Academic literature on the topic 'Human Leukocyte Antigen-G'

The overexpression of soluble human leukocyte antigen-G is associated with malignant tumours. The purpose of our study was to detect soluble human leukocyte antigen-G concentrations in ascites and to evaluate the value of ascitic soluble human leukocyte antigen-G for the diagnosis of malignant ascites. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect soluble human leukocyte antigen-G levels in 64 patients with malignant ascites and 30 patients with benign ascites. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of ascitic soluble human leukocyte antigen-G for the detection of malignant ascites. Ascitic soluble human leukocyte antigen-G levels were significantly higher in the malignant ascites group than in the benign ascites group (20.718 ± 3.215 versus 12.467 ± 3.678 µg/L, t = 7.425, p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for ascitic soluble human leukocyte antigen-G was 0.957 (95% confidence interval, 0.872–0.992). At a cut-off value of 19.60 µg/L, the sensitivity and specificity of ascitic soluble human leukocyte antigen-G were 87.5% (95% confidence interval, 71.0%–96.5%) and 100% (95% confidence interval, 88.4%–100%), respectively. With respect to area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity and specificity, ascitic carcinoembryonic antigen (0.810, 68.75% and 83.33%, respectively) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (0.710, 65.63% and 70%, respectively) significantly differed (all p < 0.05). In malignant ascites that were cytology-negative and biopsy-positive, the rate of positivity for ascitic soluble human leukocyte antigen-G was 75%, which was higher than the corresponding rates for ascitic carcinoembryonic antigen (31.25%) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (6.25%; both p < 0.05). In conclusion, The detection of ascitic soluble human leukocyte antigen-G exhibited good performance for diagnosing malignant ascites, and particularly those that were cytology-negative and biopsy-positive.

Background Nephrotic syndrome is related to immune system dysfunction. Soluble human leukocyte antigen-G has been suggested to have an immunomodulatory role. Additionally, human leukocyte antigen-G expression may be influenced by the 14-base pair insertion/deletion polymorphism. However, this molecule has not been investigated in nephrotic syndrome. Methods Fifty-five children with nephrotic syndrome were enrolled: 24 primary nephrotic syndrome patients and 31 recurrent nephrotic syndrome patients. A group of 120 healthy subjects were included as reference controls. Additionally, 22 patients in nephrotic syndrome remission after treatments were also included. Both nephrotic syndrome patients and healthy subjects were genotyped for the 14-base pair insertion/deletion polymorphism. Plasma soluble human leukocyte antigen-G concentrations and serum immunoglobulin concentrations were determined. Results Nephrotic syndrome patients showed significantly higher levels of both soluble human leukocyte antigen-G and immunoglobulin E compared to normal controls. Nephrotic syndrome patients presented a higher frequency of the −14-base pair allele than did normal controls. Soluble human leukocyte antigen-G concentrations in remission patients were dramatically lower compared to in nephrotic syndrome patients. Moreover, soluble human leukocyte antigen-G and immunoglobulin E were moderately correlated in nephrotic syndrome patients. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that plasma soluble human leukocyte antigen-G concentrations were significantly elevated and that a relationship between serum total immunoglobulin E in nephrotic syndrome patients and the human leukocyte antigen-G −14-base pair allele may be a risk factor for nephrotic syndrome. These findings suggest that soluble human leukocyte antigen-G may be used as a monitoring marker for nephrotic syndrome patients' condition.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
As atividades biológicas e farmacológicas dos biflavonoides são diversas incluindo suas propriedades imunossupressivas, anticancerígenas, antioxidantes, antiangiogênicas, antibacterianas, antivirais e antifúngicas. No presente estudo, avaliou-se a potencial capacidade do biflavonoide morelloflavona, isolada de Garcinia xanthochymus, em modular a expressão de HLA-G (Human Leukocyte Antigen- G), bem como seu potencial efeito quimiopreventivo. Inicialmente, foi avaliado o índice de morte celular causado pela morelloflavona por meio do ensaio de Anexina V - Iodeto de proídio em PBMC (Células mononucleares do sangue periférico), o qual apresentou índices de morte celular significantes. Através da citometria de fluxo observou-se um aumento da expressão de HLA-G vinculado à membrana celular em linhagens de melanoma (FON) (p < 0,001). Pôde-se observar a indução de HLA-G solúvel em linhagens de melanoma transfectada (M8-HLA-G1) (p < 0,001), sem alteração para os demais tipos celulares estudados, pelo ensaio imunoenzimático- ELISA. A expressão de RNAm de HLA-G também foi induzida pela morelloflavona, observada pela RT- PCR, em células de melanoma M8 que não expressam HLA-G constitutivamente. Ainda, foi avaliada a atividade quimiopreventiva da morelloflavona. Observou-se a duplicação da atividade da enzima quinona redutase na linhagem de hepatocarcinoma celular (Hepa1c1c7) por meio do ensaio quinona redutase. Pelo ensaio do cometa foi possível verificar a capacidade genotóxica e antigenotóxica. Em relação à antigenotoxicidade, a morelloflavona causou dano de DNA no pré-tratamento. No pós-tratamento foi observado que a morelloflavona pode ter a capacidade de reverter danos de DNA causados pelo peróxido de hidrogênio. Sendo assim, os dados demonstrados revelam que a morelloflavona induz a expressão de HLA-G e possui efeito quimiopreventivo.
