Relevant bibliographies by topics / Human geography Philosophy

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Human geography Philosophy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Human geography Philosophy"

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Johnston, Ron, Richard Harris, Kelvyn Jones, David Manley, Wenfei Winnie Wang, and Levi Wolf. "Quantitative methods II: How we moved on – Decades of change in philosophy, focus and methods." Progress in Human Geography 44, no. 5 (August 28, 2019): 959–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309132519869451.

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The first of these three reports reprised human geography’s theoretical and quantitative revolutions’ origins, covering the philosophy, focus and methods that dominated their early years. Over the subsequent decades the nature of work categorised as quantitative human geography changed very considerably – in philosophy, focus and methods. This second report summarises those changes, highlighting the main features of the extensive volume of work published over the last five decades, as a prelude to the final report that will focus on the contemporary nature of quantitative human geography and its likely futures.
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Allums, Coleman A. "Traces: Philosophy, Interpretation, and Method in Postqualitative Human Geography." Professional Geographer 72, no. 1 (July 17, 2019): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2019.1624178.

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Sapkota, Kanhaiya. "Humanistic Geography: How it blends with human geography through methodology." Geographical Journal of Nepal 10 (May 31, 2017): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gjn.v10i0.17394.

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Humanistic geography is a genre of geography born in late 1960s. A series of theories came out which criticize the knowledge system of logical positivism. The philosophical fundaments of humanistic geography are existentialism and phenomenology. Yi-fu Tuan, Edward Relph, Anne Buttimer, David Ley, Marvyn Samuels and Nicholas Entrikin are the leaders of humanistic geography. Yi-fu Tuan published the first article about humanistic geography, which was collected in Human Geography (1976). The focus of humanistic geography is on people and their condition. However, in different geographic traditions, humanistic geography is often criticized for its weak methodology. I argue humanistic philosophy, can provide a sound epistemologicalframework in which to organize and strengthen this methodology in human geography research. The topics of geographical knowledge, territory and place, crowding and privacy, livelihood and economics, and religion are briefly noted from the humanistic perspective. The basic approach to these topics is by way of human experience, knowledge, and awareness. The application of this approach is emerging in the Nepalese context, however for long time Nepalese geographers followed the Western Eurocentric view and appear to be content in following western notions and ignored understanding our own social and cultural aspects/landscapes that enrich our knowledge of geography. The researcher claims that there is a need to rethink our research practices towards better understanding of the world with austerity of philosophical and methodological consistency.The Geographical Journal of Nepal Vol. 10: 121-140, 2017
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Burton, Elise K. "Accidents of Geography." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 54, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 3–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2024.54.1.3.

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Over the past two decades, human geneticists have substantially embraced the concept of “biogeographical ancestry” to account for the racial, ethnic, and linguistic categories they use to analyze and interpret genetic difference. Understanding the ongoing role of these categories in human genetic research therefore requires attention to geneticists’ representations of geography, particularly the geographic maps they use to illustrate gene distribution and migration. This article examines how the methods and imagery of international genetic geography and its major evolutionary narratives have reinforced or refashioned nationalist practices of geography in the Middle East. Geneticists simultaneously conceptualize the region’s physical space as both a historical “crossroads” of human migration and the birthplace of distinct gene sequences and civilizations, alternately blurring and sharpening the boundaries between Europe and Asia. Focusing on genetic research in Turkey and Iran, this paper analyzes how geneticists draw and interpret geographic maps of the region while selectively erasing or highlighting state borders. These genetic maps negotiate between the idealized aims of international projects to reconstruct human evolutionary history, and the reality of practicing science under the constraints of nation-state politics.
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Aksa, Furqan Ishak. "Geografi dalam Perspektif Filsafat Ilmu." Majalah Geografi Indonesia 33, no. 1 (May 22, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/mgi.35682.

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The propensity of geography specialization is increasingly prevalent (especially in Indonesia). Geography is no longer interpreted as integrative, covering both physical and human aspects. This resulted in a study by geographers concerning only material objects of geography. Not infrequently it would be overlapping with other science clusters. This condition is disadvantageous, geography can be considered not as a science if it does not have the characteristics/differentiation with other science. It may affect the existence of geography in the future. This article aims to provide the description of the geography from the perspective of philosophy of science. By reviewing the literature, this paper attempts to explain aspects of ontology, epistemology, and axiology. Ontology geography is a science that examines the physical and human aspects. Characteristic of geography study using spatial approach, environment, and area complex. Epistemologically, geography uses both quantitative and qualitative methods. Caused, in examining the physical and human aspects of using the two methods is highly recommended so that the results of geographic studies more comprehensive. As axiology, the existence of geography is increasingly important to sustainable development goals.
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Kiope, Mara. "Existential migration during the pandemic in Latvia: insight into solutions at the intersection of religious science and human geography." Folia Geographica XIX (December 21, 2021): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/fg.19.1.

