Academic literature on the topic 'Human or non-human (animal) origin'
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Journal articles on the topic "Human or non-human (animal) origin"
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Sodagari, Hamid Reza, Penghao Wang, Ian Robertson, Ihab Habib, and Shafi Sahibzada. "Non-Typhoidal Salmonella at the Human-Food-of-Animal-Origin Interface in Australia." Animals 10, no. 7 (July 14, 2020): 1192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10071192.
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Non-typhoidal Salmonella is a major zoonotic pathogen that plays a significant role in foodborne human salmonellosis worldwide through the consumption of contaminated foods, particularly those of animal origin. Despite a considerable reduction in human salmonellosis outbreaks in developed countries, Australia is experiencing a continuous rise of such outbreaks in humans. This review of the literature highlights the reported non-typhoidal Salmonella outbreaks in humans as well as the occurrence of the pathogen in foods from animal sources throughout Australia. Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections from food animals are more often associated with at-risk people, such as immunocompromised and aged people or children. Although several animal-sourced foods were recognised as the catalysts for salmonellosis outbreaks in Australia, egg and egg-based products remained the most implicated foods in the reported outbreaks. This review further highlights the antimicrobial resistance trends of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates at the human–food interface, with a focus on clinically important antimicrobials in humans, by collating evidence from previous investigations in Australia. The rise in antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella, especially to antimicrobials commonly prescribed to treat human salmonellosis, has become a significant global public health concern. However, the overall prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Australia is considerably lower than in other parts of the world, particularly in terms of critically important antimicrobials for the treatment of human salmonellosis. The present review adds to our understanding of the global epidemiology of non-typhoidal Salmonella with emphasis on the past few decades in Australia.
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Pirš, Tina, Jana Avberšek, Irena Zdovc, Brane Krt, Alenka Andlovic, Tatjana Lejko-Zupanc, Maja Rupnik, and Matjaž Ocepek. "Antimicrobial susceptibility of animal and human isolates of Clostridium difficile by broth microdilution." Journal of Medical Microbiology 62, no. 9 (September 1, 2013): 1478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.058875-0.
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A total of 188 human (n = 92) and animal (n = 96) isolates of Clostridium difficile of different PCR ribotypes were screened for susceptibility to 30 antimicrobials using broth microdilution. When comparing the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, the isolates of animal origin were significantly more often resistant to oxacillin, gentamicin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (P<0.01). The most significant difference between the animal and human populations (P = 0.0006) was found in the level of imipenem resistance, with a prevalence of 53.3 % in isolates of human origin and 28.1 % in isolates of animal origin. Overall, the results show similar MICs for the majority of tested antimicrobials for isolates from human and animal sources, which were collected from the same geographical region and in the same time interval. This supports the hypothesis that C. difficile could be transmissible between human and animal hosts. Resistant isolates have been found in all animal species tested, including food and companion animals, and also among non-toxigenic isolates. The isolates of the most prevalent PCR ribotype 014/020 had low resistance rates for moxifloxacin, erythromycin, rifampicin and daptomycin, but a high resistance rate for imipenem. Multiresistant strains were found in animals and humans, belonging to PCR ribotypes 012, 017, 027, 045, 046, 078 and 150, and also to non-toxigenic strains of PCR ribotypes 010 and SLO 080.
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MOSER, I., P. LENTZSCH, B. RIEKSNEUWOEHNER, P. SCHWERK, and L. H. WIELER. "High resolution genotyping of Campylobacter jejuni strains by macrorestriction analysis with XhoI and polymerase chain reaction targeting enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences: can we predict the zoonotic potential of strains?" Epidemiology and Infection 129, no. 3 (December 2002): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268802007525.
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Campylobacter jejuni isolates of human, canine, feline, bovine and poultry origin were investigated for their genomic diversity using O-antigen typing (n = 271), SmaI (n = 158) and XhoI (n = 158) macrorestriction analysis and ERIC–PCR (n = 107). The O-antigens O[ratio ]1/44, O[ratio ]2, O[ratio ]4 complex, O[ratio ]37, O[ratio ]40 were identified and 53.7% of the human and 56.1% of the animal strains were typable with the available antisera. Two ERIC–PCR pattern groups were generated representing human and animal strains as well as those exclusively of animal origin. XhoI macrorestriction analysis also distinguished ‘human’ and ‘non-human’ strain clusters, but by SmaI restriction mainly serotype-associated clusters were found. In conclusion, genomic differences may occur between ‘human’ and ‘non-human’ strains and this may reflect their potential to overcome the barrier from animals to humans.
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Todorovic, Zorana. "Evolutionary continuity between humans and non-human animals: Emotion and emotional expression." Theoria, Beograd 64, no. 4 (2021): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo2104019t.
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This paper deals with the evolutionary origin and the adaptive function of emotion. I discuss the view that emotions have evolved as functional adaptations in both humans and non-human animals in order to cope with adaptive challenges and to promote fitness. I argue that there is evolutionary continuity between humans and animals in emotions and emotional expressions, and discuss behavioural argument for this thesis, specifically, Darwin?s and Ekman?s research on similarities in how humans and animals express their basic emotions. In addition to this argument, I provide neuroscientific evidence that supports the claim that basic emotions are evolutionary old and shared among humans and many other animals. Finally, I conclude that animal emotions can be considered the bases and roots of our emotions that connect us to other sentient beings.
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RÓŻEWICZ, Marcin, Elżbieta BOMBIK, Alina JANOCHA, Katarzyna ŁAGOWSKA, and Małgorzata BEDNARCZYK. "DIOXINS – THEIR INFLUENCE ON HUMAN HEALTH AND THE CONTAMINATION OF PRODUCTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN." Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis Agricultura, Alimentaria, Piscaria et Zootechnica 328, no. 39 (December 5, 2016): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/aapz2016.39.3.16.
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Markovic, R., M. Z. Baltic, S. Radulovic, D. Peric, D. Jovanovic, M. Starcevic, and D. Sefer. "From designing diets for animals to designing food of animal origin – overview." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 854, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/854/1/012056.
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Abstract In recent times, food is not only observed from the point of view of the required intake for growth, development and regeneration of the body, but also has a leading role in the quality of human life. Therefore, the diet focuses on optimizing the daily intake of both nutrients and non-nutritive ingredients of food, all in order to preserve health and, above all, reduce the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. Functional food can be considered food that has been scientifically proven to have a positive effect on certain body functions (in addition to the usual nutritional value) that contribute to human health and reduce the risk of disease. At the same time, it is important that the food has a standard form and that the positive effect on health is manifested by consuming the usual amount of food. The functionality of food is achieved by the presence in it of bioactive components (one or more) which have been scientifically proven to have positive effects on human health in the quantities in which they are present in food. The nutritional value of foods of animal origin depends on many factors, but certainly animal diet has the greatest impact. In human nutrition the so-called designed products of animal origin (meat, milk, eggs) are used, which are due to the specific animal diets enriched with n-3 fatty acids, vitamins, carotenoids or trace elements. Today, there are nutritional strategies by which we can access functional foods for the purpose of health promotion.
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Prankel, S. H. "A computer model of cadmium metabolism in the sheep with regard to the human food chain." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200001708.
