controls were enrolled. HLA typing was performed. Genetic relationships were analysed using Fisher’s exact test.ResultsOf 71 patients with SJS/TEN with SOC (28 male, 43 female), 49 (69%) had a history of taking cold medications prior to SJS/TEN onset. The mean age of onset was 26.7±17.1 years (range, 2–77 years). HLA-B*44:03 (OR, 7.2, p=5.5×10-6, pc=1.1×10-4) and HLA-C*07:01 (OR, 6.1, p=7.1×10-6, pc=1.1×10-4) showed significant positive associations with Thai patients with CM-SJS/TEN with SOC. Additionally, 17 of 49 patients with CM-SJS/TEN with SOC (34.7%) significantly harboured the HLA-B*44:03 and HLA-C*07:01 haplotype compared with only 11 of 159 healthy controls (6.9%) (OR=7.1, p=5.5×10-6).ConclusionsHLA-B*44:03-HLA-C*07:01 haplotype is a potential risk factor for CM-SJS/TEN with SOC in the Thai population. This study supports that HLA-B*44:03 might be a common marker for CM-SJS/TEN with SOC in Eurasia populations, including European, Indian, Japanese and Thai.
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Hafsia, Sarah, Marion Haramboure, David Arthur Wilkinson, Thierry Baldet, Luce Yemadje-Menudier, Muriel Vincent, Annelise Tran, Célestine Atyame, and Patrick Mavingui. "Overview of dengue outbreaks in the southwestern Indian Ocean and analysis of factors involved in the shift toward endemicity in Reunion Island: A systematic review." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 7 (July 28, 2022): e0010547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010547.
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Background Dengue is the world’s most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease. It is endemic in many tropical and subtropical countries and represents a significant global health burden. The first reports of dengue virus (DENV) circulation in the South West Indian Ocean (SWIO) islands date back to the early 1940s; however, an increase in DENV circulation has been reported in the SWIO in recent years. The aim of this review is to trace the history of DENV in the SWIO islands using available records from the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Seychelles, and Reunion. We focus in particular on the most extensive data from Reunion Island, highlighting factors that may explain the observed increasing incidence, and the potential shift from one-off outbreaks to endemic dengue transmission. Methods Following the PRISMA guidelines, the literature review focused queried different databases using the keywords “dengue” or “Aedes albopictus” combined with each of the following SWIO islands the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Seychelles, and Reunion. We also compiled case report data for dengue in Mayotte and Reunion in collaboration with the regional public health agencies in these French territories. References and data were discarded when original sources were not identified. We examined reports of climatic, anthropogenic, and mosquito-related factors that may influence the maintenance of dengue transmission independently of case importation linked to travel. Findings and conclusions The first report of dengue circulation in the SWIO was documented in 1943 in the Comoros. Then not until an outbreak in 1976 to 1977 that affected approximately 80% of the population of the Seychelles. DENV was also reported in 1977 to 1978 in Reunion with an estimate of nearly 30% of the population infected. In the following 40-year period, DENV circulation was qualified as interepidemic with sporadic cases. However, in recent years, the region has experienced uninterrupted DENV transmission at elevated incidence. Since 2017, Reunion witnessed the cocirculation of 3 serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2 and DENV-3) and an increased number of cases with severe forms and deaths. Reinforced molecular and serological identification of DENV serotypes and genotypes circulating in the SWIO as well as vector control strategies is necessary to protect exposed human populations and limit the spread of dengue.
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Misra, P. K. "Ethnographic Approach in Understanding Street Vendors in Modern India: A Plea for Research and Documentation." Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India 68, no. 2 (December 2019): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277436x19877311.
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The increasing presence of street vendors in growing cities of modern India is a challenging phenomenon for development economist, urban planners and city authorities, but they provide excellent opportunity to the cultural anthropologist to understand human ingenuity and designs of culture. Whatever be the attitude, the street vendors cannot be wished away. Spatially mobile people, of which the street vendors are a part, have been an integral part of the traditional India’s social structure. Though the spatially mobile people have been pervasive and persistent throughout the history, they remain stranger to the sedentary population—customary strangers. But the social fabric under which the customary strangers operated has significantly changed. In modern India, distinct and more visibility of the street vendors have emerged. But the authorities, in general, continue to live in perpetual denial of their existence. The street vendors truly epitomise Swaraj; fiercely independent, self-reliant and dignified. The street vendors employ a variety of strategies to provide goods and services to their clients to remain in ‘business’, in the process add a variety, colour and identity to city life. The article tries to draw the attention of the authorities to recognise their existence and provide cultural and physical space to them.
