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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Human lower leg growth

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Academic literature on the topic 'Human lower leg growth'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Human lower leg growth"

1

Hermanussen, M., Karin Geiger-Benoit, and W. G. Sippell. "Catch-up growth following transfer from three times weekly im to daily sc administration of hGH in GH deficient patients, monitored by knemometry." Acta Endocrinologica 109, no. 2 (June 1985): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1090163.

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Abstract. A novel and non-invasive technique of growth measurement is introduced. By this method the length of the human lower leg is measured with an accuracy of 0.1 mm. Thus, growth velocities can be estimated within a few weeks. In the present study the immediate changes of growth velocity are demonstrated, following the transfer of growth hormone administration from three times weekly im to daily sc in 9 growth hormone deficient children, age 7.4 to 20.5 years. The first observation period (3 times weekly im administration) ranged from 32 to 72 days, the second observation period (daily sc administration) ranged from 160 to 267 days). During the study, the total weekly dosage of growth hormone remained unchanged (12 IU/m2/week). In all 9 patients growth velocity increased significantly after the transfer of application. Mean growth velocity of the lower leg rose from 0.04 mm/day up to 0.065 mm/day. Mean growth velocity of total body height rose form 4.8 cm/year up to 6.9 cm/year. In addition, differential lower leg growth rates of 3 to 4 week periods were established in all 9 patients, revealing a significant catch-up growth spurt immediately following the transfer of application. During this spurt mean lower leg growth velocity rose form 0.04 mm/day up to 0.091 mm/day. This marked increase of lower leg growth rates lasted for only a few weeks and was followed by a period of decreased growth velocity. On the long run, growth velocity shifted upward in a wave-like pattern, stabilizing on a significantly higher level than before the transfer of application.

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PARTSCH, C. J., M. HERMANUSSEN, and W. G. SIPPELL. "Treatment of Silver-Russell type dwarfism with human growth hormone: Effects on serum somatomedin-C levels and on longitudinal growth studied by knemometry." Acta Endocrinologica 113, no. 4_Suppl (December 1986): S139—S146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.112s139.

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Abstract. Two patients, aged 5 and 12 years, with Silver-Russell type dwarfism are presented. As shown by standard tests and examination of the spontaneous nocturnal hGH secretion, there was only mild regulative hGH deficiency. HGH treatment was started with daily subcutaneous injections at age 5.5 years (height 90.3 cm, −6.1 SDS, bone age 2.75 years) and 12.6 years (height 125.7 cm, −3.7 SDS, bone age 8.75 years), respectively. Treatment was monitored by serial somatomedin-C (SM-C) determinations and by knemometry (lower leg measurement). SM-C values increased in both patients by 10.5 and 4.8 fold, respectively, and remained above the prepubertal range (>2.5 U/ml) during the treatment periods of 1.5 years. Pretreatment knemometric growth rate was high (after a somatomedin generation test) in patient 1 (0.7 mm/week) and low in patient 2 (0.31 mm/week). It remained at the same level in patient 1 (0.67 mm/week) and increased markedly in patient 2 (0.46 mm/week). During a treatment interruption, in both patients, knemometric growth rates fell to 0.33 and 0.30 mm/week, respectively. After resumption of treatment, now with biosynthetic hGH, growth rates increased again in patients 1 and 2 to 0.64 and 0.48 mm/week, respectively. This lower leg growth pattern was parallelled by similar changes in total body growth velocity. Even after the relatively short treatment period of 14 to 16 months, a slight net gain in statural height could be observed, as standard deviation scores for bone age increased.

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Huang, Peigen, Ayman Allam, Alphonse Taghian, Jill Freeman, Michael Duffy, and Herman D. Suit. "Growth and metastatic behavior of five human glioblastomas compared with nine other histological types of human tumor xenografts in SCID mice." Journal of Neurosurgery 83, no. 2 (August 1995): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1995.83.2.0308.

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✓ The growth and metastatic behavior of five human glioblastoma multiforme xenografts and nine human xenografts of various histological types were compared in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. The results demonstrate that the metastatic behavior of the human glioblastoma multiforme xenografts did not differ significantly from a variety of other histological xenografts when evaluated at the same transplantation site in the SCID model. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the site of glioblastoma multiforme growth influences the extraneural metastatic spread of this disease and lead the authors to suggest that the clinical rarity of distant metastasis is not a fundamental property of these cells. A total of 340 male 7- to 8-week-old SCID mice received subcutaneous transplantation of tumor fragments (21–25 mice per tumor type). The tumor-bearing leg was amputated when the tumor reached a volume of 500 mm3; mice were observed for up to 5 months. There was a trend for a lower take rate, longer latent period, longer volume doubling time (VDT) and growth time (GT) in glioblastoma multiforme as opposed to carcinoma and soft tissue sarcoma xenografts. The highest local recurrence rates (78% and 68%) were observed in two glioblastomas multiforme. Both the glioblastoma multiforme and the other histological xenografts exhibited a widely varying metastatic rate: no correlation was demonstrated between VDT, GT, local control/recurrence, and distant metastasis. These findings show SCID mice to be an attractive model for further biological and preclinical studies of human glioblastoma multiforme.

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Fulford, A. J. C., S. E. Moore, S. E. Arifeen, L. Å. Persson, L. M. Neufeld, Y. Wagatsuma, and A. M. Prentice. "Disproportionate early fetal growth predicts postnatal thymic size in humans." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 4, no. 3 (March 7, 2013): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174413000044.

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Prenatal events can affect neonatal thymus size and adult immune function. The causal insults are unknown, although fetal nutrient restriction is suspected. We used ultrasound at three time points during pregnancy (14, 19 and 30 weeks) to measure the growth of six fetal dimensions in rural Bangladeshi women participating in the Maternal and Infant Nutrition Interventions, Matlab study. Postnatal ultrasound was used to calculate thymic index (TI) at birth, 2, 6 and 12 m. Of the 3267 women recruited, 2861 participated by providing data at least at one fetal biometry and one TI time point. Patterns of fetal growth were summarized using principal components calculated from fetal dimensionz-scores. Random effects regression, controlling for infant size and season of measurement were used to relate these patterns to TI. We found that smaller leg length relative to head circumference, characteristic of head-sparing growth restriction, was predictive of lower TI. This association was significant at all time points but strongest in earlier pregnancy. Each standard deviation increase in leg–head proportion was associated with an increase in TI of ∼5%. We conclude that growth patterns typical of poor fetal nutrition are associated with poor thymic development. The greater strength of this association in the first trimester is consistent with a period of vulnerability during the early ontogeny of the thymus and suggests that preventative intervention would need to be given in early pregnancy.

