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Journal articles on the topic 'Human genetics – Philosophy'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

BUITRAGO, ELIAS. "GENÓMICA Y COMPUTACIÓN: UNA VISIÓN DESDE LA FILOSOFÍA DE LA TECNOLOGÍA." Pensamiento Republicano 8 (January 31, 2018): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21017/pen.repub.2018.n8.a36.

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This paper presents some reflections of the author, bounded from the point of view of the philosophy of technology, in relation to the role played by computer science in current research in human genetics. The initial question, which arises as a structuring framework is the following: Can a relationship be derived between the philosophy of technology and new research in the field of computational genomics? Topics such as the notions about computer ethics raised by Mitcham and Zimmerli are discussed, as well as the bioethical questioning posed by genetic responsibility.

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2

Turkheimer, Eric. "Genetics and Human Agency: The Philosophy of Behavior Genetics Introduction to the Special Issue." Behavior Genetics 49, no. 2 (March 2019): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10519-019-09952-z.

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3

Anderson, Gwen, and Mary Varney Rorty. "Key Points for Developing an International Declaration on Nursing, Human Rights, Human Genetics and Public Health Policy." Nursing Ethics 8, no. 3 (May 2001): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973300100800310.

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Human rights legislation pertaining to applications of human genetic science is still lacking at an international level. Three international human rights documents now serve as guidelines for countries wishing to develop such legislation. These were drafted and adopted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the Human Genome Organization, and the Council of Europe. It is critically important that the international nursing community makes known its philosophy and practice-based knowledge relating to ethics and human rights, and contributes to the globalization of genetics. Nurses have particular expertise because they serve in a unique role at grass roots level to mediate between genetic science and its application to public health policies and medical interventions. As a result, nurses worldwide need to focus a constant eye on human rights ideals and interpret these within social, cultural, economic and political contexts at national and local levels. The purpose of this article is to clarify and legitimate the need for an international declaration on nursing, human rights, human genetics and public health policy. Because nurses around the world are the professional workforce by which genetic health care services and genetic research protocols will be delivered in the twenty-first century, members of the discipline of nursing need to think globally while acting locally. Above all other disciplines involved in genetics, nursing is in a good position to articulate an expanded theory of ethics beyond the principled approach of biomedical ethics. Nursing is sensitive to cultural diversity and community values; it is sympathetic to and can introduce an ethic of caring and relational ethics that listen to and accommodate the needs of local people and their requirements for public health.

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4

Bandelt, Hans-Jürgen. "The epic journey of human genetics." Endeavour 29, no. 1 (March 2005): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2005.01.003.

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5

Anderson, W. French. "Genetics and Human Malleability." Hastings Center Report 20, no. 1 (January 1990): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3562969.

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Blasszauer, Bela, and Andrew Czeizel. "Human Genetics in Hungary." Hastings Center Report 20, no. 6 (November 1990): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3563427.

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7

Gabel, Isabel. "From evolutionary theory to philosophy of history." History of the Human Sciences 31, no. 1 (December 27, 2017): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695117741042.

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Well into the 1940s, many French biologists rejected both Mendelian genetics and Darwinism in favour of neo-transformism, the claim that evolution proceeds by the inheritance of acquired characteristics. In 1931 the zoologist Maurice Caullery published Le Problème d’évolution, arguing that, while Lamarckian mechanisms could not be demonstrated in the present, they had nevertheless operated in the past. It was in this context that Raymond Aron expressed anxiety about the relationship between biology, history, and human autonomy in his 1938 Introduction à la philosophie de l’histoire: essai sur les limites de l’objectivité historique, in which he rejected both neo-Kantian and biological accounts of human history. Aron aspired to a philosophy of history that could explain the dual nature of human existence as fundamentally rooted in the biological, and at the same time, as a radical transcendence of natural law. I argue that Aron’s encounter with evolutionary theory at this moment of epistemic crisis in evolutionary theory was crucial to the formation of his philosophy of history, and moreover that this case study demonstrates the importance of moving beyond the methodological divisions between intellectual history and history of science.

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Romanov, S. V. "Strategies of Human Self-Development in Ancient Philosophy." Siberian Journal of Philosophy 19, no. 2 (October 21, 2021): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2541-7517-2021-19-2-145-157.

