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Journal articles on the topic 'Human mirror system'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Orban, Guy A. "The mirror system in human and nonhuman primates." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 2 (April 2014): 215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13002446.

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AbstractThe description of the mirror neuron system provided by Cook et al. is incomplete for the macaque, and incorrect for humans. This is relevant to exaptation versus associative learning as the underlying mechanism generating mirror neurons, and to the sensorimotor learning as evidence for the authors' viewpoint. The proposed additional testing of the mirror system in rodents is unrealistic.

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2

Aziz-Zadeh, L. "Lateralization of the Human Mirror Neuron System." Journal of Neuroscience 26, no. 11 (March 15, 2006): 2964–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2921-05.2006.

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3

Catmur, Caroline, Vincent Walsh, and Cecilia Heyes. "Sensorimotor Learning Configures the Human Mirror System." Current Biology 17, no. 17 (September 2007): 1527–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.08.006.

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4

Oyama, K., K. Kanno, F. Ichikawa, R. Nimura, T. Matsumoto, R. Kojima, A. Shirane, et al. "Laparoscopic Training Using the Human “Mirror Neuron System”." Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology 24, no. 7 (November 2017): S129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2017.08.318.

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5

Binder, Ellen, Anna Dovern, Maike D. Hesse, Markus Ebke, Hans Karbe, Jochen Saliger, Gereon R. Fink, and Peter H. Weiss. "Lesion evidence for a human mirror neuron system." Cortex 90 (May 2017): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2017.02.008.

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6

Metta, Giorgio, Giulio Sandini, Lorenzo Natale, Laila Craighero, and Luciano Fadiga. "Understanding mirror neurons." Epigenetic robotics 7, no. 2 (June 29, 2006): 197–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.7.2.06met.

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This paper reports about our investigation on action understanding in the brain. We review recent results of the neurophysiology of the mirror system in the monkey. Based on these observations we propose a model of this brain system which is responsible for action recognition. The link between object affordances and action understanding is considered. To support our hypothesis we describe two experiments where some aspects of the model have been implemented. In the first experiment an action recognition system is trained by using data recorded from human movements. In the second experiment, the model is partially implemented on a humanoid robot which learns to mimic simple actions performed by a human subject on different objects. These experiments show that motor information can have a significant role in action interpretation and that a mirror-like representation can be developed autonomously as a result of the interaction between an individual and the environment.

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7

Enticott, Peter G. "Toward a functional account of the human mirror system." Physics of Life Reviews 12 (March 2015): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2015.01.018.

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8

Zheng, Dong, Dingkang Wang, YK Yoon, and Huikai Xie. "A Silicon Optical Bench-Based Forward-View Two-Axis Scanner for Microendoscopy Applications." Micromachines 11, no. 12 (November 28, 2020): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11121051.

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Optical microendoscopy enabled by a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) scanning mirror offers great potential for in vivo diagnosis of early cancer inside the human body. However, an additional beam folding mirror is needed for a MEMS mirror to perform forward-view scanning, which drastically increases the diameter of the resultant MEMS endoscopic probe. This paper presents a new monolithic two-axis forward-view optical scanner that is composed of an electrothermally driven MEMS mirror and a beam folding mirror both vertically standing and integrated on a silicon substrate. The mirror plates of the two mirrors are parallel to each other with a small distance of 0.6 mm. The laser beam can be incident first on the MEMS mirror and then on the beam folding mirror, both at 45°. The MEMS scanner has been successfully fabricated. The measured optical scan angles of the MEMS mirror were 10.3° for the x axis and 10.2° for the y axis operated under only 3 V. The measured tip-tilt resonant frequencies of the MEMS mirror were 1590 Hz and 1850 Hz, respectively. With this compact MEMS design, a forward-view scanning endoscopic probe with an outer diameter as small as 2.5 mm can be made, which will enable such imaging probes to enter the subsegmental bronchi of an adult patient.

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9

Arbib, Michael A. "From monkey-like action recognition to human language: An evolutionary framework for neurolinguistics." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28, no. 2 (April 2005): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x05000038.