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Recent research trends related to the understanding of the meaning of philosophy and its use in interdisciplinary research in human geography. Therefore, the article aims to demonstrate a pilot model of an innovative methodology that forms the interface between human geography and philosophy. The terms “home experience” and “existential migration”, conceptualized by psychotherapist and philosopher Greg Madison, have been used to summarize interviews with migrants who have voluntarily chosen to integrate into another country, society, and culture in order to find a place to live in harmony with their individual being. Research on authenticity of life as a motive for migration has not developed so far, but it makes it possible to link the analysis of human experience, which is the focus of phenomenology, with empirical data sources. The mediation of human geography findings and axiological theory ensures that concepts of a philosophical nature form the architecture of a unified system of knowledge, in which empirical data are organically incorporated. In this case, they are the data from the many large-scale studies conducted in Latvia on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, particularly of the lockdown, on the population of Latvia. They all form a single text, which is examined by qualitative content analysis and cohort methods, revealing the nature of interpersonal relations in Latvian society, which are important in solving migration issues.
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Lackey, Douglas P. "Giotto in Padua: A New Geography of the Human Soul." Journal of Ethics 9, no. 3-4 (October 2005): 551–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10892-005-3527-8.

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Campanella, Richard. "Geography, philosophy, and the build/no-build line." Technology in Society 29, no. 2 (April 2007): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2007.01.005.

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Torrens, Paul M. "Ten Traps for Non-Representational Theory in Human Geography." Geographies 4, no. 2 (April 18, 2024): 253–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geographies4020016.

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Non-Representational Theory (NRT) emphasizes the significance of routine experience in shaping human geography. In doing so, the theory largely eschews traditional approaches that have offered area-based, longitudinal, and synoptic formalisms for geographic inquiry. Instead, NRT prioritizes the roles of individualized and often dynamic lived geographies as they unfold in the moment. To date, NRT has drawn significant inspiration from the synergies that it shares with philosophy, critical geography, and self-referential ethnography. These activities have been tremendous in advancing NRT as a concept, but the theory’s strong ties to encounter and experience invariably call for practical exposition. Alas, applications of NRT to concrete examples at scales beyond small case studies often prove challenging, which we argue artificially constrains further development of the theory. In this paper, we examine some of the thorny problems that present in applying NRT in practical terms. Specifically, we identify ten traps that NRT can fall into when moving from theory to actuality. These traps include conundrums of small geographies, circularity in representation, cognitive traps, issues of mustering and grappling with detail, access issues, limitations with empiricism, problems of subjectivity, methodological challenges, thorny issues of translation, and the unwieldy nature of process dynamics. We briefly demonstrate a novel observational instrument that can sidestep some, but not all, of these traps.
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Rehorick, David Allan. "Pickling human geography: The souring of phenomenology in the human sciences." Human Studies 14, no. 4 (December 1991): 359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02205614.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Human geography Philosophy"

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Amriah, B. B. "Location and well-being : A critical inquiry into positivist geography with special reference to Parit rubber smallholders, Malaysia." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377715.

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Warren, Scott Daniel. "Landscape and place-identity in a Great Plains Reservation community a historical geography of Poplar, Montana /." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/warren/WarrenS0508.pdf.

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This study constructs a historical-geographical narrative of Poplar, Montana and explores residents' place-identity in the context of economic restructuring. Located on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation in northeastern Montana, Poplar offers an ideal setting to better understand how economic restructuring affects the lives of residents in northern Plains reservation communities. Loss of businesses, consolidation of services, and general economic restructuring continue to challenge communities on the Great Plains. For Great Plains Indian reservations, however, these problems are compounded by additional variables such as persistently high poverty rates, a dynamic relationship with the federal government, and increasing populations. Archival research, landscape analysis, and interview data are all used to better understand the influence of economic restructuring in shaping Poplar. This study demonstrates the value of historical and cultural geographic approaches in understanding the past evolution as well as the contemporary challenges of reservation communities in the American West.
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Lozano, Victor W. "Power relations of the waterscape /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1418046.

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Dogimab, Mirriam Adang. "An examination of culture as a protective mechanism against gender based violence: a case study in Mt Bosavi, Papua New Guinea : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy (Development Studies), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1064.

