Journal articles: 'Human or non-human (animal) origin'

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Sodagari, Hamid Reza, Penghao Wang, Ian Robertson, Ihab Habib, and Shafi Sahibzada. "Non-Typhoidal Salmonella at the Human-Food-of-Animal-Origin Interface in Australia." Animals 10, no. 7 (July 14, 2020): 1192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10071192.

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Non-typhoidal Salmonella is a major zoonotic pathogen that plays a significant role in foodborne human salmonellosis worldwide through the consumption of contaminated foods, particularly those of animal origin. Despite a considerable reduction in human salmonellosis outbreaks in developed countries, Australia is experiencing a continuous rise of such outbreaks in humans. This review of the literature highlights the reported non-typhoidal Salmonella outbreaks in humans as well as the occurrence of the pathogen in foods from animal sources throughout Australia. Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections from food animals are more often associated with at-risk people, such as immunocompromised and aged people or children. Although several animal-sourced foods were recognised as the catalysts for salmonellosis outbreaks in Australia, egg and egg-based products remained the most implicated foods in the reported outbreaks. This review further highlights the antimicrobial resistance trends of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates at the human–food interface, with a focus on clinically important antimicrobials in humans, by collating evidence from previous investigations in Australia. The rise in antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella, especially to antimicrobials commonly prescribed to treat human salmonellosis, has become a significant global public health concern. However, the overall prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Australia is considerably lower than in other parts of the world, particularly in terms of critically important antimicrobials for the treatment of human salmonellosis. The present review adds to our understanding of the global epidemiology of non-typhoidal Salmonella with emphasis on the past few decades in Australia.

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Pirš, Tina, Jana Avberšek, Irena Zdovc, Brane Krt, Alenka Andlovic, Tatjana Lejko-Zupanc, Maja Rupnik, and Matjaž Ocepek. "Antimicrobial susceptibility of animal and human isolates of Clostridium difficile by broth microdilution." Journal of Medical Microbiology 62, no. 9 (September 1, 2013): 1478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.058875-0.

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A total of 188 human (n = 92) and animal (n = 96) isolates of Clostridium difficile of different PCR ribotypes were screened for susceptibility to 30 antimicrobials using broth microdilution. When comparing the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, the isolates of animal origin were significantly more often resistant to oxacillin, gentamicin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (P<0.01). The most significant difference between the animal and human populations (P = 0.0006) was found in the level of imipenem resistance, with a prevalence of 53.3 % in isolates of human origin and 28.1 % in isolates of animal origin. Overall, the results show similar MICs for the majority of tested antimicrobials for isolates from human and animal sources, which were collected from the same geographical region and in the same time interval. This supports the hypothesis that C. difficile could be transmissible between human and animal hosts. Resistant isolates have been found in all animal species tested, including food and companion animals, and also among non-toxigenic isolates. The isolates of the most prevalent PCR ribotype 014/020 had low resistance rates for moxifloxacin, erythromycin, rifampicin and daptomycin, but a high resistance rate for imipenem. Multiresistant strains were found in animals and humans, belonging to PCR ribotypes 012, 017, 027, 045, 046, 078 and 150, and also to non-toxigenic strains of PCR ribotypes 010 and SLO 080.

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MOSER, I., P. LENTZSCH, B. RIEKSNEUWOEHNER, P. SCHWERK, and L. H. WIELER. "High resolution genotyping of Campylobacter jejuni strains by macrorestriction analysis with XhoI and polymerase chain reaction targeting enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences: can we predict the zoonotic potential of strains?" Epidemiology and Infection 129, no. 3 (December 2002): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268802007525.

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Campylobacter jejuni isolates of human, canine, feline, bovine and poultry origin were investigated for their genomic diversity using O-antigen typing (n = 271), SmaI (n = 158) and XhoI (n = 158) macrorestriction analysis and ERIC–PCR (n = 107). The O-antigens O[ratio ]1/44, O[ratio ]2, O[ratio ]4 complex, O[ratio ]37, O[ratio ]40 were identified and 53.7% of the human and 56.1% of the animal strains were typable with the available antisera. Two ERIC–PCR pattern groups were generated representing human and animal strains as well as those exclusively of animal origin. XhoI macrorestriction analysis also distinguished ‘human’ and ‘non-human’ strain clusters, but by SmaI restriction mainly serotype-associated clusters were found. In conclusion, genomic differences may occur between ‘human’ and ‘non-human’ strains and this may reflect their potential to overcome the barrier from animals to humans.

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Todorovic, Zorana. "Evolutionary continuity between humans and non-human animals: Emotion and emotional expression." Theoria, Beograd 64, no. 4 (2021): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo2104019t.

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This paper deals with the evolutionary origin and the adaptive function of emotion. I discuss the view that emotions have evolved as functional adaptations in both humans and non-human animals in order to cope with adaptive challenges and to promote fitness. I argue that there is evolutionary continuity between humans and animals in emotions and emotional expressions, and discuss behavioural argument for this thesis, specifically, Darwin?s and Ekman?s research on similarities in how humans and animals express their basic emotions. In addition to this argument, I provide neuroscientific evidence that supports the claim that basic emotions are evolutionary old and shared among humans and many other animals. Finally, I conclude that animal emotions can be considered the bases and roots of our emotions that connect us to other sentient beings.

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RÓŻEWICZ, Marcin, Elżbieta BOMBIK, Alina JANOCHA, Katarzyna ŁAGOWSKA, and Małgorzata BEDNARCZYK. "DIOXINS – THEIR INFLUENCE ON HUMAN HEALTH AND THE CONTAMINATION OF PRODUCTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN." Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis Agricultura, Alimentaria, Piscaria et Zootechnica 328, no. 39 (December 5, 2016): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/aapz2016.39.3.16.

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Markovic, R., M. Z. Baltic, S. Radulovic, D. Peric, D. Jovanovic, M. Starcevic, and D. Sefer. "From designing diets for animals to designing food of animal origin – overview." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 854, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/854/1/012056.

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Abstract In recent times, food is not only observed from the point of view of the required intake for growth, development and regeneration of the body, but also has a leading role in the quality of human life. Therefore, the diet focuses on optimizing the daily intake of both nutrients and non-nutritive ingredients of food, all in order to preserve health and, above all, reduce the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. Functional food can be considered food that has been scientifically proven to have a positive effect on certain body functions (in addition to the usual nutritional value) that contribute to human health and reduce the risk of disease. At the same time, it is important that the food has a standard form and that the positive effect on health is manifested by consuming the usual amount of food. The functionality of food is achieved by the presence in it of bioactive components (one or more) which have been scientifically proven to have positive effects on human health in the quantities in which they are present in food. The nutritional value of foods of animal origin depends on many factors, but certainly animal diet has the greatest impact. In human nutrition the so-called designed products of animal origin (meat, milk, eggs) are used, which are due to the specific animal diets enriched with n-3 fatty acids, vitamins, carotenoids or trace elements. Today, there are nutritional strategies by which we can access functional foods for the purpose of health promotion.