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Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential toxic heavy metal which is added to soil in phosphorous fertilizers and sewage sludge. Cd enters the human food chain via animals fed on crops from these soils, food of vegetable origin and smoking. In chronic exposure situations Cd accumulates in the liver and kidney of animals and man. Intake resulting in a Cd concentration of over 200μg/g wet weight in the kidney cortex results in kidney damage in humans (Friberg et al., 1974). With the prohibition of disposal of sewage sludge at sea in 1998, it is likely that more Cd will be deposited on soils. Current limits for Cd in animal feed are intended to prevent food from animal origin from exceeding legal Cd limits. This work examines the behaviour of Cd in the ovine body and models organ Cd from given intakes to investigate whether current limits in feed are safe and result in animal products fit for human consumption.
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Pires, Juliana S., Carlos T. Ribeiro, Paulo Roberto de Carvalho Filho, Alcides Pissinatti, Walter Flausino, and Carlos Wilson G. Lopes. "Infection by Toxoplasma gondii in Neotropical non-human primates." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 32, no. 10 (October 2012): 1041–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2012001000017.
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Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1909) is an obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite of warm animals, including human and non-human primates. Domestic and wild felids are considered definitive hosts. Several authors have already identified lesions in New World primates caused by T. gondii. Nevertheless, little is known about serological studies on those animals. With this reason, New World non-human primates of the genera Cebus and Callithrix that were apprehended by governmental authorities and sent to the Wildlife Screening Center (Cetas)/IBAMA, at the municipality of Seropédica, state of Rio Janeiro, were bled and sera were submitted to the indirect hemagglutination test for detection of anti-T. gondii antibodies. From 21 sera of Cebus primates, 76.19% (16/21) had anti-T. gondii antibodies. Titles varied from 16 to 2048. In samples from 21 Callithrix, only 4.5% (1/22) had anti-T. gondii antibodies. Only one animal had a title of 32. During all the time those animals were clinical evaluated until sample was collected; none of them had any clinical sign or sequel related to infection by T. gondii. The fact that the origin of these primates is unknown and that there is no information about their feeding habits before captivity makes it difficult to determine the source of T. gondii infection.
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Badura-Lotter, Gisela, and Heiner Fangerau. "Human–Animal Chimeras: Not Only Cell Origin Matters." American Journal of Bioethics 14, no. 2 (February 2014): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2013.868957.
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Boisvenue, R. J. "Human parasitic diseases of animal origin, epidemiological features." Veterinary Parasitology 19, no. 1-2 (January 1986): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(86)90045-2.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Human or non-human (animal) origin"
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Ndione, Méry. "Dynamique et identification des sources de contamination fécale dans un espace littoral connaissant des pratiques de tourisme et de loisirs : l’exemple de la baie d’Aytré." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LAROS006.
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La qualité microbiologique des eaux de baignade diminue progressivement d’années en années, et peut être un problème majeur de santé publique. Ainsi, des surveillances sanitaires de la qualité microbiologique des eaux de baignade sont effectuées conformément à la directive européenne (2006/7/EC) pour assurer la sécurité sanitaire des baigneurs et préserver l’image de ces écosystèmes. Depuis de nombreuses années, la baie d’Aytré (Charente Maritime, France), a été classée en « qualité insuffisante » et cette plage est interdite à la baignade depuis 2018. Les enjeux sanitaires et le rôle prépondérant de cette plage sur le développement touristique et l’économie locale ont conduit à rechercher l’origine et le déterminisme spatiotemporel de cette contamination fécale. Cette thèse présente une approche intégrée de l’analyse de la contamination fécale de la baie d’Aytré par une étude pluridisciplinaire de différentes hypothèses analysées depuis le début des années 2000 par les collectivités locales. Le niveau de contamination fécale des eaux de baignade durant une année était relativement faible avec une variation saisonnière notable de l’abondance des indicateurs de contamination fécale Escherichia coli et entérocoques. Les dépassements des seuils réglementaires sur 24% et 32% des échantillons d’eau du Platin Nord et du Platin Sud, les deux sites de baignade de la baie d’Aytré étaient principalement dus aux entérocoques. La qualité microbiologique du sédiment au cours du temps a montré que le sédiment n’était pas une source diffuse de contamination dans l’eau. L’analyse combinée des marqueurs protéiques, génétiques et chimiques a révélé la présence d’une part d’espèces d’entérocoques d’origine environnementale et d’autre part une contamination d’origine animale principalement et une faible contribution de l’origine humaine. La stratégie d’analyse élaborée et les outils développés au cours de cette étude permettront d’améliorer les méthodes de surveillance sanitaire des eaux de baignadeThe microbiological quality of bathing water is progressively decreasing from year to year, and can constitute a major public health problem. Thus, sanitary monitoring of the microbiological quality of bathing waters is carried out in accordance with the European directive (2006/7/EC) to ensure the sanitary safety of bathers and preserve the image of these recreational ecosystems. For many years, the bay of Aytré (Charente Maritime, France), has been classified as "poor quality" and this beach is prohibited for bathing since 2018. The health issues and the preponderant role of this beach on the tourism development and the local economy led to investigate the origin and the spatiotemporal determinism of this fecal contamination. This thesis presents an integrated approach to the analysis of the fecal contamination of Aytré Bay through a multidisciplinary study of different hypotheses analysed since the beginning of the 2000s by the local authorities. The level of fecal contamination of the bathing water during a year was relatively low with a notable seasonal variation in the abundance of the fecal contamination indicators Escherichia coli and enterococci. Exceedances of the regulatory thresholds on 24% and 32% of the water samples from Platin Nord and Platin Sud, the two bathing sites in Aytré Bay, were mainly due to enterococci. The microbiological quality of the sediment over time showed that the sediment was not a diffuse source of contamination in the water. The combined analysis of protein, genetic and chemical markers revealed the presence of enterococci species of environmental origin on the one hand, and on the other hand, a contamination of mainly animal origin and a small contribution from human origin. The analytical strategy and tools developed during this study will help to improve the sanitary surveillance methods of bathing waters
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Dias, Vivian Catarina. "A sinfonia da natureza: Charles Darwin e as origens." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. http://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/2542.
