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1
S, Drasar B., and Duerden B. I, eds. Anaerobes in human disease. London: Edward Arnold, 1991.
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2
L, Garland Jay, Lim Daniel V, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Survival of potentially pathogenic human-associated bacteria in the rhizosphere of hydroponically grown wheat. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.
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3
Liu, Dongyou. Molecular Detection of Human Bacterial Pathogens. Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.
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4
Liu, Dongyou. Molecular Detection of Human Bacterial Pathogens. Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.
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5
Liu, Dongyou. Molecular Detection of Human Bacterial Pathogens. Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.
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6
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Selection and Application of Methods for the Detection and Enumeration of Human-Pathogenic Halophilic Vibrio Spp. in Seafood. Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2017.
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7
Molecular detection of human bacterial pathogens. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis/CRC Press, 2011.
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8
Brief History of Bacteria: The Everlasting Game Between Humans and Bacteria. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2018.
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9
Mitscherlich, E., and E. H. Marth. Microbial Survival in the Environment: Bacteria and Rickettsiae Important in Human and Animal Health. Springer London, Limited, 2012.
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10
Mitscherlich, E., and E. H. Marth. Microbial Survival in the Environment: Bacteria and Rickettsiae Important in Human and Animal Health. Springer, 2011.
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11
Smith, Robert M., and Wendy J. Zochowski. Leptospirosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0027.
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Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread and important zoonotic pathogens and is of global medical and veterinary importance. Clinical disease ranges from mild self-limiting influenza – like illness to fulminating repeats-several failure.It is caused by bacterial spirochaetes of the genus Leptospira, family Leptospiraceae. Pathogenic Leptospira interrogans strains, of which there are over 230 serovars in 24 serogroups, are morphologically identical in that they are thin, helical highly motile Gram-negative bacteria, hooked at one or both ends.Natural hosts of pathogenic strains, generally referred to as serovars, may cause infection in man and include wild animals (rodents), livestock (cattle and pigs) and pets (dogs). Most, if not all mammals may become long-term carriers (maintenance hosts). Leptospires become located in the renal tubules and excreted in the urine of infected reservoir animals, humans becoming infected through broken skin, mucous membranes and the conjunctivae.Leptospirosis is most commonly found in tropical or sub-tropical countries in both urban and rural settings. It causes major economic losses, to the highly intensive cattle and pig industries in developed countries, primarily through their effects on reproduction. It is still an important occupational disease risk for people working in agriculture or those living in unsanitary conditions. It is increasingly recognised as a recreational and travel-associated disease.
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Money, Nicholas P. 5. Microbiology of human health and disease. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199681686.003.0005.
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Microbiological research has been dominated by studies on pathogenic organisms since the work of Louis Pasteur in the 19th century. Recent research suggests that populations of microbes that live in our digestive, reproductive, and respiratory tracts are as important to our wellbeing as the avoidance and treatment of infection. The average human comprises 40 trillion eukaryotic cells and an accompanying microbiome of 100 trillion bacteria, mostly in the gut, and one quadrillion viruses. In addition to bacteria and viruses, the microbiome contains archaea, plus fungi and other eukaryotic microorganisms. The majority of these microbes are beneficial and only a minority have the potential to cause disease.
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Primrose, Sandy R. Microbiology of Infectious Disease. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192863843.001.0001.
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In the late 1990s, the first complete sequences of two bacterial genomes were published. From the analysis of the sequence data, it became possible to elucidate all the biochemical reactions that these bacteria could undertake and all the molecules that they could synthesize, many of which had hitherto been unknown. Now that hundreds of microbial genomes have been sequenced, we can decipher those biochemical features that make an organism a successful pathogen and recognize common strategies for overcoming host defences. We also can get insights to how each pathogen evolved. The objective of this book is to put the new sequence-derived information in the context of the natural history of the organisms. That is, to tell a story and get a sense of how each organism evolved, what it can do, and how it interacts with its environment. Each chapter is devoted to a different pathogen, be it viral, bacterial or eukaryotic, and describes how they infect plants and animals but particularly humans.