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Prankel, S. H. "A computer model of cadmium metabolism in the sheep with regard to the human food chain." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200001708.

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Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential toxic heavy metal which is added to soil in phosphorous fertilizers and sewage sludge. Cd enters the human food chain via animals fed on crops from these soils, food of vegetable origin and smoking. In chronic exposure situations Cd accumulates in the liver and kidney of animals and man. Intake resulting in a Cd concentration of over 200μg/g wet weight in the kidney cortex results in kidney damage in humans (Friberg et al., 1974). With the prohibition of disposal of sewage sludge at sea in 1998, it is likely that more Cd will be deposited on soils. Current limits for Cd in animal feed are intended to prevent food from animal origin from exceeding legal Cd limits. This work examines the behaviour of Cd in the ovine body and models organ Cd from given intakes to investigate whether current limits in feed are safe and result in animal products fit for human consumption.

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Pires, Juliana S., Carlos T. Ribeiro, Paulo Roberto de Carvalho Filho, Alcides Pissinatti, Walter Flausino, and Carlos Wilson G. Lopes. "Infection by Toxoplasma gondii in Neotropical non-human primates." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 32, no. 10 (October 2012): 1041–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2012001000017.

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Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1909) is an obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite of warm animals, including human and non-human primates. Domestic and wild felids are considered definitive hosts. Several authors have already identified lesions in New World primates caused by T. gondii. Nevertheless, little is known about serological studies on those animals. With this reason, New World non-human primates of the genera Cebus and Callithrix that were apprehended by governmental authorities and sent to the Wildlife Screening Center (Cetas)/IBAMA, at the municipality of Seropédica, state of Rio Janeiro, were bled and sera were submitted to the indirect hemagglutination test for detection of anti-T. gondii antibodies. From 21 sera of Cebus primates, 76.19% (16/21) had anti-T. gondii antibodies. Titles varied from 16 to 2048. In samples from 21 Callithrix, only 4.5% (1/22) had anti-T. gondii antibodies. Only one animal had a title of 32. During all the time those animals were clinical evaluated until sample was collected; none of them had any clinical sign or sequel related to infection by T. gondii. The fact that the origin of these primates is unknown and that there is no information about their feeding habits before captivity makes it difficult to determine the source of T. gondii infection.

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Badura-Lotter, Gisela, and Heiner Fangerau. "Human–Animal Chimeras: Not Only Cell Origin Matters." American Journal of Bioethics 14, no. 2 (February 2014): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2013.868957.

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Boisvenue, R. J. "Human parasitic diseases of animal origin, epidemiological features." Veterinary Parasitology 19, no. 1-2 (January 1986): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(86)90045-2.

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Smaali, Saoussene. "Antibiotic resistance profiles of Staphylococci of animal and human origin." Journal of Experimental and Applied Animal Sciences 3, no. 1 (August 14, 2019): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20454/jeaas.2019.1583.

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The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in animals and their products has highlighted the considerable value of the potential transfer of resistance to the human population via the food chain. The objective of this work was to study the antibiotic resistance profile of staphylococci of human and animal origin and to compare the two profiles in order to define an effective therapeutic and preventive strategy. This work was carried out on a set of 97 strains of staphylococci isolated from animal and human biological liquids. The isolation and identification was done by conventional methods. The determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) was studied by the reference method (dilution in agar medium) and VITEK 2® with respect to eight (8) antibiotic molecules. The results were interpreted according to the ACFSM criteria (2001). The results showed higher resistance of human bacteria to penicillin (72.22% vs. 30.23%) erythromycin (50% vs. 18.6%) and gentamicin (33.33% vs. 9.3%) compared to animal bacteria. On the other hand, the resistance to fosfomycin of staphylococci of animal origin was higher (60.46%) compared to human strains (38.89%). Indeed, it seems that vancomycin and rifampicin are the antibiotics of choice against these pathogenic strains in veterinary and human medicine.

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Ferreira, Luiz Fernando, Adauto Araújo, Ulisses Confalonieri, and Marcia Chame. "Acanthocefalan eggs in animal coprolites from archaeological sites from Brazil." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 84, no. 2 (June 1989): 201–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761989000200007.

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An important point in paleoparasitology is the correct diagnosis of the origin of coprolites found in archaelogical sites. The identification of human and animal coprolites, through the study of the shape, size, charactheristics after rehydration, alimentary contents, and the presence of parasites, has proved to be accurate for human coprolites. For non-human ones we compared coprolites with recent faeces of animals collected near the archaeological sites, following the methodology above mentioned. In this paper anteaters coprolites (Tamandua tetradactyla; Mymecophaga tridactyla) with eggs of Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus (Archiancanthocephala; Gigantorynchidae) were identified.

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Collier, Katie, Andrew N. Radford, Sabine Stoll, Stuart K. Watson, Marta B. Manser, Balthasar Bickel, and Simon W. Townsend. "Dwarf mongoose alarm calls: investigating a complex non-human animal call." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1935 (September 23, 2020): 20192514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2514.

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Communication plays a vital role in the social lives of many species and varies greatly in complexity. One possible way to increase communicative complexity is by combining signals into longer sequences, which has been proposed as a mechanism allowing species with a limited repertoire to increase their communicative output. In mammals, most studies on combinatoriality have focused on vocal communication in non-human primates. Here, we investigated a potential combination of alarm calls in the dwarf mongoose ( Helogale parvula ), a non-primate mammal. Acoustic analyses and playback experiments with a wild population suggest: (i) that dwarf mongooses produce a complex call type (T 3 ) which, at least at the surface level, seems to comprise units that are not functionally different to two meaningful alarm calls (aerial and terrestrial); and (ii) that this T 3 call functions as a general alarm, produced in response to a wide range of threats. Using a novel approach, we further explored multiple interpretations of the T 3 call based on the information content of the apparent comprising calls and how they are combined. We also considered an alternative, non-combinatorial interpretation that frames T 3 as the origin, rather than the product, of the individual alarm calls. This study complements previous knowledge of vocal combinatoriality in non-primate mammals and introduces an approach that could facilitate comparisons between different animal and human communication systems.

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Swartz, Morton N. "Human Diseases Caused by Foodborne Pathogens of Animal Origin." Clinical Infectious Diseases 34, s3 (June 2002): S111—S122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/340248.

