Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Human population history of Indians'
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Klaus, Haagen D. "Out of Light Came Darkness: Bioarchaeology of Mortuary Ritual, Health, and Ethnogenesis in the Lambayeque Valley Complex, North Coast Peru (AD 900-1750)." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1209498934.
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Warrick, Gary A. "A population history of the Huron-Petun, A.D. 900-1650." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39238.
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This study presents a population history of the Huron-Petun, Iroquoian-speaking agriculturalists who occupied south-central Ontario from A.D. 900 to A.D. 1650. Temporal change in the number, size, and residential density of prehistoric and contact village sites of the Huron-Petun are used to delineate population change. It is revealed that Huron-Petun population grew dramatically during the fourteenth century, attaining a maximum size of approximately 30,000 in the middle of the fifteenth century. This growth appears to have been intrinsic (1.2% per annum) and is best explained by colonization of new lands and increased production and consumption of corn. Population stabilized during the fifteenth century primarily because of an increased burden of density-dependent diseases (tuberculosis) arising from life in large nucleated villages. Huron-Petun population remained at 30,000 until A.D. 1634; there is no archaeological evidence for protohistoric epidemics of European origin. The historic depopulation of the Huron-Petun country, resulting from catastrophic first encounters with European diseases between 1634 and 1640, is substantiated by archaeological data.
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Wilson, James F. "Human population structure and demographic history using genetic markers." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5a4844ff-9347-44b5-999e-64ce5025006f.
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The evolutionary history of the human species has generated complex patterns of population structure and linkage disequilibrium (non-random associations of alleles at different loci or LD). The understanding of these patterns is crucial to two of the most important challenges facing biomedical science today: the identification of disease predisposing genes and prediction of variable drug reactions. The genetic variation revealed by these endeavours can also illuminate the underlying population historical processes. Here, I illustrate each of these applications: first, by assessing the demographic context of cultural change in the British Isles. Y chromosome variation indicates that the Viking age invasions left a significant paternal legacy (at least in Orkney), while the Neolithic and Iron Age cultural transitions did not. In contrast, mitochondrial DNA and X chromosome variation indicate that one or more of these pre-Anglo-Saxon revolutions had a major effect on the maternal genetic heritage of the British Isles. Second, I provide conclusive evidence that diverse demographic histories produce strikingly different patterns of association. Elevated LD extends an order of magnitude further in the Lemba, a Bantu-Semitic hybrid population, than in the putative parental populations. A significant relationship between allele-frequency differentials in the parental populations and the Lemba LD demonstrates that it is admixture-generated. Third, I demonstrate that the genetic structure inferred in a heterogeneous sample using neutral markers (a) shows ethnic labels to be inaccurate descriptions of human population structure, and (b) predicts drug metabolising profiles, defined by the distribution of drug metabolising enzyme variants. Thus the trade-off between therapeutic response and adverse drug reactions will differ between different sub-clusters. Assessment of genetic structure during drug trials is therefore, like the empirical evaluation of each population’s pattern of LD, a necessity.
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Siska, Veronika. "Human population history and its interplay with natural selection." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284164.
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The complex demographic changes that underlie the expansion of anatomically modern humans out of Africa have important consequences on the dynamics of natural selection and our ability to detect it. In this thesis, I aimed to refine our knowledge on human population history using ancient genomes, and then used a climate-informed, spatially explicit framework to explore the interplay between complex demographies and selection. I first analysed a high-coverage genome from Upper Palaeolithic Romania from ~37.8 kya, and demonstrated an early diversification of multiple lineages shortly after the out-of-Africa expansion (Chapter 2). I then investigated Late Upper Palaeolithic (~13.3ky old) and Mesolithic (~9.7 ky old) samples from the Caucasus and a Late Upper Palaeolithic (~13.7ky old) sample from Western Europe, and found that these two groups belong to distinct lineages that also diverged shortly after the out of Africa, ~45-60 ky ago (Chapter 3). Finally, I used East Asian samples from ~7.7ky ago to show that there has been a greater degree of genetic continuity in this region compared to Europe (Chapter 4). In the second part of my thesis, I used a climate-informed, spatially explicit demographic model that captures the out-of-Africa expansion to explore natural selection. I first investigated whether the model can represent the confounding effect of demography on selection statistics, when applied to neutral part of the genome (Chapter 5). Whilst the overlap between different selection statistics was somewhat underestimated by the model, the relationship between signals from different populations is generally well-captured. I then modelled natural selection in the same framework and investigated the spatial distribution of two genetic variants associated with a protective effect against malaria, sickle-cell anaemia and β⁰ thalassemia (Chapter 6). I found that although this model can reproduce the disjoint ranges of different variants typical of the former, it is incompatible with overlapping distributions characteristic of the latter. Furthermore, our model is compatible with the inferred single origin of sickle-cell disease in most regions, but it can not reproduce the presence of this disorder in India without long-distance migrations.
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Bycroft, Clare. "Genomic data analyses for population history and population health." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c8a76d94-ded6-4a16-b5af-09bbad6292a2.
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Many of the patterns of genetic variation we observe today have arisen via the complex dynamics of interactions and isolation of historic human populations. In this thesis, we focus on two important features of the genetics of populations that can be used to learn about human history: population structure and admixture. The Iberian peninsula has a complex demographic history, as well as rich linguistic and cultural diversity. However, previous studies using small genomic regions (such as Y-chromosome and mtDNA) as well as genome-wide data have so far detected limited genetic structure in Iberia. Larger datasets and powerful new statistical methods that exploit information in the correlation structure of nearby genetic markers have made it possible to detect and characterise genetic differentiation at fine geographic scales. We performed the largest and most comprehensive study of Spanish population structure to date by analysing genotyping array data for ~1,400 Spanish individuals genotyped at ~700,000 polymorphic loci. We show that at broad scales, the major axis of genetic differentiation in Spain runs from west to east, while there is remarkable genetic similarity in the north-south direction. Our analysis also reveals striking patterns of geographically-localised and subtle population structure within Spain at scales down to tens of kilometres. We developed and applied new approaches to show how this structure has arisen from a complex and regionally-varying mix of genetic isolation and recent gene-flow within and from outside of Iberia. To further explore the genetic impact of historical migrations and invasions of Iberia, we assembled a data set of 2,920 individuals (~300,000 markers) from Iberia and the surrounding regions of north Africa, Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa. Our admixture analysis implies that north African-like DNA in Iberia was mainly introduced in the earlier half (860 - 1120 CE) of the period of Muslim rule in Iberia, and we estimate that the closest modern-day equivalents to the initial migrants are located in Western Sahara. We also find that north African-like DNA in Iberia shows striking regional variation, with near-zero contributions in the Basque regions, low amounts (~3%) in the north east of Iberia, and as high as (~11%) in Galicia and Portugal. The UK Biobank project is a large prospective cohort study of ~500,000 individuals from across the United Kingdom, aged between 40-69 at recruitment. A rich variety of phenotypic and health-related information is available on each participant, making the resource unprecedented in its size and scope. Understanding the role that genetics plays in phenotypic variation, and its potential interactions with other factors, provides a critical route to a better understanding of human biology and population health. As such, a key component of the UK Biobank resource has been the collection of genome-wide genetic data (~805,000 markers) on every participant using purpose-designed genotyping arrays. These data are the focus of the second part of this thesis. In particular, we designed and implemented a quality control (QC) pipeline on behalf of the current and future use of this multi-purpose resource. Genotype data on this scale offers novel opportunities for assessing quality issues, although the wide range of ancestral backgrounds in the cohort also creates particular challenges. We also conducted a set of analyses that reveal properties of the genetic data, including population structure and familial relatedness, that can be important for downstream analyses. We find that cryptic relatedness is common among UK Biobank participants (~30% have at least one first cousin relative or closer), and a full range of human population structure is present in this cohort: from world-wide ancestral diversity to subtle population structure at sub-national geographic scales. Finally, we performed a genome-wide association scan on a well-studied and highly polygenic phenotype: standing height. This provided a further test of the effectiveness of our QC, as well as highlighting the potential of the resource to uncover novel regions of association.
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Beckley, Julia Ruth. "How Cultural Factors Hastened the Population Decline of the Powhatan Indians." VCU Scholars Compass, 2008. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1553.
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Solé, Morata Neus 1988. "Inferring recent human population history from a Y chromosome perspective." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/543846.
