Academic literature on the topic 'Human geography – Finland – 21st century'
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Journal articles on the topic "Human geography – Finland – 21st century"
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Elmore, Kim, and Sallie A. Marston. "Book Review: Human geography: issues for the 21st century." Progress in Human Geography 26, no. 6 (December 2002): 837–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309132502ph408xx.
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Hughes, Caroline. "Writing Human Rights in the 21st Century." International Politics 39, no. 1 (March 2002): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ip.8895133.
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Viuhko, Minna. "Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation and Organized Procuring in Finland." European Journal of Criminology 7, no. 1 (January 2010): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370809347945.
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A joint Finnish—Swedish—Estonian study, completed in 2008, analysed the connections between human trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation and organized crime. This article deals with prostitution-related human trafficking and organized procuring in Finland in the 21st century. Finland is studied as a country of destination where foreign women, mainly from the adjacent eastern and southern regions, are brought to sell sexual services. The article concentrates on the perpetrators, their modi operandi and the structure of the criminal organizations. In particular, the control measures that are imposed on the procured women are examined; such measures comprise different sets of rules, violence and the threat of violence, and the so-called debt bondage.
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Iheanetu, Chidinma U., Kelly A. Maguire, Valéria Moricová, Roman Tandlich, and Sergio Alloggio. "Utilitarian Qubit, Human Geography, and Pandemic Preparedness in the 21st Century." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 25, 2022): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010321.
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Human actions are ambivalent in nature and this in turn has an impact on all components of socio-ecological systems. Their ambivalence results from the fact that human actions have both positive and negative outcomes and properties, which occur and manifest concurrently in the ontological realm of human existence. In terms of space–time, both micro-geography and macro-geography of human existence are intertwined during the COVID-19 pandemic, thus affecting pre- and post-pandemic space–time continuum. The utilitarian qubit can be used to describe the nature of human existence, i.e., Homo sapiens has always been experiencing a state of existence where pain and pleasure are co-extensive. In this state, it is impossible to establish to what extent pain, and to what extent pleasure, will have a definitive impact on our status as individuals and humanity as a species. In this article, the authors explore how the record of an individual’s life before and after the COVID-19 pandemic has been impacted by the wellbeing and actions of other humans and prior to one’s existence. Drawing on the utilitarian qubit, the COVID-19 pandemic, and its impacts on the members of Homo sapiens, can be understood as a partial outcome of the cumulative actions of humanity on the biosphere and other elements of the global ecosystem (the Age of the Anthropocene). We argue that this paper is also useful to foster disaster preparedness and resilience in the pandemic and post-pandemic era, at micro- and macro-geographical interfaces of human existence in the 21st century. The existence of individual members of Homo sapiens and humanity as a species is unfolding at the boundary between two levels: fundamental reality and situational reality. The result is the historical accumulation and ontological interconnectedness of humanity’s activities with one’s own actions. Pain and pleasure resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and the Age of Anthropocene, as well as the right and wrong consequences of humanity’s actions, are posited here to be symptoms of the Anthropocenic (phase of) epidemiological transition.
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Kirkpatrick, Russell. "Human geography: A history for the 21st century - Georges Benko and Ulf Strohmayer." New Zealand Geographer 62, no. 3 (December 2006): 240–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.2006.076_5.x.
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Alenius, Kari. "A typical example of mental region-building? The Balkan area in Finnish schoolbooks from the late 19th century to the beginning of the 21st century." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 5, no. 2 (December 15, 2013): 25–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v5i2_3.
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Schoolbooks play a crucial role in the formation of one’s world view. This study analyzes how the Balkan area has been depicted in Finnish schoolbooks under the existence of the modern school system from the 1870s to the 2000s. For this study, all history and geography schoolbooks published in Finland have been examined. Of books of which there are several editions, at least the first and the last editions and any other necessary ones have been used. The familiarization of Finnish school children with the Balkan countries and peoples has occurred through two subjects, history, and foremost, through geography. Descriptions and interpretations relating to the Balkan area and its inhabitants have existed in Finnish schoolbooks from the beginning. During approximately 140 years, the amount of description and content has changed in some respects, but on the other hand, elements of clear continuity and immutability are apparent.