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Hammerum, Anette M., and Ole E. Heuer. "Human Health Hazards from Antimicrobial‐ResistantEscherichia coliof Animal Origin." Clinical Infectious Diseases 48, no. 7 (April 2009): 916–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/597292.

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Franken, Carmen, Claudia Brandt, Gerd Bröker, and Barbara Spellerberg. "ISSag1 in streptococcal strains of human and animal origin." International Journal of Medical Microbiology 294, no. 4 (October 2004): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2004.04.002.

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Heithoff, Douglas M., William R. Shimp, Patrick W. Lau, Golnaz Badie, Elena Y. Enioutina, Raymond A. Daynes, Barbara A. Byrne, John K. House, and Michael J. Mahan. "Human Salmonella Clinical Isolates Distinct from Those of Animal Origin." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 6 (February 1, 2008): 1757–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02740-07.

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ABSTRACT The global trend toward intensive livestock production has led to significant public health risks and industry-associated losses due to an increased incidence of disease and contamination of livestock-derived food products. A potential factor contributing to these health concerns is the prospect that selective pressure within a particular host may give rise to bacterial strain variants that exhibit enhanced fitness in the present host relative to that in the parental host from which the strain was derived. Here, we assessed 184 Salmonella enterica human and animal clinical isolates for their virulence capacities in mice and for the presence of the Salmonella virulence plasmid encoding the SpvB actin cytotoxin required for systemic survival and Pef fimbriae, implicated in adherence to the murine intestinal epithelium. All (21 of 21) serovar Typhimurium clinical isolates derived from animals were virulent in mice, whereas many (16 of 41) serovar Typhimurium isolates derived from human salmonellosis patients lacked this capacity. Additionally, many (10 of 29) serovar Typhimurium isolates derived from gastroenteritis patients did not possess the Salmonella virulence plasmid, in contrast to all animal and human bacteremia isolates tested. Lastly, among serovar Typhimurium isolates that harbored the Salmonella virulence plasmid, 6 of 31 derived from human salmonellosis patients were avirulent in mice, which is in contrast to the virulent phenotype exhibited by all the animal isolates examined. These studies suggest that Salmonella isolates derived from human salmonellosis patients are distinct from those of animal origin. The characterization of these bacterial strain variants may provide insight into their relative pathogenicities as well as into the development of treatment and prophylactic strategies for salmonellosis.

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Stojanovic, Lazar, Vera Katic, and Olivera Buncic. "Role of veterinarian in securing sanitary hygiene of food of animal origin." Veterinarski glasnik 59, no. 1-2 (2005): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0502005s.

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The consumer demands that to be provided with a sufficient quantity of articles of animal origin that meet the requirements of sanitary hygiene and are available at acceptable prices. Food articles of animal origin that are safe for human consumption can be obtained only from healthy animals. Veterinarians are daily concerned with the health of animals and are taking measures to prevent the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms from animals to humans. The knowledge of epizootiology, microbiology, the sources and pathways of contamination of food articles of animal origin by microbiological and chemical pollutants, the procedures in the process of producing food articles in which such pollutants can be eliminated or reduced to an acceptable level, and the connection between these factors and human health, give veterinarians the key position in the securing of sanitary hygiene of articles of animal origin. The safety of articles of animal origin is a specialized field in the area of veterinary medicine that links all the activities of a veterinarian. In partnership with other professions, engaged in the chain of food production, veterinarians guarantee that food articles are safe for the health of consumers.

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Thornhill, Richard, and Michael Morris. "ANIMAL RIGHTS AND THEORIES OF ORIGINS: A PLEA FOR UNITY." Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology 7, no. 3 (2003): 330–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853503322709164.

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AbstractA useful philosophical case against vivisection influential with the general public rests on the following three premises: (1) animals have interests as conscious beings; (2) it is unethical to cause pain and suffering to conscious beings for trivial reasons; and (3) animal models cannot be extrapolated to human beings, so vivisection is a trivial reason. Darwinian arguments have been used to back up each of the three premises above, and, furthermore it has been asserted by animal liberationists that those who do not hold to the evolutionary paradigm are more likely to support vivisection. Here, we present arguments that show why a belief in Darwinism (or in evolution generally) neither strengthens nor weakens the three anti-vivisectionist premises above. We also argue that there is no evidence to suggest that Darwinists are any less (or more) likely to support vivisection than those who hold views on biological origin that are further from the scientific mainstream. By leaving out arguments on origins, we hope that Darwinists, non-Darwinist evolutionists and creationists of all types can work together to make the world a better place for non-human animals.

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Lopez-Santamarina, Aroa, Alicia del Carmen Mondragon, Alexandre Lamas, Jose Manuel Miranda, Carlos Manuel Franco, and Alberto Cepeda. "Animal-Origin Prebiotics Based on Chitin: An Alternative for the Future? A Critical Review." Foods 9, no. 6 (June 12, 2020): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9060782.

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The human gut microbiota has been revealed in recent years as a factor that plays a decisive role in the maintenance of human health, as well as in the development of many non-communicable diseases. This microbiota can be modulated by various dietary factors, among which complex carbohydrates have a great influence. Although most complex carbohydrates included in the human diet come from vegetables, there are also options to include complex carbohydrates from non-vegetable sources, such as chitin and its derivatives. Chitin, and its derivatives such as chitosan can be obtained from non-vegetable sources, the best being insects, crustacean exoskeletons and fungi. The present review offers a broad perspective of the current knowledge surrounding the impacts of chitin and its derived polysaccharides on the human gut microbiota and the profound need for more in-depth investigations into this topic. Overall, the effects of whole insects or meal on the gut microbiota have contradictory results, possibly due to their high protein content. Better results are obtained for the case of chitin derivatives, regarding both metabolic effects and effects on the gut microbiota composition.

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Spano, Furio, Lorenza Putignani, Andrea Crisanti, Pina Sallicandro, Una M. Morgan, Sylvie M. Le Blancq, Laurie Tchack, Saul Tzipori, and Giovanni Widmer. "Multilocus Genotypic Analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum Isolates from Different Hosts and Geographical Origins." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 11 (1998): 3255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.11.3255-3259.1998.

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The genetic analysis of oocysts recovered from the stools of humans and animals infected with Cryptosporidium parvum has consistently shown the existence of two distinct genotypes. One of the genotypes is found exclusively in some human infections, whereas the other genotype is found in human as well as in animal infections. On the basis of these observations and the results of published epidemiological studies with single polymorphic markers, the existence of two separate transmission cycles has been postulated, one exclusively anthroponotic and the other involving both animals and humans. To test this hypothesis, C. parvum isolates of different geographic and host origins were analyzed by using unlinked genetic polymorphisms. A total of 28 isolates originating from Europe, North and South America, and Australia were examined. Isolates clustered into two groups, one comprising both human and animal isolates and the other comprising isolates only of human origin. The absence of recombinant genotypes is consistent with two reproductively isolated populations within the species C. parvum.