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The Y chromosome is the longest non-recombining DNA sequence of the human genome. This avoidance of recombination, together with its paternal inheritance, makes the Y chromosome a powerful tool with which to study population history, male genealogy, forensics and medical genetics. Besides the progress made in the field during the last two decades, the recent advent of massive parallel sequencing (MPS) has yielded the discovery of thousands of new variants that have allowed to build a more reliable phylogeny and to obtain direct estimates of its mutation rate. In the present thesis, I analyse the Y-chromosome diversity from two different perspectives and with different purposes. First, by targeting specific SNPs and STRs in ~ 2,500 men bearing one of the selected 50 Catalan surnames, we investigated the driving forces behind the origin, systematization, and diffusion of surnames. And then, by using whole Y-chromosome sequences from North African individuals belonging to the most frequent lineage in the area (E-M183), we have been able to refine the phylogeography of this lineage and to shed light on the controversial dates for its origin and spread.El comportament únic del cromosoma Y, heretat per via paterna sense patir recombinació amb cap altre cromosoma, el converteix en un marcador excepcional amb aplicacions en àmbits com la genètica de poblacions humanes, la genealogia o la genètica forense. Tot i el progrés en l’estudi del cromosoma Y realitzat en les últimes dues dècades, el recent desenvolupament de les tecnologies de seqüenciació massiva ha permès el descobriment de milers de noves variants, mitjançant les quals s’ha obtingut una millor reconstrucció filogenètica, així com una estimació directa de la seva taxa de mutació. En aquesta tesi s’analitza la diversitat del cromosoma Y des de dues perspectives diferents i amb els següents propòsits. En primer lloc, mitjançant el genotipat de marcadors específics del cromosoma Y en ~2500 homes portadors d’un dels 50 cognoms catalans escollits, s’han investigat els processos que han donat lloc a l’origen, la sistematització i la difusió dels cognoms. Per altra banda, la seqüenciació de cromosomes Y en homes nord africans pertanyents al llinatge més freqüent en aquesta àrea (E-M183), ha permès un refinament de l’estructura filogeogràfica d’aquest llinatge, així com l’establiment temporal del seu origen i dispersió.
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Bergström, Anders. "Genomic insights into the human population history of Australia and New Guinea." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273775.
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The ancient continent of Sahul, encompassing Australia, New Guinea and Tasmania, contains some of the earliest archaeological evidence for humans outside of Africa, dating back to at least 50 thousand years ago (kya). New Guinea was also one of the sites were humans developed agriculture in the last 10 thousand years. Despite the importance of this part of the world to the history of humanity outside Africa, little is known about the population history of the people living here. In this thesis I present population-genetic studies using whole-genome sequencing and genotype array datasets from more than 500 indigenous individuals from Australia and New Guinea, as well as initial work on large-scale sequencing of other, worldwide, human populations in the Human Genome Diversity Project panel. Other than recent admixture after European colonization of Australia, and Southeast Asian ad- mixture in the lowlands of New Guinea in the last few millennia, the populations of Sahul appear to have been genetically independent from the rest of the world since their divergence ∼50 kya. There is no evidence for South Asian gene flow to Australia, as previously suggested, and the highlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG) have remained unaffected by non-New Guinean gene flow until the present day. Despite Sahul being a single connected landmass until ∼8 kya, different groups across Australia are nearly equally related to Papuans, and vice versa, and the two appear to have separated genetically already ∼30 kya. In PNG, all highlanders strikingly appear to form a clade relative to lowlanders, and population structure seems to have been reshaped, with major population size increases, on the same timescale as the spread of agriculture. However, present- day genetic differentiation between groups is much stronger in PNG than in other parts of the world that have also transitioned to agriculture, demonstrating that such a lifestyle change does not necessarily lead to genetic homogenization. The results presented here provide detailed insights into the population history of Sahul, and sug- gests that its history can serve as an independent source of evidence for understanding human evolutionary trajectories, including the relationships between genetics, lifestyle, languages and culture.
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Moorjani, Priya. "Genetic Study of Population Mixture and Its Role in Human History." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10932.
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Mixture between populations is an evolutionary process that shapes genetic variation. Intermixing between groups of distinct ancestries creates mosaics of chromosomal segments inherited from multiple ancestral populations. Studying populations of mixed ancestry (admixed populations) is of special interest in population genetics as it not only provides insights into the history of admixed groups but also affords an opportunity to reconstruct the history of the ancestral populations, some of whom may no longer exist in unmixed form. Furthermore, it improves our understanding of the impact of population migrations and helps us discover links between genetic and phenotypic variation in structured populations. The majority of research on admixed populations has focused on African Americans and Latinos where the mixture is recent, having occurred within the past 500 years. In this dissertation, I describe several studies that I have led that expand the scope of admixed studies to West Eurasians and South Asians where the mixture is older, and data from ancestral groups is mostly unavailable. First, I introduce a novel method that studies admixture linkage disequilibrium (LD) to infer the time of mixture. I analyze genomewide data from 40 West Eurasian populations and show that all Southern European, Levantine and Jewish groups have inherited sub-Saharan African ancestry in the past 100 generations, likely reflecting events during the Roman Empire and subsequent Arab migrations. Next, I apply a range of methods to study the history of Siddi groups that harbor African, Indian and Portuguese ancestry, and to infer the history of Roma gypsies from Europe. Finally, I develop a novel approach that combines the insights of frequency and LD-based statistics to infer the underlying model of mixture. I apply this method to 73 South Asian groups and infer that major mixture occurred ~2,000-4,000 years ago. In a subset of populations, all the mixture occurred during this period, a time of major change in India marked by the de- urbanization of the Indus valley civilization and recolonization of the Gangetic plateau. Inferences from our analyses provide novel insights into the history of these populations as well as about the broad impact of human migrations.
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Haber, Marc 1980. "Study of human genetic diversity : inferences on population origin and history." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/127113.
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Patterns of human genetic diversity suggest that all modern humans originated from a small population in Africa that expanded rapidly 50,000 years ago to occupy the whole world. While moving into new environments, genetic drift and natural selection affected populations differently, creating genetic structure. By understanding the genetic structure of human populations, we can reconstruct human history and understand the genetic basis of diseases. The work presented here contributes to the ongoing effort to catalogue human genetic diversity by exploring populations that have been underrepresented in genetic studies. We use variations on the genomes of populations from Central Asia, the Near East, and North Africa to reconstruct the history of these populations. We find that climate change and geography appear to be major factors shaping genetic diversity. In addition, we identify recent cultural developments and historical events that have influenced admixture and gene flow between populations, leading to the genetic diversity observed in humans today.Els patrons de diversitat genètica humana suggereixen que els humans van sorgir d’un petit grup a l’Àfrica que es va expandir ràpidament fa uns 50,000 anys per tot el planeta. En migrar cap a nous hàbitats, la deriva genètica i la selecció natural van afectar de manera diferencial les poblacions, generant una estructura genètica. Mitjançant la comprensió de l’estructura genètica de les poblacions podem reconstruir la història humana i entendre la base genètica de les malalties. Aquest treball contribueix a l’esforç continu de catalogar la diversitat genètica humana explorant poblacions poc representades en altres estudis genètics. Hem utilitzat variacions al llarg del genoma de poblacions d’Àsia Central, Orient Mitjà i el Nord d’Àfrica per tal de reconstruir la seva història. Hem observat que canvis climàtics i geogràfics semblen ser els factors principals que han modelat la diversitat genètica. A més, hem identificat esdeveniments culturals i històrics recents que afavorit les barreges i el flux genètic entre poblacions, generant la diversitat genètica observada avui en dia.
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Ramsey, Heather C. "Comparisons of mitochondrial DNA from ancient and modern Miami Indian populations." Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1133738.
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The purpose of this research endeavor was to determine the extent of genetic relatedness between an ancient and modern Miami Indian population. The modern Miami Indian nation in Indiana is currently in the process of regaining the federal recognition which was lost in the mid 1800's when part of the tribe was forced to relocate. A close genetic relationship between a modern and known ancient population could considerably strengthen the case to regain federal recognition. The human skeletal remains used for this experiment were excavated after partial exposure by flooding between 1989-1993 along the banks of the Mississinewa River in Wabash County. Through ethnohistoric dating techniques, the remains have been shown to represent a Miami Indian population living between 1790-1820. In order to yield amplifiable DNA several methods of isolation were attempted and compared. CTAB and phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:24:1) and a silica based purification method provided the best results yielding approximately 50-100 ng of amplifiable DNA from 3 of the 4 individuals. Purification of the DNA was found to be necessary following both isolation (Elu-Quik) prior to PCR amplification and after PCR but prior to sub-cloning(Gene-Clean). Regions of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome of isolated DNA were amplified using primers which are specific for the HIizcIl and AIui regions of the mtDNA genome. Although the mtDNA proved to be somewhat amplifiable, it was still too fragmented to be cloned, which prevented genetic analysis and comparison of the two populations. As a result, a discussion of alternative methods for looking at relatedness between populations has been included.Department of Biology
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Potter, Amiee Bell. "The genetic affinities of the prehistoric people of San Clemente Island, California : an analysis of ancient DNA /." view abstract or download file of text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3136440.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-168). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Nicholson, George. "Statistical methods for inferring human population history from multi-locus genetic data." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275404.