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The article analyzes the neural and functional grounding of language skills as well as their emergence in hominid evolution, hypothesizing stages leading from abilities known to exist in monkeys and apes and presumed to exist in our hominid ancestors right through to modern spoken and signed languages. The starting point is the observation that both premotor area F5 in monkeys and Broca's area in humans contain a “mirror system” active for both execution and observation of manual actions, and that F5 and Broca's area are homologous brain regions. This grounded the mirror system hypothesis of Rizzolatti and Arbib (1998) which offers the mirror system for grasping as a key neural “missing link” between the abilities of our nonhuman ancestors of 20 million years ago and modern human language, with manual gestures rather than a system for vocal communication providing the initial seed for this evolutionary process. The present article, however, goes “beyond the mirror” to offer hypotheses on evolutionary changes within and outside the mirror systems which may have occurred to equip Homo sapiens with a language-ready brain. Crucial to the early stages of this progression is the mirror system for grasping and its extension to permit imitation. Imitation is seen as evolving via a so-called simple system such as that found in chimpanzees (which allows imitation of complex “object-oriented” sequences but only as the result of extensive practice) to a so-called complex system found in humans (which allows rapid imitation even of complex sequences, under appropriate conditions) which supports pantomime. This is hypothesized to have provided the substrate for the development of protosign, a combinatorially open repertoire of manual gestures, which then provides the scaffolding for the emergence of protospeech (which thus owes little to nonhuman vocalizations), with protosign and protospeech then developing in an expanding spiral. It is argued that these stages involve biological evolution of both brain and body. By contrast, it is argued that the progression from protosign and protospeech to languages with full-blown syntax and compositional semantics was a historical phenomenon in the development of Homo sapiens, involving few if any further biological changes.

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10

Roy, Alice C., and Michael A. Arbib. "The syntactic motor system." Gesture 5, no. 1-2 (2005): 7–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.5.1-2.03roy.

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The human brain has mechanisms that can support production and perception of language. We ground the evolution of these mechanisms in primate systems that support manual dexterity, especially the mirror system that integrates execution and observation of hand movements. We relate the motor theory of speech perception to the mirror system hypothesis for language and evolution; explore links between manual actions and speech; contrast “language” in apes with language in humans; show in what sense the “syntax” implemented in Broca’s area is a “motor syntax” far more general than the syntax of linguistics; and relate communicative goals to sentential form.

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11

Roy, Alice C., and Michael A. Arbib. "The syntactic motor system." Gestural Communication in Nonhuman and Human Primates 5, no. 1-2 (December 16, 2005): 7–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.5.1.03roy.

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The human brain has mechanisms that can support production and perception of language. We ground the evolution of these mechanisms in primate systems that support manual dexterity, especially the mirror system that integrates execution and observation of hand movements. We relate the motor theory of speech perception to the mirror system hypothesis for language and evolution; explore links between manual actions and speech; contrast “language” in apes with language in humans; show in what sense the “syntax” implemented in Broca’s area is a “motor syntax” far more general than the syntax of linguistics; and relate communicative goals to sentential form.

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12

Muthukumaraswamy, Suresh D., and Krish D. Singh. "Modulation of the human mirror neuron system during cognitive activity." Psychophysiology 45, no. 6 (November 2008): 896–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00711.x.

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13

Cheng, Ya-Wei, Ovid J. L. Tzeng, Jean Decety, Toshiaki Imada, and Jen-Chuen Hsieh. "Gender differences in the human mirror system: a magnetoencephalography study." NeuroReport 17, no. 11 (July 2006): 1115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wnr.0000223393.59328.21.

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14

McKyton, Ayelet. "Tactile interactions activate mirror system regions in the human brain." NeuroReport 22, no. 17 (December 2011): 897–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e32834c7f93.

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15

Cheng, Y., A. N. Meltzoff, and J. Decety. "Motivation Modulates the Activity of the Human Mirror-Neuron System." Cerebral Cortex 17, no. 8 (October 31, 2006): 1979–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl107.

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16

Oosterhof, Nikolaas N., Steven P. Tipper, and Paul E. Downing. "Crossmodal and action-specific: neuroimaging the human mirror neuron system." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17, no. 7 (July 2013): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.04.012.