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GOVARIS (Α. ΓΚΟΒΑΡΗΣ), A., N. SOLOMAKOS (Ν. ΣΟΛΩΜΑΚΟΣ), and A. PAXARA (Α. ΠΕΞΑΡΑ). "Ochratoxin A in foods of animal origin." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 58, no. 4 (November 24, 2017): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14995.

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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by the fungi Aspergillus ochraceus καιPénicillium verrucosum. OTA shows a nephrotoxic, teratogenic, immunotoxic and carcinogenic action against animals and humans. In humans, OTA is implicated in the aetiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy. OTA can be mainly found in foods of animal origin as a result of indirect transmission from animals exposed to naturally contaminated feed. Results from research works in various countries showed that the pork meat was the most important source of human contamination with OTA, as compared to other products of animal origin. Sausages containing blood or pork kidney presented the highest amounts of OTA among other food products of animal origin. The presence of OTA in cow's milk was rather low, since the bacteria in the rumen of ruminants are capable of splitting OTA to ochratoxin a, which is generally accepted as no toxic metabolite. The European Union has not yet set limits of ochratoxin in foods of animal origin, in contrast to these of limits in foods of plant origin.

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Tettamanti, Massimo, Sara Tralamazza, Marina Berati, Max Molteni, and Natascia Gamba. "Human Research Tissue Banks: The ATRA Project for Establishing a Human Research Tissue Bank in Switzerland." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 33, no. 1 (February 2005): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290503300106.

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A large number of experiments in biomedical research are carried out on tissues, but, even though the results should be applicable to humans, these tissues are mainly of animal origin. The difficulty encountered in obtaining human organs and tissues is an acknowledged problem: not enough human tissues are available to meet research needs. We are introducing the ATRA Project, with the purpose of supporting progress in biomedical research in Switzerland through the establishment of one or more human tissue banks, which will be able to find, treat, preserve and supply human material. Where similar projects have already been launched, concerns have been expressed that donation for research purposes might compete with donation for transplantation, but most organs and tissues are in any case non-transplantable. Surplus surgical tissue is considered “sanitary waste”, and must be treated according to specific regulations for collection, packaging, transport, treatment and disposal. A human tissue bank would not only abate the costs of treating sanitary waste, but would actually turn what is now considered waste into a resource which could be used to save human and animal lives.

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Villabruna, Nele, Ray W. Izquierdo Lara, Judit Szarvas, Marion P. G. Koopmans, and Miranda de Graaf. "Phylogenetic Investigation of Norovirus Transmission between Humans and Animals." Viruses 12, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): 1287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12111287.

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Norovirus infections are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, affecting people of all ages. There are 10 norovirus genogroups (GI-GX) that infect humans and animals in a host-specific manner. New variants and genotypes frequently emerge, and their origin is not well understood. One hypothesis is that new human infections may be seeded from an animal reservoir, as human noroviruses have occasionally been detected in animal species. The majority of these sequences were identified as older GII.4 variants, but a variety of other GIIs and GIs have been detected as well. While these sequences share at least 94% nt similarity with human strains, most of them are >98% identical to human strains. The fact that these strains were detected in animals after they had been detected through human surveillance to be already circulating in humans suggests human-to-animal transmission.

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Šeputienė, Vaida, Justas Povilonis, Modestas Ružauskas, Alvydas Pavilonis, and Edita Sužiedėlienė. "Prevalence of trimethoprim resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates of human and animal origin in Lithuania." Journal of Medical Microbiology 59, no. 3 (March 1, 2010): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.015008-0.

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A total of 456 non-repetitive Escherichia coli isolates from human clinical specimens (urinary, n=134; cervix, vagina and prostate, n=52; blood, pus and wounds, n=45), healthy animals (cattle, n=45; poultry, n=20) and diseased animals (cattle, n=53; swine, n=64; poultry, n=43) obtained in Lithuania during the period 2005–2008 were studied for trimethoprim (TMP) resistance and the prevalence of dfr genes. A TMP resistance rate in the range of 18–26 % respective to the origin was found in clinical isolates, 23–40 % in isolates from diseased animals and 9–20 % in isolates from healthy animals. Of 112 TMP-resistant isolates, 103 carried at least one of the six dfrA genes (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA8, dfrA12, dfrA14 and dfrA17) as determined by multiplex PCR and RFLP. The dfrA1 and dfrA17 genes were found most frequently in clinical isolates (17 and 19 isolates, respectively), whilst dfrA1 and dfrA14 genes dominated in isolates of animal origin (25 and 13 isolates, respectively). The dfrA5, dfrA12 and dfrA8 genes were detected at lower frequencies. The association with class 1/class 2 integrons was confirmed for 73–100 % of dfr genes found in most groups of isolates, except for the isolates from diseased swine. In this group, the majority of dfr-positive isolates (67 %, 8/12) carried dfrA8 (6/12) or dfrA14 genes (2/12) that were not associated with integrons. Non-integron location was also confirmed for the remaining dfrA8 genes (six clinical isolates and one isolate from diseased cattle) and for dfrA14 genes (two isolates from diseased cattle and swine each). All cassette-independent dfrA14 genes were found to be located within the strA gene. This study on the prevalence and distribution of TMP resistance genes among E. coli isolates of human and animal origin in Lithuania demonstrates that dfr genes are carried most frequently as gene cassettes within class 1 and/or class 2 integrons. However, TMP resistance in some of the isolates was found to be mediated by non-integron-associated dfrA8 and dfrA14 genes, indicating the existence of alternative sources for the spread of resistance.

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Arkow, Phil. "“Humane Criminology”: An Inclusive Victimology Protecting Animals and People." Social Sciences 10, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10090335.

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To those who primarily associate the word “humane” with “humane society”, its connection to criminology might appear to be unrelated. The origins of “humane” and “humane society” are complex and primarily reflect an abiding interest in human and societal welfare rather than animal welfare. Consequently, the origins and evolution of the current American association of humane societies with animal protection—as contrasted to its British association with rescuing victims of drowning—remain shrouded in mystery. A new focus that returns to the original roots of “humane” describing the implications of animal cruelty, abuse, and neglect as cause for human and societal concern due to their potential as sentinel indicators and predictors of interpersonal violence, rather than a strict focus on animals’ welfare or their alleged “rights”, holds great promise for advancing legislation and community programming that improves the well-being of human and non-human animal species and the prevention of crime.