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Groeneveld, Johan C., Fiona MacKay, Baraka Kuguru, and Boniventure Mchomvu. "Socio-ecological change in the Ruvu Estuary in Tanzania, inferred from land-use and land-cover (LULC) analysis and estuarine fisheries." Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, no. 1/2021 (December 23, 2021): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wiojms.si2021.1.6.
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Ecosystem goods and services derived from estuaries have sustained coastal livelihoods in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region throughout recorded history. Estuaries provide fertile and seasonally irrigated space for planting crops, mangrove products for construction and fuel, and fish as a protein source. Human population growth and an escalating demand for natural resources threaten estuarine critical habitats and their functioning, exacerbated by the effects of climate change. Decadal and seasonal land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes in the Ruvu Estuary in Tanzania were investigated through analysis of Landsat 5/8 and Sentinel-2 satellite images. The estuary is river-dominated and truncated near the coast during high river flow, with tidal influence extending approximately 12 km upstream during low river flow. LULC change detection targeting nine classes (water, developed, barren, forest, grasslands, cultivated, mangroves, wetlands and mudflats) showed that estuary-associated wetlands and mangroves had declined significantly over the past two decades (1995-2016) making way for developed land (growth of Bagamoyo Town), cultivated land (agricultural expansion with increasing population) and grasslands (coastal habitat changes). Seasonal LULC changes were conversion of wetlands to cultivated land after the wet season, and transformation of fallow wetlands to grasslands. The estuarine fishery relied on a small number of mainly freshwater and marine migrant species, compared to a highly diverse mix of mainly marine species in the nearby coastal fishery. The sparsity of quantitative fisheries data, spectral confusion when modelling land-cover change, and absence of household survey data to assess livelihood activities remain major information gaps. Generalized recommendations for improving socio-ecological change studies in WIO estuarine systems are provided.
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Helms, Mary W., and Roxanne Dunbar Ortiz. "Indians of the Americas: Human Rights and Self-Determination." Ethnohistory 33, no. 2 (1986): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/481792.
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Hermel, Evan, Mehdy Yavari, Katayoun Edalat Parsi, and Kevin Daniel Klapstein. "POPULATION GENETICS AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN CASPASE-12 (100.16)." Journal of Immunology 178, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2007): S200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.100.16.
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Abstract Casp12 encodes the protein caspase 12 (casp12), which has a downregulatory effect upon IL-1 activation and subsequent inflammatory immune reactions. Casp12 is primarily a pseudogene (Casp12p1) in most humans, but ~20% of people of African ancestry have a functional, intact form of Casp12. This allele is increased in African-American individuals with severe sepsis. We examined Casp12 allele distribution in populations of Indians and Central Asians and in a pilot screen found that a small number of Tamils (2 of 10; 20%) possess the intact Casp12 allele. Gujratis, Punjabis and other Central Asians (Baluchi, Iranian, Pakistani or Afghani) were all homozygous for Casp12p1, as were nearly all other Indians (18/19; 95%). Thus, small but distinct populations outside of Africa still harbor Casp12. To examine the biochemical properties of the protein, we expressed recombinant human casp12. By fractionation techniques, casp12 was found exclusively in the cytosol. In order to better characterize the role of casp12 in the inflammatory process, we generated a rabbit polyclonal antiserum to casp12 and used it to determine if the protein interacted directly with components of the inflammasome. Immunoprecipitation of casp12 revealed that the protein did not interact with ASC, Cardinal, or Caspase 5. Casp12 may thus exert its downregulatory effects by direct interaction with IL1.
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Brøndal, Jørn. "“In a Few Years the Red Man Will Live Only in Legend and in Cooper’s Charming Accounts”: Portrayals of American Indians in Danish Travel Literature in the Mid- and Late Nineteenth Century." American Studies in Scandinavia 48, no. 2 (November 1, 2016): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v48i2.5453.