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Camilleri, Frank. "Of Hybrids and the Posthuman: Performer Training in the 21st Century." TDR/The Drama Review 59, no. 3 (September 2015): 108–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00473.
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A post-psychophysical theoretical and practical framework for performer training is evolving in response to sociological theories of material and immaterial labor, the formulation of “dynamic hybridity” from the field of human geography, and contemporary posthuman thought.
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Streletsky, V. N. "Territorial identity as a subject of foreign geography in late 20th century and the first decades of 21st century." Regional nye issledovaniya 73, no. 3 (2021): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2021-3-6.
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The paper discusses the main directions and topics of research on the phenomenon of territorial identity in the world human geography over the last four decades of the 20th and 21st centuries; studies of territorial identity in Russian geography are not specifically considered, these topics deserve a separate article. Territorial identity is understood as a system of the prevailing ideas of people about their belonging to a certain territorial cultural group. In Western human geography, there is a wide range of opinions on the relationship between the concepts of territorial identity and spatial identity. Sometimes these terms are considered synonymous, but more often they are interpreted in different ways. Thus, territorial identity is always associated with the people themselves, their regional and local communities; spatial identity – mainly with the places where these people live and which they perceive as “theirs”. The main hierarchical levels of territorial identity are local and regional. National identity usually refers in human geography to territories within the borders of national states and is also often interpreted as one of the upper levels of territorial identity. This article compares the national traditions of territorial identity studies in Anglo-Saxon (British-American), Francophone and German-speaking geography and elucidates their contemporary trends. The practical significance of the territorial identity research is discussed, including for Russia.
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Chernov, Borys О., and Іnna H. Dudka. "Theoretical and methodological essence of noospheric geography of the 21st century." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 30, no. 3 (October 4, 2021): 407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112137.
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In modern conditions of globalization of society development and fleeting transformations of natural processes, when the development of science, includinggeographical, is extremely accelerated, there is a rapid complication of forms and methods of theoretical and methodological knowledge, which makes it necessary to conduct logical and methodological analysis of geography in modern conditions. It turned out that a hundred years ago, says Edwin Toffler, Thomas Mann put forward a formula that expressed the feeling of death of a certain era. Today, humanity has approached an invisible boundary that separates one era from another. It is established that the world is on the threshold of grand social changes, technical and cultural innovations. In these conditions, when the world has become completely different, it is important for geographers to understand the consequences of the ongoing transformation processes. All this requires a new understanding from the standpoint of a globalized society, to find out what fundamental consequences for geography brought the information technology revolution, which will result in new paradigms for the development of our science. A. Toffler argued in «The Third Wave» that humanity was approaching a new technological revolution, that is, the First Wave (agrarian civilization and the Second (industrial civilization)) was replaced by a new wave that led to the creation of a supra-industrial civilization almost twenty years ago. If the concept of «living matter» (as a natural planetary body) underlies the doctrine of the biosphere, then the selection of such a natural phenomenon on a planetary scale as «scientific thought», becomes the most important naturalistic generalization in the theory of the noosphere. Nowadays, the idea of the coherence of the most progressive social laws and the achievements of scientific knowledge acquires a special meaning, becomes the most important problem of the very existence of human civilization. Based on the above, according to M. V. Bahrov, L. H. Rudenko and I. H. Chervaniov, we argue that «there was a need to create new scientific products that reflect the state and problems of the current stage of development of society», i. e., noosphere geography. The refore, the realization of the purpose of the study is to identify scientific sources about the change of the theoretical essence of modern geography, substantiation of the theoretical and methodological essence of the «new» noosphere geography in the transition of information society to noosphere and clarify the place of noosphere geography in general scientific classification.
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Hyökki, Linda. "Whiteness and Anti-Muslim Racism in Finland." Context: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 61–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.55425/23036966.2022.9.1.61.