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Chen, Lanming, and Walid Alali, eds. Recent Discoveries in Human Serious Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria: Resurgence, Pathogenesis, and Control Strategies. Frontiers Media SA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-720-5.
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15
Microbes and human carcinogenesis. London: E. Arnold, 1986.
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16
Zoysa, Aruni De. Other bacterial diseasesDiseases caused by corynebacteria and related organisms. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0019.
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The genus Corynebacterium contains the species Corynebacterium diphtheriae and the non-diphtherial corynebacteria. C. diphtheriae is the major human pathogen in this genus, but several species of nondiphtheria corynebacteria appear to be emerging as important pathogens.Zoonotic corynebacteria rarely cause disease in humans, but recent reports have indicated that the frequency and severity of infection associated with Corynebacterium ulcerans has increased in many countries. In the past most human C.ulcerans infections have occurred through close contact with farm animals or by consumption of unpasteurised dairy products. However, recently, there have been cases of human infection following close contact with household pets. Rhodococcus equi appears to be emerging as an important pathogen in immunocompromised patients, especially those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Human infections caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is still a very rare occurrence.Antibiotics in combination with surgery and vaccination are the treatment of choice for human infection. Control of human infection is best achieved by raising awareness in those at risk (e.g. domestic pet owners, sheep shearers, the immunocompromised), clinicians involved in treating these groups and by vaccination. Reducing prevalence in the animal population could be achieved by improving hygiene in farms and husbandry practices, reducing minor injuries (e.g. cuts and abrasions) during routine procedures, and by vaccination.
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Birtles, Richard. Other bacterial diseasesAnaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis and neorickettsiosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0020.
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In 2001, taxonomic reorganization of the bacterial genera Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Cowdria and Neorickettsia resulted in the transfer of numerous species between these taxa, and the renaming of the transferred species to reflect their new taxonomic position (Dumler et al. 2001). Among the members of these genera, there are four species of established zoonotic importance, which are therefore the subject of this chapter. Two of these species were affected by the changes outlined above.Although these four species possess markedly different ecologies, they share the fundamental biological character of being obligate intracellular bacteria that reside within vacuoles of eukaryotic cells. This lifestyle underlies their fastidious nature in the laboratory and hence our limited knowledge of their biology and pathogenicity. Nonetheless, despite this shortfall, all four are associated with diseases of established or emerging importance: E. chaffeensis provokes human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), E. ewingii causes human ewingii ehrlichiosis (HEE), A. phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), N. sennetsu is the agent of sennetsu neorickettsiosis.The first three pathogens are transmitted by hard (ixodid) ticks and are encountered across the temperate zones of the northern hemisphere (and maybe beyond), although the vast majority of human infections caused by them are currently reported in the USA. There, HME and HGA are second only to Lyme disease (caused by Borrelia burgdorferi) in terms of public health significance. Furthermore, given that there is evidence of increasing population sizes and changing distributions for ixodid species (Scharlemann et al. 2008), it is not unreasonable to predict that the infections they transmit will present an increased medical burden in the future. N. sennetsu remains an enigmatic pathogen; case reports remain scarce, but serological surveys suggest high levels of exposure. The widespread consumption of raw fish across east Asia presents specific infection risks to this region, and an increased awareness that sennetsu neorickettsiosis is among the infections that can be acquired from this source is required before its public health importance can be accurately assessed.
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Morgan, Marina. Other bacterial diseasesStreptococcosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0023.
