Journal articles on the topic 'Human geography – Finland – 21st century'
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Elmore, Kim, and Sallie A. Marston. "Book Review: Human geography: issues for the 21st century." Progress in Human Geography 26, no. 6 (December 2002): 837–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309132502ph408xx.
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Hughes, Caroline. "Writing Human Rights in the 21st Century." International Politics 39, no. 1 (March 2002): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ip.8895133.
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Viuhko, Minna. "Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation and Organized Procuring in Finland." European Journal of Criminology 7, no. 1 (January 2010): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370809347945.
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A joint Finnish—Swedish—Estonian study, completed in 2008, analysed the connections between human trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation and organized crime. This article deals with prostitution-related human trafficking and organized procuring in Finland in the 21st century. Finland is studied as a country of destination where foreign women, mainly from the adjacent eastern and southern regions, are brought to sell sexual services. The article concentrates on the perpetrators, their modi operandi and the structure of the criminal organizations. In particular, the control measures that are imposed on the procured women are examined; such measures comprise different sets of rules, violence and the threat of violence, and the so-called debt bondage.
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Iheanetu, Chidinma U., Kelly A. Maguire, Valéria Moricová, Roman Tandlich, and Sergio Alloggio. "Utilitarian Qubit, Human Geography, and Pandemic Preparedness in the 21st Century." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 25, 2022): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010321.
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Human actions are ambivalent in nature and this in turn has an impact on all components of socio-ecological systems. Their ambivalence results from the fact that human actions have both positive and negative outcomes and properties, which occur and manifest concurrently in the ontological realm of human existence. In terms of space–time, both micro-geography and macro-geography of human existence are intertwined during the COVID-19 pandemic, thus affecting pre- and post-pandemic space–time continuum. The utilitarian qubit can be used to describe the nature of human existence, i.e., Homo sapiens has always been experiencing a state of existence where pain and pleasure are co-extensive. In this state, it is impossible to establish to what extent pain, and to what extent pleasure, will have a definitive impact on our status as individuals and humanity as a species. In this article, the authors explore how the record of an individual’s life before and after the COVID-19 pandemic has been impacted by the wellbeing and actions of other humans and prior to one’s existence. Drawing on the utilitarian qubit, the COVID-19 pandemic, and its impacts on the members of Homo sapiens, can be understood as a partial outcome of the cumulative actions of humanity on the biosphere and other elements of the global ecosystem (the Age of the Anthropocene). We argue that this paper is also useful to foster disaster preparedness and resilience in the pandemic and post-pandemic era, at micro- and macro-geographical interfaces of human existence in the 21st century. The existence of individual members of Homo sapiens and humanity as a species is unfolding at the boundary between two levels: fundamental reality and situational reality. The result is the historical accumulation and ontological interconnectedness of humanity’s activities with one’s own actions. Pain and pleasure resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and the Age of Anthropocene, as well as the right and wrong consequences of humanity’s actions, are posited here to be symptoms of the Anthropocenic (phase of) epidemiological transition.
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Kirkpatrick, Russell. "Human geography: A history for the 21st century - Georges Benko and Ulf Strohmayer." New Zealand Geographer 62, no. 3 (December 2006): 240–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.2006.076_5.x.
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Alenius, Kari. "A typical example of mental region-building? The Balkan area in Finnish schoolbooks from the late 19th century to the beginning of the 21st century." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 5, no. 2 (December 15, 2013): 25–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v5i2_3.
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Schoolbooks play a crucial role in the formation of one’s world view. This study analyzes how the Balkan area has been depicted in Finnish schoolbooks under the existence of the modern school system from the 1870s to the 2000s. For this study, all history and geography schoolbooks published in Finland have been examined. Of books of which there are several editions, at least the first and the last editions and any other necessary ones have been used. The familiarization of Finnish school children with the Balkan countries and peoples has occurred through two subjects, history, and foremost, through geography. Descriptions and interpretations relating to the Balkan area and its inhabitants have existed in Finnish schoolbooks from the beginning. During approximately 140 years, the amount of description and content has changed in some respects, but on the other hand, elements of clear continuity and immutability are apparent.
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Camilleri, Frank. "Of Hybrids and the Posthuman: Performer Training in the 21st Century." TDR/The Drama Review 59, no. 3 (September 2015): 108–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00473.
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A post-psychophysical theoretical and practical framework for performer training is evolving in response to sociological theories of material and immaterial labor, the formulation of “dynamic hybridity” from the field of human geography, and contemporary posthuman thought.
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Streletsky, V. N. "Territorial identity as a subject of foreign geography in late 20th century and the first decades of 21st century." Regional nye issledovaniya 73, no. 3 (2021): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2021-3-6.
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The paper discusses the main directions and topics of research on the phenomenon of territorial identity in the world human geography over the last four decades of the 20th and 21st centuries; studies of territorial identity in Russian geography are not specifically considered, these topics deserve a separate article. Territorial identity is understood as a system of the prevailing ideas of people about their belonging to a certain territorial cultural group. In Western human geography, there is a wide range of opinions on the relationship between the concepts of territorial identity and spatial identity. Sometimes these terms are considered synonymous, but more often they are interpreted in different ways. Thus, territorial identity is always associated with the people themselves, their regional and local communities; spatial identity – mainly with the places where these people live and which they perceive as “theirs”. The main hierarchical levels of territorial identity are local and regional. National identity usually refers in human geography to territories within the borders of national states and is also often interpreted as one of the upper levels of territorial identity. This article compares the national traditions of territorial identity studies in Anglo-Saxon (British-American), Francophone and German-speaking geography and elucidates their contemporary trends. The practical significance of the territorial identity research is discussed, including for Russia.
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Chernov, Borys О., and Іnna H. Dudka. "Theoretical and methodological essence of noospheric geography of the 21st century." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 30, no. 3 (October 4, 2021): 407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112137.
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In modern conditions of globalization of society development and fleeting transformations of natural processes, when the development of science, includinggeographical, is extremely accelerated, there is a rapid complication of forms and methods of theoretical and methodological knowledge, which makes it necessary to conduct logical and methodological analysis of geography in modern conditions. It turned out that a hundred years ago, says Edwin Toffler, Thomas Mann put forward a formula that expressed the feeling of death of a certain era. Today, humanity has approached an invisible boundary that separates one era from another. It is established that the world is on the threshold of grand social changes, technical and cultural innovations. In these conditions, when the world has become completely different, it is important for geographers to understand the consequences of the ongoing transformation processes. All this requires a new understanding from the standpoint of a globalized society, to find out what fundamental consequences for geography brought the information technology revolution, which will result in new paradigms for the development of our science. A. Toffler argued in «The Third Wave» that humanity was approaching a new technological revolution, that is, the First Wave (agrarian civilization and the Second (industrial civilization)) was replaced by a new wave that led to the creation of a supra-industrial civilization almost twenty years ago. If the concept of «living matter» (as a natural planetary body) underlies the doctrine of the biosphere, then the selection of such a natural phenomenon on a planetary scale as «scientific thought», becomes the most important naturalistic generalization in the theory of the noosphere. Nowadays, the idea of the coherence of the most progressive social laws and the achievements of scientific knowledge acquires a special meaning, becomes the most important problem of the very existence of human civilization. Based on the above, according to M. V. Bahrov, L. H. Rudenko and I. H. Chervaniov, we argue that «there was a need to create new scientific products that reflect the state and problems of the current stage of development of society», i. e., noosphere geography. The refore, the realization of the purpose of the study is to identify scientific sources about the change of the theoretical essence of modern geography, substantiation of the theoretical and methodological essence of the «new» noosphere geography in the transition of information society to noosphere and clarify the place of noosphere geography in general scientific classification.