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Context: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies is a peer-reviewed scholarly journal committed to the advancement of interdisciplinary research in exploration of the most pressing and emerging key social and political issues of the 21st century. These include the implications of accelerated globalization, pluralism and diversity, human rights and freedoms, sustainable development, and inter-religious encounters. Researchers in the humanities and social sciences are invited to contribute to a better understanding of major mThis article argues that the anti-Muslim experiences of Finnish converts should be analysed as racial, and that they have not emerged from a historical vacuum, but are rather embedded in a trajectory of racism in Finland. The article demonstrates this through the racialisation of the country’s national minorities, the Sámi and Roma peoples. Drawing on this, the article explains how the Finnish convert experience can be understood as a continuum of the racialisation of minorities in Finland, within the more extensive construction of Whiteness and normative Finnishness.oral and ethical issues through creative cross-pollination of ideas, perspectives, and methodologies. In an effort to bridge different cultures, the journal will also publish translations of significant articles. Context welcomes articles, essays and book reviews in all areas of interdisciplinary studies.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Human geography – Finland – 21st century"
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Ahearn-Ligham, Ariell. "The changing meaning of work, herding and social relations in Rural Mongolia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:da410056-7e73-4b15-b2e9-8be97fe40dd8.
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By using ethnographic methods based on extensive participant observation, this thesis explores the role of pastoralism and rural work as a medium of social reproduction for families in rural Mongolia. This work is reported in four articles, which examine herder household management, decision making, and the spatial aspects of household social and economic production. As standalone pieces and as a united work, the articles make a case for understanding social change through the lens of spatialized performative relations. Pastoralism as a form of work and social system is one aspect of these relations. I contend that people consciously engage with herding as a form of work, which is an important reference point in political subjectivities and administrative practices that idealize the state. The policies and practices of government institutions, including non-state agencies, play powerful roles in the particular forms through which relations are spatialized. By taking this approach and prioritizing herder critical reflections on their own lives, I argue against the dual claim that herders exist outside the state and are bound to local environments. I show, in contrast, how herder efforts to access resources beyond local environments, such as formal schooling for children, spatially transform the labour, finance, and mobility systems of households. My work presents three key arguments with reference to these concepts. The first is that patron-client relations continue to play a strong role in family hierarchies and wider social alliances used to gain access to needed resources and services. Secondly, I argue that pastoralist work is an integral part of governance and the propagation of the moral authority of the state. Pastoralism as a form of work should be seen as a political enterprise as much as an economic or cultural one. Finally, attention to the spatial organisation of household economies, including household splitting and new types of mobility, reiterates the significance of place in human agency.
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Elliot-Cooper, Adam. "The struggle that has no name : race, space and policing in post-Duggan Britain." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7efad2ea-75e2-4a54-a479-b3b2b265e827.
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State violence, and policing in particular, continue to shape the black British experience, racialising geographical areas associated with African and African-Caribbean communities. The history of black struggles in the UK has often centred on spaces of racial violence and resistance to it. But black-led social movements of previous decades have, for the most part, seen a decline in both political mobilisations, and the militant anti-racist slogans and discourses that accompanied them. Neoliberalism, through securitisation, resource reallocation, privatisation of space and the de-racialising of language, has made radical black activism an increasingly difficult endeavour. But this does not mean that black struggle against policing has disappeared. What it does mean, however, is that there have been significant changes in how anti-racist activism against policing is articulated and carried out. Three high-profile black deaths at the hands of police in 2011 led to widespread protest and civil unrest. These movements of resistance were strengthened when the Black Lives Matter movement in the United States mobilised hundreds of young people in solidarity actions in England. In this thesis, I argue that, over time, racist metonyms used to describe places racialised as black (Handsworth, Brixton etc.) and people racialised as black (Stephen Lawrence, Mark Duggan etc.), have led to the rise of metonymic anti-racism. While metonymic anti-racism was used alongside more overt anti-racist language in the period between the 1950s and early 1990s, I argue that such overt anti-racist language is becoming rarer in the post-2011 period, particularly in radical black grassroots organisations that address policing. Intersecting with metonymic anti-racism are gender dynamics brought to the surface by female-led campaigns against police violence, and forms of resistance which target spaces of post-industrial consumer capitalism. Understanding how police racism, and resistance to it, are being reconceptualised through language, and reconfigured through different forms of activism, provides a fresh understanding of grassroots black struggle in Britain.
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KIRIAKOS, Carol Marie. "The World Is My Workplace? The meaning of locality and distance for Finnish professionals in Silicon Valley." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14712.