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Since childhood Charles Darwin showed an interest for the natural world. In his youth he developed that passion into an object of study travelling around the world onboard of The Beagle. The contact with unique species like the ones found in Galapagos Islands, the fossils discovered in South America, the experiences he lived and a extensive reseach during more than twenty years after his return to England made him think about a common link between the species, that lead him to publish The origin of species in 1859 and The expression of emotions in man and animals in 1872, along with other works and articles on the most diverse subjects, such as Diary of a naturalist around the world. In The origin of species he stated that the species are mutable and linked by the proccess of communion of ascendancy , fruits from the same tree of life. Forging the recreation of human history and its relocation in the natural world, the essays in The expression of emotions in man and animals widened the statement about the evolution of species pointing that humans share emotions and feelings with other species of animals. The implosion of the concept of human initiated with the darwinian facts opened new horizons for sciences such as anthropology to rethink the trajectory of the living beings and the borderlines between culture and animality. Notwithstanding, go beyond frontiers and enrich the critic, scientific, ethic and poetic repertoire is a really dificult task. Despite the relevance of the Darwinian Works, the contact with them is through indirect ways: cartoons, films and fiction, whose contents rarely approach the issue in all its depth
Desde a infância, Charles Darwin demonstrou interesse pelo mundo natural. Na juventude, transformou essa paixão em objeto de estudo viajando ao redor do mundo no navio Beagle. O contato com espécies únicas como as encontradas nas Ilhas Galápagos; os fósseis achados na América do Sul; as experiências adquiridas, e uma extensa pesquisa realizada por mais de vinte anos após o retorno à Inglaterra, levaram-no a pensar na filiação comum das espécies, desdobrando no lançamento de A origem das espécies (1859) e A expressão das emoções no homem e nos animais (1872), além de outras obras e artigos sobre os mais variados assuntos, como o Diário de um naturalista à volta do mundo. Em A origem das espécies, enunciou que as espécies são mutáveis e vinculadas pelo processo da comunhão de descendência , frutos da mesma árvore da vida. Forjando a recriação da história humana e sua realocação no mundo natural, os estudos de A expressão das emoções no homem e nos animais ampliaram o enunciado sobre a evolução das espécies, indicando que humanos compartilham emoções e sentimentos com outras espécies animais. A implosão do conceito de humano iniciada com os fatos darwinianos abriu outros horizontes para as ciências, incluindo a antropologia, repensarem a trajetória dos seres vivos e as fronteiras entre cultura e animalidade. Contudo, transpor limiares e enriquecer o repertório crítico, científico, ético, poético, mostra-se tarefa deveras espinhosa. Apesar da relevância das obras darwinianas, o contato com elas dá-se por vias indiretas: charges, filmes, ficção, cujos conteúdos, raramente, as abordam em todo seu alcance
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Nuttall, Daniel B. "Sustaining human and non-human animal populations, from competition to coexistence : a model." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2002. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ65831.pdf.
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Gaschen, Frédéric Philippe. "The dystrophin-deficient cat: an original animal model for human dystrophinopathies /." Bern : [s.n.], 2000. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
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Griffey, Jack Alexander Fernall. "Human and non-human primate preferences for faces and facial attractiveness." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3677.
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For humans and non-human primates (NHPs) the face represents a particularly important source of social information providing a means of conspecific recognition and cues to personal details including sex, age, and emotional state. The human face may also be fundamental in the transmission to conspecifics of other forms of socially relevant information including the display of facial traits associated with sexual attraction and mate choice. A wealth of experimental literature indicates that humans display robust preferences for certain facial traits associated with facial attractiveness including preferences for bilateral facial symmetry, facial averageness and sexually dimorphic faces and facial features. It is thought that these preferences have evolved via sexual selection, and may be adaptive, due to the role that these specific facial features play in reliably signalling to others the possession of heritable genetic quality or ‘good genes’. Therefore, from an evolutionary perspective, it is possible that certain facial preferences may represent an evolutionary adaptation for the selection of potential mate quality. However, despite similarities between human and NHP face processing and recognition abilities, the shared evolutionary history and social importance of faces to primates in general, and the potential importance of these preferences in the mate choice decisions of NHPs, very little research has investigated the extent to which NHPs display comparable preferences to humans for these specific facial traits. Consequently, the aim of the following thesis was to comparatively assess the general and more specific preferences that humans and NHPs display for faces and for traits associated with facial attractiveness. Data was compiled from preference studies examining the visual preferences displayed by two species of NHP (brown capuchins (Cebus apella) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)) for conspecific faces manipulated for those facial traits associated with attractiveness, and from a single study of brown capuchins examining their general visual preferences for various types of facial information. Comparative preference studies were also conducted upon human adults and infants examining the visual and declared preferences that they display for manipulations of facial attractiveness. Data showed that despite possessing general preferences for certain faces and facial information, generally NHPs displayed no significant preferences for those facial traits thought to influences judgements of attractiveness in humans. Possible reasons for this absence of preference for these particular facial traits and the evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
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Rivière, Isabelle. "Construction et expression de vecteurs rétroviraux portant l'ADNc du gène de l'adénosine déaminase (ADA) humaine et l'ADNc du gène de l'IFN-beta murin pour le développement et l'amélioration de stratégies de thérapies géniques." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA112035.
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Des stratégies de thérapie génique sont en cours d'étude pour le traitement de maladies humaines. Ce type de thérapie s'adresse en premier lieu aux anomalies héréditaires récessives causées par la déficience en un gène unique dont le traitement nécessite l'addition du gène normal, mais pourrait être utilise également pour le traitement de cancers, de leucémies ou de maladies infectieuses. Le recours aux modèles animaux est indispensable pour : 1) juger directement de l'efficacité du transfert de gènes in vivo; 2) explorer les effets biologiques et potentiellement thérapeutiques de molécules exprimées à des niveaux physiologiques ou non physiologiques; 3) améliorer la méthodologie qui sera finalement appliquée à l'homme. Nos travaux s'inscrivent précisément dans le cadre du développement et de l'amélioration de modèles animaux murins. Étant donné les propriétés antivirales de l'interféron (IFN), nous développons une approche de thérapie génique basée sur l'expression constitutive de l'IFN dans les cellules hématopoïétiques et dirigée contre les maladies virales fatales à évolution lente et chronique comme le sida. D'autre part, nous nous intéressons à une maladie génétique héréditaire causée par la déficience en un gène unique codant pour l'adénosine déaminase (ADA); le dysfonctionnement de ce gène entraine une immunodéficience combinée sévère (SCID) chez l'homme. Aussi, la seconde partie de nos travaux concerne l'amélioration de la technologie relative à l'expression du gène codant pour l'ADA humaine dans les cellules hématopoïétiques in vivo, dans un modèle murin. L’approche commune à ces deux projets repose sur l'expression des ADNc (ADN complémentaires) des gènes codant pour l'IFN-beta murin et l'ADA humaine dans les cellules hématopoïétiques par l'intermédiaire de vecteurs rétroviraux.
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Sollereder, Bethany Noël. "Animal suffering in an unfallen world : a theodicy of non-human evolution." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/16210.
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The publication of The Origin of Species in 1859 raised a host of theological issues. Chief amongst them is the question of how a good, loving, and powerful God could create through an evolutionary process that involved so much suffering, pain, and violence. The traditional Christian answers for suffering in the natural world are not plausible in an evolutionary world. We cannot blame natural evil on human sin, since earth history shows that non-human suffering long preceded humans. Nor can we say that God allows suffering because it allows opportunity for moral choice, spiritual closeness with God, and the development of virtue, as none of these apply to the non-human realm. A new approach is needed to address the question of suffering and violence amongst non-human animals. In this dissertation, I address the question of evolutionary suffering with a multi-disciplinary approach of biblical studies, philosophical theology, and systematic theology to build a compound theodicy. After a survey of the various scholarly contributions in this area, I begin with biblical considerations of the God-world relationship. I set aside, based on exegetical examinations of Genesis 1-9, notions of “fallenness” in the natural world. I therefore argue that evolution was God’s intended process of creation, and that we should not attribute it to any kind of corruption. The rest of the dissertation engages in the development of a compound theodicy rooted in a philosophical and theological definition of love. How does a God who loves creatures respond to their suffering? I argue that God’s action in creation is characterised by kenotic restraint, the giving of freedom, co-suffering with creatures, and the work of redemption.
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Childers, Lindsey. "Extending Human Compassion by Implementing Legal Rights for Animals." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses/31.
