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Ndione, Méry. "Dynamique et identification des sources de contamination fécale dans un espace littoral connaissant des pratiques de tourisme et de loisirs : l’exemple de la baie d’Aytré." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LAROS006.
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La qualité microbiologique des eaux de baignade diminue progressivement d’années en années, et peut être un problème majeur de santé publique. Ainsi, des surveillances sanitaires de la qualité microbiologique des eaux de baignade sont effectuées conformément à la directive européenne (2006/7/EC) pour assurer la sécurité sanitaire des baigneurs et préserver l’image de ces écosystèmes. Depuis de nombreuses années, la baie d’Aytré (Charente Maritime, France), a été classée en « qualité insuffisante » et cette plage est interdite à la baignade depuis 2018. Les enjeux sanitaires et le rôle prépondérant de cette plage sur le développement touristique et l’économie locale ont conduit à rechercher l’origine et le déterminisme spatiotemporel de cette contamination fécale. Cette thèse présente une approche intégrée de l’analyse de la contamination fécale de la baie d’Aytré par une étude pluridisciplinaire de différentes hypothèses analysées depuis le début des années 2000 par les collectivités locales. Le niveau de contamination fécale des eaux de baignade durant une année était relativement faible avec une variation saisonnière notable de l’abondance des indicateurs de contamination fécale Escherichia coli et entérocoques. Les dépassements des seuils réglementaires sur 24% et 32% des échantillons d’eau du Platin Nord et du Platin Sud, les deux sites de baignade de la baie d’Aytré étaient principalement dus aux entérocoques. La qualité microbiologique du sédiment au cours du temps a montré que le sédiment n’était pas une source diffuse de contamination dans l’eau. L’analyse combinée des marqueurs protéiques, génétiques et chimiques a révélé la présence d’une part d’espèces d’entérocoques d’origine environnementale et d’autre part une contamination d’origine animale principalement et une faible contribution de l’origine humaine. La stratégie d’analyse élaborée et les outils développés au cours de cette étude permettront d’améliorer les méthodes de surveillance sanitaire des eaux de baignadeThe microbiological quality of bathing water is progressively decreasing from year to year, and can constitute a major public health problem. Thus, sanitary monitoring of the microbiological quality of bathing waters is carried out in accordance with the European directive (2006/7/EC) to ensure the sanitary safety of bathers and preserve the image of these recreational ecosystems. For many years, the bay of Aytré (Charente Maritime, France), has been classified as "poor quality" and this beach is prohibited for bathing since 2018. The health issues and the preponderant role of this beach on the tourism development and the local economy led to investigate the origin and the spatiotemporal determinism of this fecal contamination. This thesis presents an integrated approach to the analysis of the fecal contamination of Aytré Bay through a multidisciplinary study of different hypotheses analysed since the beginning of the 2000s by the local authorities. The level of fecal contamination of the bathing water during a year was relatively low with a notable seasonal variation in the abundance of the fecal contamination indicators Escherichia coli and enterococci. Exceedances of the regulatory thresholds on 24% and 32% of the water samples from Platin Nord and Platin Sud, the two bathing sites in Aytré Bay, were mainly due to enterococci. The microbiological quality of the sediment over time showed that the sediment was not a diffuse source of contamination in the water. The combined analysis of protein, genetic and chemical markers revealed the presence of enterococci species of environmental origin on the one hand, and on the other hand, a contamination of mainly animal origin and a small contribution from human origin. The analytical strategy and tools developed during this study will help to improve the sanitary surveillance methods of bathing waters
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Dias, Vivian Catarina. "A sinfonia da natureza: Charles Darwin e as origens." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. http://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/2542.
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Since childhood Charles Darwin showed an interest for the natural world. In his youth he developed that passion into an object of study travelling around the world onboard of The Beagle. The contact with unique species like the ones found in Galapagos Islands, the fossils discovered in South America, the experiences he lived and a extensive reseach during more than twenty years after his return to England made him think about a common link between the species, that lead him to publish The origin of species in 1859 and The expression of emotions in man and animals in 1872, along with other works and articles on the most diverse subjects, such as Diary of a naturalist around the world. In The origin of species he stated that the species are mutable and linked by the proccess of communion of ascendancy , fruits from the same tree of life. Forging the recreation of human history and its relocation in the natural world, the essays in The expression of emotions in man and animals widened the statement about the evolution of species pointing that humans share emotions and feelings with other species of animals. The implosion of the concept of human initiated with the darwinian facts opened new horizons for sciences such as anthropology to rethink the trajectory of the living beings and the borderlines between culture and animality. Notwithstanding, go beyond frontiers and enrich the critic, scientific, ethic and poetic repertoire is a really dificult task. Despite the relevance of the Darwinian Works, the contact with them is through indirect ways: cartoons, films and fiction, whose contents rarely approach the issue in all its depth
Desde a infância, Charles Darwin demonstrou interesse pelo mundo natural. Na juventude, transformou essa paixão em objeto de estudo viajando ao redor do mundo no navio Beagle. O contato com espécies únicas como as encontradas nas Ilhas Galápagos; os fósseis achados na América do Sul; as experiências adquiridas, e uma extensa pesquisa realizada por mais de vinte anos após o retorno à Inglaterra, levaram-no a pensar na filiação comum das espécies, desdobrando no lançamento de A origem das espécies (1859) e A expressão das emoções no homem e nos animais (1872), além de outras obras e artigos sobre os mais variados assuntos, como o Diário de um naturalista à volta do mundo. Em A origem das espécies, enunciou que as espécies são mutáveis e vinculadas pelo processo da comunhão de descendência , frutos da mesma árvore da vida. Forjando a recriação da história humana e sua realocação no mundo natural, os estudos de A expressão das emoções no homem e nos animais ampliaram o enunciado sobre a evolução das espécies, indicando que humanos compartilham emoções e sentimentos com outras espécies animais. A implosão do conceito de humano iniciada com os fatos darwinianos abriu outros horizontes para as ciências, incluindo a antropologia, repensarem a trajetória dos seres vivos e as fronteiras entre cultura e animalidade. Contudo, transpor limiares e enriquecer o repertório crítico, científico, ético, poético, mostra-se tarefa deveras espinhosa. Apesar da relevância das obras darwinianas, o contato com elas dá-se por vias indiretas: charges, filmes, ficção, cujos conteúdos, raramente, as abordam em todo seu alcance
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Nuttall, Daniel B. "Sustaining human and non-human animal populations, from competition to coexistence : a model." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2002. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ65831.pdf.
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Gaschen, Frédéric Philippe. "The dystrophin-deficient cat: an original animal model for human dystrophinopathies /." Bern : [s.n.], 2000. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
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Griffey, Jack Alexander Fernall. "Human and non-human primate preferences for faces and facial attractiveness." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3677.
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For humans and non-human primates (NHPs) the face represents a particularly important source of social information providing a means of conspecific recognition and cues to personal details including sex, age, and emotional state. The human face may also be fundamental in the transmission to conspecifics of other forms of socially relevant information including the display of facial traits associated with sexual attraction and mate choice. A wealth of experimental literature indicates that humans display robust preferences for certain facial traits associated with facial attractiveness including preferences for bilateral facial symmetry, facial averageness and sexually dimorphic faces and facial features. It is thought that these preferences have evolved via sexual selection, and may be adaptive, due to the role that these specific facial features play in reliably signalling to others the possession of heritable genetic quality or ‘good genes’. Therefore, from an evolutionary perspective, it is possible that certain facial preferences may represent an evolutionary adaptation for the selection of potential mate quality. However, despite similarities between human and NHP face processing and recognition abilities, the shared evolutionary history and social importance of faces to primates in general, and the potential importance of these preferences in the mate choice decisions of NHPs, very little research has investigated the extent to which NHPs display comparable preferences to humans for these specific facial traits. Consequently, the aim of the following thesis was to comparatively assess the general and more specific preferences that humans and NHPs display for faces and for traits associated with facial attractiveness. Data was compiled from preference studies examining the visual preferences displayed by two species of NHP (brown capuchins (Cebus apella) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)) for conspecific faces manipulated for those facial traits associated with attractiveness, and from a single study of brown capuchins examining their general visual preferences for various types of facial information. Comparative preference studies were also conducted upon human adults and infants examining the visual and declared preferences that they display for manipulations of facial attractiveness. Data showed that despite possessing general preferences for certain faces and facial information, generally NHPs displayed no significant preferences for those facial traits thought to influences judgements of attractiveness in humans. Possible reasons for this absence of preference for these particular facial traits and the evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
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Rivière, Isabelle. "Construction et expression de vecteurs rétroviraux portant l'ADNc du gène de l'adénosine déaminase (ADA) humaine et l'ADNc du gène de l'IFN-beta murin pour le développement et l'amélioration de stratégies de thérapies géniques." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA112035.
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Des stratégies de thérapie génique sont en cours d'étude pour le traitement de maladies humaines. Ce type de thérapie s'adresse en premier lieu aux anomalies héréditaires récessives causées par la déficience en un gène unique dont le traitement nécessite l'addition du gène normal, mais pourrait être utilise également pour le traitement de cancers, de leucémies ou de maladies infectieuses. Le recours aux modèles animaux est indispensable pour : 1) juger directement de l'efficacité du transfert de gènes in vivo; 2) explorer les effets biologiques et potentiellement thérapeutiques de molécules exprimées à des niveaux physiologiques ou non physiologiques; 3) améliorer la méthodologie qui sera finalement appliquée à l'homme. Nos travaux s'inscrivent précisément dans le cadre du développement et de l'amélioration de modèles animaux murins. Étant donné les propriétés antivirales de l'interféron (IFN), nous développons une approche de thérapie génique basée sur l'expression constitutive de l'IFN dans les cellules hématopoïétiques et dirigée contre les maladies virales fatales à évolution lente et chronique comme le sida. D'autre part, nous nous intéressons à une maladie génétique héréditaire causée par la déficience en un gène unique codant pour l'adénosine déaminase (ADA); le dysfonctionnement de ce gène entraine une immunodéficience combinée sévère (SCID) chez l'homme. Aussi, la seconde partie de nos travaux concerne l'amélioration de la technologie relative à l'expression du gène codant pour l'ADA humaine dans les cellules hématopoïétiques in vivo, dans un modèle murin. L’approche commune à ces deux projets repose sur l'expression des ADNc (ADN complémentaires) des gènes codant pour l'IFN-beta murin et l'ADA humaine dans les cellules hématopoïétiques par l'intermédiaire de vecteurs rétroviraux.
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Sollereder, Bethany Noël. "Animal suffering in an unfallen world : a theodicy of non-human evolution." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/16210.
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The publication of The Origin of Species in 1859 raised a host of theological issues. Chief amongst them is the question of how a good, loving, and powerful God could create through an evolutionary process that involved so much suffering, pain, and violence. The traditional Christian answers for suffering in the natural world are not plausible in an evolutionary world. We cannot blame natural evil on human sin, since earth history shows that non-human suffering long preceded humans. Nor can we say that God allows suffering because it allows opportunity for moral choice, spiritual closeness with God, and the development of virtue, as none of these apply to the non-human realm. A new approach is needed to address the question of suffering and violence amongst non-human animals. In this dissertation, I address the question of evolutionary suffering with a multi-disciplinary approach of biblical studies, philosophical theology, and systematic theology to build a compound theodicy. After a survey of the various scholarly contributions in this area, I begin with biblical considerations of the God-world relationship. I set aside, based on exegetical examinations of Genesis 1-9, notions of “fallenness” in the natural world. I therefore argue that evolution was God’s intended process of creation, and that we should not attribute it to any kind of corruption. The rest of the dissertation engages in the development of a compound theodicy rooted in a philosophical and theological definition of love. How does a God who loves creatures respond to their suffering? I argue that God’s action in creation is characterised by kenotic restraint, the giving of freedom, co-suffering with creatures, and the work of redemption.
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Childers, Lindsey. "Extending Human Compassion by Implementing Legal Rights for Animals." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses/31.
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The purpose of this essay is to critically examine the current legal status of animals in the United States and offer possible alternatives to the current legal rights for animals. This essay examines the failures of the legal system in protecting animals that have abilities very similar to our own. With an examination of these types of animals, this essay will explain why some animals merit the status of legal personhood to protect them from being carelessly used by others. Ultimately, this essay is an attempt to open the field of legal protection for many animals starting with a few through legal personhood.
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Bouma, Rolf. "Of ravens and lilies the moral considerability of non-human creation /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1996. http://www.tren.com.
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DiCaprio, Erin L. "Internalization and Dissemination of Human Norovirus and Animal Caliciviruses in Fresh Produce and Non-thermal Processes to Inactivate Human Norovirus." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429531038.
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Charlier, Bernard. "Faces of the wolf, faces of the individual : anthropological study of human, non-human relationships in West Mongolia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609860.
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Williamson, Kelly Scott. "Pharmacology, epidemiology, and bioactivites of tocopherols and their metabolites in human and non-human models for inflammatory disease." Oklahoma City : [s.n.], 2008.
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Camus, Sandrine. "Etho-Psychiatry : animal model to model animal : Identification of a « spontaneous » non-human primate model of depressive symptoms." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22032/document.