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Yoshikawa, Kozo, Mitsuo Shimada, Jun Higashijima, Toshihiro Nakao, Masaaki Nishi, Hideya Kashihara, and Chie Takasu. "Impact of blue 465nm LED on suppression of cancer growth." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2016): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.4_suppl.767.

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767 Background: Recent studies demonstrate the efficacy of irradiation from light emitting diodes (LED) for wound healing and anti-inflammation and anti-cancertherapies. In this study, the blue LED (465nm) suppressed the tumor growth in various cancers. Methods: < Experiment 1, Effect of blue LED on colon cancer > Human colon cancer cells (HT29 or HCT116) were seeded onto laboratory dishes that were put on LED irradiation equipment with a blue LED (465 nm). Irradiation at 15 or 30 mW was performed 10 min/day, each day for 5 days. Cell counting kit8 was then used to measure cell viability. Apoptosis and expression of several mRNAs (caspase, MAPK and autophagy pathway) in HT29 cultures irradiated with 465 nm LED were evaluated via AnnexinV/PI and RT-PCR, respectively. < Experiment 2, Effect of blue LED on pancreas cancer > Human colon cancer cells (SUIT2) were examined by same way and additionally cell cycle was checked. < Experiment 3, Effect of LED on CSCs > Cancer sphere were seeded onto laboratory dishes that were then put on LED irradiation equipment with a 465 nm-LED. Stemness gene and cell surface markers of CSCs expressions were analyzed by RT-PCR. Results: < Experiment 1 > Viability of HT29 and HCT116 cells was lower in blue LED irradiated cultures than in control cultures. Moreover, the expression of FAS, caspase3, capase8, and JUK were significantly higher in 465 nm-LED irradiated cultures than in control cultures, and expression of ERK1/2 and LC3 was lower in blue LED-irradiated cells. < Experiment 2 > Viability of SUIT2 cells was lower in blue LED irradiated cultures than in control cultures. And the CCND1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in blue LED group (p < 0.05). The cells of phase G2/M was decreased. < Experiment 3 > Cell viability of cancer sphere were significantly decreased by LED irradiation(p < 0.05). And, stemness gene and cell surface markers of CSCs expressions were significantly decreased by LED irradiation (p < 0.05) Conclusions: Blue LED irradiation inhibited tumor growth in various cancer cell lines.

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Kuhlenhoelter, Alisha M., Kyoungrae Kim, Dustin Neff, Yaohui Nie, A. Nicole Blaize, Brett J. Wong, Shihuan Kuang, et al. "Heat therapy promotes the expression of angiogenic regulators in human skeletal muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 311, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): R377—R391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00134.2016.

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Heat therapy has been shown to promote capillary growth in skeletal muscle and in the heart in several animal models, but the effects of this therapy on angiogenic signaling in humans are unknown. We evaluated the acute effect of lower body heating (LBH) and unilateral thigh heating (TH) on the expression of angiogenic regulators and heat shock proteins (HSPs) in healthy young individuals. Exposure to LBH ( n = 18) increased core temperature (Tc) from 36.9 ± 0.1 to 37.4 ± 0.1°C ( P < 0.01) and average leg skin temperature (Tleg) from 33.1 ± 0.1 to 39.6 ± 0.1°C ( P < 0.01), but did not alter the levels of circulating angiogenic cytokines and bone marrow-derived proangiogenic cells (CD34+CD133+). In skeletal muscle, the change in mRNA expression from baseline of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin 2 (ANGPT2), chemokines CCL2 and CX3CL1, platelet factor-4 (PF4), and several members of the HSP family was higher 30 min after the intervention in the individuals exposed to LBH ( n = 11) compared with the control group ( n = 12). LBH also reduced the expression of transcription factor FOXO1 ( P = 0.03). Exposure to TH ( n = 14) increased Tlegfrom 32.8 ± 0.2 to 40.3 ± 0.1°C ( P < 0.05) but Tcremained unaltered (36.8 ± 0.1°C at baseline and 36.9 ± 0.1°C at 90 min). This intervention upregulated the expression of VEGF, ANGPT1, ANGPT2, CCL2, and HSPs in skeletal muscle but did not affect the levels of CX3CL1, FOXO-1, and PF4. These findings suggest that both LBH and TH increase the expression of factors associated with capillary growth in human skeletal muscle.

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Davison, Raziel J., and Michael D. Gurven. "Human uniqueness? Life history diversity among small-scale societies and chimpanzees." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): e0239170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239170.

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Background Humans life histories have been described as “slow”, patterned by slow growth, delayed maturity, and long life span. While it is known that human life history diverged from that of a recent common chimpanzee-human ancestor some ~4–8 mya, it is unclear how selection pressures led to these distinct traits. To provide insight, we compare wild chimpanzees and human subsistence societies in order to identify the age-specific vital rates that best explain fitness variation, selection pressures and species divergence. Methods We employ Life Table Response Experiments to quantify vital rate contributions to population growth rate differences. Although widespread in ecology, these methods have not been applied to human populations or to inform differences between humans and chimpanzees. We also estimate correlations between vital rate elasticities and life history traits to investigate differences in selection pressures and test several predictions based on life history theory. Results Chimpanzees’ earlier maturity and higher adult mortality drive species differences in population growth, whereas infant mortality and fertility variation explain differences between human populations. Human fitness is decoupled from longevity by postreproductive survival, while chimpanzees forfeit higher potential lifetime fertility due to adult mortality attrition. Infant survival is often lower among humans, but lost fitness is recouped via short birth spacing and high peak fertility, thereby reducing selection on infant survival. Lastly, longevity and delayed maturity reduce selection on child survival, but among humans, recruitment selection is unexpectedly highest in longer-lived populations, which are also faster-growing due to high fertility. Conclusion Humans differ from chimpanzees more because of delayed maturity and lower adult mortality than from differences in juvenile mortality or fertility. In both species, high child mortality reflects bet-hedging costs of quality/quantity tradeoffs borne by offspring, with high and variable child mortality likely regulating human population growth over evolutionary history. Positive correlations between survival and fertility among human subsistence populations leads to selection pressures in human subsistence societies that differ from those in modern populations undergoing demographic transition.