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The aгticle is devoted to understanding the practices of human self-development in the philosophical and educational conceptions of antiquity. The close connection of self-development and philosophy is aгgued for. А special place is given to the study of the phenomenon of self-knowledge as а necessary foundation for the development and formation of а life stгategy. Self-development as а phenomenon of human existence was not considered as а special object, therefore it has theoretical significance in the philosophy of education.

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9

CAPRI, M. "The Genetics of Human Longevity." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1067, no. 1 (May 1, 2006): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1354.033.

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Xia, Qianghua, and Struan F. A. Grant. "The genetics of human obesity." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1281, no. 1 (January 29, 2013): 178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12020.

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11

Capron, A. M. "Genetics and Insurance: Accessing and Using Private Information." Social Philosophy and Policy 17, no. 2 (2000): 235–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500002181.

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Is information about a person's genome, whether derived from the analysis of DNA or otherwise, protected by the right to privacy? If it is, why and in what manner? It often appears that some people believe that the answer to this question is to be found in molecular genetics itself. They point to the rapid progress being made in basic and applied aspects of this field of biology; this progress has remarkably increased what is known about human genetics. Since knowledge of a particular person's genetic makeup entails a potential intrusion into that person's most private realms and exposes him or her to dire results if revealed to others, they argue, the law needs to protect “genetic privacy.” There is nothing inherently wrong with this account, but it certainly presupposes that we know—and agree about—what it means to protect privacy and, indeed, what interests are implicated in the concept and why they matter. Rather than make this assumption, in this essay I first elaborate a concept of privacy before turning to the potential privacy implications that arise at the intersection of human genetics and the field of insurance. I argue that the core value here is self-determination broadly conceived—that control over one's genetic information may be important for achieving self-determination—but that at least in the context of contracts for life insurance, we should be reluctant to recognize “rights” that would permanently preclude the use of genetic data by insurers.

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12

Müller-Hill, Benno. "From Daedalus to Mengele: the dark side of human genetics." Genome 31, no. 2 (January 15, 1989): 876–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-154.

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Until recently, the role of scientists in society has been considered sacrosanct. Wherever scientists had been involved in crimes, either the crimes or the quality of science was denied (that is, the science was considered merely pseudoscience). As a result it has been claimed that science can only flourish in democracies but is doomed in other states. So far experience contradicts this opinion. In this paper I discuss the origins of the view that scientists and geneticists in particular, are sacrosanct. I trace it back to the earliest mythological scientists, such as Daedalus and Dr. Faustus. I view the well-known Dr. Mengele as a successor in this tradition.Key words: philosophy, mythology, history.

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13

Muers, Rachel. "Reading texts between generations: a proposal concerning theological engagement with genetic research." Scottish Journal of Theology 57, no. 4 (November 2004): 466–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930604000365.

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The issue of the ethical status of future generations is significant in debates about research in human genetics, but key (non-theological) statements on the subject, such as the UNESCO Declaration on Human Rights and the Human Genome, reflect a failure to think of future persons as located within communities of ethical reflection and interpretation. I draw on recent work in the philosophy of conservation biology to explore this failure, and argue that a major contribution of theology to ethical reflection on genetic research would be through discussion of ways of reading, transmitting and interpreting texts.

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Newell, Christopher. "Biomedicine, Genetics and Disability: reflections on nursing and a philosophy of holism." Nursing Ethics 7, no. 3 (May 2000): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973300000700305.

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This article critically explores the notion of those sociopolitical spaces that are ‘disability’, ‘holism’ and ‘genetics’, arguing from the perspectives of someone who identifies as having a disability. Medical genetics is seen to reflect the ideology and dominant biomedical reductionist thought. In contrast with this, it is proposed that disability and health are inherently social. A nursing approach is seen to recognize the social and holistic nature of the human person and to present a critical reflection on the reductionistic applications of medical genetics.

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Cann†, Howard M. "COMPUTER ANALYSIS IN HUMAN GENETICS: SEGREGATION ANALYSIS AND DEMOGRAPHIC GENETICS*." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 126, no. 2 (December 16, 2006): 728–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb14319.x.

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16

Papazoglou, Alexis. "Hegel and Naturalism." Hegel Bulletin 33, no. 02 (2012): 74–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263523200000513.