The biological and pharmacological activities of biflavonoids are diverse, including their immunosuppressive, anticancer, antioxidant, antiangiogenic, antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties. In the present study we assessed the potential ability of morelloflavone, a biflavonoid isolated from Garcinia xanthochymus in modulating the expression of HLA-G (Human Leukocyte Antigen-G), as well as their potential chemopreventive effect. First, we measured the rate of cell death by morelloflavone using Annexin V - Propidium iodide assay in PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells), which showed significant levels of cell death. By flow cytometry was observed the increased expression of HLA-G membrane bound in melanoma cells line (FON) (p < 0.001). Also, was observed the induction of HLA-G soluble in transfected melanoma cells line (M8-HLA-G1) (p < 0.001), with no change to other cell types studied by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - ELISA. The expression of HLA-G mRNA was also induced by morelloflavone, observed by RT-PCR, in melanoma cells (M8) that do not express HLA-G constitutively. Still, we evaluated the chemopreventive activity of morelloflavone. We observed a doubling of quinone reductase enzyme activity in hepatocellular carcinoma cells line (Hepa1c1c7) by quinone reductase assay. By comet assay we were able to verify the genotoxic and antigenotoxic capacity. Regarding antigenotoxicity, morelloflavone caused DNA damage pre treatment. In the posttreatment was observed that morelloflavone may be capable of reversing DNA damage caused by hydrogen peroxide. Thus, the data show that morelloflavone induces the expression of HLA-G and has chemopreventive effect.
FAPESP: 09/52716-4
CNPq: 140022/2010-4
CAPES: 0103-110

Orientador : Christiane Pienna Soares
Banca: Raquel Alves dos Santos
Banca: Celso Teixeira Mendes Júnior
Banca: André Gonzaga dos Santos
Banca: Luis Octávio Regasini
Resumo: As atividades biológicas e farmacológicas dos biflavonoides são diversas incluindo suas propriedades imunossupressivas, anticancerígenas, antioxidantes, antiangiogênicas, antibacterianas, antivirais e antifúngicas. No presente estudo, avaliou-se a potencial capacidade do biflavonoide morelloflavona, isolada de Garcinia xanthochymus, em modular a expressão de HLA-G (Human Leukocyte Antigen- G), bem como seu potencial efeito quimiopreventivo. Inicialmente, foi avaliado o índice de morte celular causado pela morelloflavona por meio do ensaio de Anexina V - Iodeto de proídio em PBMC (Células mononucleares do sangue periférico), o qual apresentou índices de morte celular significantes. Através da citometria de fluxo observou-se um aumento da expressão de HLA-G vinculado à membrana celular em linhagens de melanoma (FON) (p < 0,001). Pôde-se observar a indução de HLA-G solúvel em linhagens de melanoma transfectada (M8-HLA-G1) (p < 0,001), sem alteração para os demais tipos celulares estudados, pelo ensaio imunoenzimático- ELISA. A expressão de RNAm de HLA-G também foi induzida pela morelloflavona, observada pela RT- PCR, em células de melanoma M8 que não expressam HLA-G constitutivamente. Ainda, foi avaliada a atividade quimiopreventiva da morelloflavona. Observou-se a duplicação da atividade da enzima quinona redutase na linhagem de hepatocarcinoma celular (Hepa1c1c7) por meio do ensaio quinona redutase. Pelo ensaio do cometa foi possível verificar a capacidade genotóxica e antigenotóxica. Em relação à antigenotoxicidade, a morelloflavona causou dano de DNA no pré-tratamento. No pós-tratamento foi observado que a morelloflavona pode ter a capacidade de reverter danos de DNA causados pelo peróxido de hidrogênio. Sendo assim, os dados demonstrados revelam que a morelloflavona induz a expressão de HLA-G e possui efeito quimiopreventivo.