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Churchley, Emmanuel G., Vernon G. Coffey, David J. Pedersen, Anthony Shield, Kate A. Carey, David Cameron-Smith, and John A. Hawley. "Influence of preexercise muscle glycogen content on transcriptional activity of metabolic and myogenic genes in well-trained humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 102, no. 4 (April 2007): 1604–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01260.2006.

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To determine whether preexercise muscle glycogen content influences the transcription of several early-response genes involved in the regulation of muscle growth, seven male strength-trained subjects performed one-legged cycling exercise to exhaustion to lower muscle glycogen levels (Low) in one leg compared with the leg with normal muscle glycogen (Norm) and then the following day completed a unilateral bout of resistance training (RT). Muscle biopsies from both legs were taken at rest, immediately after RT, and after 3 h of recovery. Resting glycogen content was higher in the control leg (Norm leg) than in the Low leg (435 ± 87 vs. 193 ± 29 mmol/kg dry wt; P < 0.01). RT decreased glycogen content in both legs ( P < 0.05), but postexercise values remained significantly higher in the Norm than the Low leg (312 ± 129 vs. 102 ± 34 mmol/kg dry wt; P < 0.01). GLUT4 (3-fold; P < 0.01) and glycogenin mRNA abundance (2.5-fold; not significant) were elevated at rest in the Norm leg, but such differences were abolished after exercise. Preexercise mRNA abundance of atrogenes was also higher in the Norm compared with the Low leg [atrogin: ∼14-fold, P < 0.01; RING (really interesting novel gene) finger: ∼3-fold, P < 0.05] but decreased for atrogin in Norm following RT ( P < 0.05). There were no differences in the mRNA abundance of myogenic regulatory factors and IGF-I in the Norm compared with the Low leg. Our results demonstrate that 1) low muscle glycogen content has variable effects on the basal transcription of select metabolic and myogenic genes at rest, and 2) any differences in basal transcription are completely abolished after a single bout of heavy resistance training. We conclude that commencing resistance exercise with low muscle glycogen does not enhance the activity of genes implicated in promoting hypertrophy.

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Liang, Xiaoniu, Xiantao Li, Ding Ding, Qianhua Zhao, Jianfeng Luo, Qihao Guo, and Zhen Hong. "Short Sitting Height and Low Relative Sitting Height Are Associated with Severe Cognitive Impairment among Older Women in an Urban Community in China." Neuroepidemiology 45, no. 4 (2015): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000439569.

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Background: Anthropometric indexes are powerful indicators of the environment and the plasticity of the human body. This study aimed at exploring the anthropometric indexes that are associated with late-life cognition impairment among the elderly Chinese in the Shanghai Aging Study. Methods: The height, weight, and sitting height of 3,741 participants were measured. Participants were diagnosed with ‘dementia', ‘mild cognitive impairment', or ‘cognitive normal' by neurologists using DSM-IV and Petersen criteria. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between height, sitting height, leg length or relative sitting height and cognitive function. Results: Participants with dementia had the shortest body height (mean 157.2 cm, SD 9.1), the shortest sitting height (mean 81.8 cm, SD 5.6), and the lowest relative sitting height (mean 52.0 cm, SD 1.9). After adjustment for age, gender, education, lifestyles, medical history, apolipoprotein genotype and weight, shorter sitting height (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.16 per cm), longer leg length (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.88-0.99 per cm), and lower relative sitting height (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.04-1.31 per 1%) were found to be significantly associated with dementia in older women. Conclusions: The potential risks for late-life severe cognitive impairment may be related to health problems in childhood and slow growth during puberty in women.

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Holz, C., J. Benning, M. Schaudt, A. Heilmann, J. Schultchen, D. Goelling, and C. Lang. "Novel bioactive from Lactobacillus brevis DSM17250 to stimulate the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis: a pilot study." Beneficial Microbes 8, no. 1 (February 7, 2017): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2016.0073.

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Commensal skin microbiota plays an important role in both influencing the immune response of the skin and acting as a barrier against colonisation of potentially pathogenic microorganisms and overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens. Staphylococcus epidermidis is a key constituent of the normal microbiota on human skin. It balances the inflammatory response after skin injury and produces antimicrobial molecules that selectively inhibit skin pathogens. Here we describe Lactobacillus brevis DSM17250 that was identified among hundreds of Lactobacillus strains to exhibit an anti-inflammatory effect in human keratinocytes in vitro and specific stimulatory impact on the growth of S. epidermidis. The aqueous cell-free extract of L. brevis DSM17250 was used in an ointment formulation and tested in a randomized placebo-controlled double blinded human pilot study. Healthy volunteers with diagnosed dry skin were treated for four weeks. The study data shows that L. brevis DSM17250 extract induces re-colonisation of the skin by protective commensal microorganisms as judged from selective bacterial cultivation of surface-associated skin microorganism of the lower leg. Furthermore, the 4 week administration of the L. brevis DSM17250 extract significantly improved the transepidermal water loss value (TEWL), reduced the xerosis cutis symptoms and stinging. The data shows that daily application of L. brevis DSM17250 extract in a topical product significantly improves the microbial skin microbiota by promoting the growth of species which possess beneficial regulatory and protective properties such as S. epidermidis. Restoring the natural skin microbiota leads to significantly improved skin barrier function (as transepidermal water loss) and decrease of xeroderma (xerosis cutis) symptoms (as measured by dry skin area and severity index, DASI). We propose that improving and stabilizing the natural skin microbiota by specifically stimulating the growth of S. epidermidis is an important and novel concept to manage skin diseases associated with microbiota dysbiosis.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Human lower leg growth"

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Wales, Jeremy Kenneth Harvard. "The assessment and application of knemometry." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253260.