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Plus de 150 millions de personnes souffrent de troubles dépressifs à travers le monde. Malgré le nombre croissant d’études s’intéressant à la physiopathologie de ce trouble, aucune amélioration majeure concernant ses traitements ou la compréhension des mécanismes biologiques sous-jacents n’a été faite. Bien qu’une prédisposition génétique et des évènements stressants aient été proposés comme facteurs de risque, ni les gènes impliqués ni le fonctionnement des interactions gène x environnement ne sont encore connus. Cela peut s’expliquer par le manque de modèles animaux satisfaisants et par le fossé existant entre les connaissances / méthodes de diagnostic appliquées en recherche clinique et celles disponibles en recherche fondamentale. Des manipulations pharmacologiques, lésionnelles, génétiques ou de l’environnement sont quasi exclusivement utilisées chez le rongeur. Certains primates non-humains (PNH), plus proches de nous sur les plans comportementaux et phylogénétiques, montrent pourtant, comme l’Homme, des modifications comportementales et physiologiques atypiques et spontanées en réponse à des conditions de vie stressantes. Malgré les travaux pionniers et prometteurs d’Harlow et de ses collaborateurs dans les années 60, rares sont les équipes qui étudient la dépression chez le macaque aujourd’hui. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que parmi des grandes populations de PNH captifs, une petite proportion d’individus exprime des comportements atypiques pouvant s’apparenter à des symptômes dépressifs. Mon projet de thèse a eu pour but de proposer une approche novatrice et non invasive d’identification de ces profils « depressive-like » chez le macaque, en combinant les compétences et connaissances de l’éthologie, de la psychiatrie et des neurosciences. L’impact des expériences de vie précoces et de l’espèce a également été abordé. Les comportements, les postures et orientations du corps, les localisations spatiales, les regards et/ou les distances inter-individuelles ont été relevés chez plus de 200 macaques rhésus et cynomolgus d’élevage, nés en captivité ou dans la nature. Des sous-groupes d’individus ont été identifiés à l’aide d’analyses multifactorielles. Dans chaque population observée, un profil « depressive-like » a été mis en évidence par comparaison avec les symptômes décrits dans le Manuel Diagnostique et Statistiques des Troubles Mentaux et avec les modèles animaux existants dans la littérature. La prévalence de ces profils étant supérieure chez les macaques rhésus et chez les animaux nés en captivité, nos résultats concordent avec le rôle suggéré du stress dans l’expression des troubles dépressifs. En plus d’exprimer ce profil comportemental atypique dans leur environnement habituel, les singes « depressive-like » présentaient une réactivité émotionnelle altérée au cours 2 tests comportementaux, associée à des taux élevés de cortisol plasmatique et noradrénaline cérébro-spinale. Pris dans leur ensemble, ces résultats prometteurs confèrent une bonne validité de représentation à notre modèle macaque de symptômes dépressifs. Une caractérisation plus complète de ce modèle est bien sûr nécessaire et pourrait ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives quant à la compréhension de l’étiologie et de la physiopathologie des troubles dépressifsMore than 150 million people worldwide suffer from major depressive disorder (MDD). Although investigations of its pathophysiology have dramatically increased in the last decade, no substantial improvement has been made concerning the treatments and the understanding of its underlying mechanisms. A genetic predisposition and stressful experiences have been acknowledged as risk factors involved in MDD. However, no specific genes have been identified so far and little is known about the gene x environment interactions. This is likely due to the lack of bona fide animal models of depressive-like symptoms. Indeed, there is a huge gap between the knowledge / diagnostic methodology of clinical research and the animal models used in fundamental research, mainly focusing on environmental, pharmacological, lesional or genetic manipulations. Phylogenetically and behaviourally closer to Humans compared to rodents, non-human primates (NHPs) can show spontaneous behavioural and physiological modifications in response to stressful life events. Although promising results had been reported in the 1960’s by the pioneering studies of Harlow and colleagues, the investigation of depressive-like symptoms in macaques are scarce in the current literature. We hypothesize that, among large captive NHP populations, a few individuals will display atypical behaviours that could mimic depressive symptoms. Combining the skills and knowledge of ethology, psychiatry and neurosciences, my PhD project aimed at proposing an innovative non-invasive detection method of such depressive-like profiles. The impact of birth origin and species was questioned as well. Behaviours, body postures, body orientations, spatial location, gaze direction and/or inter-peer distances were collected among more than 200 rhesus and cynomolgus captive- or wild-born farm-bred macaques. Using multifactorial analyses, clusters of individuals displaying distinct behavioural profiles were identified. In each population, a common depressive-like profile was characterised by its similarities with symptoms described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder and with other animal models of depression. The prevalence of such profiles was increased in the rhesus populations and by captive early life experience, corroborating the role of stress in the development of MDD. In addition to expressing depressive-like features in their home cage, these animals displayed higher levels of plasmatic cortisol and cerebrospinal noradrenaline which correlated with a passive emotional reactivity in 2 behavioural paradigms. Altogether these promising results conferred good face validity to our NHP model of depressive-like symptoms. Further characterization of this model is required and might bring new insights to the understanding of MDD pathophysiology and etiology
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Gruntman, Alisha. "A Translational Pathway for Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Human Gene Therapy: From Target Identification and Animal Modeling of the Disease to Non-Human Primate and Human Studies." eScholarship@UMMS, 2011. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/882.
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Many steps go into developing a clinical viral gene therapy. The course starts with appropriate disease selection and moves through the many hurdles of in-vitro testing, animal model validation and proof-of-concept studies, all the way through pre-clinical large animal studies. In this thesis, I propose to outline the process of developing a translation pathway for a gene therapy using recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV). I will expand on this outline using data that I have generated during the course of my Ph.D. that ranges from animal model validation all the way through pre-clinical vector stability studies. Two disease models will be discussed throughout this thesis, Cockayne Syndrome (CS) and Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (AATD). Cockayne Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder involving mutations in either the CSA or CSB gene, leading to defects in DNA repair. Clinically this presents as progressive degeneration of the central nervous system, retina, cardiovascular system, and cochlea, which leads to mental retardation, post-natal growth defects, ocular abnormalities, and shortened life expectancy. Alpha-1 antitrypsin is a serine protease inhibitor largely produced in the liver that mainly functions to inhibit neutrophil elastase within the lung. AATD leads to an increased risk of emphysema, with shortened life expectancy, and also results in accumulations of mutant AAT polymers in the liver, sometimes leading to liver failure. Using these two disease models I will outline the upstream and downstream pre-clinical work as well as the transition to clinical trials of a rAAV based gene therapy.
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Gruntman, Alisha. "A Translational Pathway for Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Human Gene Therapy: From Target Identification and Animal Modeling of the Disease to Non-Human Primate and Human Studies." eScholarship@UMMS, 2016. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/882.
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Many steps go into developing a clinical viral gene therapy. The course starts with appropriate disease selection and moves through the many hurdles of in-vitro testing, animal model validation and proof-of-concept studies, all the way through pre-clinical large animal studies. In this thesis, I propose to outline the process of developing a translation pathway for a gene therapy using recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV). I will expand on this outline using data that I have generated during the course of my Ph.D. that ranges from animal model validation all the way through pre-clinical vector stability studies. Two disease models will be discussed throughout this thesis, Cockayne Syndrome (CS) and Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (AATD). Cockayne Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder involving mutations in either the CSA or CSB gene, leading to defects in DNA repair. Clinically this presents as progressive degeneration of the central nervous system, retina, cardiovascular system, and cochlea, which leads to mental retardation, post-natal growth defects, ocular abnormalities, and shortened life expectancy. Alpha-1 antitrypsin is a serine protease inhibitor largely produced in the liver that mainly functions to inhibit neutrophil elastase within the lung. AATD leads to an increased risk of emphysema, with shortened life expectancy, and also results in accumulations of mutant AAT polymers in the liver, sometimes leading to liver failure. Using these two disease models I will outline the upstream and downstream pre-clinical work as well as the transition to clinical trials of a rAAV based gene therapy.
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Mughini, Gras Lapo <1984>. "Food safety and zoonotic enteric pathogens: sources, risk factors and transmission routes of human salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5424/.
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Salmonella and Campylobacter are common causes of human gastroenteritis. Their epidemiology is complex and a multi-tiered approach to control is needed, taking into account the different reservoirs, pathways and risk factors. In this thesis, trends in human gastroenteritis and food-borne outbreak notifications in Italy were explored. Moreover, the improved sensitivity of two recently-implemented regional surveillance systems in Lombardy and Piedmont was evidenced, providing a basis for improving notification at the national level. Trends in human Salmonella serovars were explored: serovars Enteritidis and Infantis decreased, Typhimurium remained stable and 4,[5],12:i:-, Derby and Napoli increased, suggesting that sources of infection have changed over time. Attribution analysis identified pigs as the main source of human salmonellosis in Italy, accounting for 43–60% of infections, followed by Gallus gallus (18–34%). Attributions to pigs and Gallus gallus showed increasing and decreasing trends, respectively. Potential bias and sampling issues related to the use of non-local/non-recent multilocus sequence typing (MLST) data in Campylobacter jejuni/coli source attribution using the Asymmetric Island (AI) model were investigated. As MLST data become increasingly dissimilar with increasing geographical/temporal distance, attributions to sources not sampled close to human cases can be underestimated. A combined case-control and source attribution analysis was developed to investigate risk factors for human Campylobacter jejuni/coli infection of chicken, ruminant, environmental, pet and exotic origin in The Netherlands. Most infections (~87%) were attributed to chicken and cattle. Individuals infected from different reservoirs had different associated risk factors: chicken consumption increased the risk for chicken-attributed infections; animal contact, barbecuing, tripe consumption, and never/seldom chicken consumption increased that for ruminant-attributed infections; game consumption and attending swimming pools increased that for environment-attributed infections; and dog ownership increased that for environment- and pet-attributed infections. Person-to-person contacts around holiday periods were risk factors for infections with exotic strains, putatively introduced by returning travellers.
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Falson, Connor. "A Dog and His Boy." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2320.
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In this paper, I interrogate dominant media paradigms that discuss non-human animals, such as photography and documentary, and provide alternative modes of creating this work. Focusing on my relationship with my dog, Bear, I collaborated with him referencing the alternative methods to representation to create a series our thesis show, “A Dog and His Boy.” By opening up our relationship, I hope to inspire people to think about non-human animals, specifically dogs, more critically, and what their relationships with them are. The process of collaborating with Bear, someone of another species, only strengthened our bond, but also taught me much about how a dog senses their world, and how they think.
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Heflin, Ashley Shew. "What Dolphins Want: Animal Intentionality and Tool-Use." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31748.
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In this thesis, I argue that at least some animals have the sort of intentionality philosophers traditionally have only ascribed to humans. I argue for this through the examination of tool-use among New Caledonian crows and Bottlenose dolphins. New Caledonian crows demonstrate advanced tool-manufacture and standardization, while Bottlenose dolphins use social learning to a much greater degree than other animals. These two case studies fit nicely with many of the non-linguistic accounts of intentionality employed by philosophers.
This thesis is aimed at showing that our basic philosophical concept of intentionality leaves room for intentional behavior on the part of non-human animals. Descriptions of human behavior are often contrasted with that of â lowerâ animals. Many have taken rationality as the characteristic that separates us from animals, and our notions about the superiority of humans have been passed down through theology and philosophy. From Plato onward, philosophers have created divisions that put humanity in a special position relative to all other creatures. Neglecting a careful analysis of animal behavior in making these divisions does a disservice not only to the animals themselves, but also to humans. This thesis is an attempt to start pulling a thread of the discussion about the specialness of humans out for examination. Specifically, I examine the case of intentionality in the framework of the tool-related behaviors of crows and dolphins.
Master of Arts
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Trejling, Maria. "The Vulnerable Animals That Therefore We Are : (Non-)Human Animals in D.H. Lawrence's Women in Love." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-131606.
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Central to animal studies is the question of words and how they are used in relation to wordless beings such as non-human animals. This issue is addressed by the writer D.H. Lawrence, and the focus of this thesis is the linguistic vulnerability of humans and non-humans in his novel Women in Love, a subject that will be explored with the help of the philosopher Jacques Derrida’s text The Animal That Therefore I Am. The argument is that Women in Love illustrates the human subjection to and constitution in language, which both enables human thinking and restricts the human ability to think without words. This linguistic vulnerability causes a similar vulnerability in non-human animals in two ways. First, humans tend to imagine others, including non-verbal animals, through words, a medium they exist outside of and therefore cannot be defined through. Second, humans are often unperceptive of non-linguistic means of expression and they therefore do not discern what non-human animals may be trying to communicate to them, which often enables humans to justify abuse against non-humans. In addition, the novel shows how this shared but unequal vulnerability can sometimes be dissolved through the likewise shared but equal physical vulnerability of all animals if a human is able to imagine the experiences of a non-human animal through their shared embodiment rather than through human language. Hence the essay shows the importance of recognizing the limitations of language and of being aware of how the symbolizing effect of words influences the human treatment of its others.
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Moore, Jeffrey. "A comparative study of the effect of acute exercise on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis between trained and non-trained human male subjects." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7777.