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The purpose of this essay is to critically examine the current legal status of animals in the United States and offer possible alternatives to the current legal rights for animals. This essay examines the failures of the legal system in protecting animals that have abilities very similar to our own. With an examination of these types of animals, this essay will explain why some animals merit the status of legal personhood to protect them from being carelessly used by others. Ultimately, this essay is an attempt to open the field of legal protection for many animals starting with a few through legal personhood.
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Bouma, Rolf. "Of ravens and lilies the moral considerability of non-human creation /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1996. http://www.tren.com.
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DiCaprio, Erin L. "Internalization and Dissemination of Human Norovirus and Animal Caliciviruses in Fresh Produce and Non-thermal Processes to Inactivate Human Norovirus." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429531038.
Full textBooks on the topic "Human or non-human (animal) origin"
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Origins of human communication. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2008.
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Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. Animal agriculture and global human food supply. Ames, IA: Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, 1999.
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L' homme, cet étrange animal--: Aux origines du langage, de la culture et de la pensée. Auxerre: Éditions Sciences humaines, 2004.
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L' homme sauvage: Homo ferus et homo sylvestris de l'animal à l'homme. Paris: Harmattan, 2003.
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Livestock/deadstock: Working with farm animals from birth to slaughter. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2010.
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Radick, Gregory. The simian tongue: The long debate about animal language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
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École normale supérieure lettres et sciences humaines, ed. L'animal sauvage entre nuisance et patrimoine: France, XVIe-XXIe siècle. Lyon: ENS Éditions, 2009.
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Vaz, Reggie. Organochlorine contaminants in Swedish foods of animal origin and in human milk 1973-1992: Occurance, analysis, analytical quality assurance, levels, intakes and implications. Uppsala: Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, 1993.
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Animal Production and Health Division. and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Food Policy and Nutrition Division., eds. Meat and meat products in human nutrition in developing countries. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1992.
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Aux origines de la communication humaine. Paris: Harmattan, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Human or non-human (animal) origin"
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Rosenberg, Eugene, and Ilana Zilber-Rosenberg. "Origin of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes." In The Hologenome Concept: Human, Animal and Plant Microbiota, 9–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13904-3_2.
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Green, K. Y. "The role of human caliciviruses in epidemic gastroenteritis." In Viral Zoonoses and Food of Animal Origin, 153–65. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6534-8_15.
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Sahar, Amna, and Ubaid ur Rahman. "Contribution of Animal Origin Foods in the Human Diet." In Animal Sourced Foods for Developing Economies, 21–41. Boca Raton, FL : Taylor & Francis, 2019. | Series: World Food Preservation Center book series: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429398575-2.
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López-Farjeat, Luis Xavier. "The ‘Language’ of Non-Human Animals in al-Fārābī and Avicena." In The Origin and Nature of Language and Logic., 173–91. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.rpm-eb.5.119761.
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Clarke, I. N., and P. R. Lambden. "Viral zoonoses and food of animal origin: caliciviruses and human disease." In Viral Zoonoses and Food of Animal Origin, 141–52. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6534-8_14.
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Bode, L., and H. Ludwig. "Clinical similarities and close genetic relationship of human and animal Borna disease virus." In Viral Zoonoses and Food of Animal Origin, 167–82. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6534-8_16.
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Webster, R. G. "Influenza virus: transmission between species and relevance to emergence of the next human pandemic." In Viral Zoonoses and Food of Animal Origin, 105–13. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6534-8_11.
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Deng, R., A. M. Mirza, P. J. Mahon, and R. M. Iorio. "Functional chimeric HN glycoproteins derived from Newcastle disease virus and human parainfluenza virus-3." In Viral Zoonoses and Food of Animal Origin, 115–30. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6534-8_12.
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Baxby, D., and M. Bennett. "Cowpox: a re-evaluation of the risks of human cowpox based on new epidemiological information." In Viral Zoonoses and Food of Animal Origin, 1–12. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6534-8_1.
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Herzog, S., I. Pfeuffer, K. Haberzettl, H. Feldmann, K. Frese, K. Rechter, and J. A. Richt. "Molecular characterization of Borna disease virus from naturally infected animals and possible links to human disorders." In Viral Zoonoses and Food of Animal Origin, 183–90. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6534-8_17.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Human or non-human (animal) origin"
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Salvador, Cristina. "Interaction and Comfort for Children - Textiles and Composite Materials." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001545.
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The study presented in this paper, is part of a product design research about children's material surroundings and is based on the review of literature and case study. In an architectural scale approach, a ceramic tile project was developed and prototyped, aiming to provide wall covering solutions, which may stimulate the interaction of the child with his/her surroundings through customization and imagination, following also concerns on sustainability. Glazed earthenware tiles, being popular mineral origin materials, have been used for centuries in households. It seemed necessary to search for information on other natural origin material possibilities that may complete a modular system, namely specific textile materials of animal origin (wool based) and other vegetable source composite materials (cork based), from Portugal. It was possible to achieve a wider view of the advantages and disadvantages of each material, its implications on human interaction and on sustainability. It helped provide directions for a suitable choice of materials in this wall covering project, bearing in mind children's interaction and comfort, but also innovation and playfulness in their development.
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Kuroda, Koji, and Hiroyuki Hamada. "Proposal of Future-Applied Conventional Technology." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67390.
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Japan is geopolitically blessed with natural grace such as beautiful four seasons, abundant forest, fruitful earth and fresh water. And it seems that it has induced the deep trust between nature and human and has cultivated the Japanese unique culture which harmonizes nature with human sensibility. The origin of handmade technology in Japan dates back to the Jomon period more than 10,000 years ago. The Jomon potteries excavated were made by utilizing the technologies of kneading clay with water and sintering by fire, and some of them were discovered to have the lacquer coatings on their surfaces extracted from plants. The conventional technology would be created by our predecessors who had the sophisticated sensitivity and the excellent imagination cultivated with the careful observation of nature behavior. The technology was handed down to today through various historical changes in response to the diverse values of the individual era. It can be considered that the Japanese conventional technology is the nature friendly cultural asset co-created by nature and human through the long-term environmental changes more than 10000 years. Future-applied conventional technology is the most reliable technology study to develop the future and to hand over the advanced value to the next generation.In this study, we scrutinized the related theme studied by Future-Applied Conventional Technology Center in Kyoto Institute of Technology, in order to extract the engineering element inherent in the conventional technologies and classify into common elements and specific elements for each technology. From the view point of nature and human relation, engineering elements were extracted comprehensively about the main materials, the auxiliary materials, the human sensibility, the hand tools and the human skills. The main materials and the auxiliary materials were classified into “wood, fire, earth, metal, water” according to the old Eastern thought “the five elements theory” which constitute nature, and animal-derived materials in addition. The human sensibility elements were extracted about the material evaluation, the dynamic process observation and the finished degree evaluation and classified into five senses “visual, auditory, tactile, taste, smell”, and the other sense such as fitness feeling with clothes or accessories. The hand tools were listed such as brush, trowel, spatula, scissors and hammer with the features of usage. The human skills were extracted about each material manipulating process comprehensively and classified into common elements and specific elements, by considering the features respectively. With applying this study as a guideline for the innovation of the future technology harmonized with nature and human, it would be expected to promote variety of researches of the conventional technology and to develop the future technology for the modern cutting-edge field, by feeling the importance of the engineering elements and their relationship study inherent in the conventional technology.
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Dodgson, Neil A. "Abstract depiction of human and animal figures." In Expressive '18: Joint Symposium on Computational Aesthetics and Sketch Based Interfaces and Modeling and Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3229147.3229152.