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Hyökki, Linda. "Whiteness and Anti-Muslim Racism in Finland." Context: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 61–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.55425/23036966.2022.9.1.61.
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Context: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies is a peer-reviewed scholarly journal committed to the advancement of interdisciplinary research in exploration of the most pressing and emerging key social and political issues of the 21st century. These include the implications of accelerated globalization, pluralism and diversity, human rights and freedoms, sustainable development, and inter-religious encounters. Researchers in the humanities and social sciences are invited to contribute to a better understanding of major mThis article argues that the anti-Muslim experiences of Finnish converts should be analysed as racial, and that they have not emerged from a historical vacuum, but are rather embedded in a trajectory of racism in Finland. The article demonstrates this through the racialisation of the country’s national minorities, the Sámi and Roma peoples. Drawing on this, the article explains how the Finnish convert experience can be understood as a continuum of the racialisation of minorities in Finland, within the more extensive construction of Whiteness and normative Finnishness.oral and ethical issues through creative cross-pollination of ideas, perspectives, and methodologies. In an effort to bridge different cultures, the journal will also publish translations of significant articles. Context welcomes articles, essays and book reviews in all areas of interdisciplinary studies.
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Özgem, Kezban, and Umut Akçıl. "An Investigation of Preschool Level Out-of-Class Education Activities in Finland, Estonia, Ireland, and Turkey within the Framework of 21st Century Skills." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 17, 2022): 8736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148736.
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The skills and competencies to be acquired in the 21st century are collected under these topics: learning and innovation skills; life and career skills; information, media and technology skills. The changes taking place in the world, in information technologies and global transformation, have promoted the development of different approaches, models, skills, and various learning theories in education. One of the prominent features shaping this period is the acquisition of these desired skills from the pre-school period, and this acquisition occurs through providing children with different experiences and offering rich environments and materials to children. In this respect, the activities carried outdoors have gained as much significance as in-class activities. This study aims to compare the 21st-century skills-based outdoor educational activities in Finland, Estonia, Ireland, and Turkey. In this respect, the horizontal and diagnostic approach used in comparative education studies is applied in combination. Document analysis is used in this research to gather data on the objectives of the countries regarding preschool out-of-class education as well as out-of-class education environments; the activities, modules, and assessment methods used were obtained from Finland, Estonia, Ireland, and Turkey’s Ministry of Education websites, countries’ laws on education, official pre-school education reports, education systems, articles, and online databases, etc. Among the countries examined, Finland, Estonia, and Ireland have learning modules related to out-of-class learning activities, which indicates that these countries have more options and thus a greater variety of out-of-class activities and environments. It also indicates that out-of-class education activities are carried out more extensively in these countries. It has been concluded that Ireland has more out-of-class learning activities in number and a number of the activities address a higher number of developmental areas. However, it has also been revealed that there is no module, program, or booklet for out-of-class learning activities in Turkey. From this point of view, the recommendation is for Turkish education to create a preschool education program module with out-of-class activities to adapt the Turkish preschool education program to the imperatives of contemporary learning outcomes.
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Mainzer, Klaus. "Challenges of Complexity in the 21st Century. An Interdisciplinary Introduction." European Review 17, no. 2 (May 2009): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798709000714.
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The theory of nonlinear complex systems has become a proven problem-solving approach in the natural sciences from cosmic and quantum systems to cellular organisms and the brain. Even in modern engineering science self-organizing systems are developed to manage complex networks and processes. It is now recognized that many of our ecological, social, economic, and political problems are also of a global, complex, and nonlinear nature. Modern evolutionary economics can be modelled in the framework of complex systems and nonlinear dynamics. Historically, evolutionary economics was inspired by Schumpeterian concepts of business cycles and innovation dynamics. What are the laws of sociodynamics? What can we learn from nonlinear dynamics for complexity management in social, economic, financial and political systems? Is self-organization an acceptable strategy to handle the complexity in firms, institutions and organizations? The world-wide crisis of financial markets and economies is a challenge for complexity research. Misleading concepts of linear thinking and mild randomness (e.g. Gaussian distributions of Brownian motion) must be overcome by new approaches of nonlinear mathematics (e.g. non-Gaussian distribution), modelling the wild randomness of turbulence at the stock markets. Systemic crises need systemic answers. Nevertheless, human cognitive capabilities are often overwhelmed by the complexity of nonlinear systems they are forced to manage. Traditional mathematical decision theory assumed perfect rationality of economic agents (homo oeconomicus). Herbert Simon, Nobel Prize laureate of economics and one of the leading pioneers of systems science and cognitive science, introduced the principle of bounded rationality. Therefore, we need new insights into the factual microeconomic behaviour of economic agents by methods of humanities, cognitive and social sciences, which are sometimes called ‘experimental economics’. Social and economic dynamics are interdisciplinary challenges of modern complexity research.
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Holman, David, and Eva Švejdarová. "The 21st-Century Empowering Wholeness Adaptive (EWA) Educational Model Transforming Learning Capacity and Human Capital through Wholeness Systems Thinking towards a Sustainable Future." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021301.
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To meet the sustainability challenges in the 21st century, students need to develop a unique human learning capacity for creativity, responsibility, adaptation, meaningfulness, and lifelong learning. Furthermore, current changes in the societal environment have given rise to the need for a new learning strategy that guides learners in perceiving reality as an interrelated purposeful system with meaningful limits rather than collections of facts or systems without limits, as done so far. This paper aims to verify its hypothesis and introduce the 21st-century Empowering Wholeness Adaptive learning model (21st EWA Edu). This is a unique learning strategy that enables a meaningful transformation of learning capacity and creates a unifying learning system of dynamic content, didactics, knowledge, skills, competencies, understanding, values, and behaviors. Over three years, data from three cohorts of students at the School of Business Administration were collected. To assess the impact of the 21st EWA learning approach, both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection and analysis were employed. The results suggest that the proposed model creates a learning system enabling the transformation of learning capacity while empowering students to become conscious and engaged lifelong learners, which is much needed for a truly sustainable future.