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The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of acute exercise on plasma testosterone, LH, FSH and prolactin. In addition, the effects of LH, FSH, Prolactin and physical fitness on testosterone levels were investigated. The serum levels of testosterone, LH, FSH and prolactin were measured at rest, immediately after, 30 minutes and 60 minutes after acute exercise, which comprised of running on a treadmill at 70% of the subjects' previously determined MVO$\sb2$ for 20 minutes. Trained (n = 12) and untrained (n = 9) male subjects were tested. Mean testosterone levels increased significantly (p 0.01) in both groups immediately after cessation of exercise, independent of the effects of LH, FSH and prolactin. Testosterone responses to exercise were significantly (p 0.01) greater in trained (45% increase) than in the untrained (19.5% increase) group. In addition, basal levels of testosterone were significantly lower (p 0.01) in the trained group compared to the untrained group.
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Brittz, Karli. "A critical reading of companion species on Instagram : ‘being-with’ and ‘becoming with’ dogs as (non)human others." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/73162.
Full textAbstract:
Based on Donna Haraway's concept of dogs as companion species, this study aims to critically examine the phenomenon of companion species as it manifests on social media by exploring the notion of humans being-with and becoming with dogs as their nonhuman others. Working through Haraway’s companion species and the nonhuman turn, I consider the relation between Haraway’s (2008) becoming with and German philosopher Martin Heidegger’s (1927) idea of being (Dasein) and being-with (Mitsein) others. By reading Haraway with Heidegger, I argue that nonhumanism is not a rupture from the human condition, but rather an expansion of what it means to be human with others in contemporary society. I show that although nonhumanism typically rejects Heidegger’s perceived anthropocentric approach to animals, Haraway’s nonhumanist becoming with shares and shows similarity to Heidegger’s being-with-others. Throughout my exploration of the phenomena of companion species, I maintain the position that in the midst of the nonhuman turn, we remain all too human by being-with nonhuman others, specifically in terms of human-dog companionship.
In contemporary society the pivotal relationship of companion species notably manifests on social media when humans capture and share their relations with their dogs on various platforms such as Facebook and Instagram. In an added layer to the study, I argue that online images of the human-dog relation reflect and mediate the nature of being-with and becoming with nonhuman others. Through a digital and theoretical exploration of online companion species, I show how these images reflect the significance of human qualities within nonhuman relations, as well as what it means to be human with our nonhuman others in the Digital Age.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
NRF Grant-Holder-Linked Bursary 2016-2018
Visual Arts
PhD
Unrestricted
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Thomas, Mark Peter. "Differential tolerance of a cancer and a non-cancer cell line to amino acid deprivation : mechanistic insight and clinical potential." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19912.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction – Due to spatial separation from the native vascular bed, solid tumours develop regions with limited access to nutrients essential for growth and survival. The promotion of a process known as macroautophagy may facilitate in the maintenance of intracellular amino acid levels, through breakdown of cytoplasmic proteins, so that they remain available for macromolecular biosynthesis and ATP production. Several studies point to the potential ability of some cancers to temporarily increase autophagy and thereby prolong cell survival during metabolic stress. The validity of these claims is assessed when a commonly used breast cancer cell line and an epithelial breast cell line are starved of amino acids in this study. Furthermore, we go on to hypothesize that acute amino acid deprivation during treatment will result in an elevated sensitivity of MDAMB231 cells to doxorubicin toxicity but limit its cytotoxic side-effects in MCF12A cells. Methods and study design- Human breast cancer cells (MDAMB231) and breast epithelial cells (MCF12A) cultured in complete growth medium were compared to those incubated in medium containing no amino acids. Steady state autophagy levels were monitored using classical protein markers of autophagy (LC3-II and beclin-1) and the acidic compartmentalization in cells (Lysotracker™ red dye) in conjunction with autophagy inhibition (bafilomycin A1 and ATG5 siRNA). Cell viability was monitored using several techniques, including caspase 3/7 activity. ATP levels were assessed using a bioluminescent assay, while mass spectrometry based proteomics was used to quantify cellular amino acid levels. Similar techniques were used to monitor autophagy during doxorubicin treatment, while cellular doxorubicin localization was monitored using immunofluorescence microscopy. Finally, a completely novel GFP-LC3 mouse tumour model was designed to assess autophagy and caspase activity within tumours in vivo, during protein limitation and doxorubicin treatment. Results - Amino acid deprivation resulted in a transient increase in autophagy at approximately 6 hours of amino acid starvation in MDAMB231 cells. The amino acid content was preserved within these cells in an autophagy-dependent manner, a phenomenon that correlated with the maintenance of ATP levels. Inhibition of autophagy during these conditions resulted in decreased amino acid and ATP levels and increased signs of cell death. MCF12A cells displayed a greater tolerance to amino acid starvation during 24 hours of amino acid starvation. Evidence indicated that autophagy was important for the maintenance of amino acid and ATP levels in these cells and helped prevent starvation-induced cell death. Furthermore, data showed that concomitant amino acid withdrawal resulted in decreased cellular acidity in MDAMB231 cells, and increased acidity in MCF12A cells, during doxorubicin treatment. These changes correlated with evidence of increased cell death in MDAMB231 cells, but a relative protection in MCF12A cells. A novel model was used to apply these techniques in vivo, and although mice fed on a low protein diet during high dose doxorubicin treatment had increased mean survival and smaller tumour sizes, evidence suggested that autophagy is protecting a population of cells within these tumours. Conclusions - This novel approach to tumour sensitization could have several implications in the context of cancer therapy, and given the delicate relationship that autophagy has with the cancer microenvironment, efforts to determine the mechanisms involved in autophagy and sensitization could lead to new and innovative treatment opportunities for cancer management.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding – As gevolg van hul skeiding van die oorpronklike vaskulêre netwerk, ontwikkel soliede gewasse areas met beperkte toegang tot noodsaaklike voedingstowwe. Die bevordering van 'n proses wat as makro-autofagie bekend staan, kan die handhawing van intrasellulêre aminosuur vlakke fasiliteer. Voorafgenoemde proses word waarskynlik deur die afbreek van sitoplasmiese proteïene teweegebring om sodoende vir makro-molekulêre biosintese en ATP produksie beskikbaar te kan wees. Verskeie studies dui daarop dat sommige kankersoorte die vermoë het om autofagie tydelik te verhoog, en daarby sel oorlewing gedurende metaboliese stress te verleng. Die geldigheid van hierdie eise word evalueer wanneer 'n algemeen beskikbare borskanker sellyn, en 'n borsepiteelsellyn in hierdie studie van aminosure verhonger word. Verder, veronderstel ons dat akute aminosuur ontneming gedurende behandeling 'n verhoogde sensitiwiteit van MDAMB231 selle tot doxorubicin toksisiteit tot gevolg sal hê, maar terselfdetyd die middel se sitotoksiese newe-effekte in MCF12A selle sal beperk. Metodes en studie ontwerp – Menslike borskanker- (MDAMB231) en bors epiteel selle (MCF12A) wat in volledige groeimedium gekweek is, is vergelyk met selle wat in aminosuur vrye medium gekweek is. Basislyn autofagie-vlakke is gemonitor deur die gebruik van klassieke autofagie proteïen merkers (LC3-II en beclin-1) en die asidiese kompartementalisering in selle (Lysotracker™ rooi kleurstof) saam met autofagie inhibisie (bafilomycin A1 and ATG5 siRNA). Sellewensvatbaarheid is deur die gebruik van verskeie tegnieke, insluitend caspase 3/7 aktiwiteit, gemonitor. ATP-vlakke is deur die gebruik van 'n bioluminiserende tegniek gemeet, terwyl massa-spektrometrie-gebaseerde “proteomics” gebruik is om sel aminosuur vlakke te kwantifiseer. Soortgelyke tegnieke is gebruik om autofagie gedurende doxorubicin behandeling waar te neem, terwyl sellulêre doxorubicin lokalisasie deur die gebruik van immunofluoresensie mikroskopie gemonitor is. Ten slotte, is 'n unieke GFP-LC3 muismodel in hierdie studie ontwikkel. Hierdie model is gebruik om autofagie en caspase aktiwiteit in gewasse in vivo te bestudeer tydens proteïen beperking en doxorubicin behandeling. Resultate – Aminosuur ontneming het tot 'n tydelike verhoging in autofagie na ongeveer 6 ure van aminosuur verhongering in MDAMB231 selle gelei. Die aminosuur inhoud van hierdie selle het op 'n autofagie-afhanklike manier behoue gebly. Hierdie verskynsel het met die handhawing van ATP-vlakke gekorreleer. Autofagie inhibisie gedurende hierdie kondisies het 'n verlaging in aminosuur en ATP-vlakke teweeggebring, sowel as vermeerderde tekens van seldood tot gevolg gehad. MCF12A selle het 'n groter toleransie tot aminosuur verhongering tydens die 24 uur aminosuur verhongeringsperiode getoon. Getuienis het aangedui dat autofagie belangrik vir die handhawing van aminosuur en ATP-vlakke in hierdie selle was, en gehelp het om verhongerings-geïnduseerde seldood te voorkom. Verder het data gewys dat aminosuur ontrekking tot verminderde sellulêre asiditeit in MDAMB231 selle, en verhoogde asiditeit in MCF12A selle gedurende doxorubicin behandeling gelei het. Hierdie veranderinge stem ooreen met getuienis van toenemende seldood in MDAMB231 selle, maar 'n relatiewe beskerming in MCF12A selle. 'n Unieke model was gebruik om hierdie tegnieke in vivo toe te pas. Alhoewel verhoogde oorlewing en kleiner gewasse in muise op 'n lae proteïen dieet gedurende hoë dosis doxorubicin behandeling opgemerk is, het bewyse voorgestel dat autofagie 'n populasie selle binne die gewasse beskerm. Gevolgtrekkings – Hierdie unieke benadering tot tumor sensitisering kan verskeie implikasies in die konteks van kanker behandeling hê. Gegewe die delikate verhouding van autofagie met die kanker mikro-omgewing, kan pogings om die meganismes betrokke in autofagie en sensitisering te bepaal, tot nuwe en innoverende behandelings vir kanker lei.
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PALUMBO, ROBERTA. "HUMAN AND ANIMAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF MYCOTOXIN MIXTURES IN MAIZE: FROM FUNGAL PRODUCTION AND OCCURRENCE TO HARMONISED RISK CHARACTERISATION." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/73545.
Full textAbstract:
Maize is the principal staple food/feed crop exposed to mycotoxins, and the co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins and their metabolites has been well documented. Dietary (co)-exposure to mycotoxins is associated with human and animal health concerns as well as economic losses. The present thesis aims to apply a holistic approach for the risk assessment of mycotoxin mixtures in food and feed, i.e. from fungal production and occurrence to harmonised risk characterisation. This was done in three folds. Firstly, available environmental, ecological, and agronomic factors that may affect the relative abundance of co-occurring mycotoxins in the contaminated crops were collected from peer-reviewed literature, with focus on maize (Chapter I). Secondly, (co-)occurrence data on mycotoxins in core cereals was extracted from available articles in the scientific literature and analysed to estimate potential pattern of co-exposure in humans and animals (Chapter II). Finally, Chapter III investigates the applicability of the EFSA guidance to multiple mycotoxins through a scenario of possible co-exposure in humans and animals, using maize as a case study. In particular, a human and animal risk assessment to mycotoxin mixture in maize was conducted using a modelled component-based approach for selected mixture of mycotoxins, that, according to our data, co-occur in maize based feed and food products.Maize is the principal staple food/feed crop exposed to mycotoxins, and the co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins and their metabolites has been well documented. Dietary (co)-exposure to mycotoxins is associated with human and animal health concerns as well as economic losses. The present thesis aims to apply a holistic approach for the risk assessment of mycotoxin mixtures in food and feed, i.e. from fungal production and occurrence to harmonised risk characterisation. This was done in three folds. Firstly, available environmental, ecological, and agronomic factors that may affect the relative abundance of co-occurring mycotoxins in the contaminated crops were collected from peer-reviewed literature, with focus on maize (Chapter I). Secondly, (co-)occurrence data on mycotoxins in core cereals was extracted from available articles in the scientific literature and analysed to estimate potential pattern of co-exposure in humans and animals (Chapter II). Finally, Chapter III investigates the applicability of the EFSA guidance to multiple mycotoxins through a scenario of possible co-exposure in humans and animals, using maize as a case study. In particular, a human and animal risk assessment to mycotoxin mixture in maize was conducted using a modelled component-based approach for selected mixture of mycotoxins, that, according to our data, co-occur in maize based feed and food products.
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Hannula, Gustaf. "Monkey see, monkey do? An intercultural exploration of the dynamics between humans and non-human primates in a professional animal research setting." Scholarly Commons, 2007. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/677.
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This thesis is an exploration of the perceptions of a group of humans in interaction with a group of non-human primates in a professional animal research setting. The study is a novel investigation in the field of intercultural relations, exploring the values and beliefs of a group of research employees, and the intercultural competence and sensitivity these employees model in their interactions with the animals they work with. A focus group was conducted at the Oregon National Primate Research Center and 8 individuals working with non-human primates were interviewed. They were asked a series of 15 open-ended questions in order to explore their identification and appreciation of cultural differences, as well as their general strategies for adapting to cultural difference in the context of an animal research setting. The results of this meeting reflect a range of perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs relative to culture and the possibility of an intercultural relationship between species.