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Starostina, Aglaia. "SOURCES OF PU SONGLING’S MINIATURE TALE MAKING ANIMALS." In 9th International Conference ISSUES OF FAR EASTERN LITERATURES. St. Petersburg State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288062049.05.
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The reconstruction of the author’s original strategy in the collection Liao Zhai zhi yi (聊齋誌異) implies the ascertaining of the extent to which the text reflects the ethnographic and folklore facts contemporary for Pu Songling. The article offers an attempt of the approach based on the examination of a miniature tale called Making Animals (Zao chu, 造畜). Researchers see its origins either in the Tang story Third Lady of Banqiao Bridge (9th century) or in current demonological beliefs. An analysis of the general structure of the miniature and its lexical features has been conducted. On its basis, as well as on the basis of the comparison of the text with earlier works about the transformation of human beings into animals, we conclude that the sources of the tale were ethnographic information obtained by the author in everyday life, and the story Third Lady… combined with several widespread folklore motifs.
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Fridman, Gregory, Halim Ayan, Alexander Fridman, Alexander Gutsol, Victor Vasilets, Gary Friedman, Alexey Shereshevsky, Manjula Balasubramanian, Marie Peddinghaus, and Ari Brooks. "Sterilization of Living Human and Animal Tissue by Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma." In 2007 IEEE Pulsed Power Plasma Science Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ppps.2007.4345979.
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Taylor, Stephen. "From Program Music to Sonification: Representation and the Evolution of Music and Language." In The 23rd International Conference on Auditory Display. Arlington, Virginia: The International Community for Auditory Display, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21785/icad2017.060.
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Research into the origins of music and language can shed new light on musical representation, including program music and more recent incarnations such as data sonification. Although sonification and program music have different aims — one scientific explication, the other artistic expression — similar techniques, relying on human and animal biology, cognition, and culture, underlie both. Examples include Western composers such as Beethoven and Berlioz, to more recent figures like Messiaen, Stockhausen and Tom Johnson, as well as music theory, semiotics, biology, and data sonifications by myself and others. The common thread connecting these diverse examples is the use of human musicality, in the bio- musicological sense, for representation. Links between musicality and representation — dimensions like high/low, long/short, near/far, etc., bridging the real and abstract — can prove useful for researchers, sound designers, and composers.
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K. Scherbakova, Valeria, and Alla A. Krasnoshtanova. "OBTAINING MICROPARTICLES OF CALCIUM CARBONATE LOADED WITH MICROBIAL LIPASE." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b1/v2/09.
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At present, lipases of animal and microbial origin are increasingly used in human practice, namely in cheese production, milk chocolate production, confectionery industry, dry egg powder, production of flour, leather industry (for degreasing wool, bristles, leather), silk production, washing agents, as well as biodiesel. However, the practical use of lipase is limited by its low stability, reduced storage activity, and inability to reuse. One way to overcome these disadvantages is to microencapsulate the enzyme into various carriers. One promising carrier is calcium carbonate, characterized by ease of production and low cost. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to select the conditions for including lipase in the calcium carbonate microparticles. As the subject of the investigation, lipase of bacteria p. Pseudomonas fluorescens with activity of 27 u/mg was used in the work. This paper compares two methods of including protein molecules in carbonate microparticles: adsorption in pores (previously prepared carrier microparticles are added to the protein solution) and microencapsulation (formation of microparticles occurs simultaneously with inclusion of protein molecules). For both ways the capacity of microparticles of a carbonate of calcium by a bacterial lipase was determined and it was established that the maximum capacity equal was 0.2 mg/mg was reached when using a method of adsorption in pores. The specific activity of lipase in this case is 5.21 units/mg. The dynamics of bacterial lipase release from carbonate microparticles has been investigated. It has been found that within 90 minutes the degree of lipase release from microparticles does not exceed 28%, and the decrease in its specific activity does not exceed 10%. This fact suggests a higher prolongation of the action of lipase included in calcium carbonate microparticles compared to native. The operational stability of the bacterial lipase included in the calcium carbonate microparticles was evaluated as compared to native lipase. It was found that the temperature optimum did not occur, it remained at 37 ° C, but the operating stability increased in the lower temperature area. The optimum pH shifted from the slightly alkaline (pH 8.0) towards the neutral (pH 7.0), wherein in the region of alkaline pH values the operational stability of the microencapsulated lipase significantly increases. Microencapsulation of bacterial lipase into carbonate microparticles has been shown to increase storage stability by a factor of twice that of native.
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Hughes, Shawn, Kathleen Kylie, Julia Romero, and Hoyun Lee. "Abstract 1841: Characterizing long non-coding RNAs located within a replication origin at the human DBF4 locus." In Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-1841.
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Wang, Chenli, and Hohyun Lee. "Economical and Non-Invasive Residential Human Presence Sensing via Temperature Measurement." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88211.
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Heating, ventilation and cooling (HVAC) is the largest source of residential energy consumption in United States, encompassing about 25% of total residential energy usage. A significant portion of energy is wasted by unnecessary operation, such as overheating/overcooling or operation without occupants. Wasteful behaviors will consume twice the amount of energy compared to energy conscious behaviors. Many market programmable thermostats exist to address this problem, however, difficulties in persistent programming of such products and lack of understanding of underlying physics prevent users from achieving tangible impact. Hence, fully autonomous energy control system is desirable to engage as many people into energy conscious behaviors as possible. Occupancy measurement is necessary components to enable fully autonomous control. Occupancy information can save energy by automatically turn off the HVAC system when the building is not occupied, or floats to a more energy-efficient setback temperature when the activity level is low. A number of existing sensor solutions available on the market include Passive Infrared (PIR), ultrasonic, Bluetooth/GPS, and CO2 sensors, but these are either too expensive, not user-friendly, or limited in detection scope. These sensors are also incapable of detecting whether or not the occupant is an animal or a human. The work in this paper proposes an economical, reliable, non-invasive package to both detect human presence in a residence of a wide variety of geometries at the time and predict future occupancy pattern, by utilizing temperature sensors. To accomplish this, thermal sensors will be attached to both ends of door handles to collect the temperature data. This data will allow us to create a schedule to identify human activity leaving and exiting the space. At the same time, we will be collecting the skin temperature to determine the human activity level for better identification of the thermal comfort zone for occupants. The prediction model for occupancy pattern will be developed from previous data by using machine learning algorithm. For verification, experimental setup was built to verify our model by comparing actual human presence data from a house with the measured and predicted occupancy pattern from the temperature sensors. Future steps include implementing a data fusion scheme into the model to combine information from multiple types of sensors.
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Mota, Cláudia C. B. O., Luana O. Fernandes, Luciana S. A. Melo, Daniela S. Feitosa, Renata Cimões, and Anderson S. L. Gomes. "Comparative analysis of gingival phenotype in animal and human experimental models using optical coherence tomography in a non-invasive approach." In SPIE Biophotonics South America, edited by Cristina Kurachi, Katarina Svanberg, Bruce J. Tromberg, and Vanderlei S. Bagnato. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2180856.
Full textReports on the topic "Human or non-human (animal) origin"
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McCarthy, Noel, Eileen Taylor, Martin Maiden, Alison Cody, Melissa Jansen van Rensburg, Margaret Varga, Sophie Hedges, et al. Enhanced molecular-based (MLST/whole genome) surveillance and source attribution of Campylobacter infections in the UK. Food Standards Agency, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ksj135.