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Voll, John O. "Pensée 3: Reconceptualizing the “Regions” in “Area Studies”." International Journal of Middle East Studies 41, no. 2 (May 2009): 196–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743809090618.
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“Area studies” as a way of trying to understand human experience is undergoing a major transition. Questioning the connection between Middle East and African studies highlights important dimensions of the changing nature of area studies at the beginning of the 21st century.
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Allén, Sture. "The re-establishment of good taste: on the role of academies in the 21st century." European Review 6, no. 1 (February 1998): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700003069.
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Of the multitude of languages, many are endangered and threatened with extinction; this is a great potential loss of witnesses to human perception. Academies should support non-majority languages and oppose the acceleration of their loss due to the rise of computers with programs limited to majority languages.
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Hernández García de Velazco, Judith J., Ana Cecilia Chumaceiro Hernandez, and Luis Bayardo Tobar Pesantez. "Knowledge management and key factors for organizational success in the perspective of the 21st Century." Revista Venezolana de Gerencia 26, no. 6 Edición Especial (November 19, 2021): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.26.e6.5.
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This paper will analyze knowledge management trends in organizations framed in the most up-to-date currents in administration in order to explain the knowledge-based vision, developed by multi-dimensional strategies in value creation. Furthermore, considering the various critical processes from the strategic alliances and the dynamic capabilities that determine it. In an analytical, bibliographic-documentary approach, study categories are defined to interpret and contrast how knowledge continues to be a comparative advantage, demonstrated in its conceptual deconstruction, where theoretical discussions are generated. The same advantage point to new conceptions extracted from its applicative composition in the 21st century organizations, which implies various human and process adaptations. It is concluded that knowledge management and dynamic capacities, and strategic alliances are essential for organizational success and social welfare.
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Cordeiro, A. M. Rochette. "The Importance of the Holistic View in Urbanism: The Role of Physical Geography in the Sustainable City of the 21st Century." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 9, no. 12 (December 27, 2022): 380–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.912.13662.
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The need for an interdisciplinary approach to urban planning is an undeniable fact in the 21st century vision of sustainable cities. Although in geography studies urban planning has always been regarded as a field of human geography, resilience to climate change and the importance of ecosystems in increasingly populated territories offer new perspectives to physical supports, in particular in urban design and in its relevance in environmental aspects of sustainable urban planning. This study takes an integrated approach to physical geography in order to understand urban environments through urban landscapes from a socio-natural standpoint. In the last decade, both at global level, through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and at European level, through directives and environmental programmes, such as the Urban Agenda for the EU and the European Climate Law, the adaptations of urban climate, air quality, and sustainable land-use contingent to nature-based solutions brought about new challenges and perspectives to the 21st century city. In this framework, the energy efficiency and decarbonisation issues were brought into the equation, being key elements in sustainable urban development. Adapting the sub-areas of physical geography to the different mosaics in urban spaces in a holistic manner by analysing endogenous factors – “morphological system” – and exogenous factors – climate –, as well as all those interconnected thereto downstream – hydrology, natural hazards, or the different environmental management and land-use and occupation instruments provides physical geographers with opportunities for the urbanisation of nature, in a temporal matrix, showing the trajectories of transformation of urban settlements.
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Funari, Pedro Paulo A., and Aline Vieira de Carvalho. "The uses of archaeology. A plea for diversity." Archaeological Dialogues 16, no. 2 (November 5, 2009): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203809990134.
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Professor Dawdy's keynote speech addresses some of the main challenges of the discipline in the 21st century. Archaeology should not be self-serving, and it can even become dangerous, a possible consequence of a quest for its usefulness. A possible solution would be to focus efforts on environmental archaeology. Looking for ancient sustainable agricultural practices, for example, in order to better inform contemporary human adaptations, would be a path to follow. According to Dawdy, this useful, futurist archaeology finds a public ready for such an endeavour.
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Singh, Pramod K., and Harpalsinh Chudasama. "Pathways for climate resilient development: Human well-being within a safe and just space in the 21st century." Global Environmental Change 68 (May 2021): 102277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102277.
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Letters, Migration. "Book Reviews." Migration Letters 16, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182//ml.v16i2.741.
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Human Security and Migration in Europe's Southern Borders by Susana Ferreira. Palgrave Macmillan: Springer Nature, 2018, xvii + 211 pp. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77947-8Dr Diotima Chattoraj, University Brunei Darussalam, Brunei. Borders and Mobility in South Asia and Beyond by Reece Jones and Md. Azmeary Ferdoush (eds.), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, Netherlands, 2018. PP.277, Price: € 99,00 (Hardback), ISBN: 9789462984547Dr Saleh Shahriar, College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, The People’s Republic of China.Migration, Refugees and Human Security in the Mediterranean and MENA edited by Marion Boulby and Kenneth Christie, Palgrave Macmillan (2018, ISBN: 978-3319707747).Dr Gül Oral, Kadir Has University, Turkey.21 Lessons for the 21st Century by Yuval Noah Harari. New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2018, 372 pp. ISBN: 978-1787330672.Dr Uzi Rebhun, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Miller, Harvey J. "Geographic information science II: Mesogeography." Progress in Human Geography 42, no. 4 (June 9, 2017): 600–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309132517712154.
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The 20th century witnessed the rise of social physics: the application of models and techniques developed for physical processes to social phenomena. Social physics left an enduring legacy in human geography via its stepchildren, spatial analysis and GIS, shifting geography from microgeography (description-seeking) and towards macrogeography (law-seeking). Social physics is back in the 21st century, and its renaissance with a concurrent rise in computational and data-driven approaches to science and policy raises a wide range of concerns, including the claim that this is just macrogeography writ large: a single-minded pursuit of social laws at the cost of treating people as particles and spatial context as abstract and sterile. I argue that this time is different: a more sophisticated social physics, spatial analysis and GIScience are emerging that emphasize heterogeneity and spatial context as key drivers of interesting behavior. I also argue that new social physics suggests another path to geographic knowledge somewhere in the middle: mesogeography – a focus on how processes evolve in spatial context. I discuss GIScience techniques and approaches that can facilitate the quest for mesogeographic knowledge.
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Mance, Davor, Katarina Krunić, and Diana Mance. "Protecting Species by Promoting Protected Areas and Human Development—A Panel Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 29, 2021): 11970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111970.
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We analyze a panel of 147 countries over a 21-year period. We used the Generalized Method of Moments First Differences panel estimation method and found that there is a statistically significant positive association between terrestrial protected areas and protected species. There is strong evidence of a positive statistical relationship between the Human Development Index and protected species under the condition of efficient nitrogen use as an instrumental variable. We support the revision of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis by claiming that in the 21st century it need not be strictly U-shaped, but that a rise in environmental protection measures is present across the board. The final contribution of the paper is the idea that protecting the habitat of endangered species is commensurate with increasing human welfare through income, health and education.