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Reich, David Emile. "Genetic analysis of human evolutionary history with implications for gene mapping." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9e3a3eb7-3cce-4494-82e8-8616fabed145.
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Genetic variation contains detailed and quantitative evidence about the history of populations. The historical traces of demographic growth and contraction, as well as the history of human disease, have left traces on the patterns of modern variation and can be studied by sampling present-day populations. However, the data sets that are necessary in order to take full advantage of this living archaeological record have not been available until recently. The quality and quantity of data have increased dramatically during the past decade because of the identification of polymorphisms, including SNPs and microsatellites, that are much more amenable to mathematical modeling and efficient genotyping than earlier marker systems. The research in this thesis has been carried out in response to the need to provide new methods of analysis to match the new types of data. Chapter 1 describes multilocus tests of demographic history and their application to real data. Chapter 2 describes how the pattern of linkage disequilibrium around a disease-predisposing mutation can be used to estimate the date of a mutation that is, the age of the most recent common ancestor of a set of modern samples. Finally, Chapter 3 draws several direct connections between human evolutionary history and medical genetics.
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Quinto, Cortes Consuelo Dayzu, and Cortes Consuelo Dayzu Quinto. "Inferring Demographic History of Admixed Human Populations with SNP Array Data." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621870.
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The demographic history of human populations, both archaic and modern, have been the focus of extensive research. Earlier studies were based on a small number of genetic markers but technological advances have made possible the examination of data at the genome scale to answer important questions regarding the history of our species. A widely used application of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genotyping arrays that allow the study of several hundred thousand of these sites at the same time. However, most of the SNPs present in commercial genotyping arrays have often been discovered by sampling a small number of chromosomes from a group of selected populations. This form of non-random discovery skews patterns of nucleotide diversity and can affect population genetic inferences. Although different methods have been proposed to take into account this ascertainment bias, the challenge remains because the exact discovery protocols are not known for most of the commercial arrays. In this dissertation, I propose a demographic inference pipeline that explicitly models the underlying SNP discovery and I implement this methodology in specific examples of admixture in human populations when only SNP array data are available. In the first chapter, I describe the developed pipeline and applied it to a known example of recent population admixture in Mexico. The inferred time of admixture between Iberian and Native American populations that gave rise to admixed Mexicans was in line with historical records, as opposed to previous published underestimates. Next, I examined different demographic models on the first human settlement in Easter Island and determined that the island of Mangareva is the most likely point of origin for this migration. Finally, I investigated the dynamics of the admixture process between the ancestral Jomon and Yayoi populations in different locations across Japan. The estimates of the time of this encounter were closer to dates inferred from anthropological data, in contrast with past works. The results show that the proposed framework corrects ascertainment bias to improve inference in cases when only SNP chip data are available, and for genotype data originated from different platforms.
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Allison, Jamie. "A comparison of two histological age estimation techniques based upon the rib in a Middle Mississippian population from west-central Illinois." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.
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Sandoval, Mendoza Karla. "Ethnicity, linguistics, and genetic diversity in native Mexicans : reconstructing the population history of Mesoamerica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7236.
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Mesoamerica is one of the main centers of New World civilization. It represents today a large geographical area exhibiting one of the highest genetic, cultural, and archeological diversity in the Americas. Moreover, its geographic position has been a key factor for acting as a natural corridor between North and Central-South America, thus becoming a direct witness not only of the initial and subsequent human migration waves but also of the many civilizations that flourished later on. Therefore, Mesoamerica deserves special attention in the study of American history. Following a molecular anthropological approach, this thesis evaluates the genetic diversity of a representative sample of the extant Native American gene pool within Mexico, and by constructing continental datasets, it also intends to contribute to the reconstruction of Mesoamerican history and the peopling of the Americas. For that purpose, this work focuses on the study of uniparental markers located in the human mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome, which constitutes the main part of the analyses. Additionally, autosomal STR variation, linguistic diversity, and ethnographic data were also investigated. Our results, based on both mtDNA and Y-chromosome, show a clear differentiation of the Native Mexican groups that belong to Mesoamerica, suggesting that population dynamcs occurring within this cultural area were unique during the America's colonization process and thus uniquely shaped the native Mexican genome.Mesoamerica merece especial atención dentro del estudio de la historia del Nuevo Mundo debido a que es una de las principales áreas geográficas con mayor diversidad genética, cultural y arqueológica en América. Un factor clave es su posición geográfica, ya que ha actuado como un corredor natural de unión entre Norte y Centro-Suramérica, convirtiéndose en testigo directo no solo de las primeras y subsecuentes oleadas migratorias, sino también del posterior florecimiento de grandes civilizaciones mesoamericanas. Siguiendo un enfoque antropomolecular, la presente tesis doctoral evalúa la diversidad genética de una muestra representativa del pool genético actual de las poblaciones nativas de México. Asi mismo, por medio de la construcción de bases de datos a nivel continental, pretende contribuir a la reconstrucción de la historia Mesoamericana y del Poblamiento de América. Con este objetivo, se analizaron marcadores uniparentales localizados en el ADN mitocondrial y el cromosoma Y, lo cual constituye el principal componente del trabajo. Complementarianente, también se analizó la variabilidad observada a nivel de STRs autosómicos, clasificacion lingüística y caracterisitcas etnográficas, lo cual aporta un enfoque multidisciplinario a la investigación. Nuestros resultados, basados tanto en ADNmt como en cromosoma Y, muestran una clara diferenciacion de los grupos nativos pertenecientes a Mesoamerica en comparacion con el resto, sugieriendo la presencia de una dinámica poblacional única y enfatizando la relevancia de esta área cultural en el proceso de colonización de América.
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Villanea, Fernando Alberto. "Evolution of the ABO blood group locus in pre-Columbian Native Americans." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2010/f_villanea_041210.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in anthropology)--Washington State University, May 2010.Title from PDF title page (viewed on May 11, 2010). "Department of Anthropology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-57).
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Lee, Esther Jaywon. "Genetic histories of the Yekuana from southern Venezuela perspectives from mitrochondrial DNA, Y-chromosome, and autosomal DNA /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.
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Melé, Messeguer Marta. "Incorporating recombination into the study of recent human evolutionary history." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/22684.
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En aquest treball es pretén utilitzar la informació que deixa la recombinació al nostres genomes per fer inferències sobre la història evolutiva recent de les poblacions humanes. Per fer-ho, s’ha desenvolupat un mètode novedós, anomenat IRiS, que permet la detecció de recombinacions antigues específiques en un conjunt de seqüències. Hem validat extensivament IRiS i l'hem sotmès a diferents escenaris per tal d’avaluar-ne l’ eficàcia. Un cop els events de recombinació són detectats, es poden utilitzar com a marcadors genètics per estudiar els patrons de diversitat de les poblacions humanes. Finalment, hem aplicat aquesta innovadora aproximació a un conjunt de poblacions humanes del Vell Món, que varen ser genotipades específicament amb aquesta finalitat, aportant nous coneixements en la història evolutiva recent dels humansThe aim of this work is to use the information left by recombination in our genomes to make inferences on the recent evolutionary history of human populations. For that, a novel method called IRiS has been developed that allows detecting specific past recombination events in a set of extant sequences. IRiS is extensively validated and studied in whole set of different scenarios in order to assess its performance. Once recombination events are detected, they can be used as genetic markers to study the recombinational diversity patterns of human populations. We apply this innovative approach to a whole set of different human populations within the Old World that were specifically genotyped for this end and we provide new insights in the recent human evolutionary history of our species.
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Rubio, Araúna Lara 1990. "Genetic structure of North African human populations : A complex history of admixture." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664729.