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Joseph, Danzil Eugene. "Hyperglycemia-mediated onset of myocardial insulin resistance – unraveling molecular mechanisms and identifying therapeutic targets." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86341.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background - Although acute hyperglycemic episodes are linked to lower glucose uptake, underlying mechanisms driving this process remain unclear. We hypothesized that acute hyperglycemia triggers reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increases non-oxidative glucose pathway (NOGP) activation, i.e. stimulation of advanced glycation end products (AGE), polyol pathway (PP), hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and protein kinase C (PKC) activation. These mechanisms attenuate cellular function, and may indeed decrease insulin-mediated cardiac glucose uptake. The role of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) under high glucose/diabetic conditions is a subject of contention. Activation of the PPP enzyme transketolase (TK) (by benfotiamine/BFT or thiamine) reduces flux via the other four NOGPs, and is associated with beneficial outcomes. Our aim was therefore to evaluate the effects of acute hyperglycemia on insulin-mediated glucose uptake in a cardiac-derived cell line. Specifically, we aimed to elucidate the role of ROS and NOGP induction under these conditions. Methodology - H9c2 cardiomyoblasts were exposed to 25 mM glucose for 24 hr vs. 5.5 mM glucose controls ± modulating agents during last hour of glucose exposure: a) antioxidant #1 for mitochondrial ROS (250 μM 4-OHCA), b) antioxidant #2 for NADPH oxidase-generated ROS (100 μM DPI), c) NOGP inhibitors – 100 μM aminoguanidine (AGE), 5 μM chelerythrine (PKC); 40 μM DON (HBP); and 10 μM zopolrestat (PP). We also employed BFT (50 and 100 μM) in vitro, while the effects of in vivo thiamine administration were assessed in hearts of an obese/diabetic rat model of pre-diabetes and diabetes, the OLETF strain. We evaluated insulin sensitivity by glucose uptake assay (flow cytometry), GLUT4 translocation (transfection of HA-GLUT4-GFP construct) and protein kinase B (Akt) activity assay. ROS levels (mitochondrial, intracellular) were measured by flow cytometry analysis of specific fluorescent probes. Markers of each NOGP were also assessed. Results - Acute hyperglycemia elevated ROS, activated NOGPs and blunted glucose uptake. However, TK activity (marker of PPP) did not change. Respective 4-OHCA and DPI treatment blunted ROS production, diminished NOGP activation and normalized glucose uptake. NOGP inhibitory studies identified PKCβII as a key downstream player in lowering insulin-mediated glucose uptake. When we employed BFT (known to shunt flux away from NOGPs and into the PPP), it decreased ROS generation and NOGP activation, and restored glucose uptake under acute hyperglycemic conditions. In vivo thiamine administration reduced markers of the other NOGP, while it attenuated (mainly in the pre-diabetic phase) the metabolic dysfunction observed in the OLETF rats. Conclusions - This study demonstrates that acute hyperglycemia elicits a series of maladaptive events that function in tandem to reduce glucose uptake, and that antioxidant treatment and/or attenuation of NOGP activation (PKC, polyol pathway) may limit the onset of insulin resistance.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond – Alhoewel akute hiperglisemie voorvalle gekoppel is aan verlaagde glukose opname, is die onderliggende meganismes wat die proses dryf steeds onduidelik. Ons hipotetiseer dat akute hiperglisemie aanleiding gee tot die produksie van reaktiewe suurstofspesies (RSS) en toename in nie-oksidatiewe glukose weg (NOGW) aktivering, i.e. stimulering van gevorderde glukasie eindprodukte (GGE), poliolweg (PW), heksosamien biosintetiese weg (HBW) en proteïenkinase C (PKC) aktivering. Hierdie meganismes verminder sellulêre funksie, en mag inderdaad insulien-bemiddelde kardiêre glukose opname verlaag. Die rol van die pentosefosfaatweg (PFW) onder hoë glukose/diabetiese kondisies is ‘n onderwerp van stryd. Aktivering van die PFW ensiem transketolase (TK) (deur benfotiamien/BFT of tiamien) verminder fluks deur die ander vier NOGWë, en is geassosieer met voordelige uitkomste. Ons doel was dus om die effekte van akute hiperglisemie op insulien-bemiddelde glukose opname te evalueer in ‘n kardiaal-afkomstige sellyn. Meer bepaald het ons gepoog om die rol van RSS en NOGW induksie onder hierdie kondisies te verstaan. Metode – H9c2 kardiomioblaste is aan 25 mM glukose vir 24 h blootgestel vs. 5.5 mM glukose kontroles ± moduleeragente tydens die laaste uur van glukose blootstelling: a) anti-oksidant #1 vir mitochondriese RSS (250 μM 4-OHCA), b) anti-oksidant #2 vir NADPH oksidase-gegenereerde RSS (100 μM DPI), c) NOGW inhibeerders – 100 μM aminoguanidien (GGE), 5 μM cheleritrien (PKC); 40 μM DON (HBW); en 10 μM zopolrestaat (PW). Ons het ook BFT (50 en 100 μM) in vitro aangewend, terwyl die effek van in vivo tiamien aanwending geassesseer is in die harte van ‘n vetsugtige/diabetiese rotmodel van pre-diabetes en diabetes, die OLETF lyn. Ons het insuliensensitiwiteit deur ‘n glukose opname toets (vloeisitometrie), GLUT4 translokasie (transfeksie van HA-GLUT4-GFP konstruk) en proteïenkinase B (Akt) aktiwiteitstoets, geëvalueer. RSS vlakke (mitochondries, intrasellulêr) is gemeet deur vloeisitometriese analise van spesifieke fluoresserende peilers. Merkers van elke NOGW is ook geassesseer. Resultate - Akute hiperglisemie het RSS verhoog, NOGWë geaktiveer en glukose opname versag. TK aktiwiteit (merker van PFW) het egter nie verander nie. Onderskeidelike 4-OHCA en DPI behandeling het RSS produksie versag, NOGW aktivering verminder en glukose opname genormaliseer. NOGW onderdrukking studies het PKCβII geïdentifiseer as ‘n sleutel deelnemer in verlaging van insulien-bemiddelde glukose opname. Die aanwending van BFT (bekend vir die wegvoer van fluks vanaf NOGWë na die PFW), het RSS skepping en NOGW aktivering verlaag, en glukose opname herwin onder akute hiperglisemiese kondisies. In vivo tiamien toediening het merkers van die ander NOGW verlaag, terwyl dit die metaboliese disfunksie waargeneem in die OLETF rotte (hoofsaaklik in die pre-diabetiese fase) verminder het. Gevolgtrekking – Hierdie studie demonstreer dat akute hiperglisemie ‘n reeks van wanaangepaste voorvalle ontlok wat gesamentlik funksioneer om glukose opname te verlaag, en dat anti-oksidant behandeling en/of vermindering van NOGW aktivering (PKC, poliolweg), die aanvang van insulien weerstand mag beperk.
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Stenslik, Mallory J. "The Intranasal Delivery of DNSP-11 and its Effects in Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease." UKnowledge, 2015. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/neurobio_etds/14.
Full textAbstract:
A major challenge in developing disease altering therapeutics for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been the delivery of compounds across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to the central nervous system (CNS). While direct surgical infusion has been utilized to deliver compounds to the brain that don’t cross the BBB, issues of poor biodistribution in the CNS due in part to properties of the molecules being delivered and/or infusion device protocols have limited the widespread success of this invasive approach. To avoid the issues of surgically delivering compounds to the CNS, numerous studies have examined the use of intranasal administration as a non-invasive delivery method. The data presented in this dissertation examines intranasal administration of dopamine neuron stimulating peptide-11 (DNSP-11), a small, amidated peptide with neuroprotective and restorative properties, and its effects on the nigrostriatal system in animal models of PD.
Here we demonstrate that severely lesioned 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) F344 rats repeatedly administered DNSP-11 intranasally exhibited a decrease in damphetamine- induced rotation, dopamine (DA) turnover, and an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase positive neuronal sparing. Additionally, tracer studies indicated rapid distributed throughout the CNS and CSF following a one-time bilateral intranasal dose of 125I-labeled DNSP-11. These results demonstrate that DNSP-11 can be delivered to the CNS intranasally, and maintains its neuroactive properties on the nigrostriatal system in a rat model of PD.
In a dose escalation study of DNSP-11, we evaluated the efficacy of repeated intranasal administration in awake, vertically chaired trained, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) hemiparkinsonian rhesus macaques using an atomizer system over a 10-week period. Here we report that animals did not exhibit observable adverse effects at the DNSP-11 concentrations examined, bilateral increases in fine motor performance of the upper limbs, and changes in tissue levels of DA and its metabolites. Finally, tracer studies indicated signal present throughout the CNS and CSF following a one-time bilateral intranasal dose of 125I-labeled DNSP-11. These studies support the efficacy of the repeated intranasal administration of DNSP-11 in awake Rhesus macaques over 10-weeks, while also enhancing motor performance and striatal neurochemistry in a non-human primate model of PD.
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Gallino, visman Sophie. "La notion d'institution totale appliquée aux relations anthropozoologiques : éthnographies et analyse sociologique de centres de recherche en primatologie." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAH038.
Full textAbstract:
Par notre thèse de doctorat en sociologie – ayant pour objet l'expérimentation sur les singes – nous souhaitons participer aux recherches sur les relations anthropozoologiques en sciences humaines.Le travail que nous proposons porte précisément sur les interactions entre professionnels et singes impliqués dans des expérimentations animales ou des études scientifiques (biomédicales, psychologiques, éthologiques, etc.).Pour tâcher de comprendre ces rencontres humanimales, nous avons réalisé un long travail ethnographique – avec un recueil de données qualitatives – mené dans différents centres d'études en France et en Afrique centrale.Pour aborder notre étude, il convient d'accepter au préalable les deux propositions suivantes : – considérer les primates non humains comme des acteurs ; – et appréhender les lieux d'expérimentation animale comme des institutions – au sens sociologique du terme – c'est-à-dire comprenant des structures amenant une certaine prévisibilité comportementale et relationnelle entre les acteurs, accompagnées de jeux de justifications et de rationalisation.Une fois ces questions discutées, nous pouvons avancer le concept d'institution totale pour comprendre la vie institutionnelle des centres de primatologie. Cet idéaltype – appliqué à un hôpital psychiatrique états-unien à la fin des années 1960 par Erving Goffman – présente les structures organisationnelles suivantes : un endroit fermé ; soumis à un système bureaucratique et administratif qui règle la vie de tous ses membres ; où se rencontrent deux groupes : des surveillants, travaillant dans ce lieu, et prenant en charge un autre groupe : – les reclus, vivant et ne sortant pas de cet espace.Notre regard sociologique nous permet d'évaluer la force de l'emprise de l'institution sur les singes reclus, et d'interroger leur capacité à résister au rôle de cobaye qui leur est incombé. Nous proposons aussi des éléments de réponses sur la normalisation des conduites et des émotions des professionnels. Cette réflexion nous invite à considérer l’influence institutionnelle que nous avons-nous même éprouvée sur notre terrain, nous faisant parfois adopter un rôle que nous ne souhaitions pas tenirPar notre thèse de doctorat en sociologie – ayant pour objet l'expérimentation sur les singes – nous souhaitons participer aux recherches sur les relations anthropozoologiques en sciences humaines.Le travail que nous proposons porte précisément sur les interactions entre professionnels et singes impliqués dans des expérimentations animales ou des études scientifiques (biomédicales, psychologiques, éthologiques, etc.).Pour tâcher de comprendre ces rencontres humanimales, nous avons réalisé un long travail ethnographique – avec un recueil de données qualitatives – mené dans différents centres d'études en France et en Afrique centrale.Pour aborder notre étude, il convient d'accepter au préalable les deux propositions suivantes : – considérer les primates non humains comme des acteurs ; – et appréhender les lieux d'expérimentation animale comme des institutions – au sens sociologique du terme – c'est-à-dire comprenant des structures amenant une certaine prévisibilité comportementale et relationnelle entre les acteurs, accompagnées de jeux de justifications et de rationalisation.Une fois ces questions discutées, nous pouvons avancer le concept d'institution totale pour comprendre la vie institutionnelle des centres de primatologie. Cet idéaltype – appliqué à un hôpital psychiatrique états-unien à la fin des années 1960 par Erving Goffman – présente les structures organisationnelles suivantes : un endroit fermé ; soumis à un système bureaucratique et administratif qui règle la vie de tous ses membres ; où se rencontrent deux groupes : des surveillants, travaillant dans ce lieu, et prenant en charge un autre groupe : – les reclus, vivant et ne sortant pas de cet espace.Notre regard sociologique nous permet d'évaluer la force de l'emprise de l'institution sur les singes reclus, et d'interroger leur capacité à résister au rôle de cobaye qui leur est incombé. Nous proposons aussi des éléments de réponses sur la normalisation des conduites et des émotions des professionnels. Cette réflexion nous invite à considérer l’influence institutionnelle que nous avons-nous même éprouvée sur notre terrain, nous faisant parfois adopter un rôle que nous ne souhaitions pas tenir
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Mbala-Kingebeni, Placide. "Virus Ebola à l’interface homme – faune sauvage et réservoir animal des virus Ebola en République Démocratique du Congo." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT035.