Abstract: The biological and pharmacological activities of biflavonoids are diverse, including their immunosuppressive, anticancer, antioxidant, antiangiogenic, antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties. In the present study we assessed the potential ability of morelloflavone, a biflavonoid isolated from Garcinia xanthochymus in modulating the expression of HLA-G (Human Leukocyte Antigen-G), as well as their potential chemopreventive effect. First, we measured the rate of cell death by morelloflavone using Annexin V - Propidium iodide assay in PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells), which showed significant levels of cell death. By flow cytometry was observed the increased expression of HLA-G membrane bound in melanoma cells line (FON) (p < 0.001). Also, was observed the induction of HLA-G soluble in transfected melanoma cells line (M8-HLA-G1) (p < 0.001), with no change to other cell types studied by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - ELISA. The expression of HLA-G mRNA was also induced by morelloflavone, observed by RT-PCR, in melanoma cells (M8) that do not express HLA-G constitutively. Still, we evaluated the chemopreventive activity of morelloflavone. We observed a doubling of quinone reductase enzyme activity in hepatocellular carcinoma cells line (Hepa1c1c7) by quinone reductase assay. By comet assay we were able to verify the genotoxic and antigenotoxic capacity. Regarding antigenotoxicity, morelloflavone caused DNA damage pre treatment. In the posttreatment was observed that morelloflavone may be capable of reversing DNA damage caused by hydrogen peroxide. Thus, the data show that morelloflavone induces the expression of HLA-G and has chemopreventive effect.
Doutor

Le cancer de l’ovaire, avec plus de 15.000 décès prévus en 2012, est le cancer gynécologique le plus meurtrier. Alors qu'environ 80% des patientes qui répondent à une chimiothérapie de première ligne, plus de 60% des patientes vont récidiver et seulement 44% seront encore en vie après 5 ans. Le rôle majeur du micro-environnement dans les processus de la carcinogénèse et la progression tumorale a été démontré par de nombreux travaux. Ce concept original de l’initiation et de la progression tumorale fait appel à des approches conceptuelles et expérimentales très diverses. Dans cette étude, nous avons pu démontrer le rôle important de la molécule de tolérance HLA-G (Human Leukocyte Antigene-G), ainsi que son expression et sa régulation par les cellules cancéreuses et les cellules du micro-environnement tumoral. Nous avons étudié les différents facteurs impliqués dans les mécanismes d’échappement tumoral et vérifié in vivo certains protocoles de chimiothérapie à base de médicaments immunomodulateurs
With more than 15,000 deaths anticipated in 2012, ovarian cancer is the most deadly gynecologic malignancy. While approximately 80% of patients will respond to frontline chemotherapy, more than 60% of patients will experience disease recurrence and only 44% will be alive at 5 years. The role of the microenvironment in the process of carcinogenesis and tumor progression has been demonstrated in various studies. This original concept of initiation and tumor progression solicits a very varied conceptual and experimental approach. In this study, we demonstrate the important role of the immunosuppressive molecule HLA-G (Human Leukocyte Antigen-G), and its expression and regulation by cancer cells and tumor microenvironment cells. We studied the various factors involved in the mechanisms immune of tumor escape from the immune system and finally we analyse in vivo some chemotherapy protocols based on the immunomodulatory drugs

There has been an increase in rates of chromosomal abnormalities in newborns as a result of reproductive aging. For the past decades, a lot of effort has been placed on identifying pregnancies at risk of genetic defects. Conventional prenatal genetic diagnosis is achieved by invasive procedures that have been associated with an increased risk of pregnancy loss. This has led the researchers to explore the use of non-/minimally invasive techniques for prenatal diagnosis. Trophoblasts are known to be shed from regressing chorionic villi into the lower uterine pole of pregnant women during the first trimester. These cells are trapped within cervical mucus, which can be retrieved with a cytobrush. By using human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) and cytokeratin-7 (CK7) as trophoblast markers, this study aims to investigate the possibility of isolating individual fetal trophoblast from transcervical samples for genetic diagnosis. 195 healthy pregnant women requesting for legal termination of pregnancy (TOP) were recruited in this study. Transcervical cells were collected from them with the use of a cytobrush before TOP. HLA-G+ or CK7+ cells were then isolated by a combination of mucolytic action, fluorescent immunohistochemistry, and micromanipulation. The origin of these cells was subsequently investigated by either fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) or allelic profiling by quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) based on chromosome 16, chromosome X, amelogenin gene and sex determining region Y (SRY) gene. This study first demonstrated the presence of fetal cells in transcervical samples based on the detection of chromosome Y signal by ordinary PCR. Cells expressing HLA-G and CK7 were also identified among transcervical cells. Immunopositive cells were isolated by micromanipulation under fluorescent microscopy. One isolated cell expressing CK7 was shown to inherit paternal allele at a locus on chromosome 16, suggesting the possible fetal origin of this cell. However, this study was still hampered by a number of technical factors. Further optimization of the protocol is required before transcervical trophoblasts can be retrieved in a reliable manner.