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North African populations show a complex genetic structure characterized by the admixture of at least four different components: Middle Eastern, sub-Saharan, European and autochthonous North African. However, there are few genome-wide studies focused on North Africa and only two Berber groups have been included in those analyses. In this thesis genotype array data that increases the number of available Berber samples is introduced. This data shows a heterogenous genetic structure of North African populations, including Berbers, and a lack of genetic differentiation between Berber and Arab groups. Admixture is the main process shaping North African diversity. In the results of this thesis different admixture events are described, mainly related to sub-Saharan gene-flow and Middle Eastern expansions. Furthermore, North African gene-flow into coastal surrounding populations is analyzed, showing a recent historical North African contribution from different geographical places in the European coast and the Canary Islands populations.Las poblaciones del norte de África presentan una estructura genética compleja caracterizada por la mezcla genética de al menos cuatro componentes: Oriente Medio, África subsahariana, Europa y autóctono del norte de África. Sin embargo, pocos estudios a escala genómica se centran en el norte de África y sólo dos grupos de bereberes han sido incluidos en los análisis. En esta tesis se presentan datos genotipados con chip que aumentan el número de muestras disponibles de bereberes. Estos datos genéticos muestran una estructura heterogénea de las poblaciones del norte de África, incluyendo los bereberes, y una falta de diferenciación genética entre grupos bereberes y árabes. La mezcla genética es el principal proceso que moldea la diversidad norte africana. En los resultados de esta tesis se describen diferentes procesos de mezcla, principalmente relacionados con flujo genético de África subsahariana y expansiones de Oriente Medio. Además, también se analiza el flujo genético desde el norte de África a poblaciones costeras circundantes, mostrando una contribución durante la historia reciente de zonas geográficas diferentes en la costa europea y en las Islas Canarias.
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Hsieh, PingHsun. "Model-Based Population Genetics in Indigenous Humans: Inferences of Demographic History, Adaptive Selection, and African Archaic Admixture using Whole-Genome/Exome Sequencing Data." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/612540.
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Reconstructing the origins and evolutionary journey of humans is a central piece of biology. Complementary to archeology, population genetics studying genetic variation among individuals in extant populations has made considerable progress in understanding the evolution of our species. Particularly, studies in indigenous humans provide valuable insights on the prehistory of humans because their life history closely resembles that of our ancestors. Despite these efforts, it can be difficult to disentangle population genetic inferences because of the interplay among evolutionary forces, including mutation, recombination, selection, and demographic processes. To date, few studies have adopted a comprehensive framework to jointly account for these confounding effects. The shortage of such an approach inspired this dissertation work, which centered on the development of model-based analysis and demonstrated its importance in population genetic inferences. Indigenous African Pygmy hunter-gatherers have been long studied because of interest in their short stature, foraging subsistence strategy in rainforests, and long-term socio-economic relationship with nearby farmers. I proposed detailed demographic models using genomes from seven Western African Pygmies and nine Western African farmers (Appendix A). Statistical evidence was shown for a much deeper divergence than previously thought and for asymmetric migrations with a larger contribution from the farmers to Pygmies. The model-based analyses revealed significant adaption signals in the Pygmies for genes involved in muscle development, bone synthesis, immunity, reproduction, etc. I also showed that the proposed model-based approach is robust to the confounding effects of evolutionary forces (Appendix A). Contrary to the low-latitude African homeland of humans, the indigenous Siberians are long-term survivors inhabiting one of the coldest places on Earth. Leveraging whole exome sequencing data from two Siberian populations, I presented demographic models for these North Asian dwellers that include divergence, isolation, and gene flow (Appendix B). The best-fit models suggested a closer genetic affinity of these Siberians to East Asians than to Europeans. Using the model-based framework, seven NCBI BioSystems gene sets showed significance for polygenic selection in these Siberians. Interestingly, many of these candidate gene sets are heavily related to diet, indicating possible adaptations to special dietary requirements in these populations in cold, resource-limited environments. Finally, I moved beyond studying the history of extant humans to explore the origins of our species in Africa (Appendix C). Specifically, with statistical analyses using genomes only from extant Africans, I rejected the null model of no archaic admixture in Africa and in turn gave the first whole-genome evidence for interbreeding among human species in Africa. Using extensive simulation analyses under various archaic admixture models, the results suggest recurrent admixture between the ancestors of archaic and modern Africans, with evidence that at least one such event occurred in the last 30,000 years in Africa.
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Sick, Rebecca Faye. "Nonmetric trait analysis of four East Central Indiana skeletal populations." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1164848.
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In order to determine if there is a shared biological lineage among four east central Indiana skeletal populations, the remains have been subjected to nonmetric trait analysis. This technique examines the directly observable manifestations of the genome on the skeleton in order to determine if two or more groups have a shared genetic background beyond the genes that all humans share. This information supplements the archaeological information already available from the cultural remains of these groups, in addition to the metrical data.Department of Anthropology
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Croteau-Chonka, Damien. "Quantifying Ascertainment Bias and Determining Proxy Ancestral Alleles in Human Genome-Wide Polymorphic Data for Use in the Determination of Human Demographic History." Thesis, Boston College, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/521.
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Thesis advisor: Gabor T. MarthThesis advisor: Eric F. Tsung
My work is part of an effort in Dr. Gabor Marth's population genetics lab to extend the work of Marth's 2004 Genetics paper "The allele frequency spectrum in genome-wide human variation data reveals signals of differential demographic history in three large world populations" by applying its methods to new datasets. My contribution toward this end has been to create computer code (in Perl and Bash) to quantify ascertainment bias and determine proxy ancestral alleles in human genome-wide polymorphic data for post-doctoral fellow Dr. Eric Tsung's use in the determination of human demographic history. The final results of my efforts will be part of a poster by Dr. Tsung (with myself as a second author) displayed at the 2007 Biology of Genomes Symposium at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in Cold Spring Harbor, New York. Our goal is to turn that poster into a paper (on which I will be an author) for submission for publication in a major scientific research periodical and which will also be available in the future at http://bioinformatics.bc.edu/marthlab/ascertainmentancestral/
Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2007
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Biology
Discipline: College Honors Program
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Demers, Alanna. "They Kill Horses, Don't They? Peasant Resistance and the Decline of the Horse Population in Soviet Russia." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1459521486.
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Shaw, Rachel Dayton. "Evolving ecoscape : an environmental and cultural history of Palm Springs, California, and the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation, 1877-1939 /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9936845.
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Dudar, J. Christopher. "Reconstructing population history from past peoples using ancient DNA and historic records analysis : the Upper Canadian pioneers and land resources /." *McMaster only, 1998.
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Chaput, Michelle. "Environmental Change and Population History of North America from the Late Pleistocene to the Anthropocene." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38082.
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The assumption that prehistoric Native American land use practices had little impact on the North American landscape persists in the literature. However, recent research suggests the effects of prehistoric burning, deforestation and agriculture may potentially have been greater than previously considered. To resolve this discrepancy, quantitative estimates of changes in human population size and forest structure and composition over the course of the Holocene are needed. This thesis addresses this need by providing radiocarbon-based paleodemographic reconstructions and pollen-inferred estimates of vegetation change, as well as analyses of associations between the two at both continental and regional scales, from the late Pleistocene to the Anthropocene. One way to estimate paleodemographic change is to use the number of radiocarbon (14C) dates from a given area to study patterns of human occupation through time. A review of the literature and compilation of existing databases relevant to this method showed there is now sufficient data to study the paleodemographic history of many regions around the world. An analysis of 14C datasets from North America and Australia compared well with model-based reconstructions of past demographic growth, and provided higher frequency fluctuations in population densities that will be important for future research. Using a kernel density estimation approach, the first estimates of prehistoric population density for North America were obtained and synthesized into a series of continental-scale maps showing the distribution and frequency of 14C dates in the Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database (CARD). The maps illustrated the space-time evolution of population and migration patterns, which were corroborated by independent sources of evidence. A methodology based on the statistical evaluation of cross-correlations between population and plant abundance was then developed to analyze the associations between these population estimates and plant communities derived from pollen databases. Periods of high spatial cross-correlation (positive and negative) between population and plant abundance were irregular and did not improve over time, suggesting that ancient human impacts are not discernable at a continental scale, either due to low populations or varying human land use practices. To further examine the relationship between pollen data and human land use at a regional scale, estimates of plant density and landscape openness are needed. The REVEALS (Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites) model corrects for the non-linear relationship between pollen production and plant abundance and can therefore be used to map histories of land use and land cover change. The model was applied to pollen records from lake sediments in the deciduous forest of southeastern Quebec. A preliminary analysis comparing these results to population density revealed low population during times of high Populus abundance and high population following the appearance of the mixed temperate forest suggesting a discernable human-environment association at regional scales. Overall, the results of thesis support the growing body of literature that suggests prehistoric Native Americans impacted their environments and that these impacts can be detected and quantified by integrating archaeological and paleoecological information. However, the timing, location, and intensity of human land use has changed in both space and time, suggesting regional- to local-scale analyses of human-environment interactions are most appropriate for continental North America. The methodology presented here can be used to study additional North American regions for the purpose of developing a continental history of human-environment interaction.