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Defense Date: 01/09/2010Examining Board: Prof. Laszlo Bruszt, EUI (Supervisor) Prof. AnnaLee Saxenian University of California, Berkeley (External Supervisor) Prof. Colin Crouch, University of Warwick Business School Prof. Adrian Favell, Aarhus University
The study explores the meaning of locality and distance in the global world. Prominent social theorizations have declared locality and distance dead in the global era, which is characterized by the widespread use of virtual communication. Yet diverse empirical studies on transnational skilled mobility, global brain circulation, and innovation and knowledge transfer show that locality and distance still matter. I argue that grand theorizations would benefit from empirically grounded research, while empirical studies would gain from explicit, systematic studies on the issue of the presumed demise of distance and locality. The present study aims towards filling this gap with an empirically grounded approach close to real-life meanings and experiences. The empirical questions focus on two issues: 1) personal motivations and identities in relation to place and 2) everyday work and knowledge sharing both locally and at distance. The approach is qualitative and inductive with ethnographic features; the main data are in-depth interviews with Finnish professionals in Silicon Valley. Highly skilled Finns in Silicon Valley represent a case of West-West mobility; from one successful Western location to another. Skilled professionals are an interesting case for the investigation of the meaning of locality and distance, because according to many authors more privileged people in particular are presumed to be detached from localities and free from the realities and constraints of distance. The findings show that locality and distance are still very much alive from both personal and work perspectives. Firstly, the relationship between personal motivations/identities and place is a two-way one: locations can be seen as targets or ways to fulfill personal or professional dreams, achieve goals, or challenge and develop as a person. Changing locations also evokes new identities, such as the pioneer or the mediator, which are counterintuitive considering the presumed death of distance. Secondly, the dynamics of locality and distance are present in everyday work, which is structured across several time zones, not only the local one. Virtual communication has therefore changed the organization of work locally, but has not erased distance or rendered locality less significant. In contrast, the awareness of distance is emphasized in virtual communication. Physical distance and differences of context (time of day, weather, cultural environment) can pose challenges in reaching mutual understandings or making joint decisions. Furthermore, being present in a locality and experiencing face-to-face interaction becomes even more meaningful in the form of chance encounters, taking collaboration to the next level, accessing certain types of information and knowledge, and inspiration (the experience of "being at the center of things"). Furthermore, the findings indicate that certain kinds of information and tacit knowledge do not travel well across distance and that local presence is needed to access these. The meaning of locality for these professionals can be summarized as three I?s: Information, Interaction and Inspiration. Finally, I will consider the idea of the death of locality and distance and what has actually changed and what has not when it comes to their current meanings, on a more interpretive level.
Books on the topic "Human geography – Finland – 21st century"
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Corbin, Barry. Global connections: Geography for the 21st century. Don Mills, Ont: Oxford University Press, 2000.
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Peter, Daniels, ed. Human geography: Issues for the 21st century. Harlow: Prentice Hall, 2001.
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Ulf, Strohmayer, and Benko Georges, eds. Human geography: A history of the 21st century. London: Arnold, 2002.
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Ulf, Strohmayer, and Benko Georges, eds. Human geography: A history for the 21st century. London: Arnold, 2004.
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An introduction to human geography: Issues for the 21st century. 4th ed. Harlow, England: Pearson, 2012.
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W, Daniels P., ed. An introduction to human geography: Issues for the 21st century. 3rd ed. Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2008.
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Zoltán, Kovács, ed. Hungary towards the 21st century: The human geography of transition. Budapest: Geographical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2000.
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W, Daniels P., ed. An introduction to human geography: Issues for the 21st century. 2nd ed. Harlow, England: Prentice Hall, 2005.
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Chasmer, Ron. Facing the future: Global issues in the 21st century. Don Mills, Ont: Oxford University Press Canada, 1998.
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Robert, Cervero, ed. Transit villages in the 21st century. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Human geography – Finland – 21st century"
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Qureshi, Mohammad Hashim. "Journey in the Realm of Geography." In Reflections on 21st Century Human Habitats in India, 27–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3100-9_2.
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Shaban, Abdul, and Sanjukta Sattar. "Industrial and Commercial Geography of India: A Study of Changes in the Post-reform Period." In Reflections on 21st Century Human Habitats in India, 189–217. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3100-9_8.
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Gray, Noella J., Catherine Corson, Lisa M. Campbell, Peter R. Wilshusen, Rebecca L. Gruby, and Shannon Hagerman. "Doing Strong Collaborative Fieldwork in Human Geography." In Geographical Fieldwork in the 21st Century, 117–32. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003154006-10.