published_or_final_version
Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Master
Master of Philosophy

Carcinomatose péritonéale est un terme utilisé pour désigner la dissémination métastatique généralisée du cancer dans la cavité péritonéale. Il se caractérise par l’accumulation de liquide appelé « ascite » et est considéré comme étant au stade terminal du cancer, car il est difficile à traiter. L'ascite accumulée dans la PC comprend des cellules tumorales, cytokines et cellules immunitaires. Les cellules cancéreuses expriment des protéines spécifiques qui les aident à supprimer les cellules immunitaires et à survivre, appelées points de contrôle immunitaires. Des points de contrôle immunitaires sont présents pour réguler le système immunitaire et sont cruciaux contre la tolérance de soi. PD-1 / PD-L1 et CTLA-4 sont des voies de contrôle immunitaire bien établies adaptées au cancer pour échapper à l'immunité. Récemment, HLA-G a été reconnu comme un point de contrôle et il a été constaté que la survie globale était diminuée dans plusieurs types de cancers solides.Au cours de ma thèse, nous avons évalué l'expression de HLA-G dans la carcinomatose ovarienne. Nous avons constaté que les cellules cancéreuses dans l'ascite de presque tous les patients atteints de carcinomatose ovarienne exprimaient HLA-G. De plus, des taux croissants de sHLA-G1 et de HLA-G5 ont été trouvés dans les ascites. Cette présence de sHLA-G s'est révélée être corrélée positivement avec les Tregs et en corrélation négative avec les cellules T cytotoxiques (CD8) et les cellules NK. De plus, nous avons constaté que les ascites peuvent induire l’expression de HLA-G dans des «Hospicells» via des cytokines inflammatoires. Parmi les cytokines inflammatoires, le TGF-β et IL-1β ont une importance capitale dans l’induction de HLA-G. En outre, nous avons constaté que IL-1β implique la voie NF-κB. Dans une cohorte distincte de carcinomatose péritonéale, composée de patients atteints de PC d'origine différente, nous avons constaté que le groupe de cellules cancéreuses dans l'ascite avait une expression génique hétérogène de PD-L1, CTLA-4 et HLA- G. En outre, nous avons constaté que tous les patients présentaient des taux solubles de HLA-G et PD-L1 dans leur ascite. Cependant, seulement 5 patients présentaient des taux de CTLA-4 solubles dans leur ascite. De plus, nous avons trouvé une très forte corrélation positive entre le niveau de gène de PD-L1 et de CTLA-4, alors qu'aucune corrélation n'a été trouvée pour HLA-G avec PD-11 et CTLA-4 suggérant que HLA-G agit indépendamment des deux points de contrôle immunitaires. En outre, nous avons évalué l'expression de ces points de contrôle immunitaires par des nodules de cancer présents sur la membrane péritonéale. Nous avons trouvé une faible expression de HLA-G et PD-L1, mais la moitié des échantillons étaient fortement positifs pour sHLA-G. Nous avons également constaté que le sHLA-G pouvait être absorbé par l'ascite par la couche mésothéliale. Cette sHLA-G absorbée peut fournir un environnement immunosuppresseur pour la fixation des grappes de cellules cancéreuses à la membrane péritonéale. In vitro, nous avons constaté que l'ascite peut exercer une action immunosuppressive et retarder la lyse des cellules cancéreuses par les cellules immunitaires.De plus, nous avons constaté que la différenciation des cellules cancéreuses se traduit par une augmentation des propriétés immunosuppressives par une expression accrue de HLA-G ou PD-L1. En outre, l'expression de HLA-G et PD-L1 dépend de la phase du cycle cellulaire. Les cellules cancéreuses, si elles sont bloquées dans les cellules mitotiques, expriment des niveaux élevés de HLA-G et de PD-L1, tandis qu'une expression plus faible a été observée en phase G1. Par conséquent, nous suggérons d’éviter l’utilisation d’inhibiteurs de la mitose car ils pourraient augmenter la suppression immunitaire du cancer. De plus, le Ki-67 étant directement lié à l'index mitotique, nous suggérons de développer une échelle de Ki-67 pour évaluer le profil d'immunosuppresseur des patients cancéreux
Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) is a term used for widespread metastatic dissemination of cancer to the peritoneal cavity. It is characterized by the accumulation of fluid called “ascites” and is considered a terminal stage of cancer, as it is hard to treat. The overall survival rate for untreated patients is six-months. However, owing to modern techniques like HIPEC, the survival rate can be increased up to five years. The ascites accumulated in PC, consists of tumor cells, cytokines and immune cells. Cancer cells express specific proteins to suppress immune cells activity and their attack, known as immune checkpoints. PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 are well established immune checkpoint pathways adapted by cancer in evading immunity. Recently, HLA-G has been recognized as an immune checkpoint and has been found to decrease overall survival in several types of solid cancers. We evaluated the expression of HLA-G in ascites from ovarian carcinomatosis. We found that HLA-G is expressed by cancer cells in ascites from all of the patients(n=16) with ovarian carcinomatosis. Moreover, increased levels of sHLA-G1 and HLA-G5 were found in ascites. This presence of sHLA-G isoforms was found to be positively correlated with Tregs and negatively correlated with cytotoxic T-cells (CD8) and NK-cells suggesting the role of HLA-G in immune suppression. Further, we found that ascites can induce the expression of HLA-G in “Hospicells” via inflammatory cytokines. Among the inflammatory cytokines, TGF-β and IL-1β are of crucial importance in HLA-G induction with IL-1β being more potent compared to TGF-β. Further, we found that IL-1β induces HLA-G expression through NF-κB pathway.In a separate cohort of peritoneal carcinomatosis(n=27), consisting of patients with cancer from a different origin, we found that cancer cell cluster in ascites (n=23) had a heterogeneous gene expression of PD-L1, CTLA-4 and HLA-G. Further, we found that all of the patients presented soluble levels of HLA-G in their ascites. However, one patient was negative for soluble PD-L1 and only 5 patients presented soluble CTLA-4 levels in their ascites. This heterogeneity explains why some of the patients respond to immune therapy while others don’t. This also suggests the need for prescreening patients before immune therapy. Moreover, we found a very strong positive correlation (rs=0.793) between gene level of PD-L1 and CTLA-4, while no correlation was found for HLA-G with PD-L1 and CTLA-4 suggesting that HLA-G acts independently of both the immune checkpoints. Also, we evaluated the expression of these immune checkpoints by cells in peritoneal tissue (n=20). We found low expression of HLA-G and PD-L1, but the majority of the samples were found strongly positive for sHLA-G presence. This sHLA-G can provide an immune-suppressive environment for the attachment of the cancer cell clusters to the peritoneal membrane to form cancer nodule. Additionally, we developed an in-vitro cytotoxicity assay to show that the ascites can provide the immune-suppressive action by interfering with immune cell interaction and delaying the lysis of cancer cells by the immune cells.In parallel, we found that the differentiation of the cancer cells results in increased expression of immune checkpoints like HLA-G or PD-L1. This may render these cells more immune resistant and can protect against immune attack. However, in-vivo mice model is needed to study the oncogenic potential of these differentiated cells. Further, we report that the expression of HLA-G and PD-L1 is dependent on the cell cycle phase. The cancer cells, if blocked in mitotic phase express high levels of HLA-G and PD-L1, while lowest expression was observed in G1-phase. Therefore, we suggest avoiding the use of mitotic inhibitors as it may increase the immune suppression of cancer. Moreover, as Ki-67 is directly related to the mitotic index, we suggest developing a Ki-67 scale to evaluate the immune-suppressive profile of cancer patients

This is a comprehensive study of human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) which are known to respond to and mediate the pathological process of a range of kidney diseases. It identifies various molecules expressed by PTEC and how these molecules participate in down-regulating the inflammatory process, thereby highlighting the clinical potential of these molecules to treat various kidney diseases. In the disease state, PTEC gain the ability to regulate the immune cell responses present within the interstitium. This down-regulation is a complex interaction of contact dependent/independent mechanisms involving various immuno-regulatory molecules including PD-L1, sHLA-G and IDO. The overall outcome of this down-regulation is suppressed DC maturation, decreased number of antibody producing B cells and low T cell responses. These manifestations within a clinical setting are expected to dampen the ongoing inflammation, preventing the damage caused to the kidney tissue.