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Sherafatian, Masih, and Seyed Javad Mowla. "The origins and evolutionary history of human non-coding RNA regulatory networks." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 15, no. 02 (April 2017): 1750005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720017500056.

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The evolutionary history and origin of the regulatory function of animal non-coding RNAs are not well understood. Lack of conservation of long non-coding RNAs and small sizes of microRNAs has been major obstacles in their phylogenetic analysis. In this study, we tried to shed more light on the evolution of ncRNA regulatory networks by changing our phylogenetic strategy to focus on the evolutionary pattern of their protein coding targets. We used available target databases of miRNAs and lncRNAs to find their protein coding targets in human. We were able to recognize evolutionary hallmarks of ncRNA targets by phylostratigraphic analysis. We found the conventional 3′-UTR and lesser known 5′-UTR targets of miRNAs to be enriched at three consecutive phylostrata. Firstly, in eukaryata phylostratum corresponding to the emergence of miRNAs, our study revealed that miRNA targets function primarily in cell cycle processes. Moreover, the same overrepresentation of the targets observed in the next two consecutive phylostrata, opisthokonta and eumetazoa, corresponded to the expansion periods of miRNAs in animals evolution. Coding sequence targets of miRNAs showed a delayed rise at opisthokonta phylostratum, compared to the 3′ and 5′ UTR targets of miRNAs. LncRNA regulatory network was the latest to evolve at eumetazoa.

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Fialkowski, K. R. "Origin of the human brain as a preadaptation to enhanced cognitive powers." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 46, no. 4 (December 21, 1988): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/46/1988/317.

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Lester, Camilla H., Niels Frimodt-Møller, Thomas Lund Sørensen, Dominique L. Monnet, and Anette M. Hammerum. "In Vivo Transfer of the vanA Resistance Gene from an Enterococcus faecium Isolate of Animal Origin to an E. faecium Isolate of Human Origin in the Intestines of Human Volunteers." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 2 (February 2006): 596–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.50.2.596-599.2006.

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ABSTRACT Transient colonization by vancomycin-resistant enterococci of animal origin has been documented in the intestines of humans. However, little is known about whether transfer of the vanA gene occurs in the human intestine. Six volunteers ingested a vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolate of chicken origin, together with a vancomycin-susceptible E. faecium recipient of human origin. Transconjugants were recovered in three of six volunteers. In one volunteer, not only was vancomycin resistance transferred, but also quinupristin-dalfopristin resistance. This study shows that transfer of the vanA gene from an E. faecium isolate of animal origin to an E. faecium isolate of human origin can occur in the intestines of humans. It suggests that transient intestinal colonization by enterococci carrying mobile elements with resistance genes represents a risk for spread of resistance genes to other enterococci that are part of the human indigenous flora, which can be responsible for infections in certain groups of patients, e.g., immunocompromised patients.

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Pertseva, M. N., and A. O. Shpakov. "Hypothesis of evolutionary origin of several human and animal diseases." Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology 46, no. 3 (June 2010): 312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0022093010030130.

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Gratacap-Cavallier, B., O. Genoulaz, K. Brengel-Pesce, H. Soule, P. Innocenti-Francillard, M. Bost, L. Gofti, D. Zmirou, and J. M. Seigneurin. "Detection of Human and Animal Rotavirus Sequences in Drinking Water." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 2690–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.6.2690-2692.2000.

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ABSTRACT Reverse transcription-PCR analysis of drinking water in the homes of 56 children suffering from rotaviral gastroenteritis has shown the presence of the rotavirus genome in four samples. These strains were different from human rotaviruses detected in the children's feces, as determined by sequencing of the VP7-amplified fragments—three of them of animal origin (porcine or bovine) and one of human origin.

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Kershenbaum, Arik, Ann E. Bowles, Todd M. Freeberg, Dezhe Z. Jin, Adriano R. Lameira, and Kirsten Bohn. "Animal vocal sequences: not the Markov chains we thought they were." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1792 (October 7, 2014): 20141370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1370.

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Many animals produce vocal sequences that appear complex. Most researchers assume that these sequences are well characterized as Markov chains (i.e. that the probability of a particular vocal element can be calculated from the history of only a finite number of preceding elements). However, this assumption has never been explicitly tested. Furthermore, it is unclear how language could evolve in a single step from a Markovian origin, as is frequently assumed, as no intermediate forms have been found between animal communication and human language. Here, we assess whether animal taxa produce vocal sequences that are better described by Markov chains, or by non-Markovian dynamics such as the ‘renewal process’ (RP), characterized by a strong tendency to repeat elements. We examined vocal sequences of seven taxa: Bengalese finches Lonchura striata domestica , Carolina chickadees Poecile carolinensis , free-tailed bats Tadarida brasiliensis , rock hyraxes Procavia capensis , pilot whales Globicephala macrorhynchus , killer whales Orcinus orca and orangutans Pongo spp . The vocal systems of most of these species are more consistent with a non-Markovian RP than with the Markovian models traditionally assumed. Our data suggest that non-Markovian vocal sequences may be more common than Markov sequences, which must be taken into account when evaluating alternative hypotheses for the evolution of signalling complexity, and perhaps human language origins.

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Dautenhahn, Kerstin. "The origins of narrative." International Journal of Cognition and Technology 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2002): 97–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijct.1.1.07dau.

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This article presents work in progress towards a better understanding of the origins of narrative. Assuming an evolutionary and developmental continuity of mental experiences, we propose a grounding of human narrative capacities in non-verbal narrative transactions in non-human animals, and in pre-verbal narrative transactions of human children. We discuss narrative intelligence in the context of the evolution of primate (social) intelligence, and with respect to the particular cognitive limits that constrain the development of human social networks and societies. We explain the Narrative Intelligence Hypothesis which suggests that the evolutionary origin of communicating in a narrative format co-evolved with increasingly complex social dynamics among our human ancestors. This article gives examples of social interactions in non-human primates and how these can be interpreted in terms of narrative formats. Due to the central role of narrative in human communication and social interaction, we discuss how research into the origins of narrative can impact the development of humane technology which is designed to meet the biological, cognitive and social needs of human story-tellers.

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Marques, Cátia, Adriana Belas, Juliana Menezes, Joana Moreira da Silva, Patrícia Cavaco-Silva, Graça Trigueiro, Luís T. Gama, and Constança Pomba. "Human and Companion Animal Proteus mirabilis Sharing." Microbiology Research 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres13010003.