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This human campylobacteriosis sentinel surveillance project was based at two sites in Oxfordshire and North East England chosen (i) to be representative of the English population on the Office for National Statistics urban-rural classification and (ii) to provide continuity with genetic surveillance started in Oxfordshire in October 2003. Between October 2015 and September 2018 epidemiological questionnaires and genome sequencing of isolates from human cases was accompanied by sampling and genome sequencing of isolates from possible food animal sources. The principal aim was to estimate the contributions of the main sources of human infection and to identify any changes over time. An extension to the project focussed on antimicrobial resistance in study isolates and older archived isolates. These older isolates were from earlier years at the Oxfordshire site and the earliest available coherent set of isolates from the national archive at Public Health England (1997/8). The aim of this additional work was to analyse the emergence of the antimicrobial resistance that is now present among human isolates and to describe and compare antimicrobial resistance in recent food animal isolates. Having identified the presence of bias in population genetic attribution, and that this was not addressed in the published literature, this study developed an approach to adjust for bias in population genetic attribution, and an alternative approach to attribution using sentinel types. Using these approaches the study estimated that approximately 70% of Campylobacter jejuni and just under 50% of C. coli infection in our sample was linked to the chicken source and that this was relatively stable over time. Ruminants were identified as the second most common source for C. jejuni and the most common for C. coli where there was also some evidence for pig as a source although less common than ruminant or chicken. These genomic attributions of themselves make no inference on routes of transmission. However, those infected with isolates genetically typical of chicken origin were substantially more likely to have eaten chicken than those infected with ruminant types. Consumption of lamb’s liver was very strongly associated with infection by a strain genetically typical of a ruminant source. These findings support consumption of these foods as being important in the transmission of these infections and highlight a potentially important role for lamb’s liver consumption as a source of Campylobacter infection. Antimicrobial resistance was predicted from genomic data using a pipeline validated by Public Health England and using BIGSdb software. In C. jejuni this showed a nine-fold increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones from 1997 to 2018. Tetracycline resistance was also common, with higher initial resistance (1997) and less substantial change over time. Resistance to aminoglycosides or macrolides remained low in human cases across all time periods. Among C. jejuni food animal isolates, fluoroquinolone resistance was common among isolates from chicken and substantially less common among ruminants, ducks or pigs. Tetracycline resistance was common across chicken, duck and pig but lower among ruminant origin isolates. In C. coli resistance to all four antimicrobial classes rose from low levels in 1997. The fluoroquinolone rise appears to have levelled off earlier and among animals, levels are high in duck as well as chicken isolates, although based on small sample sizes, macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance, was substantially higher than for C. jejuni among humans and highest among pig origin isolates. Tetracycline resistance is high in isolates from pigs and the very small sample from ducks. Antibiotic use following diagnosis was relatively high (43.4%) among respondents in the human surveillance study. Moreover, it varied substantially across sites and was highest among non-elderly adults compared to older adults or children suggesting opportunities for improved antimicrobial stewardship. The study also found evidence for stable lineages over time across human and source animal species as well as some tighter genomic clusters that may represent outbreaks. The genomic dataset will allow extensive further work beyond the specific goals of the study. This has been made accessible on the web, with access supported by data visualisation tools.
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Barakat, Dr Shima, Dr Samuel Short, Dr Bernhard Strauss, and Dr Pantea Lotfian. https://www.food.gov.uk/research/research-projects/alternative-proteins-for-human-consumption. Food Standards Agency, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.wdu243.
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The UK is seeing growing interest in alternative protein sources to traditional animal-based proteins such as beef, lamb, pork, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy. There is already an extensive market in alternative protein materials, however, technological advances combined with the pressure for more sustainable sources of protein has led to an acceleration of innovation and product development and the introduction of a large amount of new alternative protein ingredients and products to the market. These have the potential to dramatically impact on the UK food system. This report is a combination of desk research, based on thorough review of the academic and non-academic literature and of the alternative proteins start-up scene, and presents an analysis of the emerging market for alternative proteins, the potential implications and the potential policy responses that the FSA might need to consider. Four main categories of alternative proteins are presented and reviewed in this report: Plant-based meat substitutes Novel protein sources Proteins and biomass biosynthesised by microorganisms Cultured meat
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Splitter, Gary, and Menachem Banai. Attenuated Brucella melitensis Rough Rev1 Vaccine. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7585199.bard.
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The original objectives of the proposal were: 1. Compare mutants 444 and 710 to Rev1 (parent strain), and 16M (field strain) in murine and human macrophage lines for phenotypic differences. 2. Determine in vivo virulence and survival of the mutants 444 and 710 in guinea pigs and mice. 3. Determine humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by mutants 444 and 710 in guinea pigs and mice. 4. Determine in vivo protection of mice and guinea pigs provided by mutants 444 and 710 compared to Rev1. Background: While human and animal brucellosis are rare in the U.S., brucellosis caused by B. melitensis remains relatively constant in Israel. Despite a national campaign to control brucellosis in Israel, the misuse of Rev1 Elberg vaccine strain among pregnant animals has produced abortion storms raising concern of human infection due to vaccine excretion in the milk. Further, some commercial Rev1 vaccine lots can: a) produce persistent infection, b) infect humans, c) be horizontally transmitted, d) cause abortion, and e) induce a persistent anti-O-polysaccharide antibody response confounding the distinction between infected and vaccinated animals. In Israel, vaccination practices have not optimally protected the milk supply from Brucella and Rev 1 vaccine can exacerbate the problem. In addition, cattle vaccinated against B. abortus are not protected against B. melitensis supporting the need for an improved vaccine. A safe vaccine used in adult animals to produce herd resistance to infection and a vaccine that can be distinguished from virulent infection is needed. A rough Rev1 vaccine would be less virulent than the parental smooth strain and permit serologic distinction between vaccinated and infected animals. Advantages of the Rev1 vaccine foundation are: 1) Rev1 vaccination of sheep and goats against B. melintensisis approved; therefore, vaccines derived from the Rev1 foundation may be readily accepted by licensing agencies as well as commercial companies, and 2) considerable data exists on Rev1vaccination and Rev1 proteins. Therefore, a post-genomic vaccine against B. melitensis based on the Rev1 foundation would provide a great advantage. Major conclusions from our work are: 1) We have determined that mutant 710 is highly attenuated in macrophages compared to virulent field strain 16M and mutant 444. 2) We have confirmed that mutant 710 is highly attenuated in guinea pigs and mice. 3) We have determined immune responses induced by mutant 710 in animals. 4) We have determined in vivo protection of mice and guinea pigs provided by mutants 444 and 710 compared to Rev1, and importantly, mutant 710 provides a high level of protection against challenge with virulent B. melitensis 16M. Thus, our data support the goals of the grant and provide the foundation for a future vaccine useful against B. melitensis in Israel. Because of patent considerations, many of our findings with 444 and 710 have not yet been published. Scientific and Agricultural Implications: Our findings support the development of a vaccine against B. melitensis based on the mutant 710. Because strain 710 is a mutant of the Elberg Rev1 vaccine, commercialization is more likely than development of an entirely new, uncharacterized Brucella mutant or strain.