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Walsh, Capdevila Sandra 1991. "Insights into the adaptative history of African human populations from whole-genome sequence data." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668469.
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Africa is the origin source of modern humans. Despite that African populations harbor the highest levels of genetic diversity worldwide, they remain underrepresented in genetic studies. Therefore, in order to fully understand modern human evolutionary history it is fundamental to include more African populations in genetic studies. The work in this thesis is a small contribution to the study of African evolutionary history. In particular we have focused on two different locations of Africa, eastern and southern Africa. We have tried to unravel candidates of positive (or adaptive) selection through the analysis of whole-genome sequences of five Ethiopian populations and one KhoeSan population. Moreover, we have tried to fill the gap between genotype and phenotype of a candidate of adaptive selection in an Ethiopian population.Àfrica és la font d'origen dels humans moderns. Malgrat que les poblacions Africanes són les que contenen la major diversitat genètica al món, estan molt poc representades en estudis genètics. Així doncs, per poder plenament entendre la història evolutiva humana és fonamental incloure més poblacions Africanes en estudis genètics. Aquesta tesi és una petita contribució en l'estudi de la història evolutiva humana a l'Àfrica. Ens hem centrat en dos localitzacions diferents, a l'est i al sud de l'Àfrica. Hem intentat dilucidar les possibles senyals de selecció positiva (o adaptativa) a través de l'anàlisi de seqüències completes de genomes de cinc poblacions d'Etiòpia i una KhoeSan. A més a més, en l'última part de la tesi s'ha intentat entendre a nivell funcional la relació entre el genotip i el fenotip d'un candidat de selecció adaptativa descobert en una població d'Etiòpia.
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Font, Porterias Neus 1994. "Genomic insights into an underrepresented population : the Romani." Doctoral thesis, TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa), 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673740.
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La població romaní és el grup ètnic minoritari transnacional més gran d'Europa. Tenen un origen sud asiàtic i, durant la seva diàspora cap a Europa, van experimentar múltiples efectes fundadors i una barreja genètica extensa. En aquesta tesi, l’anàlisi de marcadors genètics autosòmics mostren que tots els romaní comparteixen un component genètic comú del sud d’Àsia, de l’Orient Mitjà i dels Balcans, mentre que els grups romaní de la Península Ibèrica i del Bàltic han tingut una barreja addicional amb les altres poblacions de l'entorn. Després de caracteritzar el seu panorama genètic, l’estudi d’exomes complets de romanís espanyols suggereix que el flux de gens no romanís ha contrarestat l’augment de mutacions deletèries causada pels efectes fundadors. A més, les variants clínicament rellevants es troben tant a haplotips europeus com sud-asiàtics consistent amb l’extensa barreja genètica. Aquest treball representa un pas endavant per entendre de manera exhaustiva la història demogràfica romaní i posa de manifest la necessitat d’estudiar poblacions històricament excloses per poder descriure la variació humana en la seva totalitat.The Romani people are the largest transnational minority ethnic group in Europe. They have a South Asian origin and during their diaspora to Europe, they experienced multiple founder effects and gene flow events. In this thesis, the analysis of genome-wide array data shows that Romani groups share a common South Asian, Middle Eastern and Balkan ancestry, while Iberian and Baltic groups experienced additional admixture with the surrounding non-Roma European populations. After characterising their genetic landscape, the study of whole-exome sequences from Spanish Romani suggests that non-Roma gene flow has counteracted the increase in mutational load caused by the founder effects. In addition, clinically relevant variants are traced back to both European and South Asian ancestral haplotypes consistent with the extensive gene flow. Thus, the present work represents a step forward to comprehensively depict the Romani demographic history and emphasises the need to study other underrepresented and historically excluded populations to fully capture human variation.
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Von, Cramon-Taubadel Noreen. "More than the sum of its parts? : a model-bound morphometric approach to investigating the differential preservation of population history in the human cranium." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612331.
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Blackwell, Aaron D. 1978. "Life history trade-offs in growth and immune function: The behavioral and immunological ecology of the Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador, an indigenous population in the midst of rapid economic and ecological change." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10546.
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xxi, 234 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Life history theory examines the allocation of resources among competing demands, including growth, immune function, and reproduction. Immune function can itself be divided into innate, cell mediated, and humoral responses. For humans, factors like economic condition, disease exposure. and social milieu are all hypothesized to affect life history allocations. For the Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador these factors are rapidly changing as traditional subsistence hunting and horticulture give way to wage labor and Western medicine. This dissertation presents fieldwork conducted amongst the Shuar between 2005 and 2009. It is among the first studies to test for life history trade-offs between different branches of immunity and growth across market conditions. Shuar data include anthropometrics (n=1,547), biomarkers (n=163), and household compositions (n=292). Comparison samples include the Shiwiar of Ecuador (n=42), non-indigenous Ecuadorian colono children (n=570), the Tsimane of Bolivia (n=329), and the 2005-2006 U.S. NHANES (n=8,336). The dissertation finds significant differences between both populations and Shuar villages in growth and immunity. Increasing market integration is associated with poorer growth, but household factors mediate these changes. Adult males have positive effects on child growth in acculturated areas with wage labor and in distant areas where fishing and hunting remain important but not in intermediate areas. Children have consistent negative effects on one another's growth, suggesting competition for resources. Poorer growth is also associated with higher levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE), a humoral response to helminths. In contrast, C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker, has a positive association with growth. This divergence between humoral and innate immunity is consistent with a lasting reallocation of immune resources towards a T H 2 response in helminth infected individuals. The age-profile of IgE also varies across market conditions: comparing the Shuar with samples from the U.S. and Bolivia, the age of peak IgE is correlated with the level of peak IgE in each population, providing some of the first evidence for a "peak shift" in immune response. Overall, these results support the hypothesis that local conditions lead to the adaptive "tuning" of trade-offs between branches of immunity and growth. This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored material.
Committee in charge: Lawrence Sugiyama, Chairperson, Anthropology; James Snodgrass, Member, Anthropology; Frances White, Member, Anthropology; John Orbell, Outside Member, Political Science
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Van, Eyck Masarah. ""We shall be one people" : early modern French perceptions of the Amerindian body." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38428.
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This dissertation analyzes seventeenth- and eighteenth-century French perceptions of the bodies of Indians in New France and Louisiana. It reveals that all French authors who visited New France in the early seventeenth century believed that human differences were mutable and, with instruction and land cultivation, Indians would physically and culturally assimilate into French colonial society---if Europeans did not degenerate from life in the wilderness first. Beginning in the late seventeenth century, missionary disillusionment, colonial projections of order and later Enlightenment concepts of natural rights and systems of nature prompted authors to reformulate these early perceptions. As Indians appeared unwilling or unable to adopt civilized manners, some authors concluded that natives did not possess the reason needed to do so. By the late eighteenth century, some colonial officials and European naturalists suggested that the physique and morals of North American Indians were not mutable but, instead, that Indians in French North America were permanently and essentially incapable of "improving" either their bodies or their minds.Historians studying seventeenth- and eighteenth-century colonial perceptions of North American Indians have generally analyzed European depictions of Indians with twentieth-century understandings of human difference. By examining French perceptions of Indians with early modern understandings of the body, this thesis seeks to see natives through the eyes of the authors who described them.
The sources for this study include French travelogues and missionary accounts from New France and Louisiana which were published contemporaneously, correspondence and memoirs which have since been published and archived letters from colonial administrators writing from Canada and Louisiana.
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Rathmann, Hannes [Verfasser], and Katerina [Akademischer Betreuer] Harvati. "Reconstructing human population structure and history from dental phenotypes : Theory, methods and application to the ancient Greek colonization of southern Italy / Hannes Rathmann ; Betreuer: Katerina Harvati." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1191752615/34.
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Herrera, Rivera Kenia 1967. "Mujeres Mayas y Aymaras = transitando entre los derechos culturales y los derechos individuales = Mulheres Mayas e Aymaras: transitando entre os direitos culturais e os direitos individuais." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279698.