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Honey, Rex. "Human Rights." In Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233923.003.0061.
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Scholarship addressing the geography of human rights— the geographical analysis of the ways cultures conceive of justice and understand just behavior—improves both our understanding of human rights and our understanding of geography. A full understanding of struggles over human rights requires a geographical perspective, a consideration of the contexts in which the struggles occur. Conceptualizations of human rights and the abuse of human rights do not just happen. They are the products of human action in particular cultural and environmental settings. They are place-based and socially constructed, products of processes not only tied to place but also altering the significance of place. Human rights scholarship that omits geographical background and geographical consequences misses the target because it fails to capture both the cultural struggles over what a just society is and the milieu of interrelated sites of injustice. If geographical research addressing oppression does not explicitly address human rights, then virtually by definition such work does so implicitly. At its core, human rights scholarship addresses oppression. Hence, such geographical scholarship as the work of Knopp (1997) addressing gay rights and of Monk (1998) addressing women’s rights fits into the scope of the geography of human rights in America. To fulfill its potential as a scholarly discipline examining the human condition, geography needs to focus on human rights. The spotlight of geographic education’s five themes—place, location, region, nature–society relations, movement—should be focused on what truly matters in people’s lives, including human rights. Likewise, the study of human rights, with its vexing examination of rights and wrong, needs the nuanced sensitivity of geography, with its study of cultural and environmental contexts. To wit, geography needs human rights and human rights needs geography. Geographical research that has been done or is in progress explains why. Indeed, the roster of former presidents of the Association of American Geographers contains many individuals whose professional and personal lives were committed to the furtherance of human rights. Among them are such luminaries as Richard Hartshorne, Harold Rose, Gilbert White, Julian Wolpert, and Richard Morrill, each of whom struggled for the advance of human rights in his personal life as well as his scholarly work.
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Shrestha, Nanda, and Martin Lewis. "Asian Geography." In Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233923.003.0053.
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A massive continent, stretching from Turkey and the eastern shores of the Mediterranean and Red Seas to the Pacific, from the Indian Ocean to the vast desert of Mongolia right through the towering Himalayas and the plateau of Tibet, Asia is a colossal geographic collage. One can find in Asia virtually every form of landscape, both real and imagined, including James Hilton’s (1933) Shangri-La, planted in the imaginative geography of Western travelers and tourists (also see Bishop 1989). As the cradle of three of the world’s early civilizations, Asia is a magnificent tapestry of cultural diversity. Asia has also given birth to all the major institutional religions that are practiced today: Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and others. As such, few would deny its enormous historical significance and contributions to human progress in every respect—spiritually, materially, and intellectually. Home to some 60 per cent of the world’s population, Asia is a human mosaic that is unparalleled in history (Table 39.1). So it is hardly surprising that Asia offers endless research challenges and opportunities, in virtually every field of geographical studies. With this in mind, this chapter is divided into four major sections. First, we provide a brief journalistic survey of major regional political events across Asia. This is followed by a segment on the state of Asian geography in America in the second part. Third, we discuss some of the developments, trends, and research themes in Asian geography in America during the period 1988–2000. Finally, we conclude the chapter with some general remarks on the vexing question of what lies ahead for regional geography. We explore this question not because we foresee an imminent demise of regional geography, but because some of the remarkable developments during the 1990s have definite impacts on the way we see and do regional geography.
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Friend, Donald A. "Mountain Geography." In Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233923.003.0015.