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Kincses, Áron. "Geographical networks of international migration." Migration Letters 17, no. 6 (November 22, 2020): 799–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v17i6.932.
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In the globalised world, various human activities (business, migration, etc.) organise into networks, and only through these skeletons can we observe the different phenomena that take place. In response to the emergence of globalisation we need to find new, usable tools and methods for the sound measurement of such changing phenomena. Network theory is an innovative approach that can help us handle the complexity of the 21st century. However, so far it has not featured in mainstream official statistics. The international migration offers a new field, in which to harvest the results of network theory (in geographical not in sociological sense). Through the migration countries’ networks (from where and to where migrants move) I provide some of the most important tangible outcomes of network analysis in international migration statistics. The analysis of the entire migration geographical network is limited to the presentation of the main trends and characteristics.
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Živanović, Vedran, Marko Joksimović, Rajko Golić, Vladimir Malinić, Filip Krstić, Marko Sedlak, and Aleksandar Kovjanić. "Depopulated and Abandoned Areas in Serbia in the 21st Century—From a Local to a National Problem." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 10765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710765.
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Depopulated or abandoned spaces are a consequence of the emptying of settlements and the complete disappearance of the human factor in the use of space. The aim of this paper is to determine the size and structure of this space—clusters that can be considered abandoned at the regional level. In the focus of this paper is the space at the district level in Serbia, within which significant changes in land use occurred in the period 1990–2018. Time series of formal databases and data obtained by GIS tools were analysed in order to observe the changes in the structure of surfaces and to define the trend of merging or increasing the empty space during the last two decades. This paper analyses planning documents and strategies in order to determine with which problems the state identifies abandoned areas and what planning solutions are possible. A new method for calculating the homogenization of abandoned space is presented. The results indicate the homogenization of the abandoned space in the border regions in the south of Serbia, as well as major changes in land use, such as reforestation and reclamation of agricultural land.
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Tiutiunnykova, Svitlana, Inna Shpak, Oksana Berveno, and Anastasiia Moskvina. "Subjective Human Potential in Overcoming the Strategic Instability." European Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2022.v11n3p184.
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The article is devoted to the actual problem of the subjective potential of a person in overcoming the challenges and contradictions of the modern world. The authors actualize human nature, show its inconsistency, strengths and weaknesses, insufficient degree of its knowledge. Using the socio-psychological potential of a person in solving global problems of mankind means relying on knowledge of human nature, models of his behavior, the totality of his properties and qualities. The 21st century has led not only to the complication of the surrounding world, but also to the complication of the social world of man. The social world becomes a reality for a person - perceived through the reflection of his “I” in other people. Metamorphoses of actual changes in human nature in the process of sociobiological and sociotechnical co-evolution are shown, the quality of sociality itself changes under the influence of network structural social transformations. It is proved that the strategic instability of the modern world is the result of adaptation features, a violation in her accommodation and assimilation, the destruction of the integrity of the individual. A way out of this state is possible only on the path of holistic human development, the increasing significance of its subjective potential.
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Nedkov, Stoyan, John Pickles, Kliment Naydenov, and Hristina Prodanova. "Journal of the Bulgarian Geographical Society: the new vision and perspectives." Journal of the Bulgarian Geographical Society 44 (May 31, 2021): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jbgs.e68981.
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The Journal of Bulgarian Geographical Society was the first scientific geographical journal in the country established in 1933. During the long period of its development, it became a leading journal for publishing scientific results in geography and related interdisciplinary fields in Bulgaria. Geography of the 21st century is expected to contribute to the development of human capital and the knowledge society, to offer place-specific solutions for sustainable regional development and use of the planet’s natural and human capital. One of the main goals of the Bulgarian Geographical Society is to stimulate the geographic community to search for smart spatial solutions which can contribute to meet the challenges of modern society. The Journal of the Bulgarian Geographical Society will contribute to the achievement of this goal by providing a platform for scientists in the main fields of geography and the interrelated sciences as well as decision-makers, and the interested public to share their knowledge in an efficient and open manner. In these days of continuous speeding up of paces of work and life, the idea of facilitating the sharing of existing knowledge in order to create synergies, new knowledge, and innovation is more than timely and our journal can join the efforts to achieve these goals.
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Papaioannou, Theo. "The Idea of Justice in Innovation: Applying Non-Ideal Political Theory to Address Questions of Sustainable Public Policy in Emerging Technologies." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 2, 2021): 2655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052655.
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Justice as such is not a new idea. Since the time of Plato and Aristotle, justice has been conceived as a moral and political standard of how people ought to conduct themselves and relate to one another in a fair society and institutions. However, even though principles of justice and related theories have been used to provide guidance to social and political actions, technological innovation remains an area of policy and practice in which justice cannot be easily applied. This is not only due to the complex process of generating new technologies and their unpredictable impact on social relations and institutions but also to perceptions of value neutrality in the innovation process. Such perceptions make public policy difficult to sustain. Nevertheless, innovation is a human action that is guided by both ethical norms and interests and is significant for justice. Emerging technologies create opportunities for promoting justice, but at the same time, they also pose risks to injustice. This paper is of theoretical nature and aims to explain why justice needs to provide the normative direction of innovation systems and related public policy in the 21st century. Through a critical review of the literature, the paper argues that justice as such is a non-ideal standard which is significant for the legitimacy of emerging technologies and related developmental change. The normative direction of innovation systems in the 21st century depends on non-ideal principles of equity, participation, and recognition. These principles embody sustainable public-policy solutions to problems of unequal generation and diffusion of emerging technologies.
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Desai, Bharat H., and Jay B. Desai. "On the Century of Peacemaking at the 1919 Treaty of Versailles: Looking Back to Look Ahead." International Studies 57, no. 3 (July 2020): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020881720932105.
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This study seeks to make a modest effort to look back at the marathon peacemaking ushered into by the Treaty of Versailles, during 1919–1922 periods, after Armistice was signed on 11 November 1918, bringing to an end the First World War. It has sought to place under scanner the said arduous process of peacemaking, resulting in an imposing corpus of five treaties comprising 1914 articles with Germany and its four other allies (Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary and Turkey). It presents an interesting role of the principal peacemakers therein along with the advent of the era of ‘organizing’ through the League of Nations and other entities such as International Labour Office and Permanent Court of International Justice. Now, at the distance of 101 years from the main event that heralded new milestones in international law and international relations, we have sought to make sense of it so as to deduce lessons to look ahead for our better world. Knowing well that alike human beings, any peacemaking cannot be flawless, it has been our endeavour to provide an objective understanding of the great peacemaking, its aftermath (1919–1939) and its relevance for the United Nations–led world order in the 21st century.