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Labrune, Elsa, Bruno Salle, and Jacqueline Lornage. An update on in vitro folliculogenesis: a new technique for post-cancer fertility. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0111.
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Review question / Objective: The present review intends to summarize the progress of in vitro folliculogenesis in humans. It focuses on the culture media and then, according to the culture stage, on the different culture systems developed with comments on the results obtained. Condition being studied: This review focuses on the progress of in vitro folliculogenesis in humans. Eligibility criteria: Inclusion criteria : all original English-language articles on in vitro folliculogenesis from ovarian tissue in humans; exclusion criteria: non-English papers, works on animals, in vitro maturation and in vivo maturation works carried out within the context of in vitro fertilization protocols, studies on in vitro folliculogenesis that checked slow freezing and/or vitrification of ovarian tissue, studies on frozen or vitrified tissues (these do not have the same objective), studies on short culture times, and studies that lacked major results.
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Shpigel, Nahum, Raul Barletta, Ilan Rosenshine, and Marcelo Chaffer. Identification and characterization of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis virulence genes expressed in vivo by negative selection. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7696510.bard.
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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of a severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in ruminants, known as Johne’s disease or paratuberculosis. Johne’s disease is considered to be one of the most serious diseases affecting dairy cattle both in Israel and worldwide. Heavy economic losses are incurred by dairy farmers due to the severe effect of subclinical infection on milk production, fertility, lower disease resistance and early culling. Its influence in the United States alone is staggering, causing an estimated loss of $1.5 billion to the agriculture industry every year. Isolation of MAP from intestinal tissue and blood of Crohn's patients has lead to concern that it plays a potential pathogenic role in promoting human IDB including Crohn’s disease. There is great concern following the identification of the organism in animal products and shedding of the organism to the environment by subclinically infected animals. Little is known about the molecular basis for MAP virulence. The goal of the original proposed research was to identify MAP genes that are required for the critical stage of initial infection and colonization of ruminants’ intestine by MAP. We proposed to develop and use signature tag mutagenesis (STM) screen to find MAP genes that are specifically required for survival in ruminants upon experimental infection. This research projected was approved as one-year feasibility study to prove the ability of the research team to establish the animal model for mutant screening and alternative in-vitro cell systems. In Israel, neonatal goat kids were repeatedly inoculated with either one of the following organisms; MAP K-10 strain and three transposon mutants of K-10 which were produced and screened by the US PI. Six months after the commencement of inoculation we have necropsied the goats and taken multiple tissue samples from the jejunum, ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes. Both PCR and histopathology analysis indicated on efficient MAP colonization of all the inoculated animals. We have established several systems in the Israeli PI’s laboratory; these include using IS900 PCR for the identification of MAP and using HSP65-based PCR for the differentiation between MAV and MAP. We used Southern blot analysis for the differentiation among transposon mutants of K-10. In addition the Israeli PI has set up a panel of in-vitro screening systems for MAP mutants. These include assays to test adhesion, phagocytosis and survival of MAP to/within macrophages, assays that determine the rate of MAPinduced apoptosis of macrophages and MAP-induced NO production by macrophages, and assays testing the interference with T cell ã Interferon production and T cell proliferation by MAP infected macrophages (macrophage studies were done in BoMac and RAW cell lines, mouse peritoneal macrophages and bovine peripheral blood monocytes derived macrophages, respectively). All partners involved in this project feel that we are currently on track with this novel, highly challenging and ambitious research project. We have managed to establish the above described research systems that will clearly enable us to achieve the original proposed scientific objectives. We have proven ourselves as excellent collaborative groups with very high levels of complementary expertise. The Israeli groups were very fortunate to work with the US group and in a very short time period to master numerous techniques in the field of Mycobacterium research. The Israeli group has proven its ability to run this complicated animal model. This research, if continued, may elucidate new and basic aspects related to the pathogenesis MAP. In addition the work may identify new targets for vaccine and drug development. Considering the possibility that MAP might be a cause of human Crohn’s disease, better understanding of virulence mechanisms of this organism might also be of public health interest as well.
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Morphett, Jane, Alexandra Whittaker, Amy Reichelt, and Mark Hutchinson. Perineuronal net structure as a non-cellular mechanism of affective state, a scoping review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.8.0075.
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Is the perineuronal net structure within emotional processing brain regions associated with changes in affective state? The objective of this scoping review is to bring together the literature on human and animal studies which have measured perineuronal net structure in brain regions associated with emotional processing (such as but not limited to amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex). Perineuronal nets are a specialised form of condensed extracellular matrix that enwrap and protect neurons (Suttkus et al., 2016), regulate synaptic plasticity (Celio and Blumcke, 1994) and ion homeostasis (Morawski et al., 2015). Perineuronal nets are dynamic structures that are influenced by external and internal environmental shifts – for example, increasing in intensity and number in response to stressors (Blanco and Conant, 2021) and pharmacological agents (Riga et al., 2017). This review’s objective is to generate a compilation of existing knowledge regarding the structural changes of perineuronal nets in experimental studies that manipulate affective state, including those that alter environmental stressors. The outcomes will inform future research directions by elucidating non-cellular central nervous system mechanisms that underpin positive and negative emotional states. These methods may also be targets for manipulation to manage conditions of depression or promote wellbeing. Population: human and animal Condition: affective state as determined through validated behavioural assessment methods or established biomarkers. This includes both positive and negative affective states. Context: PNN structure, measuringPNNs.
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Cahaner, Avigdor, Susan J. Lamont, E. Dan Heller, and Jossi Hillel. Molecular Genetic Dissection of Complex Immunocompetence Traits in Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586461.bard.
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Objectives: (1) Evaluate Immunocompetence-OTL-containing Chromosomal Regions (ICRs), marked by microsatellites or candidate genes, for magnitude of direct effect and for contribution to relationships among multiple immunocompetence, disease-resistance, and growth traits, in order to estimate epistatic and pleiotropic effects and to predict the potential breeding applications of such markers. (2) Evaluate the interaction of the ICRs with genetic backgrounds from multiple sources and of multiple levels of genetic variation, in order to predict the general applicability of molecular genetic markers across widely varied populations. Background: Diseases cause substantial economic losses to animal producers. Emerging pathogens, vaccine failures and intense management systems increase the impact of diseases on animal production. Moreover, zoonotic pathogens are a threat to human food safety when microbiological contamination of animal products occurs. Consumers are increasingly concerned about drug residues and antibiotic- resistant pathogens derived from animal products. The project used contemporary scientific technologies to investigate the genetics of chicken resistance to infectious disease. Genetic enhancement of the innate resistance of chicken populations provides a sustainable and ecologically sound approach to reduce microbial loads in agricultural populations. In turn, animals will be produced more efficiently with less need for drug treatment and will pose less of a potential food-safety hazard. Major achievements, conclusions and implications:. The PI and co-PIs had developed a refined research plan, aiming at the original but more focused objectives, that could be well-accomplished with the reduced awarded support. The successful conduct of that research over the past four years has yielded substantial new information about the genes and genetic markers that are associated with response to two important poultry pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and Escherichia coli (EC), about variation of immunocompetence genes in poultry, about relationships of traits of immune response and production, and about interaction of genes with environment and with other genes and genetic background. The current BARD work has generated a base of knowledge and expertise regarding the genetic variation underlying the traits of immunocompetence and disease resistance. In addition, unique genetic resource populations of chickens have been established in the course of the current project, and they are essential for continued projects. The US laboratory has made considerable progress in studies of the genetics of resistance to SE. Microsatellite-marked chromosomal regions and several specific genes were linked to SE vaccine response or bacterial burden and the important phenomenon of gene interaction was identified in this system. In total, these studies demonstrate the role of genetics in SE response, the utility of the existing resource population, and the expertise of the research group in conducting such experiments. The Israeli laboratories had showed that the lines developed by selection for high or low level of antibody (Ab) response to EC differ similarly in Ab response to several other viral and bacterial pathogens, indicating the existence of a genetic control of general capacity of Ab response in young broilers. It was also found that the 10w-Ab line has developed, possibly via compensatory "natural" selection, higher cellular immune response. At the DNA levels, markers supposedly linked to immune response were identified, as well as SNP in the MHC, a candidate gene responsible for genetic differences in immunocompetence of chickens.