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Johnson, Dace. "Lower limb rotational profiles of young premature born children /." [St. Lucia, Qld. : s.n.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16641.pdf.

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Chow, Jia Yi, and n/a. "Coordination and its acquisition in a lower limb multi-articular interceptive task." University of Otago. School of Physical Education, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20071008.130732.

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The complexity in human movement has provided a theoretical challenge for movement scientists to comprehend the underlying processes controlling joint movements in a functional and goal-directed manner. Although there has been an increase in research on examining coordination in multi-articular actions, it is still in its infancy. The aim of this thesis was to examine the acquisition of coordination of a discrete multi-articular movement action from the theoretical perspective of Dynamical Systems Theory. Specifically, four different studies examined key research questions raised about understanding the coordination and control of a lower limb multi-articular interceptive action. The thesis concludes with a brief discussion on the key findings and the implications for practitioners in physical education pedagogy relating to a games teaching approach. A discrete multi-articular kicking action with specific task constraints (kicking over a height barrier and to different target positions) was utilised as a research vehicle to examine differences in coordination between three groups of participants: skilled, intermediates and novices. From group analysis, it was determined that skilled and intermediate groups demonstrated a functional coordination mode involving a restricted range of motion at the proximal joints and a larger range of motion at distal joints, mimicking a 'chip-like action' in soccer. In contrast, large range of joint motions throughout the kicking limb were seen for the novice participants who demonstrated a 'driving-like action'. Analysis of ball trajectory data confirmed that novice participants were not able to successfully project the ball over the height barrier. Findings from this study suggested that the observed range of motion is dependent on skill level and task constraints. Functional foot speed at ball contact to various target positions demonstrated by skilled and intermediate players further highlighted the possibility of using a model of learning focusing on coordination to examine progression through the different stages of learning. A multiple single-participant design was further used to investigate coordination of skilled players to determine if refined differences could be present at the skilled level of performance. Although global similarities in terms of the use of a chipping action in projecting the ball was found, differences in foot position for the non-kicking foot and centre of mass displacement near ball contact emphasised that even skilled individuals can demonstrate different coordination solutions to meet the same task goal. Such an observation highlights the concept of degeneracy in the control and coordination of human movement and also provides the impetus to further examine coordination changes in novice learners as a function of practice using multiple single-participant analysis. From the study, individual learners demonstrated different progression trends in terms of joint motion changes while achieving the same task goal. Intra-participant analysis showed how the ball can be projected accurately across the height barrier with both a 'scooping' and a 'chipping' action. When referenced to a model of learning (Newell, 1985), foot speed at ball contact was functionally manipulated by the novice participants to target positions with varying height and accuracy constraints by later stages of learning. It was further suggested that the dynamics of the learner prior to practicing the task could influence the eventual kicking action that emerged. To further investigate learning from a dynamical systems perspective, key features like transitions between preferred movement patterns and role of movement patterns variability in effecting such transitions, were examined. It was determined through the use of cluster analysis procedures that increased movement pattern variability was not a pre-requisite for a transition between preferred movement patterns across participants. Informational and intentional constraints can have a role to play in effecting the search for pathways of change in movement patterns especially in discrete trial-based multi-articular actions. This thesis has contributed novel knowledge regarding examining coordination changes for a selected discrete multi-articular lower limb action. Focusing on investigating changes in coordination has enabled a detailed examination on the process of change with practice and referencing these changes to a model of learning based on concepts in dynamical systems theory. Specifically, a greater understanding of the role of movement pattern variability and transitions between preferred movement patterns using refined cluster analysis procedures was an advancement of previous work in this area of study. In addition, the empirical findings provided theoretical support for a pedagogical approach, Nonlinear Pedagogy, based on key concepts in dynamical systems theory. Future studies should continue to examine coordination in multi-articular actions to provide theoretical, experimental and practical implications for understanding human movement.

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Short, Kevin R. "Histochemical and biochemical changes in human muscle following 17 days of unilateral lower limb suspension." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1063203.

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The present study was undertaken to determine the relationship between perinatal complications and subsequent development of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and other behavioral characteristics. The biological mothers of 74 children diagnosed with ADHD and 77 children displaying no characteristics of the disorder completed the Maternal Perinatal Scale (MPS), the Behavior Assessment System for Children-Parent Rating Scales (BASC-PRS), and a demographic survey. In addition, the biological mothers of 120 children with no characteristics of ADHD or any other behavior disorders completed only the MPS so that exploratory factor analysis of the MPS could be completed.Following factor analysis, stepwise discriminant analysis of the resulting five factors was utilized to explore the nature of the relationship between such perinatal factors and ADHD. Results of this analysis indicated that emotional factors, or the amount of stress encountered during pregnancy and the degree to Relationship Between Perinatal Complications 3 was planned, were the items that maximized the separation between the ADHD and Non-ADHD groups. Additional discrimination between the groups was attributed to the extent of insult or trauma to the developing fetus and the outcome of prior pregnancies. ADHD children were also found to have experienced twice as many behavioral, social, or medical problems, and were more likely to reach developmental milestones with delays.Stepwise discriminant analysis also revealed the Attention Problems and Hyperactivity scales of the BASC-PRS were most significant in differentiating between the ADHD and Non-ADHD subjects. Using the BASC-PRS resulted in approximately 90% of the total sample being correctly classified as ADHD or Non-ADHD. Canonical correlation analysis indicated that emotional factors and the general health of both the mother and the developing fetus were the best predictors of later behavioral patterns reported on the BASC-PRS.
Human Performance Laboratory

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Schlippe, Marius. "A method to estimate in vivo mechanical properties of human tendon in the lower leg using ultrasound imaging combined with motion capture." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknik och hälsa (STH), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211118.