2012/2013
L'antigene leucocitario umano (HLA)-G presenta, in condizioni fisiologiche, una ristretta espressione tessuto-specifica ed ha funzione immuno-tollerogenica. Però, la presenza della molecola HLA-G è stata associata a diverse patologie autoimmuni e virali. In questo progetto di dottorato di ricerca abbiamo analizzato la possibile associazione tra la varianti genetiche nel gene HLA-G, che si suppone regolino l'espressione di HLA-G, e la suscettibilità allo sviluppo e al decorso della malattia celiaca, del lupus eritematoso sistemico, dell'artrite reumatoide e dell'infezione dal virus dell'epatite C. Inoltre, abbiamo analizzato se variazioni all'interno del promotore di HLA-G possano alterare la sua trascrizione genica, a questo scopo è stato condotto il saggio della luciferasi. Per gli studi di associazione sono stati analizzati 800 bp del promotore, l’intero 3’UTR e la delezione di una citosina all’esone 3 (ΔC, allele HLA-G*0105N) in 402 pazienti celiaci e 509 controlli italiani; 114 pazienti con lupus eritematoso sistemico e 128 controlli sani provenienti dal Nord -Est del Brasile, 127 pazienti con artrite reumatoide e 128 controlli dal Nord-Est del Brasile, e 286 pazienti caucasici HCV positivi e 285 controlli provenienti dalla stessa area geografica. Il saggio della luciferasi è stato condotto su 9 diversi aplotipi al promotore del gene HLA-G: CCTAGGACCG, CGTAGGACCG, CTTAGGACCG, TCGGTACGAA, TGGGTACGAA, TTGGTACGAA, CCTAGGAGCG, CGTAGGAGCG, e CTTAGGAGCG. Numerosi SNPs e aplotipi del gene HLA-G sono stati associati con le malattie analizzate. Inoltre, il saggio della luciferasi ha permesso di constatare che la presenza di polimorfismi, nel promotore del gene HLA-G, altera la trascrizione genica; nello specifico, in condizioni di stress, l’allele -725 C era significativamente associato ad un aumento della trascrizione del gene rispetto agli alleli -725 G e T. I nostri i risultati indicano un'associazione tra i polimorfismi del gene HLA-G e la suscettibilità allo sviluppo delle malattie studiate, suggerendo che molecola HLA-G è coinvolta nella patogenesi di queste malattie. Inoltre, possiamo ipotizzare che il gene HLA-G sia un gene stress-inducibile e che la presenza di SNPs al promotore alterati i livelli di trascrizione del gene
The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-G present a physiological restricted tissue-specific expression and an immuno-tolerogenic functions. The HLA-G expression has been associated with various autoimmune and viral diseases. In this PhD project we analyzed the possible association between genetic variant in the HLA-G gene, supposed to regulate HLA-G expression, and the susceptibility to develop celiac disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and hepatitis C virus infection. Furthermore, we analyzed if variations within the HLA-G promoter could alter its transcription, and for this reason luciferase reporter gene assays was conducted. The HLA-G 5’ upstream regulatory region (URR), 3’ untranslated region (UTR) and a cytosine deletion at exon 3 (ΔC, HLA-G*0105N allele) were analyzed in 402 celiac patients and 509 controls from Italy; 114 systemic lupus erythematosus patients and 128 healthy controls from North East Brazil; 127 rheumatoid arthritis patients and 128 controls from North East Brazil; and 286 Hepatitis C virus Caucasian patients and 285 controls from the same geographical area. The luciferase reporter gene assay was used for the HLA-G promoter CCTAGGACCG, CGTAGGACCG, CTTAGGACCG, TCGGTACGAA, TGGGTACGAA, TTGGTACGAA, CCTAGGAGCG, CGTAGGAGCG, and CTTAGGAGCG haplotypes. Several HLA-G SNPs and haplotypes were associated with the diseases analyzed. By luciferase reporter gene assay, we found that the presence of polymorphisms in the HLA-G promoter altered gene transcription, specifically -725 C allele was significantly associated with an increased of the HLA-G transcription with respect to -725 G and T alleles in stress condition. Our findings indicate an association between HLA-G gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to diseases development, suggesting that HLA-G molecule is involved in the pathogenesis of the diseases. Also, we can hypothesize that HLA-G gene is a stress-inducible gene and that the presence of SNPs to the promoter alter levels of transcription of the gene
XXVI Ciclo
1980