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Capellán-Pérez, Iñigo, David Álvarez-Antelo, and Luis J. Miguel. "Global Sustainability Crossroads: A Participatory Simulation Game to Educate in the Energy and Sustainability Challenges of the 21st Century." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (July 4, 2019): 3672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133672.
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There is a general need to facilitate citizens’ understanding of the global sustainability problem with the dual purpose of raising their awareness of the seriousness of the problem and helping them get closer to understanding the complexity of the solutions. Here, the design and application of the participatory simulation game Global Sustainability Crossroads is described, based on a global state-of-the-art energy–economy–environment model, which creates a virtual scenario where the participants are confronted with the design of climate mitigation strategies as well as the social, economic, and environmental consequences of decisions. The novelty of the game rests on the global scope and the representation of the drivers of anthropogenic emissions within the MEDEAS-World model, combined with a participatory simulation group dynamic flexible enough to be adapted to a diversity of contexts and participants. The performance of 13 game workshops with ~420 players has shown it has a significant pedagogical potential: the game is able to generate discussions on crucial topics which are usually outside the public realm such as the relationship between economic growth and sustainability, the role of technology, how human desires are limited by biophysical constraints or the possibility of climate tipping points.
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Barr, Helen. "Stories of the New Geography." Journal of Medieval Worlds 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 79–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jmw.2019.100005.
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The Refugee Tales project holds a distinctive place amongst 20th and 21st century responses to Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales. The project comprises collections of tales published in textual editions alongside a politically embodied campaign to call an end to the practice of indefinite detention of asylum seekers in the United Kingdom. The tales that are told take the form of an established writer giving voice to those that are caught up in this inhuman process. Some of the oral narratives come from refugees, some from care-workers and supporters, and some from from those caught up in the institutional processes of bureaucracy. These tales are heard and rehearsed on an annual walk that appropriates the pilgrimage route to a new geography that contests political space and its confinements. The project as a whole captures the spirit and purpose of Chaucer’s work. While engagement with textual detail is intermittent, but probing where it appears, this body of work, as Chaucer’s did, gives voice to those whose voices are unheard. The Refugee Tales pick up on how Chaucer integrated a narrative about England into an international geography—though with a difference. While Chaucer sets his stories chiefly outside the shores of England for literary purposes, The Refugee Tales appropriate the space of England to create a borderless nation that is hospitable to persons from Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and in fact a whole international diaspora of nations whose people have become displaced. The Refugee Tales takes its inspiration from Chaucer not to produce a quaint exercise in medievalism or to update his work as a solely intellectual exercise. This project engages minds, body, creativity and political will. International in its remit, it frees the Father of English poetry to kick over the traces of borders that would separate nation from nation, children from parents, and human beings from each other. The Refugee Tales digs deep into the spirit of the medieval past to face up to a pressing and urgent global challenge.
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Bopp, Judith, and Anna Lena Bercht. "Considering time in climate justice." Geographica Helvetica 76, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-76-29-2021.
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Abstract. Time shapes every single human–environment relationship and is inherent in 21st-century global challenges such as climate change and the urgent move towards global sustainability. Nonetheless, the concept of time is still insufficiently addressed in climate justice debates. This paper aims to help fill this gap by presenting empirical results about experiences of climate change in farming communities in Tamil Nadu, South India, and fishing communities on the Lofoten Islands, Norway. With the help of the five dimensions of affectedness, rhythms and rituals, slow motion, care, and health and well-being, it exemplifies how time matters to issues of climate injustices faced by the communities. The paper promotes a qualitative understanding of time and climate change. Thereby, it may stimulate greater relatability to climate change, as well as discussion likely to lead to conceptual advances.
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Hayat, Huma, Tahir Ali Akbar, Adnan Ahmad Tahir, Quazi K. Hassan, Ashraf Dewan, and Muhammad Irshad. "Simulating Current and Future River-Flows in the Karakoram and Himalayan Regions of Pakistan Using Snowmelt-Runoff Model and RCP Scenarios." Water 11, no. 4 (April 12, 2019): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040761.
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Upper Indus Basin (UIB) supplies more than 70% flow to the downstream agricultural areas during summer due to the melting of snow and glacial ice. The estimation of the stream flow under future climatic projections is a pre-requisite to manage water resources properly. This study focused on the simulation of snowmelt-runoff using Snowmelt-Runoff Model (SRM) under the current and future Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5) climate scenarios in the two main tributaries of the UIB namely the Astore and the Hunza River basins. Remote sensing data from Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) along with in-situ hydro-climatic data was used as input to the SRM. Basin-wide and zone-wise approaches were used in the SRM. For the zone-wise approach, basin areas were sliced into five elevation zones and the mean temperature for the zones with no weather stations was estimated using a lapse rate value of −0.48 °C to −0.76 °C/100 m in both studied basins. Zonal snow cover was estimated for each zone by reclassifying the MODIS snow maps according to the zonal boundaries. SRM was calibrated over 2000–2001 and validated over the 2002–2004 data period. The results implied that the SRM simulated the river flow efficiently with Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient of 0.90 (0.86) and 0.86 (0.86) for the basin-wide (zone-wise) approach in the Astore and Hunza River Basins, respectively, over the entire simulation period. Mean annual discharge was projected to increase by 11–58% and 14–90% in the Astore and Hunza River Basins, respectively, under all the RCP mid- and late-21st-century scenarios. Mean summer discharge was projected to increase between 10–60% under all the RCP scenarios of mid- and late-21st century in the Astore and Hunza basins. This study suggests that the water resources of Pakistan should be managed properly to lessen the damage to human lives, agriculture, and economy posed by expected future floods as indicated by the climatic projections.
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Osman, Wazhmah. "Building Spectatorial Solidarity against the “War on Terror” Media-Military Gaze." International Journal of Middle East Studies 54, no. 2 (May 2022): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074382200037x.
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At the dawn of the 21st century the “War on Terror” ushered in an era in which some were besieged by wars and others by war-related imagery. For the fortunate who live outside of war zones, mostly in the Global North and West, the experience of war has been primarily a mediated one. With the advent of digital imagery and its many evolving and developing technological transmutations, the possibilities of reproduction, representation, manipulation, and circulation have grown exponentially in the past twenty years. Yet in the grand scheme of human communication history, the “pictorial turn” is a relatively recent phenomenon that requires further analysis. In this article, I unpack and analyze some of the key media moments from the vast visual lexicon and iconography of the “War on Terror” to reveal its scaffolding and machinations and offer counterstrategies of resistance. I argue that the “War on Terror” is the orchestrated sum of literal and figurative imagery, a coordinated public relations disinformation media campaign designed to hide real wars and their true destruction and costs.
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Zapata-Cantu, Laura, and Fernando González. "Challenges for Innovation and Sustainable Development in Latin America: The Significance of Institutions and Human Capital." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 4077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13074077.