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17

Maeda, Fumiko, John Mazziotta, and Marco Iacoboni. "Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies of the human mirror neuron system." International Congress Series 1232 (April 2002): 889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0531-5131(01)00729-4.

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18

Skipper, Jeremy I., Susan Goldin-Meadow, Howard C. Nusbaum, and Steven L. Small. "Speech-associated gestures, Broca’s area, and the human mirror system." Brain and Language 101, no. 3 (June 2007): 260–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2007.02.008.

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19

Emmorey, Karen. "The neurobiology of sign language and the mirror system hypothesis." Language and Cognition 5, no. 2-3 (September 2013): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/langcog-2013-0014.

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AbstractI suggest two puzzles for the Mirror System Hypothesis. First, there is little evidence that mirror neuron populations for words or for signs exist in Broca's area, and a mirror system is not critical for either speech or sign perception. Damage to Broca's area (or to the mirror system for human action) does not result in deficits in sign or speech perception. Second, the gesticulations of speakers are highly integrated with speech, but pantomimes and modern protosigns (conventional gestures) are not co-expressive with speech, and they do not co-occur with speech. Further, signers also produce global, imagistic gesticulations with their mouths and bodies simultaneously while signing with their hands. The expanding spiral of protosign and protospeech does not predict the integrated and co-expressive nature of modern gestures produced by signers and speakers.

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20

Dezecache, Guillaume, Laurence Conty, and Julie Grèzes. "Social affordances: Is the mirror neuron system involved?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36, no. 4 (July 25, 2013): 417–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x12001872.

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AbstractWe question the idea that the mirror neuron system is the substrate of social affordances perception, and we suggest that most of the activity seen in the parietal and premotor cortex of the human brain is independent of mirroring activity as characterized in macaques, but rather reflects a process of one's own action specification in response to social signals.

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21

Oberman, Lindsay M., Edward M. Hubbard, and Joseph P. McCleery. "Associative learning alone is insufficient for the evolution and maintenance of the human mirror neuron system." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 2 (April 2014): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13002422.

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AbstractCook et al. argue that mirror neurons originate from associative learning processes, without evolutionary influence from social-cognitive mechanisms. We disagree with this claim and present arguments based upon cross-species comparisons, EEG findings, and developmental neuroscience that the evolution of mirror neurons is most likely driven simultaneously and interactively by evolutionarily adaptive psychological mechanisms and lower-level biological mechanisms that support them.

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22

Ko, Kwang-Enu, and Kwee-Bo Sim. "A Study on Human-Robot Interface based on Imitative Learning using Computational Model of Mirror Neuron System." Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems 23, no. 6 (December 25, 2013): 565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5391/jkiis.2013.23.6.565.

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23

Chad Woodruff, Christopher, and Shannon Maaske. "Action execution engages human mirror neuron system more than action observation." NeuroReport 21, no. 6 (April 2010): 432–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e3283385910.

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24

Agnew, Zarinah K., Kishore K. Bhakoo, and Basant K. Puri. "The human mirror system: A motor resonance theory of mind-reading." Brain Research Reviews 54, no. 2 (June 2007): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.04.003.

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25

Hesse, M. D., and G. R. Fink. "End or means? – Attentional modulation of the human mirror neuron system." Clinical Neurophysiology 118, no. 4 (April 2007): e46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2006.11.114.

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26

Hobson, Hannah M., and Dorothy V. M. Bishop. "Mu suppression – A good measure of the human mirror neuron system?" Cortex 82 (September 2016): 290–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.03.019.

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27

Schmidt, Stephanie N. L., Christian A. Sojer, Joachim Hass, Peter Kirsch, and Daniela Mier. "fMRI adaptation reveals: The human mirror neuron system discriminates emotional valence." Cortex 128 (July 2020): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2020.03.026.

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28

Krabóth, Zoltán, and Bernadette Kálmán. "Neuroscience highlights : The mirror inside our brain." Ideggyógyászati szemle 74, no. 1-2 (2021): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18071/isz.74.0007.