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The raw facts alone make mountains worthy of geographic interest: mountains constitute 25 per cent of the earth’s surface; they are home to 26 per cent of the world’s populace; and generate 32 per cent of global surface run-off (Meybeck et al. 2001). More than half the global population depends directly on mountain environments for the natural resources of water, food, power, wood, and minerals; and mountains contain high biological diversity; hence they are important in crop diversity and crop stability (Ives 1992; Smethurst 2000; UNFAO 2000). Elevation, relief, and differences in aspect make mountains excellent places to study all processes, human and physical: high energy systems make mountains some of the most inhospitable of environments for people and their livelihoods, and strikingly distinct changes in environment over short distances make mountains ideally suited to the study of earth surface processes. Mountains are often political and cultural borders, or in some cases, political, cultural, and biological islands. With ever-increasing populations placing ever-increasing environmental pressure on mountains, mountain environments are heavily impacted and are therefore quickly changing. Moreover, they are more susceptible to adverse impacts than lowlands and are degrading accordingly. Whatever environmental change or damage happens to mountain peoples and environments then moves to lower elevations, thus affecting all. Three seminal texts indicate an ongoing interest in mountain geography: the oldest, Peattie (1936), is still in print; the newest, Messerli and Ives (1997) is contemporary; and Price (1981) is now being rewritten. Indeed, mountain geography as a field in its own right has led to the recent formation of the Mountain Geography Specialty Group of the Association of American Geographers (Friend 1999). With increasing importance placed on sustainability science (Kates et al. 2001), mountain geography is at the cutting edge of inter- and multidisciplinary research that serves to unify rather than further specialize scholarly geography (Friend 1999). The United Nations proclaimed 2002 the International Year of Mountains and has devoted an entire chapter (13) of its Agenda 21 from the Rio Earth Summit to mountain sustainable development (Friend 1999; Ives and Messerli 1997; Ives et al. 1997a, b; Messerli and Ives 1997; Sène and McGuire 1997; UNFAO 1999, 2000).
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Gober, Patricia, and James A. Tyner. "Population Geography." In Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233923.003.0023.
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Geographic issues loom large as the American population begins the new millennium. Regional fertility differentials are growing, social networks focus new immigrants on a small number of port-of-entry metropolitan areas and states, highly channelized migration streams redistribute population in response to economic and social restructuring, and a highly variegated landscape of aging has emerged. Perhaps at no other time in its history has the field of population geography been confronted with a more intellectually important and socially relevant research agenda. Building upon its strong tradition in spatial demography and incorporating an increasingly diverse set of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, population geography today seeks a more complete understanding of human movement, regional demographic variability, and the social context within which these population processes occur. In addition, population geographers increasingly tackle issues of policy significance. After a brief review of the history of population geography and an empirical analysis of its presence in geography’s major journals, we summarize six lines of contemporary research including studies of: (1) internal migration and residential mobility; (2) international migration, transnationalism, and the nexus of internal and international migration systems; (3) immigrant assimilation, acculturation, and the emergence of ethnic enclaves; (4) regional demographic variability; (5) the social context for population processes; and (6) public policy research. We conclude by identifying major challenges facing the field today and fruitful new directions for research including the need for greater emphasis on environmental issues, integration with geography’s new technologies, and more social relevance. Although geographers long had integrated population characteristics into their broader regional studies, population geography emerged as a distinct field of study only in the early 1950s. It, like urban geography, surfaced from a discipline that was strongly rooted in the study of rural cultural landscapes and regional inventories. Its birth was marked by the 1953 AAG presidential address of Glenn Trewartha, a noted climatologist and population geographer. Trewartha lamented the neglect of population in the discipline of geography, which was at that time organized into the subdivisions of physical and cultural geography. He argued for a new threefold structure organized around population, the physical earth, and the cultural landscape.
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Solomon, Barry D., and Martin J. Pasqualetti. "Energy Geography." In Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233923.003.0031.
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Fossil fuels powered the Industrial Revolution and they continue to dominate our lives as we enter the twenty-first century. Yet there are clear signs that the grip they have on every sector of society must soon relax in favor of other energy sources. Such a transition will not come because we are running out of fossil fuels, but rather because the environmental and social costs of their rapid use threaten our very existence on the planet. This is an expected development. From the time when fossil fuels first enabled and magnified humans’ dominion over the earth, the costs they brought—as any good economist would argue—have been inseparable from their benefits. Although the benefits were explicit and the local costs were experienced by many, it was not until skilled writers such as Zola, Orwell, Llewellyn, and Dickens vividly portrayed them that their widespread and pernicious nature was broadcast to those outside their immediate reach. Nowadays the problems we are grappling with have spread to the global scale, including atmospheric warming, thinning ozone, and rising exposure to above-background radioactivity. Understanding earth–energy associations is a task well matched to the varied skills of geographers. The worth of such study is increasingly apparent as the world’s human population continues to rise, as fossil fuels become more difficult to wrest from the earth, and as we continue to realize that there will be no risk-free, cost-free, or impact-free rabbits coming out of the alternative energy hat. In this chapter, we review developments in energy geography in the US and Canada as posted to the literature since the first edition of Geography in America, including a sprinkling from overseas to provide context. Owing to the fundamental nature of energy, we have accordingly cast a wide net in our background research, albeit with some boundaries. For example, while we discuss several important contributions to energy research by physical and environmental geographers, we excluded consideration of such themes as energy budgets, most climate change research, and mine-land reclamation and radioactive waste transport studies by hydrologists and geomorphologists.