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The Major Histocompatibility Complex is mainly composed by genes of the adaptive immune response. In humans, part of this complex is known as the Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA), whose genes are responsible for specific antigen presentation to effector immune cells. The classical class I HLA genes (HLA-A, -B and -C) are responsible for antigen presentation to T CD8+ cells and they constitute the most polymorphic genes in the human genome. This variability is maintained by selection mediated by microorganisms. In contrast to their classical counterparts, the non classical class I genes (HLA-G, -E and -F) present low variability and are associated with immune tolerance due to the interaction with NK and T cells inhibitor receptors. HLA-G is the most studied non classical gene, which is associated with immune response modulation, mainly during pregnancy. Considering that natural selection is acting on the HLA-G regulatory regions maintaining high heterozigosity in this region, we evaluated a nearby Alu insertion (AluyHG) correlating this Alu element with coding and 3’UTR HLA-G polymorphisms. The AluyHG insertion was particularly associated with the HLA-G haplotype known as G*01:01:01:01/UTR-1, considered a high-expressing HLA-G haplotype. The G*01:01:01:01/UTR-1/AluyHG haplotype would be the most recent HLA-G haplotypes, in spite of its high frequency in worldwide populations.
O Complexo Principal de Histocompatibilidade (MHC) é formado principalmente por genes que participam da resposta imunológica adaptativa. Entre esses genes encontramos o grupo denominado de Antígenos Leucocitários Humanos (HLA), que são responsáveis pela apresentação de antígenos específicos às células efetoras do sistema imunológico. Os genes HLA de classe I clássicos (HLA-A, -B e -C), responsáveis pela apresentação antigênica aos linfócitos T citotóxicos, são considerado como os mais polimórficos do genoma humano e de outros vertebrados. A variabilidade desses genes e elevada heterozigose é mantida por seleção mediada por microrganismos. Diferentemente dos genes clássicos, os genes HLA de classe I não clássicos (HLA-G, -E e -F) apresentam variabilidade reduzida e como função principal a tolerância imunológica, por meio de sua interação com receptores inibitórios presentes nas células NK e T. O HLA-G é o mais estudado entre esses genes e, devido sua importância como molécula imunomoduladora e sua importância em situações como gestação, e considerando evidências anteriores de seleção natural mantendo uma elevada heterozigose nas regiões regulatórias do HLA-G, avaliamos a presença de uma inserção Alu (AluyHG) próxima a este gene correlacionando os achados com a variabilidade contida nas suas regiões codificadora e 3’ não traduzida. A inserção AluyHG mostrou-se em desequilíbrio de ligação (LD) com os polimorfismos do gene HLA-G. Especificamente, o elemento inserido apresentou-se em LD com um haplótipo denominado G*01:01:01:01/UTR-1, considerado como um haplótipo de alta produção da molécula de HLA-G. Esse haplótipo aparentemente é o mais jovem entre humanos, apesar de sua elevada frequência nas populações estudadas até o momento.

Primarily expressed by trophoblast cells, human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) plays an essential role in maintaining maternal-fetal immune tolerance. Having previously been detected following heart transplantation, we sought to establish the value of HLA-G in identifying freedom from moderate or severe rejection post-heart transplant, and the capability of its expression in vitro. After assessing myocardial HLA-G expression through immunohistochemistry, we demonstrated that it was significantly more prevalent in non-rejecting than rejecting heart transplant recipients. Utilizing vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell culture models, we also determined that while HLA-G expression remains tightly regulated, its expression in vitro can be induced following progesterone treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Hence, HLA-G may reliably identify patients with a low immunological risk of developing subsequent clinically significant rejection post-heart transplant. Furthermore, HLA-G expression can be induced in cultured endothelial and smooth muscle cells, which might represent a strategy to protect against allograft rejection and vasculopathy.