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Proteus mirabilis is an important pathogen that is associated with urinary tract infections. This study aims to determine the colonization and sharing of P. mirabilis between healthy companion animals and humans that are living together and to evaluate the clonal relatedness of the fecal and clinical stains. Eighteen households (24 humans, 18 dogs, 8 cats) with at least one human–animal pair were studied. Fecal samples were plated onto MacConkey and Hektoen agar and P. mirabilis PFGE analysis (NotI; Dice/UPGMA; 1.5% tolerance) was conducted for the households with multiple positive participants. Antimicrobial-resistance was tested according to CLSI. The fecal P. mirabilis pulse-types were compared with uropathogenic clinical strains (n = 183). Forty-nine P. mirabilis were isolated from eight households. The percentage of colonization in the dogs (44.4%, n = 8/18) was significantly higher (p = 0.0329) than in the humans (12.5%, n = 3/24). Three households had multiple colonized participants. One human–dog pair shared related P. mirabilis strains, which clustered with a clinical strain of animal origin (82.5%). One fecal P. mirabilis strain, from a dog, clustered with two human community-acquired clinical strains (80.9%, 88.9%). To our knowledge, this is the first report of dogs and humans living in close contact and sharing related P. mirabilis strains. The high frequency of colonization in the dogs underlines their possible role as P. mirabilis reservoirs for humans and other dogs.

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Kalter, S. S. "The Role of Animals in the Waterborne Transmission of Viruses." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 10 (October 1, 1986): 241–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0135.

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Water contamination by human viruses is well established as is the waterborne transmission of human viruses to the human with resulting disease. It is also well known that forms of life other than the human carry viruses of human and non-human origin and these too in some instances are known to transmit disease to the human. What is not well understood and has not been studied in any detail is the occurrence in water of viruses derived from sources other than the human. It would appear, from the information available, that human disease as a result of water transmission of non-human viruses has been inconsequential. This review, however, probes the various sources of non-human viruses and attempts to demonstrate the potential for direct and indirect causation of human disease as well as the indirect effect on the human by virtue of possible effects on other animal and plant life. Viruses from non-human sources are described, their recognized infectivity indicated, and an attempt is made to describe the implications of these findings.

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Weiss, Robin A. "The Leeuwenhoek Lecture 2001. Animal origins of human infectious disease." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1410 (June 29, 2001): 957–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0838.

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Since time immemorial animals have been a major source of human infectious disease. Certain infections like rabies are recognized as zoonoses caused in each case by direct animal–to–human transmission. Others like measles became independently sustained with the human population so that the causative virus has diverged from its animal progenitor. Recent examples of direct zoonoses are variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease arising from bovine spongiform encephalopathy, and the H5N1 avian influenza outbreak in Hong Kong. Epidemics of recent animal origin are the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Some retroviruses jump into and out of the chromosomal DNA of the host germline, so that they oscillate between being inherited Mendelian traits or infectious agents in different species. Will new procedures like animal–to–human transplants unleash further infections? Do microbes become more virulent upon cross–species transfer? Are animal microbes a threat as biological weapons? Will the vast reservoir of immunodeficient hosts due to the HIV pandemic provide conditions permissive for sporadic zoonoses to take off as human–tohuman transmissible diseases? Do human infections now pose a threat to endangered primates? These questions are addressed in this lecture.

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Snowdon, Charles T., and David Teie. "Affective responses in tamarins elicited by species-specific music." Biology Letters 6, no. 1 (September 2, 2009): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0593.

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Theories of music evolution agree that human music has an affective influence on listeners. Tests of non-humans provided little evidence of preferences for human music. However, prosodic features of speech (‘motherese’) influence affective behaviour of non-verbal infants as well as domestic animals, suggesting that features of music can influence the behaviour of non-human species. We incorporated acoustical characteristics of tamarin affiliation vocalizations and tamarin threat vocalizations into corresponding pieces of music. We compared music composed for tamarins with that composed for humans. Tamarins were generally indifferent to playbacks of human music, but responded with increased arousal to tamarin threat vocalization based music, and with decreased activity and increased calm behaviour to tamarin affective vocalization based music. Affective components in human music may have evolutionary origins in the structure of calls of non-human animals. In addition, animal signals may have evolved to manage the behaviour of listeners by influencing their affective state.

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Li, Linlin, Amit Kapoor, Beth Slikas, Oderinde Soji Bamidele, Chunlin Wang, Shahzad Shaukat, Muhammad Alam Masroor, et al. "Multiple Diverse Circoviruses Infect Farm Animals and Are Commonly Found in Human and Chimpanzee Feces." Journal of Virology 84, no. 4 (December 9, 2009): 1674–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02109-09.

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ABSTRACT Circoviruses are known to infect birds and pigs and can cause a wide range of severe symptoms with significant economic impact. Using viral metagenomics, we identified circovirus-like DNA sequences and characterized 15 circular viral DNA genomes in stool samples from humans in Pakistan, Nigeria, Tunisia, and the United States and from wild chimpanzees. Distinct genomic features and phylogenetic analysis indicate that some viral genomes were part of a previously unrecognized genus in the Circoviridae family we tentatively named “Cyclovirus” whose genetic diversity is comparable to that of all the known species in the Circovirus genus. Circoviridae detection in the stools of U.S. adults was limited to porcine circoviruses which were also found in most U.S. pork products. To determine whether the divergent cycloviruses found in non-U.S. human stools were of dietary origin, we genetically compared them to the cycloviruses in muscle tissue samples of commonly eaten farm animals in Pakistan and Nigeria. Limited genetic overlap between cycloviruses in human stool samples and local cow, goat, sheep, camel, and chicken meat samples indicated that the majority of the 25 Cyclovirus species identified might be human viruses. We show that the genetic diversity of small circular DNA viral genomes in various mammals, including humans, is significantly larger than previously recognized, and frequent exposure through meat consumption and contact with animal or human feces provides ample opportunities for cyclovirus transmission. Determining the role of cycloviruses, found in 7 to 17% of non-U.S. human stools and 3 to 55% of non-U.S. meat samples tested, in both human and animal diseases is now facilitated by knowledge of their genomes.

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DELCENSERIE, V., N. BECHOUX, T. LÉONARD, B. CHINA, and G. DAUBE. "Discrimination between Bifidobacterium Species from Human and Animal Origin by PCR–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 1284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.6.1284.

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Bifidobacteria are normal intestinal flora in humans and animals. The genus Bifidobacterium includes 31 species of significant host specificity. Taking into account their properties, we proposed to use bifidobacteria as fecal contamination indicators. PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism on the 16S rDNA gene was used to distinguish the different Bifidobacterium species. Sixty-four strains belonging to 13 different species were differentiated from animal or human origin using one or two restriction enzymes. Moreover, the primers used were specifics of the Bifidobacterium genus. Therefore, this method made it possible to determine both the presence of bifidobacteria in a sample and its origin of contamination.