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Chaque épidémie de la maladie à virus Ebola résulte très probablement d'événements zoonotiques indépendants. Plus de quatre décennies après la première identification du virus Ebola, son réservoir demeure encore inconnu. Nous avons montré dans ce travail que la prévalence du virus Ebola dans la faune sauvage était très faible avec une présence d’anticorps anti-virus Ebola (Zaïre et/ou Sudan) chez moins de 1% des chauves-souris testées de la RDC, Guinée et Cameroun ; et de 0% chez les primates non humains de la RDC, Cote d’Ivoire et Cameroun, en période inter-épidémique. Aucun anticorps n’a été détecté dans les échantillons prélevés en période épidémique en RDC. La recherche de l’ARN du virus Ebola, au cours de ces études, était négative. Néanmoins, nous avons confirmé et caractérisé chez l’homme, les nouveaux variants du virus Ebola responsables des récentes épidémies de 2018 en RDC. Le séquençage génomique précoce et continu a permis d'orienter les interventions en matière de santé publique.Ainsi, malgré la présence d'anticorps du virus Ebola, le rôle des chauves-souris en tant qu'espèce réservoir reste flou, car la détection de l'ARN viral est encore rare. Les anticorps anti-virus Ebola sont très rares chez les primates non humains, ce qui confirme que les PNH ne sont pas des espèces réservoirs. Les efforts pour retrouver le réservoir de ce virus doivent continuer car c’est le seul moyen qui nous permettra de prévenir efficacement les prochaines épidémiesEvery Ebola outbreak is most likely the result of independent zoonotic events. More than four decades after the first identification of the Ebola virus, its reservoir remains unknown. We have shown in this work that the prevalence of Ebola virus in wildlife was very low with antibodies against Ebola virus (Zaire and / or Sudan) detected in less than 1% of bats tested in the DRC, Guinea and Cameroon; and 0% in non-human primates from the DRC, Cote d'Ivoire and Cameroon, during inter-epidemic period. No antibodies were detected in samples collected during the epidemic period in the DRC, and the search for Ebola RNA in these studies was negative. Nevertheless, we have confirmed and characterized in humans, new variants of the Ebola virus which caused the recent outbreaks of 2018 in the DRC. Early and ongoing genomic sequencing has been used to guide public health interventions.Thus, despite the presence of antibodies to the Ebola virus, the role of bats as a reservoir species remains unclear, as the detection of viral RNA is still rare. Ebola virus antibodies are very rare in non-human primates, confirming that PNH are not reservoir species. Efforts to recover the reservoir of this virus must continue because it is the only way that will allow us to effectively prevent future outbreaks
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Balzotti, Christopher Stephen. "Multidisciplinary Assessment and Documentation of Past and Present Human Impacts on the Neotropical Forests of Petén, Guatemala." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2129.
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Tropical forests provide important habitat for a tremendous diversity of plant and animal species. However, limitations in measuring and monitoring the structure and function of tropical forests has caused these systems to remain poorly understood. Remote-sensing technology has provided a powerful tool for quantification of structural patterns and associating these with resource use. Satellite and aerial platforms can be used to collect remotely sensed images of tropical forests that can be applied to ecological research and management. Chapter 1 of this article highlights the resources available for tropical forest remote sensing and presents a case-study that demonstrates its application to a neotropical forest located in the Petén region of northern Guatemala. The ancient polity of Tikal has been extensively studied by archaeologists and soil scientists, but little is known about the subsistence and ancient farming techniques that sustained its inhabitants. The objective of chapter 2 was to create predictive models for ancient maize (Zea mays L.) agriculture in the Tikal National Park, Petén, Guatemala, improving our understanding of settlement patterns and the ecological potentials surrounding the site in a cost effective manner. Ancient maize agriculture was described in this study as carbon (C) isotopic signatures left in the soil humin fraction. Probability models predicting C isotopic enrichment and carbonate C were used to outline areas of potential long term maize agriculture. It was found that the Tikal area not only supports a great variety of potential food production systems but the models suggest multiple maize agricultural practices were used.
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Santos, Tatiane de Oliveira. "Levantamento epidemiológico do complexo teníase-cisticercose na zona rural do município de Viçosa-MG." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2010. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5016.
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Previous issue date: 2010-02-23Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The taeniasis-cysticercosis complex is characterized by the presence of two distinct diseases, caused for the same parasite but in different life stages. The taeniasis is a disease provoked through the presence of the adult form of Taenia saginata or Taenia solium in small intestine of human. In as much, the cysticercosis is a disease provoked by the presence of larva these tapeworms, Cysticercus bovis and Cysticercus cellulosae, on the tissue of intermediate host. Besides the importance of taeniasis and cysticercosis for public health, animal health, and for the economy, the epidemiological reality of the occurrence of zoonosis in Brazil is not well known. The objective of this research was evaluated the epidemiological profile of the taeniasis-cysticercosis complex in the rural area of Viçosa-MG, through the determination of the prevalence of the swine, bovine, and human cysticercosis and the human taeniasis in the farm evaluated, in conformity to the sanitary and socioeconomic conditions. For this, the research was realized as a transversal study involving 176 rural properties in the city, where 226 swine blood samples and 240 bovine blood samples and feces of 266 residents in the rural area were collected, an epidemiological survey were applied and survey of the cases of neurocysticercosis were diagnosed by computed tomography in the São João Batista Hospital, located in Viçosa-MG. Stool examination was performed by a technical of direct microscopy investigation of eggs of Taenia sp. on glass slides. The serological diagnosis of the animal cysticercosis accomplished by the ELISA indirect test and the suspicious cases were submitted to Immunoblot for confirmation. This research indicated the predominance of 0.6% of swine cysticercosis and 0.42% of the bovine cysticercosis in the rural area of Viçosa- MG. No cases of human taeniasis were found despite of the high predominance of the other intestinal parasites. By computed tomography 14 suspected cases of the neurocysticercosis were diagnosed in patients of the rural area of the city. The sampled families were characterized as being low income families, provide untreated water to the animals, create animals for slaughtered without sanitary inspection, raise bovines and swine with low adoption of technology, use of the untreated water in the houses, which are all characteristics considerably favorable to the maintenance of the taeniasis- cysticercosis complex. Despite of the presence of the unfavorable facts of the control of that complex, the families have habits that are considered factors of protection to the development of those parasites, such as reared swine arrested, absence of open sewage system, and the non-ingestion of swine or bovine meat raw or undercooked. Even though this study has shown a low predominance of the cases of taeniasis-cysticercosis complex in the rural area of Viçosa-MG, it is necessary to continue epidemiologic and sanitary vigilance because the factors favorable to the maintenance of these parasite diseases exist.
O complexo teníase-cisticercose é caracterizado pela presença de duas doenças distintas causadas pelo mesmo parasito, porém, em fases de vida diferentes. A teníase é uma parasitose provocada pela presença da forma adulta da Taenia saginata e Taenia solium no intestino delgado do homem. Já a cisticercose é uma doença provocada pela presença da larva dessas tênias, o Cysticercus bovis e o Cysticercus cellulosae no tecido do hospedeiro intermediários. Apesar da importância da teníase e da cisticercose para a saúde pública, para a saúde animal e para a economia, a realidade epidemiológica da ocorrência dessas zoonoses no Brasil é pouco conhecida. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar o perfil epidemiológico do complexo teníase-cisticercose na zona rural do município de Viçosa-MG, através da estimação das prevalências das cisticercoses suína, bovina e humana, e da teníase humana nas propriedades rurais, segundo suas condições sanitárias e sócio- econômicas. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo transversal envolvendo 176 propriedades da zona rural do município, de onde foram coletadas 226 amostras de sangue suíno e 240 amostras de sangue bovino, 266 amostras de fezes das pessoas residentes nas propriedades, aplicação de inquérito epidemiológico e levantamento de casos de neurocisticercose diagnosticados por meio de tomografia computadorizada no Hospital São João Batista. O diagnóstico sorológico da cisticercose animal foi realizado por triagem pelo teste ELISA indireto e os casos suspeitos foram submetidos ao Immunoblot para confirmação. O exame de fezes foi realizado pela técnica de investigação microscópica direta dos ovos de helmintos em lâminas. Esta pesquisa revelou prevalência de 0,6% de cisticercose suína e de 0,42% de cisticercose bovina nas propriedades da zona rural do município de Viçosa - MG. As famílias pesquisadas caracterizam-se por baixa renda mensal, fornecer água sem tratar aos animais, criar animais destinados ao abate sem inspeção sanitária, criar bovinos e suínos com pouca adoção de tecnologia e fazer uso de água sem tratamento, características consideradas favoráveis a manutenção do complexo teníase-cisticercose. Apesar da presença de fatores desfavoráveis ao controle do complexo, as famílias possuíam hábitos considerados como fatores de proteção ao desenvolvimento dessa parasitose, como criação de suínos presos, praticamente ausência de esgoto a céu aberto e ausência de ingestão de carne suína ou bovina mal passada. Foram diagnosticados através de tomografia computadorizada 14 casos suspeitos de neurocisticercose em pacientes residentes na zona rural do município. Não foi diagnosticado nenhum caso de teníase humana apesar de ter sido alta a prevalência de outras enteroparasitoses. Apesar do estudo ter mostrado a baixa prevalência do complexo teníase-cisticercose na zona rural do município de Viçosa-MG, torna-se necessário a contínua vigilância epidemiológica e sanitária uma vez que existem fatores favoráveis a manutenção dessa parasitose.
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Weissenegger, Karin. "Species that connect." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298830.
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People are growing older than they ever have before. My architectural proposal is a home for the elderly in a rural environment close to Stockholm.I think there is a large group of people, including me, who loves animals and recognizes their positive effect on wellbeing. I wanted to test the limits, how close the elderly and animals can live together in a functional and species-appropriate environment and to the benefit of both. Every individual on the site, Human or Non-Human, is providing care to some extent, the built environment supports these meetings and tasks in a subtle and natural way.
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Haddock, Lucy. "A comparison of teachers' beliefs of the use of inquiry teaching, origin of knowledge of inquiry teaching, and student achievement between International Baccalaureate and non-International Baccalaureate Primary Years Programme schools." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/6282.
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The goal of improving student achievement is of paramount interest to all public schools. The focus of this research was to determine the difference between inquiry based teaching strategies and student achievement. Additionally, the researcher investigated the origin of inquiry based teaching knowledge and International Baccalaureate Primary Years Programme (IBPYP) affiliation. IBPYP affiliation was studied due to the nature of the IBPYP as an inquiry based philosophy of teaching. The McGill Strategic Demands of Inquiry Questionnaire (MSDIQ) was used to determine teacher beliefs of inquiry based teaching strategies. Student achievement was measured using Florida Comprehensive Achievement Test 2.0 (FCAT 2.0) levels.
Results from the MSDIQ indicated strong beliefs among participants of inquiry based teaching indicators within three domains: planning, enactment, and reflection. The researcher recommended further research into the origin of inquiry based teaching strategies knowledge to determine accurate professional development from districts that require inquiry based teaching strategies in evaluation systems. In addition, further research was recommended to determine the relationship between IBPYP affiliation and student achievement.Ed.D.
Doctorate
Teaching, Learning and Leadership
Education and Human Performance
Educational Leadership; Executive Track
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Lade, Quentin. "Histoire des problématisations biologiques de la mémoire par la biographie d’un animal scientifique : l’aplysie : une enquête historique et ethnographique sur la biologie moderne, des stations marines aux neurosciences." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7136.
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Cette thèse est le fruit d’une enquête historique et anthropologique sur les sciences de la vie. Il s’agit de questionner les sciences sous l’angle de la matérialité des pratiques, comme un ensemble d’activités et d’institutions caractéristiques de l’époque moderne. Pour cela, nous avons retracé le parcours scientifique d’un animal singulier, un mollusque marin : la limace aplysie. Le choix d’un tel animal a été guidé par l’importance particulière accordée à l’aplysie par une partie de la communauté des neurobiologistes durant la seconde moitié du XXème siècle. La limace est alors devenue célèbre auprès des biologistes et même au-delà du monde scientifique, après que le neurobiologiste Eric Kandel se soit approprié l’animal pour en faire le modèle phare de ses recherches sur la mémoire à l’échelle des neurones, durant environ un demi-siècle. Le succès de ses travaux, rarement égalé dans son champ de recherche, sera récompensé par le prix Nobel en 2000. Notre histoire commence néanmoins au XVIème siècle, nous décrivons ainsi comment l’aplysie est devenue un objet d’étude pour l’histoire naturelle, puis un animal scientifique pour la biologie naissante. Nous nous focalisons enfin principalement sur la transformation de l’aplysie en un modèle pour la neurobiologie. Nous retraçons ainsi le parcours de domestication de l’aplysie, dont les étapes correspondent à la domestication de la nature par les sciences de la vie, et reflètent les évolutions de la modernité industrielle. En parallèle de ce travail historique, rédigé à partir de sources écrites, des ouvrages scientifiques, des autobiographies et de nombreux articles publiés dans des revues spécialisées, nous avons aussi mené une enquête de terrain selon la méthode de l’observation participante. Pour réaliser cette ethnographie, nous avons passé six mois environ dans un laboratoire de neurobiologie à Bordeaux, auprès de scientifiques dont les recherches sur l’aplysie prolongent et renouvellent celles initiées par Kandel dans les années 1960This thesis is a historical and anthropological investigation on life sciences. It investigates sciences from the perspective of the materiality of practices, as a set of practices and institutions that characterizes the modern period. To this end, we have retraced the scientific trajectory of a singular animal, a marine mollusk : the sea slug Aplysia. The choice of such an animal was motivated by the peculiar importance attached to Aplysia by many neurobiologists during the second half of the 20th century. The sea slug became famous to biologists and beyond the scientific world, when the neurobiologist Eric Kandel chose it as the flagship model for his researches on memory at the neural and molecular scale, during half a century. The great success of his work, rarely equaled in his field of research, was rewarded by the Nobel Prize in 2000. Nevertheless, our narrative begins in the sixteenth century. We describe how Aplysia became an object of study for natural history, then a scientific animal for nascent biology. Finally, we focus on the transformation of Aplysia into a model organism for neurobiology. Then we retrace the course of the domestication of Aplysia, which reflects the domestication of nature by life sciences embedded in industrial modernity.In parallel with this historical account based on written sources, scientific books, autobiographies and numerous articles published in specialized journals, we also conducted a field survey using the participant observation method. To conduct this ethnography, we spent about six months in a neurobiology laboratory in Bordeaux, with scientists whose researches on Aplysia extend and renew those initiated by Kandel in the 1960s
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Geiger, Ohlin Erika. "UNCANNY TRACES : Furniture and objects made of what used to be someone’s skin." Thesis, Konstfack, Institutionen för design, inredningsarkitektur och visuell kommunikation (DIV), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-6944.