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During the middle and late nineteenth century, a number of Danish travel writers visited the United States with a view to narrating about the New World to their readers back home. Four of the most prominent writers were Hans Peter Christian Hansen, Vilhelm C.S. Topsøe, Robert Watt, and Henrik Cavling. Among the many topics covered by these writers was that of American Indians. Establishing a narrative of the “vanishing Indian,” the writers endeavored to tie the Indians to a receding landscape of the past and—for the most part—to establish a contradiction between Indians and white “civilization.” Likewise displaying an interest in Scandinavian immigrants, the travel writers sometimes attempted to create links between the Indians and Scandinavian settlers. With no clear Danish interest in celebrating American exceptionalism in the shape of classical U.S. “Manifest Destiny,” the travel writers were nevertheless involved in processes of bonding with the dominant population element of the United States through their common “civilization” and whiteness.
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Bell, Karen L., Haripriya Rangan, Christian A. Kull, and Daniel J. Murphy. "The history of introduction of the African baobab ( Adansonia digitata , Malvaceae: Bombacoideae) in the Indian subcontinent." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 9 (September 2015): 150370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150370.
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To investigate the pathways of introduction of the African baobab, Adansonia digitata , to the Indian subcontinent, we examined 10 microsatellite loci in individuals from Africa, India, the Mascarenes and Malaysia, and matched this with historical evidence of human interactions between source and destination regions. Genetic analysis showed broad congruence of African clusters with biogeographic regions except along the Zambezi (Mozambique) and Kilwa (Tanzania), where populations included a mixture of individuals assigned to at least two different clusters. Individuals from West Africa, the Mascarenes, southeast India and Malaysia shared a cluster. Baobabs from western and central India clustered separately from Africa. Genetic diversity was lower in populations from the Indian subcontinent than in African populations, but the former contained private alleles. Phylogenetic analysis showed Indian populations were closest to those from the Mombasa-Dar es Salaam coast. The genetic results provide evidence of multiple introductions of African baobabs to the Indian subcontinent over a longer time period than previously assumed. Individuals belonging to different genetic clusters in Zambezi and Kilwa may reflect the history of trafficking captives from inland areas to supply the slave trade between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries. Baobabs in the Mascarenes, southeast India and Malaysia indicate introduction from West Africa through eighteenth and nineteenth century European colonial networks.
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Bhattarai, Dinesh. "Understanding the Primacy of Geography in the Conduct of Foreign Policy." Journal of Foreign Affairs 2, no. 01 (September 5, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jofa.v2i01.44006.
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Geopolitics has returned to reassert and manifest itself in various ways. The management of the geopolitics has emerged as the central challenge of the day. The rise of China and emergence of India as great economic powers containing 40 percent of the world’s population, and a huge market is one of the most important geopolitical developments of contemporary human history. This has caused monumental shift with a few parallels in the world history. While exposing the vulnerabilities of the world, Covid19 and climate change have accelerated these trends. The advent of globalization intensified the process of massive social awakening, radicalizing the politics. Market forces would determine the free flow of goods, services, capital, and technology. The latest developments indicate geopolitical considerations driving trade policy and economic integration to reflect geographic, cultural, and strategic direction. The hard lessons from emerging geopolitics include the ongoing rivalry between the US and China, newly assertive Russia and its invasion of Ukraine, Sino- Indian border clashes pushing for deeper US-India partnership. The elevation of the Indo-Pacific as the center piece of US regional strategy has raised the contours of competition and rivalry in the region. Nepal’s geographical location between India and China has gained greater prominence and higher sensitivity in the changed context with the geopolitical challenges and economic dynamism of its neighbours at its doorsteps, Nepal’s friendship with both of these neighbors’ and United States remains of paramount importance in the conduct of its foreign policy. A stable, democratic, and prosperous Nepal stands as the anchor of regional stability and security. Upon the same realization, this qualitative study is an attempt to explain how the primacy of geopolitics has come back and how it is being played.
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Kruse, Gina, Victor A. Lopez-Carmen, Anpotowin Jensen, Lakotah Hardie, and Thomas D. Sequist. "The Indian Health Service and American Indian/Alaska Native Health Outcomes." Annual Review of Public Health 43, no. 1 (April 5, 2022): 559–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052620-103633.