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Musculoskeletal models and simulations allow for the estimation of forces acting on muscles and joints during human movement and athletic performance. In order to improve the accuracy of these models for a specific application, knowledge about subject-specific in vivo properties of human muscle and tendon is needed. This study presents a method for estimating in vivo mechanical properties of human tendon in the lower leg, using a combination of ultrasound imaging and motion capture. Key mechanical parameters — such as tendon stiffness, moment arm, slack length and force-strain relationship — and the contribution of tendon elongation to ankle mobility of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and soleus (SOL) aspects of the Achilles tendon were obtained in vivo in 8 typically-developed adults, and the applicability of the method on the tibialis anterior (TA) tendon was investigated. In contrast to previous studies using a comparable method, variable tendon moment arm lengths during passive movement of the ankle joint was taken into consideration. As a novelty, the passive mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon were obtained in vivo in 4 hemiplegic post-stroke subjects and compared to the 8 typically-developed subjects. The estimated mechanical parameters of the MG and SOL aspects of the Achilles tendon were consistent with findings in the literature. In order to estimate stiffness of the TA tendon, it was shown that a larger range of motion (ROM) of the foot during the passive rotation experiments is needed. The comparison between typically-developed and hemiplegic post-stroke subjects revealed significantly lower tendon stiffness and slack angle, and significantly higher contribution of tendon elongation to ankle mobility in the post-stroke group. The developed method enables estimation of in vivo mechanical properties of tendon in the lower leg and contributes to improving the accuracy of subject-specific musculoskeletal models and simulations.
Person-specific biomechanical models

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Huawei, Wang. "IDENTIFICATION OF MOTION CONTROLLERS IN HUMAN STANDING AND WALKING." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1588964890459579.

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Evans, Angela M. "An investigation of leg pain ('Growing pains') in children aged four to six years." 2005. http://arrow.unisa.edu.au:8081/1959.8/25034.

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Growing pains has been reported in the medical literature since 1823 with frequent, subsequent and ongoing inclusion ever since. Suffering from ill definition, unknown aetiology and being the subject of many poorly conducted studies, growing pains has endured the gamut of being associated with endocarditis to being dismissed as nebulous and even mythical. Management of this condition, which has been reported to occupy 1-2 % of visits to health professionals, is ad hoc and limited and best evidence not usually implemented.
Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2005

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"Biomechanical analysis on the lower extremities during Tai Chi exercise." Thesis, 2006. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6074310.

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Part 1. Characteristics of foot movement in Tai Chi exercise. The performance of 16 experienced Tai Chi practitioners demonstrating a whole set of 42-form Tai Chi movements were recorded with two cameras. The APAS motion analysis system was used to identify the foot supporting and stepping characteristics during the practice. Seven foot support patterns and six step directions were identified. The results revealed that compared with normal walking, Tai Chi movement had more double support and less single support total duration. The duration of each support pattern was longer and movement from one pattern to the next was slow. The duration of each step direction was short, and changes of direction were frequent. It was expected that support patterns changed slowly, and combined with various step directions, they were found to be better than those of walking in simulating the gait challenges that may be encountered in daily activities.
Part 2: The plantar pressure distribution during Tai Chi exercise. The purpose of this study is to describe and quantify the plantar pressure distribution characteristics during Tai Chi exercise and to explain the beneficial effects of Tai Chi on balance control and muscle strength as compared with normal walking. Sixteen experienced Tai Chi practitioners participated in this study. Five typical Tai Chi movements represented by stepping forward, backward, sideways, up-down, and fixing could be isolated from the whole set of 42-form Tai Chi. The pressure-time integral, ground reaction force, displacement of center of pressure during the performance of the five typical movements were recorded and analyzed by the Pedar-X insole system (Germany). Results showed that during Tai Chi movements, the loading of the first metatarsal head and the great toe were significantly greater than in other regions (p<0.05). The ground reaction forces varied between the Tai Chi movements and normal walking. Compared with normal walking, the locations of the center of pressure in the Tai Chi movements were significantly more medial and posterior at initial contact (p<0.05), and were significantly more medial and anterior at the end of contact with the ground (p<0.05). The displacements of the center of pressure were significantly wider (p<0.05) in the mediolateral direction in the forward, backward and sideways Tai Chi movements. The displacement was significantly larger (p<0.05) in the anterposterior direction in the forward movement. The plantar pressure characteristics of Tai Chi movements found in this study may be one of the important factors for Tai Chi's improvement of balance control and muscle strength.
Part 3. The duration and plantar pressure distribution during one-leg stance in Tai Chi exercise. The aim of this study is to quantify the one-leg stance duration and plantar pressure distribution during the one-leg stance in Tai Chi and to try to elaborate on its probable effects on the ability to balance on one leg. Sixteen experienced Tai Chi practitioners participated in this study. The Novel Pedar-X insole system (Germany) was used to record the plantar forces during the execution of a set of 42-form Tai Chi movements and during normal walking. The one-leg stance duration and plantar pressure distribution during the one-leg stance were analyzed. Results showed that in Tai Chi, the total duration spent in the one-leg stance was less (p<0.05), the duration of each one-leg stance was longer (p<0.01) and the medial-lateral displacement of the center of pressure was greater (p<0.05) than during normal walking. The peak pressure and pressure-time integral of the second and third metatarsal heads and the fourth and fifth metatarsal heads were significantly greater (p<0.05) than those of other plantar regions during the one-leg stance in normal walking; whereas the peak pressure and pressure-time integral of the first metatarsal head and the great toe were significantly greater (p<0.05) than those of other plantar regions during the one-leg stance in Tai Chi. The longer duration of each one-leg stance and the plantar pressure distribution characteristics during the one-leg stance in Tai Chi may be associated with an improved ability to balance on one leg.
Part 4. The muscle contraction characteristics of the lower extremities during Tai Chi exercise. The objective of this study is to examine the muscle contraction characteristics of the lower extremities during Tai Chi exercise and to explain the beneficial effect of Tai Chi on the improvement of muscle strength. Sixteen experienced Tai Chi practitioners participated in this study. Five typical Tai Chi movements, represented by stepping in forward, backward, sideways, up-down and fixing were selected. The electromyographic activity of the rectus femoris, semitendinosus, gastrocnemius, and anterior tibialis muscles were recorded by Delsys electromyography measurement system (USA) during the performance of five typical Tai Chi movements. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Mao Dewei.
"August 2006."
Adviser: Youlian Hong.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-03, Section: B, page: 1598.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 102-112).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
School code: 1307.