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Zielińska, Dorota, and Danuta Kolożyn-Krajewska. "Food-Origin Lactic Acid Bacteria May Exhibit Probiotic Properties: Review." BioMed Research International 2018 (October 1, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5063185.

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One of the most promising areas of development in the human nutritional field over the last two decades has been the use of probiotics and recognition of their role in human health and disease. Lactic acid-producing bacteria are the most commonly used probiotics in foods. It is well known that probiotics have a number of beneficial health effects in humans and animals. They play an important role in the protection of the host against harmful microorganisms and also strengthen the immune system. Some probiotics have also been found to improve feed digestibility and reduce metabolic disorders. They must be safe, acid and bile tolerant, and able to adhere and colonize the intestinal tract. The means by which probiotic bacteria elicit their health effects are not understood fully, but may include competitive exclusion of enteric pathogens, neutralization of dietary carcinogens, production of antimicrobial metabolites, and modulation of mucosal and systemic immune function. So far, lactic acid bacteria isolated only from the human gastrointestinal tract are recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) for use as probiotics by humans. However, more and more studies suggest that strains considered to be probiotics could be isolated from fermented products of animal origin, as well as from non-dairy fermented products. Traditional fermented products are a rich source of microorganisms, some of which may exhibit probiotic properties. They conform to the FAO/WHO recommendation, with one exception; they have not been isolated from human gastrointestinal tract. In light of extensive new scientific evidence, should the possibility of changing the current FAO/WHO requirements for the definition of probiotic bacteria be considered?

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Levinson, Stephen C., and Judith Holler. "The origin of human multi-modal communication." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1651 (September 19, 2014): 20130302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0302.

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One reason for the apparent gulf between animal and human communication systems is that the focus has been on the presence or the absence of language as a complex expressive system built on speech. But language normally occurs embedded within an interactional exchange of multi-modal signals. If this larger perspective takes central focus, then it becomes apparent that human communication has a layered structure, where the layers may be plausibly assigned different phylogenetic and evolutionary origins—especially in the light of recent thoughts on the emergence of voluntary breathing and spoken language. This perspective helps us to appreciate the different roles that the different modalities play in human communication, as well as how they function as one integrated system despite their different roles and origins. It also offers possibilities for reconciling the ‘gesture-first hypothesis’ with that of gesture and speech having evolved together, hand in hand—or hand in mouth, rather—as one system.

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Deycmar, Simon, Brendan Johnson, Declan Ryan, William Sills, David Caudell, Greg Dugan, Kiran Solingapuram Sai, et al. "11 Molecular characterization of naturally occurring colorectal and breast cancer in non-human primates to model human immunotherapeutic agents." Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 9, Suppl 2 (November 2021): A11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-sitc2021.011.

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BackgroundNon-human primates (NHP) with naturally occurring cancers (also called tumor-bearing monkeys or TBM) are a proposed model for translational cancer immunotherapy (CIT) research.1 TBM spontaneously develop cancers with progression patterns similar to humans, potentially bridging the gap between preclinical models and cancers in patients. Interventional CIT trials recently conducted in colorectal (CRC) and breast cancer (BC)-bearing NHP, have generated relevant proof-of-mechanism evidence for three different CIT agents.1–3 To further validate these animals as translational models for CIT, we conducted a deep molecular characterization of tumors at baseline and reverse translated biomarker assays employed in human patients.MethodsOur cohort (n=19) consisted of Indian-origin rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with naturally occurring CRC (n=14, female=9, male=5) and BC (n=5, female=5). Clinical examination, imaging (contrast-enhanced CT, PET) and biopsy to confirm cancer histology were performed. Molecular characterization was done by IHC for CRC-associated mismatch repair (MMR) proteins MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 and BC markers ER, PR, and HER2. We assessed microsatellite instability (MSI) by PCR and electrophoresis, and for selected cases somatic tumor mutations and tumor mutational burden (TMB) by whole exome sequencing.ResultsDeficiency in MMR proteins determines eligibility for PD-1 blockade therapy, is observed in approximately 15% of human CRCs, and surprisingly in 100% (14/14) of our NHP CRCs. The absence of MLH1 (14/14), MSH2 (1/14), MSH6 (0/14) and PMS2 (14/14) observed in NHP CRCs clearly exceeds the frequencies reported in human CRCs ranging from 2–15% for each individual MMR protein.4 5 Moreover, we have documented MSI cases in some NHP CRCs, as described in human CRCs. We sequenced 3 CRCs and observed mutations in KRAS (G12D & A59T), WNT7A (V238M), IDH2 (R362Q), AKT3 (R388H), and TMB of 4.27, 22.95, and 29.3 mut/Mbp. Regarding breast, we found hormone receptor positive (Luminal A), HER2 positive, and TNBC, as in human BC patients. Sequencing of 2 BCs revealed mutations in PTEN (G251V), TGFBR2 (L162P), and ERBB4 (R1250Q), and TMB of 2.32 and 17.22 mut/Mbp.ConclusionsNHP cancers can be similarly characterized as human cancers, both macroscopically and molecularly. In this study we demonstrated an overrepresentation of MMR deficiency in NHP CRCs. Receptor expression in NHP BCs revealed similar subtypes as in human BCs. Cancer-associated mutations described in humans are also evident in TBM. This work highlights the possible translatability of naturally occurring NHP cancers for human cancer immunotherapy research, and can be further explored in future TBM trials.ReferencesCeppi M, Hettich M, Teichgraeber V, Driessen W, Tuerck D, et al. Tumor-bearing non-human primates: an unrivaled model for translational cancer immunology research. Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2020.Claus C, Ferrara C, Xu W, Sam J, Lang S, Uhlenbrock F, et al. Tumor-targeted 4-1BB agonists for combination with T cell bispecific antibodies as off-the-shelf therapy. Sci Transl Med 2019;11(496).Waldhauer I, Gonzalez-Nicolini V, Freimoser-Grundschober A, Nayak TK, Fahrni L, et al. Simlukasfusp alfa (FAP-IL2v) immunocytokine is a versatile combination partner for cancer immunotherapy. MAbs 2021;13(1).Parc Y, Gueroult S, Mourra N, Serfaty L, Flejou J-F, Tiret E, Parc R. Prognostic significance of microsatellite instability determined by immunohistochemical staining of MSH2 and MLH1 in sporadic T3N0M0 colon cancer. Gut 2004;53.Chen L, Chen G, Zheng X, Chen Y. Expression status of four mismatch repair proteins in patients with colorectal cancer: clinical significance in 1238 cases. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2019;12(10).Ethics ApprovalWake Forest University is accredited by the Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care, International (AAALAC) and registered with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) to conduct research in laboratory animals. The protocols and any subsequent amendments are reviewed and approved by the Wake Forest Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and in compliance with the U.S. Animal Welfare Act, the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, and public health service regulations.