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Development literature has not accorded sufficient attention to culture as a positive aspect of development until recently. Hence, in terms of using culture as a protective mechanism against gender-based violence, not much has been investigated or reported, since most studies on gender-based violence have focused more on cultural influences as the cause or effect of violence against women. However, in the case of Papua New Guinea (PNG) culture has always been the focus in regards to genderbased violence, portrayed as the cause of violence against women. Occasionally sources state there are traditional customs or beliefs that protect women from violence, but further explanation is not provided. Hence, this research investigated the question, “How can culture address gender-based violence in contemporary, rural Papua New Guinea?” This study offers an opportunity to view PNG culture as a solution to a problem, instead of as merely a problem to be solved. To investigate how culture can be used positively as a strategy to address genderbased violence, a case study was conducted among the Sulamesi people of Mt Bosavi in the Southern highlands province of PNG. This research was conducted in a rural area because in general Papua New Guineans perceive people living in the villages as the ones living a traditional lifestyle, where established cultural norms and behaviours prevail. Using a qualitative research approach, the research investigated whether there were any traditional protective mechanisms in PNG used to address gender-based violence. This thesis concludes that through the identification of culture-driven protective mechanisms, it can be demonstrated that culture can be used as a strategy to address gender based violence. However, caution must be applied, since not all the protective mechanisms identified are desirable or constructive.
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Russell, Rowland S. "The Ecology of Paradox: Disturbance and Restoration in Land and Soul." [Yellow Springs, Ohio] : Antioch University, 2008. http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=antioch1204556861.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Antioch University New England, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed November 11, 2009). "A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Environmental Studies at Antioch University New England (2008)."--from the title page. Advisor: Mitchell Thomashow. Includes bibliographical references (p. 289-296).
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Suvantola, Jaakko. "Tourist's experience of place /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs9672.pdf.

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Henrion, Andrea. "The urban observatory : spatial adjustment-perception in space." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1116357.

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This thesis develops a creative Project, the "Urban Observatory", situated on a traffic island in the center of Chicago on Wacker Drive and Wabash Avenue along the Chicago River. The aim of the building is to inspire and motivate people to experience the city from a different standpoint and to raise the inhabitant of the city to a different level of perception.The purpose of this study was to explore everyday circumstances and observations of an individual place, the American City and the search for its true genius loci. The main intention is to explore and visualize issues about culturally based differences in behavior and perception of people living in place of 'super scale' and 'high technology' on one side and abandonment and destruction on the other side. The study of the American City and its inhabitants results in an experimental design for an Urban Observatory, an architectural formulation standing in opposition to an architecture of change and fragmentation, an architecture of lost and senseless space. Furthermore the study researches the urban American fabric in practice as well as in theory. The intensive study of the writings of Malcolm Quantrill, Richard Sennett, Toni Hiss and others were the base for developing ideas about how people perceive and react consciously and unconsciously to a specific environment.This helped to identify the frame of the architectural exploration, in order to focus on ideas about: what is architecture of observation in the urban context, and what is the idea of perception in its spatial form?A journal of the design process (sketches, writings), models of varying scale and detail, drawings, photographs, etc. are the working tools to shape the idea of a building and fusing all aspects in a final project.
Department of Architecture
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Billebo, Sofia. "Re-colonization of Wolves in Sweden – Conflicting Rural Realities." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-145100.

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This study analyses the wolf (canis lupus) and human relations in Swedish landscapes. By addressing the change of ideas influencing land use and nature management during the time when the wolf was considered functionally extinct, two parallel realities appear that is shown to be something that the participants in this study relates and recognizes as their reality. These realities in turn can be understood against the background of environmental philosophy and the anthropocentric and eco-centric view of nature and the instrumental and intrinsic value that the nature may carry. Life story interview is used as a method to grasp these details in an individual’s perception of the wolf and nature. Since the wolf is considered to be as a division between rural and urban people, the study also analyses how people sharing the space with the wolf is referring to these dichotomies and how they identify with their surroundings. With contradictory, data a new way of conceptualize this is suggested: that urbanity and rurality is something that could be seen as performativity, something that you do rather than something that you are (Butler 2007). One might express identification with rural space but have an urban performativity i.e. working, living part-time, influenced by ideas represented in urban lifestyles. While the rural performativity is mirrored by living, working and sharing the ideas of how that landscape is used.
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Selket, Kyro. "Exiled bodies and funeral homes in Aotearoa New Zealand : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in [Human Geography] /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1241.