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Books on the topic "Human lower leg growth"

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I, Subotnick Steven, ed. Sports medicine of the lower extremity. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1989.

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I, Subotnick Steven, ed. Sports medicine of the lower extremity. 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingston, 1999.

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Poritsky, Ray. Foot & Lower Extremity Anatomy to Color & Study. Hanley & Belfus, 2001.

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Viegas, Jennifer. The Lower Limbs: Learning How We Use Our Thighs, Knees, Legs, and Feet (3-D Library of the Human Body). Rosen Publishing Group, 2001.

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Kapandji, I. A. The Physiology of the Joints: Lower Limb, Volume 2 (Lower Limb). Churchill Livingstone, 1987.

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Jeremy, Rich, Dean Dorothy E, and Powers Robert H, eds. Forensic medicine of the lower extremity: Human identification and trauma analysis of the thigh, leg, and foot. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 2005.

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Rich, Jeremy, various, Dorothy E. Dean, and Robert H. Powers. Forensic Medicine of the Lower Extremity: Human Identification and Trauma Analysis of the Thigh, Leg, and Foot. Humana, 2010.

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Rich, Jeremy, Dorothy E. Dean, and Robert H. Powers. Forensic Medicine of the Lower Extremity: Human Identification and Trauma Analysis of the Thigh, Leg, and Foot. Humana Press Inc.,U.S., 2005.

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Bilateral lower extremity function during the support phase of running. 1990.

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Analysis of bilateral symmetry of lower extremity function during landing. 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Human lower leg growth"

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LaBat, Karen L., and Karen S. Ryan. "Designing for Lower Torso and Leg Anatomy." In Human Body, 221–300. Boca : Taylor &Francis, 2019. | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.”: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429055690-5.

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Ghosh, Shramana, Nina Robson, and J. M. McCarthy. "Development of Customized Orthotics Based on Lower-Leg Anthropometric Data and Task." In Advances in Human Factors in Wearable Technologies and Game Design, 54–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60639-2_6.

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Yamamoto, S., C. Shimizu, H. Yamamoto, N. Sasagawa, T. Miyoshi, H. Koyama, and T. Komeda. "Different Contraction Pattern of Lower Leg Muscle Fiber between Swaying and Tiptoe Standing in Human Upright Posture." In IFMBE Proceedings, 2128–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89208-3_508.

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Bogin, Barry. "Leg Length, Body Proportion, Health and Beauty1." In Human Growth and Development, 343–73. Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-383882-7.00013-1.

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AIELLO, LESLIE, and CHRISTOPHER DEAN. "THE HOMINOID KNEE JOINT AND LOWER LEG." In An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy, 483–506. Elsevier, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-057100-3.50026-2.

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Kinch, Michael. "Drama on the I-270 Tech Corridor." In Prescription for Change. University of North Carolina Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469630625.003.0010.

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This chapter focuses upon one particular geographic region in suburban Washington, DC, which serves as a microcosm for the challenges and opportunities of the larger drug development enterprise. Our story begins with the efforts to sequence the human genome, an ambitious project that led to an increasingly bitter and highly publicized rivalry between the personalities of Craig Venter and Francis Collins from the private and public sectors, respectively. This same initiative gave rise to the dramatic growth in a cadre of biotechnology companies in suburban Maryland dedicated to exploiting the commercial opportunities associated with the human genome. The bubble would ultimately be burst as a result of various legal and executive decisions and in doing so, obliterated billions of dollars in wealth and effectively shudder an entire sector. All the while, another upstart biotechnology company, MedImmune, continued on a lower profile but ultimately more successful path to introduce innovative new medicines. However, this company would itself suffer a series of setbacks of its own making that resulted from the failed commercial launch of an improved influenza vaccine.

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Danks, Janine A., and Samantha J. Richardson. "Endocrinology and evolution: lessons from comparative endocrinology." In Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 14–23. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.1013.

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Comparative endocrinology is the study of the endocrine glands and their hormones in different species of animals. It is undergoing a renaissance because of the new tools and techniques provided by genome sequencing and molecular biology. Until relatively recently, characterization and detection of hormones in lower vertebrates relied on biological assays and protein chemistry approaches, whereas now gene sequences can be readily revealed from whole genome sequencing. Gene expression and synthesis can be used to develop antibodies and other reagents for sensitive assays and revealing physiological experiments can be carried out. Endocrinology traditionally used a range of animal species, including many lower vertebrates. Comparative endocrinology became a separate specialty only in the last 50 years when endocrinologists concentrated on rodents as their model animals. In 1933, Riddle demonstrated that an avian pituitary factor that promoted growth of the pigeon crop-sac was identical to a mammalian pituitary factor that earlier had been found to initiate and maintain milk secretion in mammals. Riddle called this avian factor prolactin and the response of the crop-sac provided a sensitive assay for the detection of human prolactin in pituitary extracts. Pigeon prolactin was the first pituitary hormone to be crystallized and purified in 1937 and led to the purification of mammalian prolactin. Prolactin has a number of roles in lower vertebrates, including a vital role as a hypercalcaemic factor in fish. The first part of this chapter focuses on the calcium-regulating factors including parathyroid hormone (PTH), parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), and stanniocalcin (STC), and the second part will discuss comparative endocrinology of thyroid hormones and transthyretin (a thyroid hormone distributor in blood the cerebrospinal fluid).

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House, James R., and Michael J. Tipton. "Heat strain is reduced at different rates with hand, foot, forearm or lower leg cooling." In Environmental Ergonomics - The Ergonomics of Human Comfort, Health and Performance in the Thermal Environment, 91–95. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1572-347x(05)80016-3.

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Hietkamp, Fern, Melody Farrell, and Otto Langer. "Human Population Growth and the Sustainability of Urban Salmonid Streams in the Lower Fraser Valley." In Sustainable Fisheries Management. CRC Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439822678.ch22.

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Langer, Otto E., Fern Hietkamp, and Melody Farrell. "Human Population Growth and the Sustainability of Urban Salmonid Streams in the Lower Fraser Valley." In Sustainable Fisheries Management, 349–61. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429104411-26.