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Many pyogenic (β -haemolytic) streptococci of clinical significance have animal connections. In the last edition of this book two species of streptococci were considered of major zoonotic interest, namely Streptococcus suis and S. zooepidemicus. Since then, numerous sporadic zoonoses due to other streptococci have been reported, and a newly recognized fish pathogen with zoonotic potential termed S. iniae has emerged. Changes in nomenclature make the terminology confusing. For example, the organism known as S. zooepidemicus — now termed S. dysgalactiae subsp. zooepidemicus — still causes pharyngitis in humans, complicated rarely by glomerulonephritis after ingestion of unpasteurized milk. Pigs remain the primary hosts of S. suis with human disease mainly affecting those who have contact with pigs or handle pork.Once a sporadic disease, several major epidemics associated with high mortality have been reported in China. The major change in reports of zoonotic streptococcal infections has been the emergence of severe skin and soft tissue infections, and an increasing prevalence of toxic shock, especially due to S. suis (Tang et al. 2006), group C (Keiser 1992) and group G β -haemolytic streptococci (Barnham et al. 2002). Penicillin remains the mainstay of treatment for most infections, although some strains of group C and G streptococci are tolerant (minimum bactericidal concentration difficult or impossible to achieve in vivo) (Portnoy et al. 1981; Rolston and LeFrock 1984) and occasionally strains with increased minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for penicillin are reported.Agents preventing exotoxin formation, such as clindamycin and occasionally human intravenous immunoglobulin, may be used in overwhelming infection where circulating exotoxins need to be neutralized in order to damp down the massive release of cytokines generated by their production (Darenberg et al. 2003). Prevention of human disease focuses on maintaining good hygienic practice when dealing with live animals or handling raw meat or fish products, covering skin lesions, thorough cooking of meats and pasteurization of milk.
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Smith, Robert M. Other bacterial diseasesErysipeloid. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0025.
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Erysipeloid is an acute bacterial infection usually causing acute localised cellulitis as a secondary infection of traumatised skin. It is caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (insidiosa), a non-sporulating Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium, ubiquitous in the environment. It is the cause of swine erysipelas and also a pathogen or commensal in a variety of wild and domestic birds, animal and marine species. Human infection primarily associated with occupational exposure to infected or contaminated animals or handling animal products and therefore is commoner in farmers, butchers and abattoir workers and fisherman.Risk factors for the rare human invasive E. rhusiopathiae infection include conditions that affect the host immune response, such as alcoholism, cancer and diabetes. Treatment is with penicillin.Erysipelas can affect animals of all ages but is recognised more frequently in juveniles. Swine exhibit similar stages to the disease in man. Clinical manifestations in swine vary from the classical rhomboid urticaria (diamond skin), the condition of greatest prevalence and economic importance, to sepsis, polyarthritis, pneumonia and death.Prevention is largely a matter of good hygiene, herd management and by raising awareness in those at risk (especially butchers, farmers and fishermen); ensuring that clinicians are aware of E. rhusiopathiae as a possible cause of occupational skin lesions and bacterial endocarditis is important.
20
Mavingui, Patrick, Claire Valiente Mor, and Pablo Tortosa. Exploiting symbiotic interactions for vector/disease control. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0011.
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Arthropods transmit a variety of diseases to humans and animals, including arboviruses, bacteria and parasites. No efficient treatments or control methods are available for many vector-borne diseases, especially for emerging diseases. Therefore, the development of alternative strategies aiming at controlling disease transmission is encouraged worldwide. Although transmission phenomenon is a result of complex interactions involving several actors evolving in a changing environment, the biotic relationship between pathogens and their vectors represents a key step in successful disease transmission. Recent studies highlighted a strong impact of microbiomes on the life-history traits of arthropod hosts. This chapter emphasizes those biotic interactions having an impact on adaptive traits influencing disease transmission. Evidence in behavioral alterations of vector populations/individuals with relevance to vector-pathogen transmission mitigation is reviewed. Opportunities to take advantage of such biotic processes in the control of vector-borne diseases in different epidemiological, entomological and environmental settings are explored.
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Rizzuto, Gabrielle A., and Anna I. Bakardjiev. Listeria monocytogenes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604813.003.0020.
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Listeria monocytogenes is a intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes serious foodborne illness in humans. Among all infectious diseases caused by gastrointestinal pathogens, listeriosis has the highest mortality rate, likely because of its ability to cross the gastrointestinal barrier and cause sepsis and infection of other organs such as the brain and placenta. Infection of the placenta leads to fetal infection, and otherwise healthy pregnant women have a significantly increased incidence of listeriosis than the general population, likely due to changes in the maternal cell-mediated immune response during pregnancy. Clinical manifestations include miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm labor, and neonatal infection and death. Neonates develop early-onset sepsis or late-onset meningitis. Physicians must evaluate pregnant women and neonates with febrile illnesses for listeriosis, since prompt treatment with antibiotics can cure it. It is important to note that L. monocytogenes is resistant to cephalosporins. Ampicillin is the treatment of choice in patients without penicillin allergy.