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Solomon, Jan Lindsay. "Women-led Community Development Organizations (CDOs) in Miami-Dade County: A Model of Community Development Efforts Impacting the Economic Security of Women." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/926.

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Recent studies on the economic status of women in Miami-Dade County (MDC) reveal an alarming rate of economic insecurity and significant obstacles for women to achieve economic security. Consistent barriers to women’s economic security affect not only the health and wellbeing of women and their families, but also economic prospects for the community. A key study reveals in Miami-Dade County, “Thirty-nine percent of single female-headed families with at least one child are living at or below the federal poverty level” and “over half of working women do not earn adequate income to cover their basic necessities” (Brion 2009, 1). Moreover, conventional measures of poverty do not adequately capture women’s struggles to support themselves and their families, nor do they document the numbers of women seeking basic self-sufficiency. Even though there is lack of accurate data on women in the county, which is a critical problem, there is also a dearth of social science research on existing efforts to enhance women’s economic security in Miami-Dade County. My research contributes to closing the information gap by examining the characteristics and strategies of women-led community development organizations (CDOs) in MDC, working to address women’s economic insecurity. The research is informed by a framework developed by Marilyn Gittell, who pioneered an approach to study women-led CDOs in the United States. On the basis of research in nine U.S. cities, she concluded that women-led groups increased community participation and “by creating community networks and civic action, they represent a model for community development efforts” (Gittell, et al. 2000, 123). My study documents the strategies and networks of women-led CDOs in MDC that prioritize women’s economic security. Their strategies are especially important during these times of economic recession and government reductions in funding towards social services. The focus of the research is women-led CDOs that work to improve social services access, economic opportunity, civic participation and capacity, and women’s rights. Although many women-led CDOs prioritize building social infrastructures that promote change, inequalities in economic and political status for women without economic security remain a challenge (Young 2004). My research supports previous studies by Gittell, et al., finding that women-led CDOs in Miami-Dade County have key characteristics of a model of community development efforts that use networking and collaboration to strengthen their broad, integrated approach. The resulting community partnerships, coupled with participation by constituents in the development process, build a foundation to influence policy decisions for social change. In addition, my findings show that women-led CDOs in Miami-Dade County have a major focus on alleviating poverty and economic insecurity, particularly that of women. Finally, it was found that a majority of the five organizations network transnationally, using lessons learned to inform their work of expanding the agency of their constituents and placing the economic empowerment of women as central in the process of family and community development.
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Books on the topic "Human geography Philosophy"

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1951-, Kobayashi Audrey Lynn, and Mackenzie Suzanne, eds. Remaking human geography. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989.

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1951-, Gregory Derek, and Walford Rex, eds. Horizons in human geography. Totowa, N.J: Barnes & Noble Books, 1989.

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Walmsley, D. J. Human geography: Behavioural approaches. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical, 1986.

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1951-, Gregory Derek, and Walford Rex, eds. Horizons in human geography. Totowa: Barnes & Noble, 1989.

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Pickles, John. Phenomenology, science and geography: Spatiality and the human sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

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Werlen, Benno. Society action and space: An alternative human geography. London: Routledge, 2003.

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Claudio, Minca, ed. Postmodern geography: Theory and praxis. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.

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Pickles, J. Phenomenology, science, and geography: Spatiality and the human sciences. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

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Kollmann, Marta Isabel. Espacio, espacialidad y multidisciplinariedad. Ciudad de Buenos Aires: Eudeba, 2011.

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Pennanen, Kaisa. Ihminen ja maa: Eric Dardelin maantieteestä. Joensuu: Joensuun yliopisto, Yhteiskuntatieteiden tiedekunta, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Human geography Philosophy"

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Johnston, R. J. "Philosophy, Ideology and Geography." In Horizons in Human Geography, 48–66. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19839-9_4.

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Elden, Stuart. "Philosophy and Human Geography." In International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 85–89. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10679-1.

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Elden, S. "Philosophy and Human Geography." In International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 145–50. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008044910-4.00282-0.

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Perkins, Chris. "Mapping, Philosophy." In International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 297–308. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10570-0.

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J Watts, Michael. "Developmentalism Philosophy." In International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 281–88. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10780-2.

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Perkins, C. "Mapping, Philosophy." In International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 385–97. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008044910-4.00058-4.

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Johnston, Ron. "Emrys Jones 1920–2006." In Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume 153 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows, VII. British Academy, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264348.003.0012.