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Over the second half of the 19th century, numerous theories arose concerning mechanisms involved in understanding of action, imitative learning, language development and theory of mind. These explorations gained new momentum with the discovery of the so called “mirror neurons”. Rizzolatti’s work inspired large groups of scientists seeking explanation in a new and hitherto unexplored area of how we perceive and understand the actions and intentions of others, how we learn through imitation to help our own survival, and what mechanisms have helped us to develop a unique human trait, language. Numerous studies have addressed these questions over the years, gathering information about mirror neurons themselves, their subtypes, the different brain areas involved in the mirror neuron system, their role in the above mentioned mechanisms, and the varying consequences of their dysfunction in human life. In this short review, we summarize the most important theories and discoveries that argue for the existence of the mirror neuron system, and its essential function in normal human life or some pathological conditions.

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29

Cartmill, Erica A., Sian Beilock, and Susan Goldin-Meadow. "A word in the hand: action, gesture and mental representation in humans and non-human primates." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1585 (January 12, 2012): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0162.

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The movements we make with our hands both reflect our mental processes and help to shape them. Our actions and gestures can affect our mental representations of actions and objects. In this paper, we explore the relationship between action, gesture and thought in both humans and non-human primates and discuss its role in the evolution of language. Human gesture (specifically representational gesture) may provide a unique link between action and mental representation. It is kinaesthetically close to action and is, at the same time, symbolic. Non-human primates use gesture frequently to communicate, and do so flexibly. However, their gestures mainly resemble incomplete actions and lack the representational elements that characterize much of human gesture. Differences in the mirror neuron system provide a potential explanation for non-human primates' lack of representational gestures; the monkey mirror system does not respond to representational gestures, while the human system does. In humans, gesture grounds mental representation in action, but there is no evidence for this link in other primates. We argue that gesture played an important role in the transition to symbolic thought and language in human evolution, following a cognitive leap that allowed gesture to incorporate representational elements.

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30

Iacoboni, Marco, and Gian Luigi Lenzi. "Mirror neurons, the insula, and empathy." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 1 (February 2002): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02420018.

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Neurophysiological studies in monkeys and neuroimaging studies in humans support a model of empathy according to which there exists a shared code between perception and production of emotion. The neural circuitry critical to this mechanism is composed of frontal and parietal areas matching the observation and execution of action, and interacting heavily with the superior temporal cortex. Further, this cortical system is linked to the limbic system by means of an anterior sector of the human insular lobe.

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31

Heyes, Cecilia. "Tinbergen on mirror neurons." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1644 (June 5, 2014): 20130180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0180.

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Fifty years ago, Niko Tinbergen defined the scope of behavioural biology with his four problems: causation, ontogeny, survival value and evolution. About 20 years ago, there was another highly significant development in behavioural biology—the discovery of mirror neurons (MNs). Here, I use Tinbergen's original four problems (rather than the list that appears in textbooks) to highlight the differences between two prominent accounts of MNs, the genetic and associative accounts; to suggest that the latter provides the defeasible ‘best explanation’ for current data on the causation and ontogeny of MNs; and to argue that functional analysis, of the kind that Tinbergen identified somewhat misleadingly with studies of ‘survival value’, should be a high priority for future research. In this kind of functional analysis, system-level theories would assign MNs a small, but potentially important, role in the achievement of action understanding—or another social cognitive function—by a production line of interacting component processes. These theories would be tested by experimental intervention in human and non-human animal samples with carefully documented and controlled developmental histories.

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32

Dreyer, Alexander M., and Jochem W. Rieger. "High-gamma mirror activity patterns in the human brain during reach-to-grasp movement observation, retention, and execution—An MEG study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 2, 2021): e0260304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260304.