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Sustainable development is considered as one of the vital challenges of the 21st century for humanity. The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted economic and social life, forcing governments and businesses to reconsider their priorities. There are rare empirical studies on the national innovation system and its relationship to sustainability development for emerging countries. This paper aims at shedding light on how mission-oriented policies have marked sustainable regional development and innovation in Latin America. The present study presents the capabilities that could support the improvement of the national innovation system and, as a consequence, sustainability development. To understand how Latin American countries act on innovation and sustainable development initiatives, two global rankings in these areas, The Global Innovation Index 2020 and The Sustainable Development Report 2020, were analyzed. The results indicate some obstacles must be overcome such as the high levels of social inequality and poverty that still constitute significant challenges for this region. Today’s biggest challenges are facing a pandemic situation and guaranteeing economic development that allows the underprivileged to escape poverty without dooming future generations to an even more degraded environment than the current one. Innovation continues to play a critical role in the transition toward a more sustainable world.
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David, Anda, and Frédéric Docquier. "Special Issue on Climate Migration." Journal of Demographic Economics 87, no. 3 (June 9, 2021): 289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2021.11.
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How do weather shocks influence human mobility and poverty, and how will long-term climate change affect future migration over the course of the 21st century? These questions have gained unprecedented attention in public debates as global warming is already having severe impacts around the world, and prospects for the coming decades get worse. Low-latitude countries in general, and their agricultural areas in particular, have contributed the least to climate change but are the most adversely affected. The effect on people's voluntary and forced displacements is of major concern for both developed and developing countries. On 18 October 2019, Agence Française de Développement (AFD) and Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER) organized a workshop on Climate Migration with the aim of uncovering the mechanisms through which fast-onset variables (such as weather anomalies, storms, hurricanes, torrential rains, floods, landslides, etc.) and slow-onset variables (such as temperature trends, desertification, rising sea level, coastal erosion, etc.) influence both people's incentives to move and mobility constraints. This special issue gathers five papers prepared for this workshop, which shed light on (or predict) the effect of extreme weather shocks and long-term climate change on human mobility, and stress the implications for the development community.
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Grigoryeva, Elena. "succession." проект байкал, no. 66 (March 13, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.51461/projectbaikal.66.1707.
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Does new always mean the best? Throughout the last century people had been actively trying to invent and build a new world. A world without old or obsolete things. The end of the millennium gave rise to an illusion that all achievements, disasters and confrontations of the previous ten centuries were left behind. But the new century has already brought so drastic changes that the attitude toward the past is no longer the same. The larger the wave of the new becomes, the more precious looks the succession, or the continuity of the past in the present.Is it pure coincidence that the English words “succession” and “success” have the same root? The Ise Shrine in Japan is rebuilt every 20 years because two previous generations of craftsmen are still alive at the time of each reconstruction. The tradition does not change. The technology, the aesthetic principles, the manner of understanding and feeling of beauty are passed from hand to hand.We have frequently referred to the period of creative rise in the middle of the last century, to the phenomenon of the “sixtiers”. Like the modernism itself, Siberian brutalism opposed the classical cannons, but today its audacious large-scale solutions look like a direct continuation of the centuries-old development of architecture. Today’s rebirth of interest in brutalism is not accidental. We believe in its recovery, of course, on a new level of comprehension and in new forms.Indeed, if the main function of the state in the 21st century is to provide conditions for human self-realisation with the use of cultural and historical identity, it is time to speak about SUCCESSION.
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Grisolia, Giulia, Umberto Lucia, and Marco Filippo Torchio. "Sustainable Development and Workers Ability: Considerations on the Education Index in the Human Development Index." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 8, 2022): 8372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148372.
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Sustainability is an imperative of the 21st century in order to preserve the environment for the next generations, but sustainable development also requires the introduction and use of new technologies, and the related abilities for their use. The United Nations have adopted the Human Development Index HDI in order to assess human well-being. This index includes a component related to knowledge, the Education Index, which is expressed in terms of the mean schooling years. However, this information does not contain a measure of the student’s ability to solve complex problems or ability to reason, which are fundamental skills for sustainable development. In this study, an improved version of the Education Index was developed by considering the data available from the OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). This new index takes into account both the social impact of schooling years and the outcomes of the education systems for each country (PISA scores). As a consequence of this new Education Index, a new Human Development Index, HDI*, is proposed. Two case studies were performed, comparing the European and non-European countries, focusing on government education spending. Moreover, the trends of an energy and an environmental indicator are analyzed in relation to the HDI*.
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Wrachien, De. "Impacts of Climate Change on Food Production and On the Agricultural Environment." Nutrition and Food Processing 3, no. 3 (December 21, 2020): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/033.
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Despite the enormous advances in our ability to manage the natural world, we have reached the 21st century in awesome ignorance of what is likely to unfold in terms of both the climate changes and the human activities that affect the environment and the responses of the Earth to these stimuli. Globally the prospects of increasing the gross cultivated area are limited by the decease of economically attractive sites for large-scale irrigation and drainage projects. Therefore, increase in food production will necessarily rely on a more accurate application of the crop water requirements on the one hand, and modernization and improvement of irrigation and drainage systems on the other hand. These issues have to be analysed in light of the expected impacts of climate change and environmental sustainability. The present Editorial analyses the relevant aspects of these issues in light of the need to increase food production and for sustainable agricultural environment.
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Collett, Brent, and Nicola Henry. "Water justice: exploring the social dimensions of new irrigation technologies in northern Victoria, Australia." Water Policy 16, S2 (November 1, 2014): 155–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.102.
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Water resource management is one of the most pressing human and environmental challenges of the 21st century. Technological approaches to improving the management of water feature prominently, with technology positioned as the solution to issues of competing interests and the achievement of water savings. This paper analyses the social dimensions of a regional-level irrigation technology, examining the piloting of Total Channel Control™ technology in northern Victoria, Australia, as a case study. Water savings, organisational efficiency, on-demand ordering, occupational health and safety improvements, and many other benefits were anticipated to flow from this ‘world first’ technology. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with stakeholders and participant observation of an irrigation committee, this paper examines stakeholder accounts regarding piloting of the technology. We argue that in order to achieve justice and fairness in implementing regional irrigation technology, three essential criteria must be met: genuine consultation, participation and negotiation; responsive and respectful dialogue and communication; and mutual information exchange. As society shifts towards greater reliance on technological intervention to solve some of the most pressing dilemmas of the modern era, a more holistic approach focusing on the complexity of human interaction with the technology is vital.
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Griebel, Brendan, and Darren Keith. "Mapping Inuinnaqtun: The Role of Digital Technology in the Revival of Traditional Inuit Knowledge Ecosystems." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 11 (November 5, 2021): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10110749.