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Orientador: Maria Lygia Quartim de MoraesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T20:55:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HerreraRivera_Kenia_M.pdf: 1058175 bytes, checksum: 60f63fadb033aedeb725ae73a7de7a85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Há uma presença e protagonismo crescente das mulheres indígenas na América Latina nas lutas e reivindicações relacionadas com diversas problemáticas sociais. No entanto, pouco se tem de produção escrita na qual essas mulheres manifestem, com voz própria, o que para elas significou ou significa sua participação nessas lutas . Neste sentido, o presente estudo centra-se na produção de pensamentos, perspectivas, reivindicações e lutas das mulheres mayas da Guatemala e aymara da Bolívia, na época atual. Os seus seus interesses e reivindicações de prioridade com base em suas experiências e na interpretação que elas têm de suas próprias realidades, são examinados Os dois eixos temáticos principais são os direitos individuais das mulheres e direitos culturais coletivas. Ambos tipos de direitos estão interligados no caso das mulheres indígenas, devido a sua condição de gênero, bem como por sua identidade étnica, mas como se demonstra no estudo, o trenzado de relações de poder abrange outros tipos de relacionamentos (de classe ou geracional, por exemplo) que podem produzir conflitos de interesse para as mulheres indígenas e os conflitos com seus colegas do mesmo grupo étnico. Para o movimento feminista atual, é preciso compreender em que sentido o gênero e a diversidade cultural afeta o pleno exercício da cidadania para as mulheres indígenas. O seja, não se analisa a situação das mulheres indígenas frente à cultura dominante (mestiça ou não indígena), mas sim, sua condição de atoras sociais dentro dos movimentos que lutam para fazer valer os seus direitos como mulheres indígenas, em seus respectivos entornos
Abstract: There exists a growing presence of and role for Latin American indigenous woman in the struggles and affirmations related to diverse social issues. However, there is limited written production in which said women manifest themselves, through their own voice, expressing what their participation in these struggles implies or signifies for them. This study focuses on the creation of thoughts, perspectives, claims and struggles by Mayan women from Guatemala and Aymaras from Boliva, in present times. Their prioritized interests and demands are examined based upon their experiences and the interpretation that they have of their own realities. The two main themes are individual rights and collective cultural rights. These both types of rights are intertwined in the case of indigenous women because of their gender and ethnic identities. Furthermore, as is demonstrated in this study, the intertwine of relations of power encompass other types of relationships (class and generational, for example), that can lead to the production of conflicts of interest for indigenous women and also conflicts with peers of the same ethnic group. For today¿s feminist movement, it is necessary to understand in what sense gender and cultural diversity affects the full exercise of citizenship for these indigenous women. In other words, this does not mean analysis of the situation of these women from the point of view of the dominant culture (landino/mestizo) but rather their status as social actors within movements of social change to make validate their rights as indigenous women in their respective environments
Mestrado
Sociologia
Mestra em Sociologia
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Lao, Grueso Oscar 1976. "Història natural de les malalties genètiques mendelianes i complexes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7210.
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Las enfermedades genéticas se clasifican típicamente en dos grandes grupos: las enfermedades mendelianas y las enfermedades complejas. Mientras que las enfermedades mendelianas se caracterizan por ser de baja frecuencia en la población y estar causadas por mutaciones en un gen particular, las enfermedades complejas son el principal problema sanitario en los países desarrollados y se encuentran producidas por la interacción de factores ambientales y factores genéticos. En este caso no se puede hablar de mutación en un determinado gen, sino de polimorfismo que incrementa en una pequeña fracción el riesgo a padecer la enfermedad. En la presente tesis se ha estudiado la distribución espacial de la variabilidad genética tanto en enfermedades mendelianas (en concreto la fibrosis quística, la fenilcetonuria y la b-talasemia) como en una enfermedad compleja (la enfermedad coronaria) en poblaciones europeas y de todo el mundo. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la distribución geográfica de la variabilidad genética de las enfermedades mendelianas depende principalmente de factores demográficos y de la historia de las poblaciones. Ahora bien, este efecto no es independiente de factores selectivos. En particular, fenómenos de selección equilibradora pueden incrementar o disminuir la variabilidad genética en una población dependiendo de el momento en el que se dio el evento selectivo. En el caso de la enfermedad compleja estudiada, la enfermedad coronaria, nuestros resultados indican que la distribución espacial de los polimorfismos de riesgo en poblaciones europeas depende, al igual que sucede con otros marcadores genéticos, principalmente de la historia de poblaciones, especialmente del poblamiento del continente europeo, la posterior reexpansión después del último periodo glacial y de las gran expansión poblacional de los agricultores durante el neolítico.
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Lao, Grueso Oscar. "Història natural de les malalties genètiques mendelianes i complexes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7210.
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Las enfermedades genéticas se clasifican típicamente en dos grandes grupos: las enfermedades mendelianas y las enfermedades complejas. Mientras que las enfermedades mendelianas se caracterizan por ser de baja frecuencia en la población y estar causadas por mutaciones en un gen particular, las enfermedades complejas son el principal problema sanitario en los países desarrollados y se encuentran producidas por la interacción de factores ambientales y factores genéticos. En este caso no se puede hablar de mutación en un determinado gen, sino de polimorfismo que incrementa en una pequeña fracción el riesgo a padecer la enfermedad. En la presente tesis se ha estudiado la distribución espacial de la variabilidad genética tanto en enfermedades mendelianas (en concreto la fibrosis quística, la fenilcetonuria y la b-talasemia) como en una enfermedad compleja (la enfermedad coronaria) en poblaciones europeas y de todo el mundo. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la distribución geográfica de la variabilidad genética de las enfermedades mendelianas depende principalmente de factores demográficos y de la historia de las poblaciones. Ahora bien, este efecto no es independiente de factores selectivos. En particular, fenómenos de selección equilibradora pueden incrementar o disminuir la variabilidad genética en una población dependiendo de el momento en el que se dio el evento selectivo. En el caso de la enfermedad compleja estudiada, la enfermedad coronaria, nuestros resultados indican que la distribución espacial de los polimorfismos de riesgo en poblaciones europeas depende, al igual que sucede con otros marcadores genéticos, principalmente de la historia de poblaciones, especialmente del poblamiento del continente europeo, la posterior reexpansión después del último periodo glacial y de las gran expansión poblacional de los agricultores durante el neolítico.
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Jenzen, Douglas P. "Growing Conflict: Agriculture, Innovation, and Immigration in San Luis Obispo County, 1837-1937." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/460.
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The history of San Luis Obispo and its surrounding areas is complex. Agriculture, innovation, and immigration have all contributed to the formation of the region. The Spanish, Mexican, and early American periods established the framework successive waves of immigrants had to live within. Native Americans and immigrants from China, Portugal, Switzerland, Japan, the Philippines, and other regions of the United States have all toiled in the fields and contributed to America’s tables at various points throughout county history. Many contingencies determined the treatment of successive waves of immigrants. Growth and development are taking place at exponential rates on the very land that witnessed the first local agriculture and the conflicts surrounding the burgeoning industry.
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Börjeson, Lowe. "A History under Siege : Intensive Agriculture in the Mbulu Highlands, Tanzania, 19th Century to the Present." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-215.
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This doctoral thesis examines the history of the Iraqw’ar Da/aw area in the Mbulu Highlands of northern Tanzania. Since the late nineteenth century this area has been known for its intensive cultivation, and referred to as an “island” within a matrix of less intensive land use. The conventional explanation for its characteristics has been high population densities resulting from the prevention of expansion by hostility from surrounding pastoral groups, leading to a siegelike situation. Drawing on an intensive programme of interviews, detailed field mapping and studies of aerial photographs, early travellers’ accounts and landscape photographs, this study challenges that explanation. The study concludes that the process of agricultural intensification has largely been its own driving force, based on self-reinforcing processes of change, and not a consequence of land scarcity.
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Sjöstrand, Agnès. "Origins and adaptation in humans : a case study of taste and lifestyle." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066724/document.