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Through non-human animals, humans have come to understand ways of living in this world and simultaneously animals have provided the resources for humans to claim this living. But through this progression and time humans have become detached from the origin of the resources. By this separation it becomes possible for humans to turn a blind eye to cruelty and the environmental impact that the claim to non-human animals convey. With the aim is to evoke reflection on the human ruling of the non-human animals, this project aims to design objects and furniture that are uncanny, familiar and ordinary but at the same time off-putting and maybe strange. By examining phycology and consumer culture theory, seek to find habits in the Swedish everyday life which are intimate and recognizable such as fredagsmys, a placeholder for consumption and hierarchies. Then through the analyse of critical animal studies, design objects and furniture that challenge these habits and positions of consumption and hierarchy.
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Freitas, Renata Duarte de Oliveira. "Animais n?o humanos: a constru??o da titularidade jur?dica como novos sujeitos de direito." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13966.
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Previous issue date: 2013-04-12This work has the main goal on the recognition of the inherent value of nonhuman animals, under the constitutional framework. It is presented the main philosophical formulations of the current pattern of behavior that rules the relationship between man and animals: first those that have excluded animals from moral consideration and then the thinkers which do have included, in some way, in order to elucidate the origin of the anthropocentric thought over the natural world. In this way, the analysis these thinkers that have included animals in moral consideration will contribute to a paradigm change from the anthropocentric view, initiating legal debates. It will be made a simplified analysis of different philosophical and legal points of view that have been demonstrating the posture in which the human beings have been dealing with the environment, with the replacement of the anthropocentric thinking for the biocentric view, in which life becomes the center of existence. Life is life, no matter whether it is human or not, has a value in itself, and must be protected and respected by the legal system. Then, it will be analized the constitutionalization of the nonhuman animal dignity in comparative law; the infraconstitutional legislation which concerning the intrinsic value of all life forms and, finally, the 1988 Constitution. It will be advocated for non-human animals the condition of subjects, presenting some cases that the Habeas Corpus was used in animal defense. In this new Brazilian Habeas Corpus theory of for apes the argument of genetic proximity was used in order to overcome the literal meaning of natural person to achieve hominids in order to assure the fundamental right of physical freedom. It is realized that the fact that the great apes being recognized as a person does not preclude the possibility of other living beings be recognized as subjects of law. In this way, animals can be considered non-human subjects of law, according to the theory of depersonalized entities and may enjoy a legal category that allows a respect for existential minimum, and can hold constitutional fundamental rights
O presente trabalho aborda o reconhecimento do valor inerente aos animais n?o humanos, sob o marco jur?dico-constitucional. Apresenta as principais formula??es filos?ficas do padr?o de comportamento atual que rege a rela??o do homem com os animais: as que excluem os animais da esfera de considera??o moral e, em seguida, os pensadores que incluem, de alguma forma, com a finalidade de esclarecer a origem do pensamento antropoc?ntrico lan?ado sobre o mundo natural. Dessa forma, a an?lise dos pensadores que inclu?ram os animais na esfera de considera??o moral contribuir? para a mudan?a paradigm?tica da vis?o antropoc?ntrica, iniciando os debates jur?dicos. Buscou-se uma an?lise simplificada das v?rias correntes filos?ficas e jur?dicas que demonstram a postura com que o ser humano vem lidando com o meio ambiente; com a substitui??o do pensamento antropoc?ntrico pela vis?o bioc?ntrica, na qual a vida passa a ser o centro da exist?ncia. Vida ? vida, n?o interessando se ? humana ou n?o, possui um valor em si mesma, e deve ser tutelada e respeitada pela ordem jur?dica. Em seguida, a constitucionaliza??o da dignidade do animal n?o humano no direito comparado; as normas infraconstitucionais que abordam a tem?tica do valor intr?nseco de todas as formas de vida e, por ?ltimo, a Constitui??o de 1988. Prop?em em favor dos n?o humanos a condi??o de sujeitos de direitos, apresentando alguns casos pr?ticos com a utiliza??o do rem?dio constitucional do Habeas Corpus na defesa animal. Nessa nova teoria brasileira do Habeas Corpus para os grandes primatas, o argumento da proximidade gen?tica, foi utilizado com o intuito de ultrapassar o sentido literal de pessoa natural, para alcan?ar os homin?deos, a fim de lhes assegurar o direito fundamental da liberdade corporal. Constata que o fato de os grandes primatas serem reconhecidos como pessoa n?o impede que outros seres vivos possam ser reconhecidos como sujeitos de direito. Sob esse ?ngulo, os animais podem ser considerados sujeitos de direito n?o humanos despersonificados, de acordo com a teoria dos entes despersonalizados, podendo usufruir de uma categoria jur?dica que possibilite um respeito m?nimo existencial, podendo ser titulares de direitos subjetivos fundamentais no ?mbito constitucional
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Mallavarapu, Suma. "Object permanence in orangutans, gorillas, and black-and-white ruffed lemurs." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29651.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Maple, Terry; Committee Member: Blanchard-Fields, Fredda; Committee Member: Hampton, Robert; Committee Member: Marr, Marcus; Committee Member: Stoinski, Tara. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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George, Maryan. "Adrenaline releases level on skin-to skin touches." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-19090.
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Human pleasant touches promote feelings of security, supportiveness, and wellbeing. Conversely, human unpleasant touches promote the body for either “fight or flight” or “short term acute stress” during emergencies, feeling of stress or danger. The promoted stress response is released from the hypothalamus by the sympathetic nerve system further to the spinal cord to reach the signals to the adrenal medulla, where stress hormones adrenaline is released. Adrenaline, which is characterized by a mimic sympathetic nerve system, interacts with α and β receptors on different organs. The aim for this study was to investigate whether the stroker (partner/stranger) touch effects on adrenaline hormone releases. The null hypothesis for this study entails a significant adrenaline reduction in partners’ touches compared with strangers’ touches. Indirect competitive ELISA method was used, and concentration data of a total of sixteen participants was obtained. Whitney-U test was carried out to compare group differences within stroker (stranger/partner) touches and adrenaline releasing level. In addition, correlation in adrenaline with noradrenaline and oxytocin hormones was obtained using Spearman’s correlation test. The significant p-value 0.05 was conducted. The result of this study showed no differences between stroker (partner/stranger) associated with adrenaline hormone release. Correlation between partner maximum (max) concentration data for both oxytocin and adrenaline had significant differences. However, max variables for adrenaline and noradrenaline within stroker did not show significant differences. The conclusion of this study is that the gentle touch stimulus used in this study was not enough to detect stress hormone in adrenaline.
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Piorkowski, Geraldine. "Étude des quasi-espèces du virus Ebola en réponse au traitement par favipiravir dans un modèle de primate non-humain par séquençage haut débit." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0216.
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La maladie à virus Ébola (EBOV) est un enjeu de santé publique majeur puisqu’aucune molécule antivirale ni candidat vaccin n’a reçu d’autorisation de commercialisation. L’ampleur des récentes a montré l’importance de trouver des traitements efficaces. La première partie de cette thèse porte sur le développement d’un modèle d’infection à EBOV chez des primates non-humains. Après l’administration de différentes doses d’EBOV, les paramètres vitaux ainsi que l’évolution du génome viral au cours de l’infection ont été étudiés. Les résultats montrent que l’évolution de la maladie, dans ce modèle, est plus proche de ce qui est observé chez l’homme que les modèles précédemment proposés (les signes cliniques, la détérioration des paramètres biologiques et la mort surviennent plus tardivement). La létalité est de 100%. La variabilité virale est assez faible et la dose d’infection a une influence limitée sur l’évolution de la maladie. La seconde partie porte sur l’utilisation dans ce modèle d’une molécule antivirale, le favipiravir (T-705), administrée à différentes doses (100, 150, 180mg/kg). Les paramètres cliniques, biologiques et la variabilité virale ont été suivis au cours de l’infection. L’administration de la plus forte dose de favipiravir (180 mg/kg) a été associée à la survie de 60% des singes.Les sous populations ayant une fréquence supérieure à 1% étaient significativement plus nombreuses dans le groupe traité que dans le groupe témoin et fournissent des indications sur le mécanisme d’action du favipiravir. Il s’agit d’un analogue du GTP inhibiteur de la polymérase virale qui engendre des mutations conduisant à un mécanisme inhibiteur de type « error catastrophe »Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a major public health issue due to the lack of antiviral treatment or candidate vaccine receiving market authorisation. The scope of the recent outbreaks (2014-2016 and 2018) has highlighted the urgent need to develop efficient treatments.The first scope of this thesis concerns the implementation of a non-human model (Mauritian Cynomolgus Macaques) of Ebola virus (EBOV-Gabon 2001 strain) infection. Following intramuscular administration of EBOV, vital parameters and viral genomic evolution (consensus mutations and viral quasi species) over the disease course were observed. Results demonstrated that evolution of EVD, in this model, is closer from human than previously described models (clinical, biological parameters deteriorate later, and death occurs later). Lethality is 100%. Viral variability is low and infectious dose has a limited impact on disease course.The second scope would highlight the antiviral efficacy of different favipiravir (T-705) doses (100, 150, 180mg/kg) administrated intravenously in this model. Clinical, biological parameters and viral variability were evaluated during disease course. The highest favipiravir dose administration (180 mg/kg) was associated with 60% of monkeys’ survival.Next generation sequencing of viral quasi species over disease course has given some insights into the Proposed mechanism of action of favipiravir. Viral quasi specie number was increased by five between treated monkeys and negative controls. Favipiravir is a GTP analogue inhibiting viral polymerase which induces C to T and G to A mutations leading to error catastrophe mechanism
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Rollo, Sandro Cavalcanti. "O habeas corpus para além da espécie humana." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7055.
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Previous issue date: 2016-03-07In the last ten years some writs of habeas corpus have been filed, in Brazil and in other countries, on behalf of great primates. It is a matter of constitutional order and one more instrument utilized for activists for the recognition of the Animal s Rights. This slope, even if generates many controversies, is coming neatly bigger in the past few years, as we can verify throughout the doctrinal and jurisprudential production. The sentience always have been the central element inside the debates evolving the rela-tionship between humans and other animals. Scientific progress that have finding the impressive genetic closeness among us and the great primates, boosted the requests of habeas corpus on behalf of the latter. The grant of the order and, consequently, the admission of rights to the animals generates countless questionings. If the humankind proceeds in the path of the emancipatory trajectory and after receiving all human be-ings in their moral community, could receive , what seems to be the last frontier, the animals, many questionings should be subject of analysis, that already derives from the own grant of the writ to the anthropoids. So, what animals, which rights, what cri-teria to concede them, what judicial instruments must be used to protect them, what is the consequence for humans of the acknowledgment of the Animals Rights and what criteria should be utilized in a conflict of interests between human animals and nonhu-man animals, are some of the largely complex questionings that will be subject of re-flection in the present work
Nos últimos 10 anos vem sendo impetrados, no Brasil e em outros países, habeas corpus em favor de grandes primatas. Trata-se a ação constitucional de mais um ins-trumento utilizado por ativistas para o reconhecimento dos Direitos Animais. Esta ver-tente, ainda que geradora de polêmicas, vem nitidamente crescendo ao longo dos últimos anos, como se verifica através da produção doutrinaria, legislativa e jurispru-dencial. A senciência sempre foi elemento central dentro dos debates envolvendo a relação humanos e demais animais. Os avanços científicos que constataram a im-pressionante proximidade genética entre os nós e os grandes primatas impulsionaram as demandas de habeas corpus em favor deles. A concessão da ordem e a conse-quente admissão de direitos aos animais geram inúmeros questionamentos. Caso a humanidade continue na sua trajetória emancipatória e, depois de acolher todos os seres humanos em sua comunidade moral, acolha, o que parece ser a última fronteira, os animais, várias questões deverão ser objeto de análise, que já derivam da própria concessão do writ aos antropoides. Assim, quais animais, quais direitos, qual critério para concedê-los, quais instrumentos jurídicos para protegê-los, qual a consequência para os humanos do reconhecimento dos Direitos Animais e qual critério a ser utilizado em conflito de interesses entre animais humanos e animais não humanos, são algu-mas das altamente complexas questões que serão objeto de reflexão no presente trabalho
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Higuti, Eliza. "Correção fenotípica do nanismo avaliada por diferentes parâmetros de crescimento após administração de DNA plasmidial em modelo animal de deficiência isolada do hormônio do crescimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-07032016-091035/.