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Sun, Wenli. Various Methods and Novel Techniques: Rapid Molecular Detection of Human, Plant, Genetic, and Microbial Infectious Diseases, Pathogenic Bacteria, and Organisms. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2022.
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23
Pearson, Andrew. Tularaemia. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0031.
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Tularaemia is a plague-like bacterial disease of animals (particularly rodents, hares, and rabbits) and man caused by five subspecies of Francisella. Two subspecies predominate: F. tularensis tularensis in North America and F. tularensis holarctica throughout the northern hemisphere. F. tularensis occurs in persistent natural foci causing localized epidemics and sporadic cases in man.Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis was described originally as causing a more virulent form of tularaemia than was seen in Europe. More recently recognized are subpopulations of Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis which have markedly different virulence for man. These have been designated A1a, A1b and A2. Infections resulting from type A1b have been shown to have an attributable mortality of 24% as compared to 4% for tularaemia caused by A1a types.F. tularensis is one of the most potent bacterial pathogens affecting humans with an infective dose from 1 to 10 organisms. The incubation period is usually 3–5 days (range from 1–21 days). Onset of disease is abrupt, with fever, chills, fatigue, general body aches, and headache. When the bacteria are acquired through skin or mucous membranes, tender regional node enlargement may become conspicuous. When bacteria are inhaled, the infection will result in deep lymph node enlargement.The clinical epidemiology of human infection is complex since it relates to one of four modes of transmission of the agent harboured in multiple hosts from diverse ecosystems. Clinical presentation of the human disease is indicative of both the mode of transmission and often the source of infection in a specific ecosystem. Tularaemia presenting as ulceroglandular disease results from either vector-borne infection from mosquito or tick bites or occurs as a result of animal contact from bites, hunting or from skinning hares or muskrats. Oropharyhgeal and typhoidal infections predominate in waterborne outbreaks of F. tularensis holarctica. Pulmonary or influenza disease results from airborne transmission associated with either farmers moving rodent contaminated hay or laboratory acquired infection. An intentional aerosol release of F. tularensis tularensis would be expected to result in clinical manifestations similar to those recognized in natural respiratory tularaemia. Both vector-borne and airborne transmission of F. tularensis may both be associated with florid skin manifestations as a presenting symptom of tularaemia. Pulmonary or typhoidal forms of the tularaemia may occur as a complication of localized infection.
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Kirchman, David L. Symbioses and microbes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0014.
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The book ends with a chapter devoted to discussing interactions between microbes and higher plants and animals. Symbiosis is sometimes used to describe all interactions, even negative ones, between organisms in persistent, close contact. This chapter focuses on interactions that benefit both partners (mutualism), or one partner while being neutral to the other (commensalism). Microbes are essential to the health and ecology of vertebrates, including Homo sapiens. Microbial cells outnumber human cells on our bodies, aiding in digestion and warding off pathogens. In consortia similar to the anaerobic food chain of anoxic sediments, microbes are essential in the digestion of plant material by deer, cattle, and sheep. Different types of microbes form symbiotic relationships with insects and help to explain their huge success in the biosphere. Protozoa are crucial for wood-boring insects, symbiotic bacteria in the genus Buchnera provide sugars to host aphids while obtaining essential amino acids in exchange, and fungi thrive in subterranean gardens before being harvested for food by ants. Symbiotic dinoflagellates directly provide organic material to support coral growth in exchange for ammonium and other nutrients. Corals are now threatened worldwide by rising oceanic temperatures, decreasing pH, and other human-caused environmental changes. At hydrothermal vents in some deep oceans, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria fuel an entire ecosystem and endosymbiotic bacteria support the growth of giant tube worms. Higher plants also have many symbiotic relationships with bacteria and fungi. Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legumes and other plants fix more nitrogen than free-living bacteria. Fungi associated with plant roots (“mycorrhizal”) are even more common and potentially provide plants with phosphorus as well as nitrogen. Symbiotic microbes can provide other services to their hosts, such as producing bioluminescence, needed for camouflage against predators. In the case of the bobtail squid, bioluminescence is only turned on when populations of the symbiotic bacteria reach critical levels, determined by a quorum sensing mechanism.