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Ohad, Nir, and Robert Fischer. Regulation of plant development by polycomb group proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695858.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Our genetic and molecular studies have indicated that FIE a WD-repeat Polycomb group (PcG) protein takes part in multi-component protein complexes. We have shown that FIE PcG protein represses inappropriate programs of development during the reproductive and vegetative phases of the Arabidopsis life cycle. Moreover, we have shown that FIE represses the expression of key regulatory genes that promote flowering (AG and LFY), embryogenesis (LEC1), and shoot formation (KNAT1). These results suggest that the FIE PcG protein participates in the formation of distinct PcG complexes that repress inappropriate gene expression at different stages of plant development. PcG complexes modulate chromatin compactness by modifying histones and thereby regulate gene expression and imprinting. The main goals of our original project were to elucidate the biological functions of PcG proteins, and to understand the molecular mechanisms used by FIE PcG complexes to repress the expression of its gene targets. Our results show that the PcG complex acts within the central cell of the female gametophyte to maintain silencing of MEA paternal allele. Further more we uncovered a novel example of self-imprinting mechanism by the PgG complex. Based on results obtained in the cures of our research program we extended our proposed goals and elucidated the role of DME in regulating plant gene imprinting. We discovered that in addition to MEA,DME also imprints two other genes, FWA and FIS2. Activation of FWA and FIS2 coincides with a reduction in 5-methylcytosine in their respective promoters. Since endosperm is a terminally differentiated tissue, the methylation status in the FWA and FIS2 promoters does not need to be reestablished in the following generation. We proposed a “One-Way Control” model to highlight differences between plant and animal genomic imprinting. Thus we conclude that DEMETER is a master regulator of plant gene imprinting. Future studies of DME function will elucidate its role in processes and disease where DNA methylation has a key regulatory role both in plants and animals. Such information will provide valuable insight into developing novel strategies to control and improve agricultural traits and overcome particular human diseases.
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Kindt, Roeland, Ian K Dawson, Jens-Peter B Lillesø, Alice Muchugi, Fabio Pedercini, and James M Roshetko. The one hundred tree species prioritized for planting in the tropics and subtropics as indicated by database mining. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21001.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
A systematic approach to tree planting and management globally is hindered by the limited synthesis of information sources on tree uses and species priorities. To help address this, the authors ‘mined’ information from 23 online global and regional databases to assemble a list of the most frequent tree species deemed useful for planting according to database mentions, with a focus on tropical regions. Using a simple vote count approach for ranking species, we obtained a shortlist of 100 trees mentioned in at least 10 of our data sources (the ‘top-100’ species). A longer list of 830 trees that were mentioned at least five times was also compiled. Our ‘top-100’ list indicated that the family Fabaceae (syn. Leguminosae) was most common. The information associated with our mined data sources indicated that the ‘top-100’ list consisted of a complementary group of species of differing uses. These included the following: for wood (mostly for timber) and fuel production, human nutrition, animal fodder supply, and environmental service provision (varied services). Of these uses, wood was most frequently specified, with fuel and food use also highly important. Many of the ‘top-100’ species were assigned multiple uses. The majority of the ‘top-100’ species had weediness characteristics according to ‘attribute’ invasiveness databases that were also reviewed, thereby demonstrating potential environmental concerns associated with tree planting that need to be balanced against environmental and livelihood benefits. Less than half of the ‘top-100’ species were included in the OECD Scheme for the Certification of Forest Reproductive Material, thus supporting a view that lack of germplasm access is a common concern for trees. A comparison of the ‘top-100’ species with regionally-defined tree inventories indicated their diverse continental origins, as would be anticipated from a global analysis. However, compared to baseline expectations, some geographic regions were better represented than others. Our analysis assists in priority-setting for research and serves as a guide to practical tree planting initiatives. We stress that this ‘top-100’ list does not necessarily represent tree priorities for the future, but provides a starting point for also addressing representation gaps. Indeed, our primary concern going forward is with the latter.
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Arazi, Tzahi, Vivian Irish, and Asaph Aharoni. Micro RNA Targeted Transcription Factors for Fruit Quality Improvement. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7592651.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Fruits are unique to flowering plants and represent an important component of human and animal diets. Development and maturation of tomato fruit is a well-programmed process, and yet, only a limited number of factors involved in its regulation have been characterized. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression in animals and plants. Plant miRNAs have a vital role in the generation of plant forms through post-transcriptional regulation of the accumulation of developmental regulators, especially transcription factors. Recently, we and others have demonstrated that miRNAs and other type of small RNAs are expressed in tomato fruit, and target putative transcription factors during its development and maturation. The original objectives of the approved proposal were: 1. To identify fruit miRNA transcription factor target genes through a bioinformatic approach. 2. To identify fruit miRNA transcription factor target genes up-regulated in tomato Dicer-like 1 silenced fruit. 3. To establish the biological functions of selected transcription factors and examine their utility for improving fleshy fruit quality trait. This project was approved by BARD as a feasibility study to allow initial experiments to peruse objective 2 as described above in order to provide initial evidence that miRNAs do play a role in fruit development. The approach planned to achieve objective 2, namely to identify miRNA transcription factor targets was to clone and silence the expression of a tomato DCL1 homolog in different stages of fruit development and examine alterations to gene expression in such a fruit in order to identify pathways and target genes that are regulated by miRNA via DCL1. In parallel, we characterized two transcription factors that are regulated by miRNAs in the fruit. We report here on the cloning of tomato DCL1 homolog, characterization of its expression in fruit flesh and peel of wild type and ripening mutants and generation of transgenic plants that silence SlDCL1 specifically in the fruit. Our results suggest that the tomato homolog of DCL1, which is the major plant enzyme involved in miRNA biogenesis, is present in fruit flesh and peel and differentially expressed during various stages of fruit development. In addition, its expression is altered in ripening mutants. We also report on the cloning and expression analysis of Sl_SBP and Sl_ARF transcription factors, which serve as targets of miR157 and miR160, respectively. Our data suggest that Sl_SBP levels are highest during fruit ripening supporting a role for this gene in that process. On the other hand Sl_ARF is strongly expressed in green fruit up to breaker indicating a role for that gene at preripening stage which is consistent with preliminary in_situ analyses that suggest expression in ovules of immature green fruit. The results of this feasibility study together with our previous results that miRNAs are expressed in the fruit indeed provide initial evidence that these regulators and their targets play roles in fruit development and ripening. These genes are expected to provide novel means for genetic improvement of tomato fleshy fruit.