Full textAbstract:
A deficiência de hormônio de crescimento (DGH) é a deficiência mais comum entre os hormônios pituitários. A terapia utilizada atualmente consiste de injeções diárias de hormônio de crescimento humano recombinante (r-hGH), entretanto esta terapia apresenta alguns inconvenientes, como a necessidade de frequentes injeções de r-hGH durante um longo período de vida, dependendo da severidade da deficiência, e o alto custo do hormônio, em razão dos dispendiosos processos de purificação. Uma alternativa ao tratamento padrão seria aquele no qual fossem evitados estes tipos de inconvenientes e o processo de liberação da proteína fosse sustentável, por um longo período e promovesse níveis normais e sustentáveis do fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina I (IGF-I), o principal mediador dos efeitos do GH. Uma alternativa é a terapia gênica in vivo, baseada na administração de DNA plasmidial em diversos órgãos/tecidos, seguida de eletroporação. É considerada uma metodologia bastante promissora e que tem sido alvo de vários estudos para diversos tipos de deficiências sistêmicas. Neste trabalho foram realizadas diversas administrações de um plasmídeo contendo o gene do hormônio de crescimento humano, nos músculos quadríceps exposto ou tibial anterior sem exposição, seguidas de eletroporação, em camundongos anões e imunodeficientes (lit/scid) com 40-80 dias de idade, na tentativa de obter uma correção fenotípica do nanismo, mediante a avaliação de parâmetros de crescimento. A administração deste plasmídeo no músculo tibial anterior, em camundongos com a idade inicial de 40 dias, foi capaz de proporcionar uma normalização dos níveis de mIGF-I, quando comparados aos dos camundongos não-deficientes de GH. Além disso, foram obtidos valores de catch-up dos parâmetros de crescimento longitudinal de 36-77%. Visando uma maior eficiência na expressão de GH, foram construídos plasmídeos parentais, e a partir destes, foram produzidos minicírculos de DNA com os promotores do CMV e Ubiquitina C e com os cDNAs de hGH e mGH. Estes minicírculos de DNA foram transfectados em células HEK 293 e foram até 2 vezes mais eficientes em relação aos plasmídeos convencionais com o promotor do CMV. Estes dados são bastantes promissores e abrem caminho para ensaios mais eficientes, utilizando este tipo de protocolo de terapia gênica para a DGH, visando uma normalização de todos os parâmetros de crescimento.The human growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is the most common deficiency related to pituitary hormones. The current therapy is based on daily injections of recombinant human growth hormone (r-hGH). This therapy, however, presents some disadvantages, as the need for frequent injections of r-hGH during a long life time, depending on the deficiency severity and the high cost of this hormone, due to the expensive purification processes. An alternative to the standard treatment should be to avoid these inconveniences via a sustainable hormone release, acting for a long time and providing normal and sustainable levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). A possible alternative is in vivo gene therapy, based on the administration of plasmid DNA in several organs/tissues, followed by electroporation. This methodology is considered very promising and has been the target of many different studies for several types of systemic deficiencies. In the present work several administrations of a plasmid containing the human growth hormone gene were carried out, in the exposed quadriceps or non-exposed tibialis cranialis muscle, followed by electroporation, using immunodeficient dwarf mice 40-80 days old. The goal was to obtain a phenotypic correction of dwarfism, through the evaluation of different growth parameters. The administration of this plasmid, in the tibialis cranialis muscle of 40 day old mice, was able to provide a normalization of mIGF-I levels, when compared to non GHD mice. Furthermore, catch-up increases of longitudinal growth parameters of 36-77% were obtained. Aiming a high efficiency on GH expression, parental plasmids were constructed and from these DNA minicircles were generated with CMV and Ubiquitin C promoter and hGH or mGH cDNA sequences. These DNA minicircles were transfected into HEK 293 cells and were even 2 times moren efficient than conventional plasmids with CMV promoter. This data are very promising and pave the way for more efficient assays utilizing this type of gene therapy protocol for GHD, aiming at a normalization of all growth parameters.
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Bourdenx, Mathieu. "Approche multifactorielle de la dégénérescence parkinsonienne." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0135/document.
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Mon projet de thèse a porté sur les mécanismes neurodégénératifs dans le contexte de la maladie de Parkinson (MP). Cette maladie est caractérisée notamment par la présence d’inclusions intracytoplasmiques appelées corps de Lewy, dont le composant protéique principal est l’α-synucléine. L’absence de traitements curatifs à ce jour renforce la nécessité de comprendre les processus neurodégénératifs. L’objectif de mon travail de thèse fut de proposer une approche multifactorielle, translationnelle, basée sur trois axes complémentaires: modélisation, thérapeutique et mécanistique. Premièrement, nous nous sommes intéressés à la modélisation de la MP par l’utilisation de vecteurs viraux. Cette première partie nous a permis de conclure que le vieillissement ne constitue pas un facteur de risque pour les trois espèces étudiées. Ensuite, nous avons étudié deux stratégies pour combattre la dysfonction lysosomale existant chez les patients, premièrement par une approche biotechnologique avec des nanoparticules permettant de restaurer le pH des lysosomes dysfonctionnels, et une stratégie de thérapie génique par surexpression d’un régulateur de la biogénèse lysosomale. Grâce à ce travail, nous avons démontré l’intérêt du lysosome comme cible thérapeutique. Enfin, nous nous sommes focalisés sur l’hypothèse « prion » pour les synucléinopathies. Dans ce projet, nous avons mis en œuvre une approche de modélisation chez le primate non-humain ainsi qu’une une approche thérapeutique anti-agrégative chez le rongeur. Ces travaux mettent en évidence le rôle clé de l’α-synucléine dans l’étiologie de la MP et proposent des pistes d’améliorations des modèles animaux actuels ainsi que des approches thérapeutiques innovantesThe aim of this work was to focus on neurodegenerative mechanisms in the context of synucleinopathies, especially on Parkinson’s disease (PD). PD is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the presence of intracytoplasmic proteinaceous inclusions named Lewy Bodies of which α-synuclein (α-syn) is the main protein component. To date, there are no curative treatments. Elucidating mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in PD will allow the identification of new molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. My Ph.D. work intends multifactorial and translational approaches based on modelling, therapeutic intervention and mechanistic studies. We first focused on the development of new animal models of PD based on the use of viral vector-mediated overexpression of α-syn. This word allowed us to conclude on the absence of additive effect of ageing in α-syn-related toxicity, at least in the three investigated species. Then, we worked on two therapeutic strategies to overcome the lysosomal dysfunction occurring in PD. To do so, we first developed a biotechnological approach based on the use of acidic nanoparticles restoring acidic pH of sick lysosomes, and then we used a gene therapy approach based on the overexpression on a central modulator lysosomal biogenesis. We here demonstrated the interest of restoration of lysosomal physiology. Finally, we tested the “prion-like” hypothesis in a cohort of nonhuman primates and assessed the efficacy of a therapeutic approach using an oligomer modulator in mice. This work highlights the central role of α-syn in PD etiology and offers innovative strategies for both modelling and therapeutic intervention
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Malet-Martino, Marie-Catherine. "La resonance magnetique nucleaire du fluor-19 appliquee a l'etude du metabolisme de medicaments fluores." Toulouse 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU30204.
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Application de la spectrometrie rmn du fluor-19 a l'etude de la pharmacocinetique des fluoropyrimidines antitumorales (fluorouracil et doxifluridine), d'un antifongique (flucytosine) chez l'homme et du fluosol 43 chez la souris
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Radomska, Marietta. "Uncontainable Life : A Biophilosophy of Bioart." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Genus, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-126670.
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Uncontainable Life: A Biophilosophy of Bioart investigates the ways in which thinking through the contemporary hybrid artistico-scientific practices of bioart is a biophilosophical practice, one that contributes to a more nuanced understanding of life than we encounter in mainstream academic discourse. When examined from a Deleuzian feminist perspective and in dialogue with contemporary bioscience, bioartistic projects reveal the inadequacy of asking about life’s essence. They expose the enmeshment between the living and non-living, organic and inorganic, and, ultimately, life and death. Instead of examining the defining criteria of life, bioartistic practices explore and enact life as processual, differential, and always already uncontainable, thus transcending preconceived material and conceptual boundaries. In this way, this doctoral thesis concentrates on the ontology of life as it emerges through the selected bioartworks: “semi-living” sculptures created by The Tissue Culture and Art Project and the performance May the Horse Live in Me (2011) by L’Art Orienté Objet. The hope is that such an ontology can enable future conceptualisations of an ethico-politics that avoids the anthropocentric logic dominant in the humanities and social sciences.Otyglat liv: Biokonst och biofilosofi undersöker hur biofilosofisk praktik och biokonst, alltså tänkande genom samtida hybrida konstnärliga-vetenskapliga praktiker, kan bidra till en mer nyanserad förståelse av liv än vad vi vanligtvis möter i akademiska diskurser. Med utgångspunkt i ett feministiskt deleuzianskt perspektiv, och i dialog med samtida biovetenskap, pekar biokonstnärliga projekt på det otillräckliga i att ställa frågor om livets innehåll. Projekten tydliggör istället hur det levande och det icke-levande, det organiska och oorganiska, precis som liv och död, är sammanflätade. Istället för att sätta upp fasta kriterier för liv undersöker och framställer biokonstnärliga praktiker liv som en differentiell process, i sig omöjlig att fastställa och därmed något otyglat, som överskrider uppsatta gränser mellan det materiella och föreställda. Följaktligen fokuserar föreliggande avhandling på livets ontologi så som den framträder i ett urval av biokonstnärliga arbeten: ”semi-levande” skulpturer skapade av The Tissue Culture and Art Project, samt performance-konstverket May the Horse Live in Me (2011) av L’Art Orienté Objet. Förhoppningen är att en sådan ontologi kan möjliggöra framtida begreppsliggöranden av en etisk politik som undviker den antropocentriska logik som dominerar humaniora och samhällsvetenskap idag.
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Hart, Wendy S. "The transfer of antibiotic resistance between commensal gut bacteria of human and animal origin /." 2006. http://arrow.unisa.edu.au:8081/1959.8/82892.
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The global threat from antibiotic resistant organisms and the effect on human and animal health is now well acknowledged. One measure to control the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistant organisms is to monitor bacterial populations and examine the epidemiology of antibiotic resistance genes in naturally occurring bacteria. This study examines antibiotic resistant bacteria of human and animal origin and compares resistance gene transfer in the intestinal tract of animal models to that which occurs in vitro.The study provides information about tetracycline resistance as it occurs in wild-type bacteria within the environment of the normal flora of an animal. The transfer of tetracycline resistance genes in vitro between E. coli isolates from different origins was found to be occurring at lower levels than that which occurred in vitro. The co-transfer of unselected spectinomycin, streptomycin and sulfadiazine resistance in animal models was also demonstrated.
The study has provided important information regarding the nature and epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in naturally occurring strains of E. coli and enterococci from Australia. This should form part of a larger study, which monitors commensal bacteria and collects data regarding antibiotic resistance in natural populations of bacteria. This evidence can then be used to reduce the levels of antibiotic resistance in the environment and reduce the risk to human and animal health.
Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2006.
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Tan, Jingzhi. "The Origin of Prosociality Toward Strangers." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/8017.
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Humans are champions of prosociality. Across different cultures and early in life, humans routinely engage in prosocial behaviors that benefit others. Perhaps most strikingly, humans are even prosocial toward strangers (i.e. xenophilic). This is an evolutionary puzzle because it cannot be explained by kinship theory, reciprocal altruism or reputation. The parochialism hypothesis proposes that this extreme prosociality is unique to humans, is motivated by unselfish motivation and evolved through group selection made possible by human culture and warfare. The first impression hypothesis, on the other hand, proposes that xenophilia can evolve to promote the selfish benefits that accrue from extending one's social network. It predicts that 1) nonhuman species can evolve prosociality toward strangers when the benefit of forming new relations is higher than the cost, 2) the motivation for prosociality can be selfish, and 3) encounters with strangers can be a positive social event since strangers represent potential social partners. This dissertation presents three sets of experiments designed to test these predictions with bonobos (Pan paniscus), a species known for reduced xenophobia. These experiments showed, first, that bonobos voluntarily shared monopolizable food with a stranger and helped the stranger to obtain out-of-reach food. Second, the observed prosociality was driven by a selfish motivation to initiate an interaction with the stranger in close proximity and an other-regarding motivation to benefit the stranger. Third, an involuntary yawning task and a voluntary choice task show converging results that bonobos attribute positive valence to completely unknown strangers by default. These experiments support the three core predictions of the first impression hypothesis and challenge the view that intergroup competition is crucial to the origin of prosociality toward strangers in our species. Instead, the first impression hypothesis proposes that xenophilia in bonobos is probably an adaptation to initiating non-kin cooperation. Because female bonobos are highly cooperative even though they are the dispersing sex, xenophilia might function to quickly establish cooperative relationships with new immigrants. This suggests that xenophilia and reciprocity are likely two complementary aspects of non-kin cooperation: the former explains its initiation while the latter explains its maintenance. Similarly, xenophilia in humans is likely a result of the increasing need for cooperation among non-kin due to enhanced fission-fusion dynamics, population expansion, obligate cooperative foraging and greater dependence on cultural knowledge.