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Stewart, Alex G., Sam Ghebrehewet, and Peter MacPherson. New and emerging infectious diseases. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.003.0026.
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This chapter describes the increasing global problem of new and emerging infections, many zoonotic, ranging from the recently described Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) to bacteria now resistant to all locally available antimicrobial agents. The environmental, human, technological, and microbial factors contributing to disease emergence are assessed. Changes in environment and land use result in the spread of vector-borne diseases into new areas, and global travel and trade may introduce pathogens to non-immune populations. The breakdown of health services following political change or during conflict can result in the resurgence of previously controlled communicable diseases. The importance of collaboration between human and veterinary health services is emphasized, and the UK ‘DATER’ strategy (Detection, Assessment, Treatment, Escalation, Recovery) for dealing with pandemic influenza is applied to new and emerging infections. Finally, the role of internet-based, syndromic surveillance to create early awareness of new infections is considered.
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Poirier, David A., and Kenneth L. Feder, eds. Dangerous Places. Praeger, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400637698.
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Archaeological sites often seem to be idyllic, even romantic, places where scientists recover and analyze fascinating data that can inform us of past times and the past lives of our recent historical and ancient prehistoric human forebears. Too often, however, unrecognized dangers lie within: bacterial and viral infections hidden in the soil, concealed in the animals that roam through our sites, or even lying in wait in organic remains we excavate; toxic substances produced by the historical technologies we study and that continue to poison the sites where people once worked; the bodies of people who died of historical scourges that once afflicted humanity and whose excavated mortal remains may still harbor the pathogens that killed them, dormant and lying in wait for an unsuspecting and largely no-longer immune modern population. It's enough to make an archaeologist swear off fieldwork! The truth is, however, that archaeologists need to be alerted to the dangers present in fieldwork and advised of the reasonable precautions that should be taken to insure the safest possible working environment.Dangerous Placesbrings together an enormous body of information regarding the threats that archaeologists face every day, and the best ways of behaving proactively to avoid or mitigate these threats.
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Palmer, Stephen. The global challenge of zoonoses control. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0001.
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Zoonotic diseases are now recognized as a major global threat to human health and sustainable development and a major concern for national and international agencies (Marano et al. 2006). There was a period in the 1960s and 70s when it was widely expected that the antibiotic and vaccine era would relegate infectious diseases to footnotes of history, and in many countries communicable control systems were neglected (Keusch et al. 2009) but the frequent and often dramatic appearance of new infectious agents or the reappearance of well recognized zoonoses has changed perceptions. ‘A wide variety of animal species, domesticated, peri-domesticated and wild, can act as reservoirs for these pathogens, which may be viruses, bacteria, parasites or prions. Considering the wide variety of animal species involved and the often complex natural history of the pathogens concerned, effective surveillance, prevention and control of zoonotic diseases pose a real challenge to public health’ (WHO 2004). No country has been able to anticipate the sudden and sometimes devastating impact of novel agents, and international trade and transport of people, animals and goods have ensured that wherever zoonoses emerge they have to be considered as global issues. The cost of zoonoses can be enormous. The H1N1v pandemic which began in pig herds on the Mexico-US border resulted in major losses to the pork industry amounting to US$25 million per week; fear that transmission could occur from meat led to the banning of importation of pigs and pork products by at least 15 countries (Keusch et al. 2009). And in addition to these ‘natural’ threats, several zoonoses are prime agents for deliberate release by disaffected groups. A more esoteric threat, though nonetheless a real cause of concern, is the possibility of zoonotic emergence from xenotransplantation (Mattiuzzo et al. 2008).
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Sillis, Margaret, and David Longbottom. Chlamydiosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0017.