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While the existence of a human mirror neuron system is evident, the involved brain areas and their exact functional roles remain under scientific debate. A number of functionally different mirror neuron types, neurons that selectively respond to specific grasp phases and types for example, have been reported with single cell recordings in monkeys. In humans, spatially limited, intracranially recorded electrophysiological signals in the high-gamma (HG) range have been used to investigate the human mirror system, as they are associated with spiking activity in single neurons. Our goal here is to complement previous intracranial HG studies by using magnetoencephalography to record HG activity simultaneously from the whole head. Participants performed a natural reach-to-grasp movement observation and delayed imitation task with different everyday objects and grasp types. This allowed us to characterize the spatial organization of cortical areas that show HG-activation modulation during movement observation (mirroring), retention (mnemonic mirroring), and execution (motor control). Our results show mirroring related HG modulation patterns over bilateral occipito-parietal as well as sensorimotor areas. In addition, we found mnemonic mirroring related HG modulation over contra-lateral fronto-temporal areas. These results provide a foundation for further human mirror system research as well as possible target areas for brain-computer interface and neurorehabilitation approaches.

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33

Zhang, Jun Fang, Jian Jun Zhou, and Hu Li Shi. "Maintenance for the Mirror Systems of LAMOST Telescope." Applied Mechanics and Materials 215-216 (November 2012): 526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.215-216.526.

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The Large sky Area Multi-Object fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) is a quasi-meridian reflecting Schmidt telescope laid down on the ground with its optical axis fixed in the meridian plane and the telescope will be the one that possesses the highest spectrum acquiring rate in the world. To secure its smooth operation, each component, especially the mirror system needs to be maintained in a good condition. Some equipment is needed and the operation must be considered at early stages. In this paper, a feasible approach is put forward in which the concept of human and machine cooperative work is used to assure the successful operation at lower cost. An electrical driven forklift with some special fixtures designed for this work is used for MB mirror system and a special designed crane is used for the assembly and disassembly of MA mirror system. Procedures and methodologies for the identification of assembly and disassembly sequence, special tool design, time and cost analysis, and human factors analysis of the assembly and disassembly sequence are presented.

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34

Copelli, Fran, Joseph Rovetti, Paolo Ammirante, and Frank A. Russo. "Human mirror neuron system responsivity to unimodal and multimodal presentations of action." Experimental Brain Research 240, no. 2 (November 24, 2021): 537–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-021-06266-7.

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35

Cheng, Yawei, Po-Lei Lee, Chia-Yen Yang, Ching-Po Lin, Daisy Hung, and Jean Decety. "Gender Differences in the Mu Rhythm of the Human Mirror-Neuron System." PLoS ONE 3, no. 5 (May 7, 2008): e2113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002113.

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36

Wohlschläger, Andreas, and Harold Bekkering. "Is human imitation based on a mirror-neurone system? Some behavioural evidence." Experimental Brain Research 143, no. 3 (January 31, 2002): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-001-0993-5.

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37

Overy, Katie, and Istvan Molnar-Szakacs. "Being Together in Time: Musical Experience and the Mirror Neuron System." Music Perception 26, no. 5 (June 1, 2009): 489–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2009.26.5.489.

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THE DISCOVERY OF INDIVIDUAL "MIRROR NEURONS" in the macaque brain that fire both when an action is executed and when that same action is observed or heard, and of a homologous system in humans, is leading to an extraordinary conceptual shift in our understanding of perception-action mechanisms, human communication, and empathy. In a recent model of emotional responses to music (Molnar-Szakacs & Overy, 2006), we proposed that music is perceived not only as an auditory signal, but also as intentional, hierarchically organized sequences of expressive motor acts behind the signal; and that the human mirror neuron system allows for corepresentation and sharing of a musical experience between agent and listener. Here, we expand upon this model of Shared Affective Motion Experience (SAME) and discuss its implications for music therapy and special education.We hypothesize that imitation, synchronization, and shared experience may be key elements of successful work in these areas.

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Fabiańska, Marta, Mateusz Bosiacki, and Donata Simińska. "The role of mirror neurons in cognitive and social functioning*." Pomeranian Journal of Life Sciences 66, no. 4 (February 1, 2020): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21164/pomjlifesci.726.