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Emrys Jones (1920–2006), a Fellow of the British Academy, was a geographer who, together with his elder brother, Alun, was raised in the Cynon Valley mining community of Aberaman in South Wales. In 1938, he entered University College Wales, Aberystwyth to study geography. Social anthropology and prehistoric archaeology dominated the teaching programme he experienced – with physical geography largely taught in the Department of Geology. The work on the Teify valley, Tregaron and Utica – all completed if not published by 1950 – together provide a clear view of the underlying philosophy of human geography that Jones sustained throughout his career. He also wrote papers on rural settlement patterns. At the London School of Economics, Jones focused on social geography. The last of his major projects – which occupied much of his retirement – was his study of the Welsh in London.
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Lu-Adler, Huaping. "Where Is the “Contradiction”?" In Kant, Race, and Racism, 33—C1N55. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197685211.003.0002.

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Abstract This chapter rejects the assumption that Kant’s moral claims and racist claims contradict each other and reconsiders the place of raciology in his philosophical system. His raciology has two parts: racialism, which divides humanity into various races and assigns distinct characteristics to each; and racism, which systematically excludes some races from certain goods. Physical geography is a primary locus for the former. The racialist account presented there gets the racist upshot when Kant, having outlined a vision of human progress in his pragmatic anthropology, uses his geographic knowledge to determine which peoples can advance that vision as agents. He excludes nonwhite races from agential participation in this historical unfolding of human progress without contradicting his somewhat abstract moral or anthropologic claims about humanity. His pure moral philosophy, anthropology, and geography constitute three levels of discourse that are separated by real abstraction and so are not on the same plane for logical comparison.
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Horky, Phillip Sidney. "Italic Pythagoreanism in the Hellenistic Age." In The Oxford Handbook of Roman Philosophy, 3—C1P112. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328383.013.1.

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Abstract This chapter seeks to elucidate the nature of “Italic” philosophy as a correlate to Pythagorean philosophy in the Hellenistic era. It starts from a claim made in Cicero’s On Old Age (77–78), in which Cato the Elder refers to Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans as “practically our own countrymen,” who were once called “Italian philosophers.” It aims to complicate Cato’s claim by evaluating what “Italian” meant in the writings of Cicero and his contemporaries, considering issues of ethnicity, language, geography, and political ideology. It then turns to the surviving evidence of “Italian” philosophy after the second century BCE, in the fragments ascribed to the Lucanians Aesara/Aresas (On the Nature of the Human), Occelus (On Law, On the Nature of the Universe) and Eccelus (On Justice), as well as those of the Oscan/Messapian poet Ennius of Rudiae (Epicharmus). The chapter concludes by considering the dissolution of Pythagorean philosophy in Italy, and its replacement by Epicureanism, in the late second century BCE.
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Stoddard, Robert H., and Carolyn V. Prorok. "Geography of Religion and Belief Systems." In Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233923.003.0063.

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Spatial and environmental dimensions of religious behavior, artefacts, and attitudes are grist for the geographer’s intellectual mill because spiritually motivated convictions and actions play an important role in human affairs. It is not surprising, therefore, that the geography of religion and belief systems is an important, emerging field of study. We commence this chapter with a definition of the field, particularly as it entails distinctions that arise out of the highly personal nature that religious belief is accorded in the academy and society at large. A limited review and summary of trends in the field over the past decade follows, building on Kong’s (1990) and Sopher’s (1967, 1981) overviews. Although North American geographers are emphasized here, research in the geography of religion is thoroughly entwined in terms of scholars’ national origin, university training, and research perspectives, thus making distinctions in nationality difficult. Moreover, geographers who do not consider themselves to be geographers of religion and numerous nongeographers also make significant contributions to this field because their work clearly incorporates both religious and geographic components in their analysis and subject matter. We note that traditional empirical studies largely dominate the work published in the last decade. Nevertheless, humanistic research (Weightman 1996; Cooper 1997a; Prorok 1997; Osterrieth 1997), and the application of contemporary critical theory (Fielder 1995; Kong 1993a, b; Prorok 2000) in this field is gaining ground, particularly via recent dissertations and presentations at AAG meetings. Additional comments about future challenges and opportunities conclude the chapter. No universally accepted definition of religion exists, as illustrated by the hundreds already published and others continually being introduced (see e.g. a separate bibliographical category devoted annually to this definitional task in Social Compass: International Review of Sociology of Religion). Another indication that the term “religion” lacks a single, precise definition is the continual struggle, expressed repeatedly within the American judicial system, with questions about what are truly “religious” activities. Definitions vary in their emphasis on three contrasting perspectives: (1) a transcendental divinity; (2) an immanent spirituality that permeates all of life; and (3) an ethical philosophy.
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