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Conference papers on the topic "Human lower leg growth"

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BOUTHERIN-FALSON, O., and N. BLAES. "MODULATION of PROSTACYCLIN PRODUCTION BY HUMAN UMBILICAL VEIN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS WITH ECGF/HEPARIN MEDIUM : ROLE OF CELLULAR DENSITY AT CONFLUENCE." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643376.

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Prostacyclin (PGI2) is a major product of arachidonic acid metabolism in vascular endothelial cells. In addition to the role of exogenous agents, its production could be modulated by culture conditions : proliferative state, medium renewal, subcultivation... The use of endothelial cell growth factor (ECGF) associated with heparin has been shown to improve human endothelial cell proliferation. Here we report that human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) grown in that medium produce less prostacyclin than without growth factor.HUVEC were cultured in RPMI-199 1:1 + 20% fetal calf serum, added or not with ECGF (Bovine hypothalamus extract BTI Cambridge, 24 ug/ml) and heparin (from porcine intestinal mucosa, Signa, 90 ug/ml). After 4 days in culture, medium was removed and replaced by Tyrode Hepes buffer and basal production was measured after 20 min. Cells were then submitted to 5 min thrombin to assess PGI2 production in stimulated conditions. PGI2 production was estimated by specific radioimmunoassay for 6 keto PGFjalpha. For each point, cell number in the culture was counted after Trypsin EDTA treatment. In the present study, cells grown in ECGF-heparin medium produce lower amount of PGI2, compared to heparin or control medium. This result was observed in both basal and stimulated conditions. For each medium (ECGF-heparin, heparin, control), correlations between PGI2 production per cell and log cell density were shown to be significantly negative.These observations suggest that ECGF effect on PGI2 production could be a consequence of its growth factor activity, notably by the fact that it leads to an endothelial monolayer made of more numerous cells. Since it is now suggested by a number of clinical observations that PGI2 is rather produced in pathological conditions, culture models showing a weak production of PGI2 appear in that connection doser to the physiological conditions.

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Han, Shuyang, Shirong Ge, and Hongtao Liu. "Modeling of human lower limb and technical analysis of athlete's high leg lift." In 2010 3rd International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmei.2010.5639927.

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Krebsbach, Meaghen A., Karim H. Muci-Küchler, and Brandon J. Hinz. "Influence of Projectile Momentum and Kinetic Energy on Bacterial Distribution in an Extremity Surrogate “Wound Track”." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89142.

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This paper presents an experimental study that examines the relationship between the initial momentum and the initial kinetic energy of a projectile and the distribution of bacterial contamination along a “wound track” created in an extremity surrogate representative of the superior (upper) portion of the lower leg (i.e., the calf region) of an average adult human male. Initial surface contamination was represented using circular filter paper moistened with a solution containing 5 × 106 colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) of Escherichia coli strain K-12 that was previously transformed to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) and be resistant to ampicillin. The contaminated filter paper and extremity surrogate were perforated with 11.43-mm (0.45-in) caliber round nose lead projectiles shot from commercially available air rifles. To match the initial momentum and/or kinetic energy between experiments, 11.0 g (170 grain) and 14.9 g (230 grain) projectiles were shot at velocities ranging from 145 m/s to 195 m/s. The “wound track” was extracted from the extremity surrogate and sliced into small, evenly spaced segments and the permanent cavity was removed from each segment using a biopsy punch, liquefied, and grown on selective agar containing ampicillin. Examination of the bacterial colony count and area covered by bacteria colonies per segment allowed comparison of differences between trends in the bacteria distribution along the “wound track”. The results obtained showed that, for the cases considered, the bacterial distribution trends were similar for the experimental groups with like initial kinetic energies.

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Wu, Xinyu, Aibin Zhu, Yao Tu, Guangzhong Cao, Xiaodong Zhang, and Zhifu Guo. "Prediction of expected Angle of knee joint of human lower limbs based on leg interaction." In 2020 17th International Conference on Ubiquitous Robots (UR). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ur49135.2020.9144783.

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Welch, Michael, and Rajan Patel. "Can Propane Displace Diesel as a Fuel for Power Generation?" In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3078.

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Access to electricity is a key necessity in today’s World for economic growth and improvements in quality of life. However, the global challenge is addressing the so-called Energy Trilemma: how to provide secure, affordable electricity while minimizing the impact of power generation on the environment. The rapid growth in power generation from intermittent renewable sources, such as wind and photovoltaics, to address the environmental aspect has created additional challenges to meet the security of supply and affordable electricity aspects of this trilemma. Fossil fuels play a major role in supporting intermittent renewable power generation, rapidly providing the security of supply needed and ensuring grid stability. Globally diesel or other fuel oils are frequently used as the primary fuel or back-up fuel for fossil-fueled power generation plants at all scales, from a few kiloWatts to hundreds of MegaWatts, and helps provide millions of people with secure electricity supplies. But diesel is a high polluting fuel, emitting high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) per unit of fuel input compared to natural gas, as well as high levels of combustion contaminants that are potentially hazardous to the local environment and human health. Additionally, diesel can be a high cost fuel in many countries, with imports consuming significant portions of sometimes scarce foreign currency reserves. Most observers consider that natural gas is the ‘fuel of choice’ for fossil power generation due to its reduced CO2 emissions compared to coal and diesel. However, access to gas supplies cannot be guaranteed even with the increased availability of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). Additionally where natural gas is available, operators may opt for an interruptible gas supply contract which offers a lower tariff than a firm gas supply contract, therefore there is a need for a back-up fuel to ensure continuous power supplies. While traditionally diesel or Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) has been used as fuel where gas is not available or as a back-up fuel, propane offers a cleaner and potentially lower cost alternative. This paper compares the potential economic, operational and environmental benefits of using propane as a fuel for gas turbine-based power plants or cogeneration plants.

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Cherry, Michael S., Sridhar Kota, and Daniel P. Ferris. "An Elastic Exoskeleton for Assisting Human Running." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87355.