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Abstract Mirror neurons were accidentally discovered during research on the activity of nerve cells which was conducted by a team of Italian scientists in Parma. They observed that certain brain cells were activated when an animal performed a given activity but also when it observed a similar activity performed by someone else. The following discovery of mirror neurons in the human brain initiated a wave of experimental research which confirmed that mirror nerve cells are responsible for understanding the mental state of other humans. This process is much more complicated and important from an evolutionary point of view than it might initially seem. The activity of mirror neurons is noticeable in everyday life, during all interactions with other living beings. This is exhibited through mirroring – the reflection of emotional and epistemic mental states of others based on their behavior. We present the activities of mirror neurons and the theoretical framework of research. Finally, we discuss the results of neurological studies which have made it possible to locate and define in detail the role of the mirror neuron system in the human brain.

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39

Perry, Anat, Jennifer Stiso, Edward F. Chang, Jack J. Lin, Josef Parvizi, and Robert T. Knight. "Mirroring in the Human Brain: Deciphering the Spatial-Temporal Patterns of the Human Mirror Neuron System." Cerebral Cortex 28, no. 3 (January 31, 2017): 1039–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhx013.

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40

Catmur, Caroline, Vincent Walsh, and Cecilia Heyes. "Associative sequence learning: the role of experience in the development of imitation and the mirror system." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1528 (August 27, 2009): 2369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0048.

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A core requirement for imitation is a capacity to solve the correspondence problem ; to map observed onto executed actions, even when observation and execution yield sensory inputs in different modalities and coordinate frames. Until recently, it was assumed that the human capacity to solve the correspondence problem is innate. However, it is now becoming apparent that, as predicted by the associative sequence learning model, experience, and especially sensorimotor experience, plays a critical role in the development of imitation. We review evidence from studies of non-human animals, children and adults, focusing on research in cognitive neuroscience that uses training and naturally occurring variations in expertise to examine the role of experience in the formation of the mirror system. The relevance of this research depends on the widely held assumption that the mirror system plays a causal role in generating imitative behaviour. We also report original data supporting this assumption. These data show that theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation of the inferior frontal gyrus, a classical mirror system area, disrupts automatic imitation of finger movements. We discuss the implications of the evidence reviewed for the evolution, development and intentional control of imitation.

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41

Nagahara, Hajime, Yasushi Yagi, and Masahiko Yachida. "Super Wide Field of View Head Mounted Display Using Catadioptrical Optics." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 15, no. 5 (October 1, 2006): 588–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres.15.5.588.

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Many virtual reality, mixed reality, and telepresence applications use head mounted displays (HMD). HMD systems are portable and can display stereoscopic images. However, the field of view (FOV) of commercial HMD systems is too narrow for conveying the feeling of immersion. The horizontal FOV is typically around 60°, significantly narrower than that of the human eye. In this paper, we propose new display optics for a super wide FOV head mounted display. The proposed optics consists of an ellipsoidal and a hyperboloidal mirror that will display distortionless images by using the characteristics of the mirrors, even if the image has a large FOV. We constructed a prototype HMD system with a 180° horizontal × 60° vertical FOV that includes the peripheral vision of the human eye. The FOV has a 60° × 60° overlap area that can display stereoscopic images. We estimated the resolution, focus, and aberration of the prototype in an optical simulation and experimentally confirmed that the prototype displays distortionless wide FOV images.

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42

Cook, Richard, Geoffrey Bird, Caroline Catmur, Clare Press, and Cecilia Heyes. "Mirror neurons: From origin to function." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 2 (April 2014): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13000903.

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AbstractThis article argues that mirror neurons originate in sensorimotor associative learning and therefore a new approach is needed to investigate their functions. Mirror neurons were discovered about 20 years ago in the monkey brain, and there is now evidence that they are also present in the human brain. The intriguing feature of many mirror neurons is that they fire not only when the animal is performing an action, such as grasping an object using a power grip, but also when the animal passively observes a similar action performed by another agent. It is widely believed that mirror neurons are a genetic adaptation for action understanding; that they were designed by evolution to fulfill a specific socio-cognitive function. In contrast, we argue that mirror neurons are forged by domain-general processes of associative learning in the course of individual development, and, although they may have psychological functions, they do not necessarily have a specific evolutionary purpose or adaptive function. The evidence supporting this view shows that (1) mirror neurons do not consistently encode action “goals”; (2) the contingency- and context-sensitive nature of associative learning explains the full range of mirror neuron properties; (3) human infants receive enough sensorimotor experience to support associative learning of mirror neurons (“wealth of the stimulus”); and (4) mirror neurons can be changed in radical ways by sensorimotor training. The associative account implies that reliable information about the function of mirror neurons can be obtained only by research based on developmental history, system-level theory, and careful experimentation.