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The Indian Health Service (IHS) has made huge strides in narrowing health disparities between American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations and other racial and ethnic groups. Yet, health disparities experienced by AI/AN people persist, with deep historical roots combined with present-day challenges. Here we review the history of the IHS from colonization to the present-day system, highlight persistent disparities in AI/AN health and health care, and discuss six key present-day challenges: inadequate funding, limited human resources, challenges associated with transitioning services from federal to Tribal control through contracting and compacting, evolving federal and state programs, the need for culturally sensitive services, and the promise and challenges of health technology.
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Parida, Biswajita, Sanket Sunand Dash, and Dheeraj Sharma. "Role of culture-specific rights, responsibilities and duties in industry 4.0: comparing Indic and Western perspectives." Benchmarking: An International Journal 28, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 1543–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-05-2020-0257.
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PurposeThe increasing globalization of business has led to increasing demand for executives who can function in cultural milieus different from their own. This demand has been exacerbated by the fact that globalization has not led to cultural homogenization and hence, for good or bad, executives are not able to universally apply the home country's conceptualizations of rights, responsibilities and duties and must operate within the constraints of host country's cultural environments. Hence, business scholars and global executives increasingly need to reflect on the conceptualization of rights, responsibilities and duties; understand the historical context which has led to different conceptualizations across geographies and appreciate and harness these differences for improving business effectiveness. This paper helps in this endeavor by explaining the differences and similarities that exists between the Indian and Western cultures regarding the concepts of roles, responsibilities and duties. This exposition will help multinational organizations improve their internal practices and employee training methods.Design/methodology/approachThis study attempts to trace the differences and similarities in the conceptualization of rights, duties and responsibilities between the Western tradition and the Indic tradition by literature review. The Indic tradition refers to the broad cultural paradigm that shapes the thinking of the people of Indian subcontinent. The prominent sources of the Indic tradition include Hinduism and Buddhism. India was a British colony for two hundred years and is home to one of world's largest English-speaking population. There are more Muslims in the Indian subcontinent than in the Middle East (Grim and Karim, 2011). Hence, the Indic tradition has also been substantially influenced by the Western and Islamic traditions.FindingsThe paper argues that Westerners and Indians have different conceptualization of rights, duties and responsibilities and their relative importance. Broadly speaking, Indian ethos focuses on context-specific responsibilities while the Western attitude focuses on universal rights. These differing conceptualizations have been shaped by the cultural history of the two regions and are manifested in the decision-making styles, levels of individual autonomy and views on the ethicality of actions. There is a need to train expatriate Western and Indian managers on these issues to enable smooth functioning.Research limitations/implicationsThe cross-cultural literature has tended to lump together all non-Western civilizations under the category of East thereby ignoring significant differences between them. The Far-East countries of China, Korea, Taiwan and Japan have been highly influenced by the Confucian ethics. India-specific social systems like the caste system, division of human life span into stages with specific responsibilities, enduring worship of nature and Western influence through colonization have been absent in these countries or much less marked. The paper aims to bring forward the distinguishing features in Indian thought that contributes to its distinctive attitude toward rights, responsibilities and duties; contrast it with the Western views on rights and duties and identify the relevance of the discussion to the business context.Practical implicationsThe cross-cultural training needs to emphasize both conflict resolution and behavioral aspects. For example, the conflict resolution process in Western countries can be more algorithmic with conflicts being rationally determined by consistent application as well-defined rules (as nature of duties is more universal in Western tradition). On the other hand, conflict resolution practices in India need to be contextual and may require appeals to higher ideals (as nature of duties is more contextual and idealistic in Eastern tradition).Social implicationsThe differences in attitudes regarding rights, responsibility and duties between the West and India suggest the need for cross-cultural training of managers and contextual conflict resolution techniques. The need is exacerbated by the increase in the number of multinational corporations (MNCs). Earlier, most MNCs were headquartered in the West and hence cross-cultural training was primarily geared to help Western expatriates fit into the host country culture (Nam et al., 2014). The growth of Asian MNCs has increased the need of cross-cultural training for Asian expatriates (Nam et al., 2014).Originality/valueThe training processes can be customized to supplement cultural strengths and promote behaviors that are culturally inhibited. Employees in India can be trained to emphasize the value of assertiveness in communication, the need to articulate one's personal success and appreciate the rigid nature of rules in Western contexts. Similarly, Westerners can be trained to emphasize the importance of context in business interactions, the need to forge personal relations for business success and the importance of paternalistic behavior in securing employees commitment.