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This paper presents the design and preliminary evaluation of an elastic lower-body exoskeleton (eExo). Human legs behave in a spring-like fashion while running. We selected a design that relied solely on material elasticity to store and release energy during the stance phase of running. The exoskeleton included a novel knee joint with a cam and a Bowden cable transferring energy to and from a waist-mounted extension spring. We used a friction-lock clutch controlled by hip angle via a pneumatic cylinder to release the cable during swing phase for free movement of the leg. The design also incorporated a composite leaf spring to store and release energy in the distal portion of the exoskeleton about the foot and ankle. Preliminary test data for our target subject showed that his typical leg deflection was 0.11 m with leg stiffness of 16 kN/m while running at 3.0 m/s. We used these values to set the desired stiffness (60±15% of the normal leg stiffness, or 9.6±2.4 kN/m) and deflection (0.11 m) of the exoskeleton. We created simplified multi-body and full finite element quasi-static models to achieve the desired system stiffness and validate our results, respectively. The final design model had an overall stiffness of 7.3 kN/m, which was within the desired range. We fabricated a single-leg prototype of the exo–skeleton that weighed 7.1 kg. We tested the exoskeleton stiffness quasi-statically and found a stiffness of 3.6 kN/m. While running, the exoskeleton provided ∼30% of the total leg stiffness for two subjects. Although the stiffness was lower than desired, the fabricated prototype demonstrated the ability of a quasi-passive exoskeleton to provide a significant portion of an individual’s leg stiffness while running.

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Ashrafiuon, Hashem, Kent Grosh, Kevin J. Burke, and Kathleen Bommer. "An Intelligent Exoskeleton for Lower Limb Rehabilitation." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28022.

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A lightweight adjustable exoskeleton is designed to exercise human legs of varying size and weights. The exoskeleton is actuated by three DC motors at the hip, knee, and ankle. An experimental setup with motor controllers, power supplies, a controlled board, and a computer is developed for closed loop control. A sliding mode control law is designed and implemented to exercise an articulated mannequin leg. It is shown that the exoskeleton is able to adapt to external forces making it suitable to aid in the human leg rehabilitation process.

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Wolthers, Ole D., Ainslee Moore, Sabine Mersmann, and Sanjeeva Dissanayake. "Knemometry assessment of short-term lower leg growth in children with asthma treated with fluticasone propionate/formoterol combination therapy." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa1292.

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A. Ribeiro, G., and M. Rastgaar. "Prediction of Ground Profile for Lower-Leg Prosthesis Control Using a Visual-Inertial System." In 2018 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2018-6962.

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The field of control of powered lower-leg prostheses has advanced due to the improvements in sensors and computational power. Much effort has been done to improve the capabilities of prostheses, such as mimicking the stiffness, weight, and mobility of a human ankle-foot [1] and autonomously commanding the robotic prosthesis for gait [2].

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Huang, Lihua, Ryan Ryan Steger, and H. Kazerooni. "Hybrid Control of the Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton (BLEEX)." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-80109.

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The first functional load-carrying and energetically autonomous exoskeleton was demonstrated at U.C. Berkeley, walking at the average speed of 0.9 m/s (2 mph) while carrying a 34 kg (75 lb) payload. The original BLEEX sensitivity amplification controller, based on positive feedback, was designed to increase the closed loop system sensitivity to its wearer’s forces and torques without any direct measurement from the wearer. The controller was successful at allowing natural and unobstructed load support for the pilot. This article presents an improved control scheme we call “mixed” control that adds robustness to changing BLEEX backpack payload. The walking gait cycle is divided into stance control and swing control phases. Position control is used for the BLEEX stance leg (including torso and backpack) and the sensitivity amplification controller is used for the swing leg. The controller is also designed to smoothly transitions between these two schemes as the pilot walks. With mixed control, the controller does not require a good model of the BLEEX torso and payload, which is difficult to obtain and subject to change as payload is added and removed. As a tradeoff, the position control used in this method requires the human to wear seven inclinometers to measure human limb and torso angles. These additional sensors require careful design to securely fasten them to the human and increase the time to don (and doff) BLEEX.

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Reports on the topic "Human lower leg growth"

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Quak, Evert-jan. The Link Between Demography and Labour Markets in sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.011.

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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how demography affects labour markets (e.g. entrants, including youth and women) and labour market outcomes (e.g. capital-per-worker, life-cycle labour supply, human capital investments) in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. One of the key findings is that the fast-growing population in sub-Saharan Africa is likely to affect the ability to get productive jobs and in turn economic growth. This normally happens when workers move from traditional (low productivity agriculture and household businesses) sectors into higher productivity sectors in manufacturing and services. In theory the literature shows that lower dependency ratios (share of the non-working age population) should increase output per capita if labour force participation rates among the working age population remain unchanged. If output per worker stays constant, then a decline in dependency ratio would lead to a rise in income per capita. Macro simulation models for sub-Saharan Africa estimate that capital per worker will remain low due to consistently low savings for at least the next decades, even in the low fertility scenario. Sub-Saharan African countries seem too poor for a quick rise in savings. As such, it is unlikely that a lower dependency ratio will initiate a dramatic increase in labour productivity. The literature notes the gender implications on labour markets. Most women combine unpaid care for children with informal and low productive work in agriculture or family enterprises. Large family sizes reduce their productive labour years significantly, estimated at a reduction of 1.9 years of productive participation per woman for each child, that complicates their move into more productive work (if available). If the transition from high fertility to low fertility is permanent and can be established in a relatively short-term period, there are long-run effects on female labour participation, and the gains in income per capita will be permanent. As such from the literature it is clear that the effect of higher female wages on female labour participation works to a large extent through reductions in fertility.

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Kyrgyz Republic: Improving Growth Potential: Country Diagnostic Study in Russian. Asian Development Bank, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/tcs190441-2.

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The Kyrgyz Republic has overcome some complex challenges to now have one of the most open economies in Central Asia. The country has improved its per capita income and living standards and is on the threshold of becoming a lower-middle-income economy. Looking ahead, the main challenge for the Kyrgyz Republic is to build on these successes to stimulate stronger, more broad-based economic growth. This book identifies the economic and governance reforms needed within key sectors to drive this growth. It provides policy suggestions to enhance the country’s trade, agriculture, tourism, finance, information and communications technology, energy, transport and logistics, and human capital.

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