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Chlamydial pathogens cause a wide-range of infections and disease, known as chlamydioses, in humans, other mammals and birds. The causative organisms are Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacteria that undergo a unique biphasic developmental cycle involving the infectious elementary body and the metabolically-active, non-infectious reticulate body. At least two species, Chlamydophila psittaci and Chlamydophila abortus, are recognized as causes of zoonotic infections in humans worldwide, mainly affecting persons exposed to infected psittacine and other birds, especially ducks, turkeys, and pigeons, and less commonly to animals, particularly sheep. Outbreaks occur amongst aviary workers, poultry processing workers, and veterinarians. Infection is transmitted through inhalation of infected aerosols contaminated by avian droppings, nasal discharges, or products of ovine gestation or abortion. Person to person transmission is rare. Control strategies have met with variable success depending on the degree of compliance or enforcement of legislation. In the United Kingdom control is secondary, resulting from protection of national poultry flocks by preventing the importation of Newcastle disease virus using quarantine measures. Improved standards of husbandry, transport conditions, and chemoprophylaxis are useful for controlling reactivation of latent avian chlamydial infection. Vaccination has had limited effect in controlling ovine infection. Improved education of persons in occupational risk groups and the requirement for notification may encourage a more energetic approach to its control.
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Temesgen, Zelalem, ed. Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases Board Review. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199827626.001.0001.
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While infections have always played an important role in the history of mankind, advances in science and technology as well as rapid globalization have resulted in an unprecedented wave of new and old infections thrust into the limelight. The recent pandemic of H1N1 influenza virus infection demonstrates the recurrent theme of emerging and reemerging pathogens that continue to impact public health and patient care areas. Drug resistance among various organisms (not limited to bacteria) has unfortunately become the expectation and, not infrequently, we have been left with few or no efficacious treatment options, an experience not witnessed in more than 7 decades. Human immunodeficiency virus infection continues to challenge our abilities to provide the desired level of care in most areas of the world. Novel syndromes of infection continue to be defined as newer forms of immunosuppression and the development of unique medical devices become standard practice in all areas of medicine and surgery. For trainees and practitioners in the field of infectious diseases today, these factors mandate intense study to establish an expertise in the field that is required to provide best practices now and beyond. This board review will be pivotal in that education. This book is designed and intended primarily for infectious diseases trainees and practitioners preparing for the infectious disease subspecialty examination of the American Board of Internal Medicine. We believe that this book will also be useful to infectious diseases practitioners as well as general internists and other clinicians who desire a comprehensive but practical overview of contemporary infectious diseases topics.
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Epidemiological surveillance of current infections: new threats and challenges. Remedium Privolzhye, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21145/978-5-6046124-2-2_2021.
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The collection contains the scientific works of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical conference «Epidemiological surveillance of current infections: new threats and challenges», held by the FBIS «Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology» of Rospotrebnadzor in honor of the 100th anniversary of the outstanding scientist I. N. Blokhina, who headed the Institute for 44 years. Leading scientists and specialists from 57 scientific and practical institutions of Rospotrebnadzor, healthcare, education and other organizations from 32 regions of Russia and foreign countries took part in the compilation of the materials. The materials of the collection present the results of scientific research on the epidemiology of current infections, including the use of GIS technologies, methods of molecular epidemiology and bioinformatics, achievements in the field of diagnostics, molecular genetic and molecular biological studies of pathogens of bacterial and viral nature, in the study of human immune defense mechanisms, means of ensuring biological safety, general and population ecology of microorganisms of various biosystems, a number of aspects of biotechnology of immunobiological drugs, etc A separate section of the collection is devoted to new threats to the safety of the population, among them the most relevant is the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection. The collection contains materials on the results of studies on the pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinic and diagnosis of COVID-19. The conference materials will be useful for both scientific and practical employees of Rospotrebnadzor institutions, other ministries and departments involved in the work of the system of anti-epidemic protection of the population, as well as epidemiologists, microbiologists, virologists, biotechnologists, etc. working in various fields of science, education and practical health care. Scientific articles are published in the author’s edition.
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Food safety: Oversight of the FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine : hearing before the Subcommittee on Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations of the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session, May 10, 1996. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.
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Food safety: Oversight of the Centers for Disease Control monitoring of foodborne pathogens : hearing before the Subcommittee on Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations of the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session, May 23, 1996. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.
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