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Katge, Farhin, and Uma B. Dixit. "Root and Root Canal Anatomy of Primary Mandibular Central Incisor, Lateral Incisor, and Canine in Indian Children: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study." International Journal of Dentistry 2022 (March 7, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7191134.
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Background. A thorough knowledge of root and root canal morphology in primary dentition is essential for success of endodontic therapy. This information also finds importance in anthropological research in reconstructing human population history. Lack of studies of root and root canal morphology in mandibular anterior teeth prompted us to the present study. Methods. A total of 109 extracted primary mandibular incisors and canines were collected, out of which 90 teeth were selected for this study and divided into 3 groups: CI, mandibular central incisor; LI, mandibular lateral incisor; C, mandibular canine. All the sample teeth were scanned using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Number of roots, number of root canals, length of root, mesiodistal (MD), and buccolingual (BL) width of canal, shape of canal, and presence of accessory canals were assessed. Collected data were statistically compared using one-way ANOVA and chi-square tests. Results. All teeth studied displayed single root with single root canal conforming to type I Vertucci’s classification. Root length of CI was significantly shorter than both LI and C, with no significant difference between LI and C. Straight root canals were more common in CI and LI, whereas curved canals were more common in C. S-shaped canals were seen in a few CI and C. BL canal width was more than MD width in all teeth, C showing significantly larger dimensions than both CI and LI. Conclusion. This study presents root and root canal characteristics of primary mandibular central incisor, lateral incisor, and canine in children from Indian ethnicity.
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Jain, Ashish, and Neeta V. Bhavsar. "Role of gender & age in chronic periodontal disease." IP International Journal of Periodontology and Implantology 6, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpi.2021.020.
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There is lot of literature suggesting a gender based heterogeneity in many human chronic diseases including periodontal disease. To analyze and compare the clinical periodontal disease parameters & serum biochemical markers of periodontal inflammation in systemically healthy age stratified adult male and female patients suffering from chronic destructive periodontal disease. Cross sectional observational study in a hospital setting A total of 300 subjects, both genders were enrolled based on predefined criteria and were categorized in 6 groups of 50 subjects each. Complete medical and dental history was taken to screen before enrollment. All subjects underwent complete periodontal examination, including evaluation of Plaque index (PI), Probing pocket depth (PPD) and Clinical attachment level (CAL), Bleeding on Probing (BOP). Blood samples were taken for analysis of inflammatory biomarkers viz interleukin (IL)-1β, osteoprotegrin (OPG), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)- 8 & interleukin (IL)- 6. IBM SPSS STATISTICS (version 22.0) Clinical parameters of periodontal status were higher in females as compared to males except BOP. However, only PPD and CAL showed significant difference. Higher serum levels of IL-1β, OPG and Il-6 were observed in females (2.10 + 26.82, 168.18 + 49.84 , 29.17 + 99.20 pg/ml) than males (1.90 + 7.27 , 145.00 + 39.60 , (25.83 + 189.09pg/ml) respectively, but significant difference was observed only for OPG. A statistically significant higher level of MMP-8 was observed in males (3003.33 + 772.33 pg/ml) as compared to females (1398.33 + 1218.10 pg/ml). The findings of current investigation has identified significant differences in the clinical and specific biochemical mediators(IL-1β, IL-6, OPG, MMP-8) across groups and subgroups of the population To ascertain the impact of gender and age in the causation and pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal disease, further well designed prospective investigations are needed . The study findings point towards the identification of specific biomarkers in individual subgroup/group based on age and gender. These shall pave path to develop predictive models, screening tools and early diagnostic strategies for chronic periodontal disease for Indian population.
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Eberstadt, Nicholas. "The Human Population Unbound." Current History 113, no. 759 (January 1, 2014): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2014.113.759.43.
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