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Trallero, Emilio Perez, Carmen Zigorraga, Gustavo Cilia, Pedro Idigoras, Carmen Lopez Lopategui, and Luisa Solaun. "Animal Origin of the Antibiotic Resistance of Human Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica." Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 20, no. 5 (January 1988): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365548809032510.

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Lyskova, P., M. Vydrzalova, T. Kroupa, and J. Mazurova. "R2244 Group G beta-haemolytic streptococci of human and animal origin." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 29 (March 2007): S649—S650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-8579(07)72083-6.

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Traversa, Donato, Domenico Otranto, Piermarino Milillo, Maria Stefania Latrofa, Annunziata Giangaspero, Angela Di Cesare, and Barbara Paoletti. "Giardia duodenalis sub-Assemblage of animal and human origin in horses." Infection, Genetics and Evolution 12, no. 8 (December 2012): 1642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2012.06.014.

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Ramchandani, M., A. R. Manges, C. DebRoy, S. P. Smith, J. R. Johnson, and L. W. Riley. "Possible Animal Origin of Human-Associated, Multidrug-Resistant, Uropathogenic Escherichia coli." Clinical Infectious Diseases 40, no. 2 (January 15, 2005): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/426819.

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Nair, Rajeshwari, Dipendra Thapaliya, Yutao Su, and Tara C. Smith. "Resistance to Zinc and Cadmium inStaphylococcus aureusof Human and Animal Origin." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 35, S3 (October 2014): S32—S39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/677834.

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Objective.Studies conducted in Europe have observed resistance to trace metals such as zinc chloride and copper sulfate in livestock-associatedStaphylococcus aureus. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of zinc and cadmium resistance inS. aureusisolated in the United States.Design.Cross-sectional study of convenience sample ofS. aureusisolates.Participants.Three hundred forty-nineS. aureusisolates, including methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA) and methicillin-susceptibleS. aureus(MSSA) obtained from human, swine, and retail meat were included in the sample set.Methods.Polymerase chain reaction was used to test for the presence of genes for zinc and cadmium resistance (czrC), methicillin resistance (mecA), and staphylococcal complement inhibitor (scn). Antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was tested using the broth microdilution method. Data were analyzed using the multivariable logistic regression method.Results.Twenty-nine percent (102/349) ofS. aureusisolates wereczrCpositive. MRSA isolates were more likely to beczrCpositive compared to MSSA (MRSAczrCpositive: 12/61, 19.6%; MSSAczrCpositive: 12/183, 6.6%). After adjustment for oxacillin and clindamycin susceptibility in analysis, multidrug-resistantS. aureuswas observed to have low odds of beingczrCpositive (P= .03). The odds of beingczrCpositive were observed to be significantly high in tetracycline-resistantS. aureusisolated from noninfection samples (P = .009) and swine (P< .0001).Conclusions.Resistance to zinc and cadmium was observed to be associated with MRSA, a finding consistently observed in European studies. Prolonged exposure to zinc in livestock feeds and fertilizers could propagate resistance to the metal ion, thereby hindering use of zinc-based topical agents in treatingS. aureusinfections.

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BICHLER, LOIS A., KAKAMBI V. NAGARAJA, and BENJAMIN S. POMEROY. "Plasmid Diversity in Salmonella enteritidis of Animal, Poultry, and Human Origin." Journal of Food Protection 57, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-57.1.4.

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One hundred thirty-eight isolates of Salmonella enteritidis from human, animal, and avian species were analyzed for the presence of plasmid DNA. Plasmid DNA from S. enteritidis isolates were extracted by a modification of a high alkaline extraction procedure. Comparisons were made between samples based on the number of plasmids present and their molecular weights. There were seven different profiles seen among the 15 human isolates from the Centers for Disease Control. These seven profiles were recognized with the animal isolates from the National Veterinary Services Laboratory, the chicken isolates from the northeastem (NE) region of the United States, and the turkey isolates from Minnesota (MN). There were no shared profdes between the human isolates and the chicken isolates from MN. The greatest relationship existed between the human isolates and the chicken isolates from the NE region of the United States, sharing four common profiles. Every Centers for Disease Control isolate shared a plasmid profile with chicken isolates from the NE region of the United States. The chicken isolates from MN had no profiles in common with any isolates from any other groups. The majority of animal isolates from National Veterinary Services Laboratory and the turkey isolates from MN possessed the virulence-associated 54 kb plasmid alone. This paper describes how plasmid profiles can be used as a tool in epidemiological investigations.

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Los, L. I., W. L. Jongebloed, and J. G. F. Worst. "Lens-capsule material of human and animal origin, studied by SEM." Documenta Ophthalmologica 72, no. 3-4 (August 1989): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00153504.

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Miranda, Carla, Diogo Contente, Gilberto Igrejas, Sandra P. A. Câmara, Maria de Lurdes Enes Dapkevicius, and Patrícia Poeta. "Role of Exposure to Lactic Acid Bacteria from Foods of Animal Origin in Human Health." Foods 10, no. 9 (September 4, 2021): 2092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092092.

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Animal products, in particular dairy and fermented products, are major natural sources of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). These are known for their antimicrobial properties, as well as for their roles in organoleptic changes, antioxidant activity, nutrient digestibility, the release of peptides and polysaccharides, amino acid decarboxylation, and biogenic amine production and degradation. Due to their antimicrobial properties, LAB are used in humans and in animals, with beneficial effects, as probiotics or in the treatment of a variety of diseases. In livestock production, LAB contribute to animal performance, health, and productivity. In the food industry, LAB are applied as bioprotective and biopreservation agents, contributing to improve food safety and quality. However, some studies have described resistance to relevant antibiotics in LAB, with the concomitant risks associated with the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes to foodborne pathogens and their potential dissemination throughout the food chain and the environment. Here, we summarize the application of LAB in livestock and animal products, as well as the health impact of LAB in animal food products. In general, the beneficial effects of LAB on the human food chain seem to outweigh the potential risks associated with their consumption as part of animal and human diets. However, further studies and continuous monitorization efforts are needed to ensure their safe application in animal products and in the control of pathogenic microorganisms, preventing the possible risks associated with antibiotic resistance and, thus, protecting public health.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Human or non-human (animal) origin'

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