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Cette thèse utilise des approches de génétique des populations et de statistique pour étudier des événements anciens de démographie humaine, inférer de l’adaptation locale dans diverses populations et étudier le déterminisme du goût. En utilisant une approche bayésienne, j’évalue les preuves génétiques d’une réduction de population entre 190 000 et 130 000 ans avant notre ère. Je trouve que les données sont en faveur d’un modèle sans goulot d’étranglement durant cette période. Dans le second article, je développe une méthode destinée à la détection d’adaptation locale basée sur l’étude des haplotypes privés. Appliquée à des données de génotypage, cette méthode permet de détecter des signaux d’adaptation connus chez l’Homme mais aussi d’étendre nos connaissances en matière d’adaptation. J’étudie ensuite les signaux d’adaptation dans des données de génomes entiers de plusieurs populations et montre que le régime alimentaire et les pathogènes ont une influence majeure sur la variabilité adaptative des populations prises en compte. J’étudie dans un dernier article les perceptions gustatives de populations ayant différents modes de vie. Je présente les résultats phénotypiques de perception des goûts, et les associe à des données de génotypage. Je montre que les gènes impliqués dans la perception des goûts ont évolué avec le mode de vie. En effectuant une étude d’association, je montre aussi que les variations dans la perception des goûts impliquent plus de gènes que les seuls gènes codant pour les récepteurs gustatifs. Mes résultats montrent l’utilité des données génétiques denses pour mieux comprendre l’évolution humaineThis thesis uses population genetics and statistical approaches to investigate early human demography, infer local adaptation in diverse sets of populations, and study the genetic basis for taste perception. Using a Bayesian approach, I evaluate the genetic evidence of a bottleneck between 190,000 and 130,000 years ago and find that the data is in favor of a model without bottleneck at this time point. I further develop a method to detect local adaptation based on frequencies of private haplotypes. Applied to large-scale human genotype data, this method detects known signals of positive selection but also permits to improve knowledge on potential adaptation events in humans. I further investigate patterns of adaptation in whole genome data based on a diverse set of African populations. The results from the regions potentially selected show that diet and pathogens are the common driving forces of adaptation in all studied populations. I last study taste perception in populations differing on lifestyle (hunter-gatherers, farmers and nomad herders). I present taste perception phenotypes for all tastes (sweet, bitter, sour, salty and umami) and relate them to high density genotype data. I show that taste and taste-involved genes have evolved with lifestyle. By performing an association study, I also show that variation in taste perception involves more genes than only the taste receptors genes.I covered several topics of human ancient demography and adaptation and show the utility of using large-scale genetic data to better understand human history
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Möller, Peter. "Young adults in rural tourism areas." Doctoral thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Kulturgeografi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-23702.
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This thesis examines how tourism affects conditions for young adults in rural areas. Such a study lies at the intersection of research about tourism impacts, adult transition, and rural areas. The aim is to examine how largescale tourism affects the opportunities for young adults living in rural areas; their perception of place and the perceived opportunities and obstacles that tourism provides. The thesis utilizes a mixed method approach. A quantitative study based on micro-data on individuals identifies the patterns and magnitudes of the mechanisms by which tourism affects population change among young adults. Interview methods are used in the case study area, Sälen, to investigate these mechanisms in depth. Finally, the rural–urban dichotomy is explored in a conceptual study that asks how tourism affects the perception of a local village as either rural or urban. Young inhabitants in rural areas are rarely considered in tourism research; therefore, the main contribution of this thesis is that it illuminates how tourism affects conditions for young adults in rural areas. The thesis reveals a substantial impact on the adult transition, mainly due to easier access to the labor market and a good supply of jobs during the high season. Further, the large number of people passing through creates flows of opportunities to make friends, get a job, or just meet people. All of these factors contribute to high mobility in these places, and to the perception of them as places where things happen. The high mobility in Sälen implies that fixed migrant categories (such as stayers and leavers) are largely insufficient. The tourism environment creates a space that is always under construction and continually producing new social relations mainly perceived as opportunities. Conceptualizing this as a modern rurality is a way to move beyond the often implicit notions of urban as modern and rural as traditional.
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Robbins, Molly M. "What is the 'Economic Value' of learning English in Spain?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/691.
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This paper uses historical and economic references to evaluate the economic value of learning English in Spain. Seeing that English is the lingua franca in politics, business, and technology, it is a necessary skill for Spanish citizens to possess in order to efficiently interact in foreign relations of all kinds. Due to Franco’s harsh language policies, and Spain’s ineffective education system, Spain has lacked the same linguistic exposure to foreign languages—especially English—than the rest of Europe. By referencing the previous literature written about the relationship between language and earnings, this paper seeks to find the economic incentive for Spaniards to learn English. The six issues introduced by language economist, Francois Grin, provide an economic, cultural, and social compass to evaluate the overall impact English language learning would have on the Spanish labor market and national economy. The six issues analyze the relevance language has on economic processes, human capital, social investments, policies, wage distribution, and the general market. With tourism as Spain’s most lucrative business sector, better skills in English communication would only add to its economic success. While the Spanish government has named English as one of the seven basic skills within the labor market, effective teaching programs still have to be developed.
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Pervilhac, Loredana. "Facteurs de risque des cancers de la cavité orale : Analyse des données d'un étude cas-témoins en population, l'étude ICARE." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00821931.
Full textAbstract:
Le cancer de la cavité orale représente un problème important de santé publique en France où les taux d'incidence sont parmi les plus élevés au monde. Bien qu'une détection précoce soit possible, ces tumeurs sont souvent diagnostiquées à un stade avancé et sont ainsi responsables de plus de 1500 décès par an. L'objectif général est de clarifier le rôle et l'impact des différents facteurs de risque dans la survenue des cancers de la cavité orale en France, notamment d'examiner de façon détaillée le rôle du tabac et de l'alcool par localisation anatomique précise, et d'étudier les associations avec d'autres facteurs de risque potentiels (indice de masse corporelle, antécédents médicaux, antécédents familiaux de cancer, consommations de café et de thé). Ce travail s'appuie sur les données d'une large étude cas-témoins en population générale, l'étude ICARE. Il porte sur un sous-ensemble de ces sujets (772 cas de cancer de la cavité orale et 3555 témoins). Les résultats montrent que le tabac augmente le risque de cancer de la cavité orale même pour des quantités et/ou durées faibles, alors que l'augmentation de risque liée à l'alcool n'est observée que pour de fortes consommations. L'effet conjoint du tabac et de l'alcool est plus que multiplicatif. Les associations avec les consommations d'alcool et de tabac varient selon la sous localisation : les associations les plus fortes sont observées pour le plancher buccal, les plus faibles pour les gencives. L'étude des autres facteurs de risque a mis en évidence : une association inverse entre risque de cancer de la cavité orale et indice de masse corporelle, avec un risque plus faible chez les personnes en surpoids ou obèses ; un risque augmenté lorsqu'un parent du 1er degré a été atteint d'un cancer des voies aéro-digestives supérieures ; un risque élevé chez les personnes présentant des antécédents de candidose buccale ; un risque diminué chez les consommateurs de thé ou de café. A partir de ces premiers résultats, il est envisagé de construire un score prédictif de cancer de la cavité orale permettant d'identifier les sujets à risque élevé sur lesquels cibler préférentiellement les actions de dépistage.
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Movva, Gopichand. "Optimal Sensor Placement for Structural Health Monitoring." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700010/.
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In large-scale civil structures, a limited number of sensors are placed to monitor the health of civil structures to reduce maintenance, communication and energy costs. In this thesis, the problem of optimal sensor location placement to infer the health of civil structures is explored. First, a comparative study of approaches from the fields of control engineering and civil engineering is conducted . The widely used civil engineering approaches such as effective independence (EI) and modal assurance criterion (MAC) have limitations because of the negligence of modes and damping parameters. On the other hand, control engineering approaches consider the entire system dynamics using impulse response-type sensor measurement data. Such inference can be formulated as an estimation problem, with the dynamics formulated as a second-order differential equation. The comparative study suggests that damping dynamics play significant impact to the selection of best sensor location---the civil engineering approaches that neglect the damping dynamics lead to very different sensor locations from those of the control engineering approaches. In the second part of the thesis, an initial attempt to directly connect the topological graph of the structure (that defines the damping and stiffness matrices) and the second-order dynamics is conducted.
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Sikora, Martin. "Evolutionary genetics of malaria: genetic susceptibility and natural selection." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7220.