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The term Inuinnaqtun is often used in reference to a dialect of Inuktut spoken by Inuinnait (Copper Inuit) of the Central Canadian Arctic. The broader meaning of Inuinnaqtun, however, is to speak, to create, to practice, to do, to think, to be, like an Inuinnaq (a human being). Inuinnaqtun was once its own robust ecosystem, with Inuinnait physically immersed in a landscape and way of life that nourished a fluent and full language, supported human relationships, and maintained a sophisticated body of cultural knowledge. The Inuinnait journey into the 21st century has challenged the practice of Inuinnaqtun, along with the connectivity of its ecosystem. How can an integrated Inuinnaqtun ecosystem be restored in contemporary Inuinnait society? In this paper, we outline the decade-long development of a digital mapping program to document traditional forms of engagement between Inuinnait people, language and land, and facilitate the continued circulation of knowledge that underlies these relationships. In reviewing its various successes and challenges, we critically question digital technology’s ability to digitally represent Inuinnaqtun ontology, in addition to the role that digital technologies can play in facilitating the local relocation of knowledge, objects and relationships dispersed into global contexts.
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Fonju, Dr Njuafac Kenedy. "Pre-Colonial and Colonial British Equation of Exploration, Expropriation and Exploitation (3Es) Through Monarchical Hierarchical Orders of Diplomatic Agents in the Gold Coast (Ghana) of West Africa 1621-1957." Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 9, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 400–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjahss.2021.v09i09.004.
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The present paper brings 111 British pre-colonial and colonial diplomatic agents who moderated the activities of Exploration, Expropriation and Exploitation (3Es) in the Gold Coast (GC) located in the Rich Zone of African Gulf of Guinea (RZAGG) in the West African Region between 1621 and 1957 when GC gained independence as Ghana been the first Black African Country under the President ship of an African legend Pan-Africanist known as Kwame Nkrumah. The history of Ghana is very important in views of its previous Ghana Empire and Kingship system which European imperialist and colonisers destroyed with over ambitions of 3Es in the Centuries that followed culminated with slavery and slave trade dealings of human beings shipped as lodge of woods across the Atlantic Ocean to American plantations. The teaching of African History in the 21st Century entails us to know those agents and goes deep into their archives to search and evaluate their Machiavelli did in the specific countries during their tenure in office. This is because they laid the groundwork and foundation of Western European imperialism, colonialism and neo-colonialism which later cropped up during the second decade of the 20th Century at independence. Our intension is not to bring out all what they did but rather, the identification of principal actors of the period which can be beneficial to the young generation of historians to open up new research avenues by going deeper to illustrate the activities carried out by each of those foreign diplomatic agents in their 3Es instructions and executions. The scrutiny of specialized and secondary sources facilitated us to use a historical analytical approach with visible statistical tables illustrating each of those monarchical actors of Kings and Queens and agents appointed to fulfil their foreign gains from natural and human resources of GC later Ghana at independence.
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Petrovič, František. "Hydrological Impacts of Climate Change and Land Use." Water 13, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13060799.
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Water is a basic, necessary condition for life. It is referred to as the main commodity of the 21st century. There are already many areas in the world where its deficiency causes the degradation of landscape components (soil, flora, fauna), leading to the abandonment of this landscape and a gradual deterioration into desert. Desertification can lead to poverty, health problems and loss of biodiversity. Such negative processes can be caused by human influence either directly or indirectly. Indirectly, the civilization has an impact on water as a result of climate change influenced by its activities. The matter of climate change is currently a very frequently discussed issue. Climate change on planet Earth has been ongoing in the past and continues to happen today. However, most alarming is the fact that change is currently happening much faster and with increasing intensity. For this reason, the issue of climate change is no longer perceived only as a possible future threat, but rather is considered as one of the crucial environmental problems of today.
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Dushkova, Diana, and Maria Ignatieva. "New trends in urban environmental health research: from geography of diseases to therapeutic landscapes and healing gardens." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 13, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2019-99.
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Urban living style is associated with various negative impacts on human health, e.g. connected with the environmental problems. Thus, promoting health of urban population is nowadays one of the most challenging issues of the 21st century together with the growing needs for sustainable development and establishment of the biophilic or livable cities. It is increasing awareness among researchers and health practitioners of the potential benefits to the health from activities in natural settings and especially from regular contact with nature, which can be perceived as a preventive medical tool. This paper discusses the close relationship between the concepts of health-supporting landscapes and sustainability in modern cities based on literature review and case studies from EU, Russian and Australian projects. We first review the historical and modern paradigms (of the various disciplines) which determine the discourse in nature – human health and well-being research. This includes examination of Hippocrates «naturalistic history», Humboldt’s concept of natural garden design; Oertel ‘s ‘Terrain Kur’; «salutogenic approach» of Antonovsky; McHarg’s Design with Nature; Ecopolis programme, Wilson’s biophilia and some other approaches. Then there is a comparative analysis of structural similarities and differences in the past and current scientific schools devoted to understanding human – landscape interaction. One of the principal arguments is that nature also has another value for health, regardless of natural remedies. It includes, for example, the healing of space, outdoor training trails in parks, everyday use of urban green spaces and peri-urban recreation areas for sport and exercises. We provide an analysis of some examples based on the modern concepts of biophilic cities, therapeutic landscapes, healing gardens, green infrastructure and nature-based solutions. This article also discusses the main types of healing gardens and therapeutic landscapes and suggests the framework of design principles of healing and therapeutic landscapes. The analysis proved that healing gardens and therapeutic landscapes provide multiple benefits and can be regarded as nature-based solutions. These essential aspects of multifunctionality, multiculturality and social inclusion are well intertwined with the approach of biophilia.
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Dulgeroglu-Yuksel, Yurdanur. "Editorial." Open House International 36, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2011-b0001.
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This editorial deals with the issue of sustainability in relation to the development of the city in the 21st century. The main goal is to make an inquiry into Piecemeal vs Grand Planning Approaches to generating sustainable cities. The focus of the city is the human settlements. The issue of sustainability has been a concern for many planners, architects, urban geographers and social scientists. “Sustainability” is an old concept but has become a new solution criteria for generating liveable cities. The role of the professional is crucial in the development of cities to become more sustainable. It seems that development of cities, especially those in developing countries, in the post-modern age require a critical evaluation and updating of their existing housing and settlement policies and practices. They seem to neglect the development dynamics in fast-growing metropoles sometimes. While the natural phenomenon of urbanisation require piecemeal approach to spatial planning and development in Developing countries, their governments tend to adopt Grand policies of developed countries. Implementation of such policies with fujrthern use of high-tech often results in large wipe-outs in the city and social disintegration, following the replacement of existing neighborhoods. Physical and social integrity, as well as slow growth of settlements is a crucial start towards sustainable cities.
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Gong, Luyan, Liliang Ren, Shanshui Yuan, and Shanhu Jiang. "Human Contribution to the Variation of Runoff under Climatic Background over the Laohahe Basin, Northeast China." Water 13, no. 19 (September 25, 2021): 2642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13192642.