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Palka, Eugene J. "Military Geography." In Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233923.003.0044.
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In the benchmark publication American Geography: Inventory and Prospect (1954), Joseph Russell reported that military geography had long been recognized as a legitimate subfield in American geography. Despite the occasional controversy surrounding the subfield since his assessment (Association of American Geographers 1972; Lacoste 1973), and the general period of drought it experienced within American academic geography during the Vietnam era, military geography displays unquestionable resilience at the dawn of the twenty-first century. The subfield links geography and military science, and in one respect is a type of applied geography, employing the knowledge, methods, techniques, and concepts of the discipline to military affairs, places, and regions. In another sense, military geography can be approached from an historical perspective (Davies 1946; Meigs 1961; Winters 1998), with emphasis on the impact of physical or human geographic conditions on the outcomes of decisive battles, campaigns, or wars. In either case, military geography continues to keep pace with technological developments and seeks to apply geographic information, principles, and tools to military situations or problems during peacetime or war. Throughout the twentieth century, professional and academic geographers made enormous contributions to the US Military’s understanding of distant places and cultures. The vast collection of Area Handbooks found in most university libraries, serves as testament to the significant effort by geographers during wartime. Although some of the work remains hidden by security classification, a casual glance at Munn’s (1980) summary of the roles of geographers within the Department of Defense (DOD) enables one to appreciate the discipline’s far-reaching impact on military affairs. The value of military geography within a theater of war can hardly be disputed. The subfield has also been important during peacetime, however, providing an important forum for the continuing discourse among geographers, military planners, political officials, and government agencies, as each relies upon geographic tools and information to address a wide range of problems within the national security and defense arenas. Despite the subdiscipline’s well-established tenure, the Military Geography Specialty Group is in its infancy. The time-lag is attributable to the subfield’s tumultuous experience during the Vietnam era and the associated demise that ensued.
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Liverman, Diana, and Brent Yarnal. "The Human Dimensions of Global Change." In Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233923.003.0029.
Full textAbstract:
The human–environment condition has emerged as one of the central issues of the new millennium, especially as it has become apparent that human activity is transforming nature at a global scale in both systemic and cumulative ways. Originating with concerns about potential climate warming, the global environmental change agenda rapidly enlarged to include changes in structure and function of the earth’s natural systems, notably those systems critical for life, and the policy implications of these changes, especially focused on the coupled human–environment system. Recognition of the unprecedented pace, magnitude, and spatial scale of global change, and of the pivotal role of humankind in creating and responding to it, has led to the emergence of a worldwide, interdisciplinary effort to understand the human dimensions of global change. The term “global change” now encompasses a range of research issues including those relating to economic, political, and cultural globalization, but in this chapter we limit our focus to global environmental change and to the field that has become formally known as the human dimensions of global (or global environmental) change. We also focus mainly on the work of geographers rather than attempting to review the whole human dimensions research community. Intellectually, geography is well positioned to contribute to global environmental change research (Liverman 1999). The large-scale human transformation of the planet through activities such as agriculture, deforestation, water diversion, fossil fuel use, and urbanization, and the impacts of these on living conditions through changes in, for example, climate and biodiversity, has highlighted the importance of scholarship that analyzes the human–environmental relationship and can inform policy. Geography is one of the few disciplines that has historically claimed human–environment relationships as a definitional component of itself (Glacken 1967; Marsh 1864) and has fostered a belief in and reward system for engaging integrative approaches to problem solving (Golledge 2002; Turner 2002). Moreover, global environmental change is intimately spatial and draws upon geography-led remote sensing and geographic information science (Liverman et al. 1998). Geographers anticipated the emergence of current global change concerns (Thomas et al. 1956; Burton et al. 1978) and were seminal in the development of the multidisciplinary programs of study into the human dimensions of global change.