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Una de les forces selectives més fortes que han afectat a les poblacions humanes en la història més recent és el paràsit de la malària: Plasmodium falciparum, que és la causa de varis exemples d'adaptació induïda per patògens en els éssers humans. Una forma especial de malària és l'associada a l'embaràs, que es caracteritza per l'acumulació d'eritròcits infectats en la placenta, i que pot arribar a causar fins a 200.000 morts maternoinfantils cada any. L'objectiu d'aquest treball és descriure com aquesta forma peculiar de malària ha afectat la variació genètica humana. Amb aquesta finalitat, hem utilitzat mètodes tant de la genètica evolutiva com de l'epidemiologia molecular, resultant en la primera investigació a gran escala de la base genètica de la malària placentària. Els resultats ofereixen una nova visió sobre els gens que modulen el risc d'infecció, ,així com de la selecció natural actuant sobre les vies cel·lulars implicades en la patogènesi de la malaltia. Finalment, també aportem noves dades sobre l'estructura genètica de les poblacions sub-saharianes analitzades.One of the strongest selective forces affecting human populations in recent history is the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which is the cause of a variety of well-established examples of pathogen-induced adaptation in humans. A special form of malaria is pregnancy-associated malaria, which is characterised by the accumulation of infected erythrocytes in the placenta, and causes up to 200,000 maternal and infant deaths every year. The aim of this work is to characterise how this particular form of malaria has shaped human genetic variation. To that end we use methods of both evolutionary genetics and molecular epidemiology, reporting the first large-scale investigation of the genetic basis of placental infection. Our results provide new insights into genes modulating the risk of infection, as well as natural selection acting on cellular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Finally, we also provide new data on the genetic structure of affected populations in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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DUDA, Pavel. "Human population history and evolution of culture: A phylogenetic approach." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-295600.
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This thesis uses phylogenetic and phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate human population history and evolution of cross-cultural variation. Such research requires a robust phylogenetic hypothesis of human populations as a framework. This thesis uses a supertree approach to infer a composite phylogeny of human populations based on published phylogenetic trees based on genetic and linguistic data. It assesses the stability of the inferred supertree topology and identifies individual populations whose phylogenetic position is particularly unstable. It assesses the congruence between genetic and linguistic data and tests hypothesis about language relationships and coevolution between genes and languages on a global scale. The supertree is used to reconstruct the origin and evolution of religious beliefs and behaviors using a global sample of hunter-gatherer populations and a set of phylogenetic comparative methods. This thesis also describes evolution of Central African pygmies, a group of human populations that represents an interesting case of morphological and cultural adaptation in human species, and reviews the history and current developments of phylogenetic (tree building) approaches to cross-cultural variation.
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Robertson, Leslie Anne. "Politics of cursing : imagining human difference in a BC mining town." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/13831.
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In the late 19th century, an English entrepreneur arrived on the B.C. frontier eager to learn the whereabouts of coal seams in the area. In exchange for this knowledge he courted and promised to marry an "Indian Princess." After receiving the information, he jilted the woman and submitted the first coal syndicate application for the Elk Valley. Indigenous people cast a
curse on William Fernie, on the region and its residents. They would suffer from fires, floods and famine. This narrative forms the backbone of my dissertation. It is deeply ingrained in expressions of local identity, tied to personal histories and ideas of social justice. Ktunaxa traditionalists officially lifted the curse in a public ceremony in Fernie in 1964. I trace how
participants speak about this event and the legend across generations and within shifting
ideological contexts. Cursing is an important theme throughout this work. It implies the power that stories have to carry and construct meanings about who people are. My dissertation is an ethnography of ideas about human difference generated and transmitted through time and through narratives. Fernie, B.C. is currently transforming from a predominantly working-class resource-based
town to an internationally recognized destination ski resort. I trace images, legends and theories as powerful narrative resources in the contexts of colonialism, war, immigration, labour strife, natural disaster, treaty-making and development for tourism. Folklore, mass media, scholarly theories and political discourses propagate narratives about human difference shaping
the ways that people are imagined. Although rephrased and sometimes disguised, fundamental forms of race, gender, class, nationality, religion, age, locality and sexual preference remain intact. In Part I, I look at ideas of difference perpetuated in hegemonic discourses during three
overlapping time periods. More contemporary taxonomies of difference appear in Part II. Ideas are transmitted across generations, they are evident in public performances and in narratives of place and space. Through participants' accounts I examine intersections between personal
expressions and official narratives.
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Gooch, Elizabeth. "Essays Estimating the Impact of Historical Public Health Crises on Development and the Human Condition." 2014. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/econ_diss/105.
Full textAbstract:
The lead essay measures the long-term impact of famine severity during the 1959-1961 Great Chinese Famine on contemporary per capita GDP and rural household income in China. Empirical results present a consistently negative relationship between famine severity and per capita GDP in 2010 supported using an instrumental variable approach. The instrumental variable (IV) based on the sequence in which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) took over continental China, exploiting the relationship between a local community's demonstration of loyalty to the new CCP regime, the radicalism of leadership during the Great Leap Forward social and agricultural reform starting in 1958, and the consequences of the Great Famine. The second essay utilizes the interaction of malaria prevention and the historical geographic distribution of malaria endemicity to estimate the average global impact mosquito-control has had on population growth. The differential benefit mosquito-control health campaigns may have had with respect to the initial malaria prevalence provides useful counterfactual groups for empirical analysis as well as possible evidence for the divergence in population development between the temperate and tropical regions of the world.
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"An assessment of retrospective birth history reporting for the measurement of fertility in South Africa." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/412.
Full textAbstract:
Fertility is one of the major tenets of demography. Its importance lies in the determination of fertility trends in a country, in a specific time period. These statistical inferences of fertility play an imperative role in population policy formation and planning. Thus the importance of the measurement of fertility remains undisputed. Due to the significance of fertility, its measurement and its profound impact on societies, acknowledging and addressing the quality of fertility data is of great importance. This research study was conceived in response to the above concern. This study aims at addressing and providing insight into birth history data irregularities and determining interventions of working with this issue in the context of South Africa. Through secondary analysis (i.e. descriptive exploratory and comparative analysis) the study sought to firstly establish a demographic profile of women associated with inconsistent and inaccurate reporting of their birth histories. Secondly the research attempted to ascertain a relationship between the socio-economic statuses of individuals and retrospective reporting. A third objective was to note the sex-selectiveness of reporting (i.e. were more girls or boys reported or misreported on in the retrospective birth histories). The study has established that older, married women with some educational attainment, of rural areas from either the middle and lower income categories tend to misreport more frequently than their converse counterparts. Furthermore, a plausible relationship between the socio-economic statuses of individuals was observed. In terms of the sex-selectiveness of reporting, in general, boys were reported on more consistently than girls. However in certain cases, it was found that rural and middle income women reported accurately on girl children born alive and dead girl children. Recommendations made with respect to improve the quality of fertility data for include the proper training of enumerators and data capturers, quality control during data collection, testing of questionnaires, dealing with social, cultural and language barriers and the reinforcement of publicity campaigns for censuses and surveys.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.
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Vanags, Anthony. "An archaeological perspective on alpine/sub-alpine land use in the Clear Range and Pavilion Mountains, south-central British Columbia." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/11489.
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This study uses two independent surveys of the Alpine/Sub-alpine environmental zones of the
Clear Range and Pavilion Mountain to explore the nature of the archaeological record in the higher
elevations of the Southern Interior Plateau of British Columbia. The archaeological site information is
derived from the original site records as well as a lithic analysis of associated assemblages. The
archaeological material is examined in relation to ethnographic subsistence and settlement patterns,
archaeological pattering in Upland Valleys (Upper Hat Creek Valley), and to other investigated
Alpine/Sub-alpine areas such as the Cornwall Hills and Potato Mountain. Neither the Ethnographic nor
Upland Valley Models provided a perfect fit for the archaeological information, but these two models did
provide the foundation upon which the archaeological site classes could be derived. The results were clear
in that the Alpine/Sub-alpine zones were an important part of the seasonal round for both hunting and plant
food gathering/processing activities and were not just an extension of the Upland Valley zones. The
diagnostic artifacts recovered from the Clear Range and Pavilion Mountain suggest that this area, and more
specifically the Alpine/Sub-alpine environmental zones, have been used for hunting purposes for
approximately 7000 years, though most of the dates are concentrated between 3500 and 200 BP. There are
fewer dates for plant gathering and processing activities, but the radiocarbon dates suggest that plant
processing started approximately 2000 BP. The majority of the archaeological sites for both the Clear
Range and Pavilion Mountain are situated within the Montane Parkland environmental zone. Even so, the
Alpine/Sub-alpine zones in the Clear Range and Pavilion Mountain were used differently. The Clear Range
was used for both hunting and plant gathering/processing activities, while Pavilion Mountain and the
Cornwall Hills were used primarily for hunting activities. Only on Potato Mountain were the majority of
sites related to plant gathering/processing activities.