Dissertation
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Freitas, Andreia Alexandra Ribeiro. "Development and Validation of Analytical Methodologies for the Determination of Antibiotics in Food of Animal Origin for Human Consumption." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/28808.
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Tese de doutoramento em Ciências Farmacêuticas, na especialidade de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, apresentada à Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de CoimbraO objetivo central desta tese é o de apresentar detalhadamente todo o processo de desenvolvimento e validação de quatro métodos, multi-classe e multi-deteção, para a triagem de antibióticos em leite, músculo de peixe e músculo e fígado de bovino. Recorrendo à ferramenta analítica mais actual, a cromatografia líquida de alta resolução acoplada a um detetor de massa sequencial (UHPLC-MS/MS), os métodos desenvolvidos foram validados de acordo com as especificações da Comissão Europeia, definidas na Decisão da Comissão 2002/657/EC, e destinam-se a ser aplicados na análise de amostras de rotina para o controlo oficial dos produtos alimentares descritos. No primeiro capítulo é apresentada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os desenvolvimentos analíticos, para a deteção de antibióticos em produtos alimentares de origem animal, por cromatografia liquida. Neste capítulo é salientada a utilização de cromatografia liquida acoplada a espectrometria de massa sequencial como sendo a principal técnica na área da pesquisa de resíduos veterinários em amostras biológicas complexas, devido ao facto de garantir que sejam cumpridos todos os critérios estabelecidos pela Comissão Europeia. São ainda descritos os métodos utilizados para a determinação dos grupos de antibióticos isoladamente, assim como são destacadas as vantagens da utilização de métodos multi-deteção e multi-classe na triagem de antibióticos em amostras de rotina. No entanto, não deixam de ser também referidos os problemas mais relevantes encontrados durante o desenvolvimento dessas metodologias. O segundo capítulo centra-se na descrição dos métodos desenvolvidos, por UHPLC-MS/MS, para leite, músculo de peixe e músculo e fígado de bovino. Entre os antimicrobianos determinados encontram-se sulfonamidas, trimetoprim, tetraciclinas, macrólidos, quinolonas, penicilinas e cloranfenicol. Para todas as matrizes é descrito o processo de otimização da preparação das amostras e deteção dos compostos de interesse, assim como o procedimento de validação de acordo com as diretivas da Comissão Europeia. Um dos principais objetivos da validação dos métodos analíticos é o de demonstrar que os mesmos são de uso apropriado em análises de rotina, o que no presente caso ficou claramente demonstrado. Deste modo, os métodos apresentados, para as matrizes selecionadas, poderão tornar-se ferramentas importantes de utilização na área da Segurança Alimentar com aplicação no plano de monitorização oficial. Finalmente, no terceiro e último capítulo, e tendo em conta os principais problemas encontrados durante a análise de amostras por cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massa, foram feitos estudos sobre o real impacto do efeito da matriz. Visto que nos métodos desenvolvidos são analisados, simultaneamente, diferentes grupos de compostos, com diferentes propriedades físico-químicas, a especificidade da preparação da amostra tem de ser minimizada. Em espectrometria de massa, esta situação pode levar a que interferentes provenientes da matriz provoquem efeitos de supressão iónica ou aumento do sinal detetado. Estes fenómenos foram estudados por forma a conhecer os reais impactos dos mesmos durante a análise de amostras de rotina. Foi possível concluir que, apesar dos métodos de multi-deteção e multi-classe terem a eficiência necessária para a sua aplicação em triagem, no que respeita à quantificação de compostos detetados, devem ser aplicadas metodologias mais específicas. No entanto, a capacidade de deteção observada para cada método desenvolvido por UHPLC-MS/MS, o baixo custo e curto período de tempo de resposta por amostra, bem como a especificidade para identificar inequivocamente o antimicrobiano presente, são características que comprovam que as metodologias desenvolvidas são ferramentas essenciais a aplicar em Segurança Alimentar.
The main purpose of this thesisis the presentation of the complete process of development and validation of four multi-class and multi-detection screening methods of antibiotics in milk, fish muscle, bovine muscle and bovine liver. Applying the currently analytical tool of choice, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), all methods were validated according the European Commission requirements stated in the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and can be applied in routine analysis of official samples of the target food products. In chapter one, a review on the last developments on the detection of antibiotics in food-producing animals by liquid-chromatography is presented. This chapter highlights the use of liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry detection as the preferred technique in the field of veterinary residues analysis in complex biological samples due to the possibility of fulfil the European Commission criteria. Methods for the individual families of antibiotics are described and emphasized the advantages of using multi-detection and multiclass screening methods in routine analysis. However, the most important problems found while developing those methods are also emphasized. The second chapter presented the developed UHPLC-MS/MS methods for determining sulphonamides, trimethoprim, tetracyclines, macrolides, quinolones, penicillins and chloramphenicol in milk, fish muscle, bovine muscle and bovine liver. For all matrices it is described the process of optimizing sample preparation and detection of target compounds followed by the validation procedure. One of the main goals, successful achieved, of validation is to provided evidence that the methods are suitable for application in routine analysis. With that being proved, the developed screening methods for antibiotics in the target matrices, became important tools in the Food Safety field. Thus the referred methods could be applied by Official Laboratories in the National Residue Monitoring Plan for veterinary medicines, pesticides and contaminants in food of animal origin. Finally, in the third and last chapter, regarding the principal drawback observed when using chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detection, studies of the real impact of matrix effect in the detection and quantification of the target compounds, were performed. The developed methods can detect, simultaneously, several compounds from different families representing a multitude of diverse physic-chemical properties and, considering that, the specificity of sample preparation had to be minimized. In mass spectrometry that situation can lead to ion suppression or enhancement of signal, owing to interferences coming from the matrices and present in the sample extract to be analysed by mass spectrometry. Such phenomenon was studied in order to understand the real impact in routine analysis. It was concluded that, although multi-detection and multi-class methods can be successfully used for screening purposes, when it comes to quantitation more selective methods should be applied. Despite that, the advantages achieved with the multi-detection UHPC-MS/MS methods turn them in important tools to be used in Food Safety. The capability of detection at residual concentrations, the cost-effectiveness, reduced time of analysis and the specificity to identify the presence of antibiotic in the sample are the features that guarantee the usefulness of the developed methods.
FCT - PTDC/AGR-ALI/122119/2010
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Almeida, Francisco José Correia Graça. "The structure of non-human animal cognitive neuroscience: an epistemological critique." Dissertação, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/120833.
Full textAbstract:
Qualquer prática científica depende de assunções teóricas. A neurociência, em particular, reveste-se de controvérsia, dado ter o cérebro como seu objeto de estudo, partindo de posições filosóficas que carecem de crítica. É, por isso, da maior importância desenvolver uma crítica da estrutura da investigação neurocientífica, de forma a tornar claros quais os seus pilares, que problemas implicam e como podem ser abordados e resolvidos. Neste artigo, reúnem-se as primeiras críticas à neurociência cognitiva com modelos animais. Ao aplicar uma divisão conceptual entre teoria cognitiva, comportamental e neurobiológica, apontam-se os principais problema na articulação das três, baseados em exemplos da prática científica, além de raciocínios teóricos puros. Conclui-se com propostas de desenvolvimento da teoria comportamental e inicia-se uma primeira crítica às assunções das teorias cognitivas e neurobiológicas.Every scientific practice rests on implicit unrevised theoretical assumptions. Neuroscience, in particular, focuses on a very controversial object of study- the brain- and is therefore prone to tacitly embrace philosophical positions in its everyday workings. It is thus of the utmost importance to develop a critique of the structure of neuroscientific investigation so as to understand what the uncovered pillars of the field are, what pitfalls they may implicate and how we can correct them. In this paper, I gather the first critiques in animal cognitive neuroscience and hope to establish the first step in a continuous process of revision. By applying a conceptual division of neuroscience into cognitive, behavioural and neurobiological theories, I point out the main problems in articulating the three, based on actual scientific practice rather than purely theoretical reasoning. I conclude by proposing developments on behavioural theory and set an initial critique on assumptions on both cognitive and neurobiological theories.
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Almeida, Francisco José Correia Graça. "The structure of non-human animal cognitive neuroscience: an epistemological critique." Master's thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/120833.
Full textAbstract:
Qualquer prática científica depende de assunções teóricas. A neurociência, em particular, reveste-se de controvérsia, dado ter o cérebro como seu objeto de estudo, partindo de posições filosóficas que carecem de crítica. É, por isso, da maior importância desenvolver uma crítica da estrutura da investigação neurocientífica, de forma a tornar claros quais os seus pilares, que problemas implicam e como podem ser abordados e resolvidos. Neste artigo, reúnem-se as primeiras críticas à neurociência cognitiva com modelos animais. Ao aplicar uma divisão conceptual entre teoria cognitiva, comportamental e neurobiológica, apontam-se os principais problema na articulação das três, baseados em exemplos da prática científica, além de raciocínios teóricos puros. Conclui-se com propostas de desenvolvimento da teoria comportamental e inicia-se uma primeira crítica às assunções das teorias cognitivas e neurobiológicas.Every scientific practice rests on implicit unrevised theoretical assumptions. Neuroscience, in particular, focuses on a very controversial object of study- the brain- and is therefore prone to tacitly embrace philosophical positions in its everyday workings. It is thus of the utmost importance to develop a critique of the structure of neuroscientific investigation so as to understand what the uncovered pillars of the field are, what pitfalls they may implicate and how we can correct them. In this paper, I gather the first critiques in animal cognitive neuroscience and hope to establish the first step in a continuous process of revision. By applying a conceptual division of neuroscience into cognitive, behavioural and neurobiological theories, I point out the main problems in articulating the three, based on actual scientific practice rather than purely theoretical reasoning. I conclude by proposing developments on behavioural theory and set an initial critique on assumptions on both cognitive and neurobiological theories.
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Field, Kate A. "Investigating non-anthropocentric approaches to human-animal interactions in science: towards improved welfare of animals used in wildlife research." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/10825.
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Drawing on anthropocentric, ecocentric and biocentric worldviews, I examine the use of research animals as a case to investigate human-animal interactions in science. Specifically, I investigate a case of potential tensions between eco- and biocentric worldviews by examining oversight mechanisms of animal care during research. Despite abundant focus on responsible care of laboratory animals, I argue that inattention to the treatment of wildlife constitutes an ethical shortcoming in contemporary animal research. I review significant shortcomings in legal and institutional oversight and argue for the relatively rapid and transformational potential of editorial oversight in preventing inhumane treatment to vertebrates studied in the field and outside the direct supervision of institutions. Straightforward changes to animal care policies in journals, which the analysis of 206 journals suggests are in many cases absent (34%), weak, incoherent, or neglected by researchers, could provide a practical, effective, and rapidly imposed safeguard against unnecessary suffering. The ARROW (Animal Research: Reporting on Wildlife) guidelines, an original contribution to the present work, coupled with strong enforcement, could result in significant changes to how animals involved in wildlife research are treated. The research process would also benefit. In many cases, reliability, validity, and replicability of data requires animal subjects to be physically, physiologically, and behaviorally unharmed. Accordingly, publication of methods that contravenes animal welfare principles risks perpetuating inhumane approaches and bad science. I conclude by assessing whether paradigms have shifted from anthropocentric to non-anthropocentric approaches to interacting with animals in research, and offer practical and conceptual suggestions for ensuring humane human-animal interactions.Graduate
2020-04-05
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Fulton, Sharon Ann. "Animal Speech and Political Utterance: Articulating the Controversies of Late Fourteenth-Century England in Non-Human Voices." Thesis, 2012. https://doi.org/10.7916/D89S23MT.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation analyzes the function of animal speakers in political poetry by William Langland, Geoffrey Chaucer, and John Gower, and it claims that late fourteenth-century poets describe the marginalized voices of emerging politicians by using animal expressions and noises. These writers invent a playful yet earnest poetics of acknowledgment in comparing politicians’ calls to animal cries. In unveiling novel interpretations of Langland’s mouse, Chaucer’s goose, and Gower’s jay, I argue that the speeches of animals contribute to significant argumentative strains within several late fourteenth-century poems, which remain obscure if the reader ignores the signal contribution of the animal. Finally, I study the use of animal speech in the Lancastrian poem, Richard the Redeless, to understand the ways in which the anti-Ricardian regime appropriated this malleable animal imagery to pursue its own political agenda.