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The Laohahe basin is one of the typical semi-arid regions in Northeast China. Quantitatively estimating the contributions of human intervention and climatic variability on runoff changes in this region will help enhance the understanding of local hydrological mechanisms and provide an effective reference for water resources planning and management in other semi-arid regions of the world. The non-parametric Mann–Kendall test was used to analyze the temporal trends of annual precipitation, potential evapotranspiration (PET), and runoff in the whole Laohahe basin and its three sub-basins from 1964 to 2015. The annual runoff showed a decreasing trend in each sub-basin. The change-points of annual runoff detected by Pettitt’s test and residual analysis based on double mass curves (RA-DMC) are 1979 and 1998, and the baseline period and change period of each basin are 1964–1979 and 1980–2015. The RA-DMC method and the VIC model were used to quantitatively evaluate the contributions of human intervention and climatic variability to runoff change, which vary in time and space over the past 52 years. The contributions of human intervention to runoff reduction during 1980–2015 was more than 80%. On a multi-decadal temporal scale, human intervention had a stronger impact on runoff during 1980–1989, 2000–2009, and 2010–2015. The influence of human intervention on runoff reduction is gradually increasing in the 21st century. Besides, human intervention has a greater impact in dry years than in wet years. The increase of cropland area leads to a significant increase in irrigation area, which further leads to an increase in the demand for agricultural water, which is also the main reason for the sharp reduction of runoff in the Laohahe basin.
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Shayegh, Soheil, Johannes Emmerling, and Massimo Tavoni. "International Migration Projections across Skill Levels in the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 4757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084757.
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International migration is closely tied to demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors and their interaction with migration policies. Using a combination of a gravity econometric model and an overlapping generations model, we estimate the probability of bilateral migration among 160 countries in the period of 1960 to 2000 and use these findings to project international migration flows and their implications for income inequality within and between countries in the 21st century under five shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). Our results show that international migration increases welfare in developing countries, and closes the inequality gap both within and between low-skilled and high-skilled labor in these countries as well. In most developed countries, on the contrary, international migration increases the inequality gap and slightly reduces output. These changes are not uniform, and vary significantly across countries depending on their population growth and human capital development trajectories. Overall, while migration is strongly affected by inequality between developed and developing countries, it has an ambiguous impact on inequality within and between countries.
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Mulligan, Rowan, José Ramos, Pilar Martín, and Ana Zornoza. "Inspiriting Innovation: The Effects of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) on Innovative Behavior as Mediated by Mindfulness and Work Engagement." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 5409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105409.
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Continuous innovation has become a key to gaining a sustainable competitive advantage for organizations in the 21st century. By focusing on the underlying mechanisms (i.e., mindfulness and work engagement) by which it works, this study addresses the quality of leader–member relationships and their relevance for innovation in the workplace. Using a sample of 210 employees from 17 Spanish companies, a two-wave longitudinal design evaluated the mediational roles of mindfulness and engagement between leader–member exchange (LMX) quality and innovative work behavior (IWB) in an organizational context. Over the course of a year, two questionnaires were administered to measure LMX quality, mindfulness, engagement, and IWB. Results from structural equation modeling provided support for the hypothesized double-mediation model with a significant full double mediation. Findings suggested that mindfulness and engagement could be characteristic mechanisms of high-quality LMX that helps to facilitate innovation. Practical implications include its creative value in gaining a competitive edge over market competitors and helping organizations to find a sustainable source for their consistent growth through their human capital and innovative potential.
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Paulet, Renee, Peter Holland, and Andrew Bratton. "Employee Voice: The Missing Factor in Sustainable HRM?" Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 9732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179732.
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Sustainable Human Resource Management (HRM), has the potential to facilitate organisations development of principles, policies and practices for the challenges of the 21st century. However, to do this we argue a fundamental element in this process has yet to be fully addressed and incorporated into the theory and practice of sustainable HRM; this is employee voice. Additionally, the actual and potential role of trade unions in facilitating employee voice is yet to be conceptualised within sustainable HRM literature. We argue that the development of effective employee voice mechanisms is vital in the implementation and maintenance of sustainable HRM. In this conceptual paper, we outline the nature of the voice architecture, the impact of the employment relationship on voice mechanisms, how it can be effectively measured, and propose a framework for further exploring these concepts. These key factors we identify as critical in implementing and assessing the effectiveness of the relationship between employee voice and sustainable HRM, to potentially serve as a basis of future research into sustainable HRM.
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Vujadinović, Ljiljana, and Svetlana K. Perović. "Influence of Technology on Socio-spatial City Development." Prostor 29, no. 1 (61) (June 30, 2021): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31522/p.29.1(61).9.
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This paper is studying influence of new technologies on city development with accent on socio-spatial dimension. The primary goal of the paper is to point out the reflections of earlier ideas in the context of modern technological processes in cities. All social, technical and technological components of a community, and finally civilization, are reflected within space of the city. Although having remained the greatest consumer of many material goods, city has also become a ‘’producer’’ of many technical-technological and spiritual values of civilization. Taking into account acceleration of phenomena in the world of technology and technology featuring modernity, it reasonably brings a question on realistic chance for prediction of their further course and related social changes that are about to cause it. In many scenarios of urban future, one can sense the idea of a city as a result of high technological achievements of civilization. Special attention is paid on informational city which, connecting a lot of people into systems of interactive information technology change the way of their mutual communication, as well as their social life and culture of behaviour. Measure of organization and function of city is set by telecommunication technologies, information, and computers. If city is a ‘’print of a society in space’’, then a contemporary moment refers to ‘’digitalization’’ of human beings, digitalization of their interactions, new aesthetics, value and other criteria. The tendency of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of new technologies on 21st century cities interpreted primarily through the prism of certain theoretical and experimental ideas and concepts of the 20th century.
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Warner, Robin, and Rosemary Rayfuse. "Securing a Sustainable Future for the Oceans Beyond National Jurisdiction: The Legal Basis for an Integrated Cross-Sectoral Regime for High Seas Governance for the 21st Century." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 23, no. 3 (2008): 399–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092735208x331845.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe legal regime for the high seas is fragmented both sectorally and geographically and is incomplete. Governance, regulatory, substantive and implementational gaps in the legal framework serve to limit the effectiveness of the high seas regime in securing a sustainable future for the conservation and use of the high seas environment and its resources. A global approach to further developing the high seas regime based on the concept of international public trusteeship for the oceans beyond national jurisdiction could foster environmentally responsible use of the high seas and its resources and ensure the application of modern conservation principles and management tools to human activities on the high seas. In view of escalating threats to the oceans from existing and emerging uses and from the impacts of climate change, transformation to a legal regime better suited to integrated, cross-sectoral management and preservation of vital ocean ecosystem services and resilience may no longer be a luxury, but rather a necessity.