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Rogalsky, Corianne, Tracy Love, David Driscoll, Steven W. Anderson, and Gregory Hickok. "Are mirror neurons the basis of speech perception? Evidence from five cases with damage to the purported human mirror system." Neurocase 17, no. 2 (March 11, 2011): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2010.509318.

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Hirata, Masayuki, Yuichi Tamura, Tetsu Goto, Hisao Onishi, Hisato Sugata, Toshiki Yoshimine, and Shiro Yorifuji. "Spatiotemporal profiles of neuromagnetic oscillatory changes related to the human mirror neuron system." Neuroscience Research 71 (September 2011): e104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2011.07.444.

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Gazzola, V., G. Rizzolatti, B. Wicker, and C. Keysers. "The anthropomorphic brain: The mirror neuron system responds to human and robotic actions." NeuroImage 35, no. 4 (May 2007): 1674–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.02.003.

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Campbell, Megan E. J., and Ross Cunnington. "More than an imitation game: Top-down modulation of the human mirror system." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 75 (April 2017): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.035.

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Peng, Jimmy, and Frédéric Charron. "Lateralization of motor control in the human nervous system: genetics of mirror movements." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 23, no. 1 (February 2013): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2012.08.007.

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Oberman, Lindsay M., Jaime A. Pineda, and Vilayanur S. Ramachandran. "The human mirror neuron system: A link between action observation and social skills." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2, no. 1 (September 18, 2006): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsl022.

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Spunt, Robert P., Ajay B. Satpute, and Matthew D. Lieberman. "Identifying the What, Why, and How of an Observed Action: An fMRI Study of Mentalizing and Mechanizing during Action Observation." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 1 (January 2011): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21446.

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Humans commonly understand the unobservable mental states of others by observing their actions. Embodied simulation theories suggest that this ability may be based in areas of the fronto-parietal mirror neuron system, yet neuroimaging studies that explicitly investigate the human ability to draw mental state inferences point to the involvement of a “mentalizing” system consisting of regions that do not overlap with the mirror neuron system. For the present study, we developed a novel action identification paradigm that allowed us to explicitly investigate the neural bases of mentalizing observed actions. Across repeated viewings of a set of ecologically valid video clips of ordinary human actions, we manipulated the extent to which participants identified the unobservable mental states of the actor (mentalizing) or the observable mechanics of their behavior (mechanizing). Although areas of the mirror neuron system did show an enhanced response during action identification, its activity was not significantly modulated by the extent to which the observers identified mental states. Instead, several regions of the mentalizing system, including dorsal and ventral aspects of medial pFC, posterior cingulate cortex, and temporal poles, were associated with mentalizing actions, whereas a single region in left lateral occipito-temporal cortex was associated with mechanizing actions. These data suggest that embodied simulation is insufficient to account for the sophisticated mentalizing that human beings are capable of while observing another and that a different system along the cortical midline and in anterior temporal cortex is involved in mentalizing an observed action.

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Mulder, Jurriaan D. "Occlusion in Mirror-Based Co-Located Augmented Reality Systems." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 15, no. 1 (February 2006): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres.2006.15.1.93.

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This paper describes the incorporation of realistic occlusion effects into mirror-based, stereoscopic co-location augmented reality display systems. By adding a light-blocking device in the form of an LCD panel underneath the semitransparent mirror, the view of the physical world can be selectively blocked out such that virtual objects can fully occlude physical objects. Furthermore, by discarding pixels of the virtual objects rendered on the reflected display, physical objects seen through the semitransparent mirror and the transmissive LCD panel appear to occlude these virtual objects. The governing principles of the approach are described, and two algorithmic approaches (model based and vision based) for scene reconstruction and the generation of the occlusion masks are presented. Finally, a prototype implementation of the system is presented.

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