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In the recent Hegel literature there has been an effort to portray Hegel's philosophy as compatible with naturalism, or even as a form of naturalism (see for example Pippin 2008 and Pinkard 2012). Despite the attractions of such a project, there is, it seems to me, another, and potentially more interesting way of looking at the relationship of Hegel to naturalism. Instead of showing how Hegel's philosophy can be compatible with naturalism, I propose to show how Hegel's philosophy offers a challenge to naturalism. Naturalism has become the dominant ideology in much of contemporary analytic philosophy (Kim 2003: 84), but also within other disciplines. Evolutionary psychology and behavioral genetics, which attract a lot of media attention, attempt to explain the human mind and human behavior in purely naturalistic terms, usually in terms of the biological past and makeup of humans (Pinker 2002). Philosophy's task is, among other things, to examine the assumptions of human practices including its own. In that vein I am interested in showing how Hegel can be seen as someone offering a challenge to our contemporary philosophical culture and its underlying naturalist premise.Of course that Hegel never explicitly talks about naturalism in his writings already presents us with the problem of risking anachronism. The other great problem is the fact that naturalism is an elusive philosophical position. There are a few different versions of the key theses of naturalism, so that if our aim is to diagnose Hegel's philosophy as naturalist or anti-naturalist it would seem we have to pick which version of naturalism we are going to work with.

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Mynett-Johnson, Lesley A., and Patrick McKeon. "The molecular genetics of affective disorders: An overview." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 13, no. 4 (December 1996): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700004444.

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AbstractObjective: Genetic mapping, the method of comparing an inheritance pattern of a disease to that of a chromosomal region, has brought about a revolution in the field of human inherited diseases. Diseases which exhibit a more complex pattern of inheritance now afford the next challange in the application of genetic mapping to the field of human disease. This article aims to review the application of genetic mapping to affective disorders.Method: Review of literature concerning the molecular genetics of affective disorders.Findings: This article describes the evidence for a genetic role in affective disorders, reviews the research to date and describes the difficulties arising out of the complex nature of these disorders.Conclusions: Although progress to date in psychiatric genetics has been somewhat disappointing, the combined approach of using all the genetic tools currently available on large collections of affected individuals and families should enable the genetic basis of affective disorders to be identified.

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18

Pomohaibo, Valentyn, and Andrii Pomohaibo. "Genetic principles of the philosophy of perfect education." Filosofiya osvity. Philosophy of Education 27, no. 1 (August 11, 2021): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31874/2309-1606-2021-27-1-11.

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Based on the analysis of the content of the book of famous British behavioral geneticists K. Asbury and R. Plomin «G means genes: the impact of genetics on education and achievement» shows the way to create a perfect school education, based on the latest numerous large-scale and long-term researches in different countries and prove that the role of genetic factors in human learning and life success is not absolute and that the impact of the environment is no less important than genes. This thesis is a base of the personalized child education idea. Based on an analysis of the research results, the authors of the book assert that school education should be personalized. It is the personalization of learning that will ensure to develop the thinking ability, acquire knowledge and skills at a pace and direction that is appropriate for each child. Personalized learning should be based on the following principles: a minimization of the core curriculum and test basic knowledge and skills; a maximizing of options to all pupils alongside the compulsory basic knowledge and skills; a stopping of labeling ability of children; an individual education of each pupil; a teaching of children to achieve success; a promotion of equal opportunities for children from an early age; an availability of out-of-school education for all children; a two-stage physical education program; wide choice of future life ways; a training of new teachers in genetics and a giving them the methods to put it into pedagogical practice; the scale of schools in directions and levels of education. Finally, the authors of the book offer their vision of a school that will be based on the laws of behavioral genetics. Possible publication of the book by K. Asbury and R. Plomin, «G is for genes: The impact of genetics on education and achievement» in Ukrainian will be an interesting and useful handbook for policymakers, educators and parents with its constructive recommendations on one of the most important educational challenges – how to prepare each and every child for a successful life in today's ever-changing world.

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19

Zajc Petranović, Matea, Petra Korać, Nataša Jermen, Matija Mato Škerbić, and Julija Erhardt. "Genome editing and selection based on genes associated with sports athletic performance." Synthesis philosophica 34, no. 2 (December 20, 2019): 323–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21464/sp34206.

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In 2003 the final results of the Human Genome Project revealed the details of our genome: a set of information about how human beings look, how we act, feel, think and develop. Soon after, other global collaborations such as the HapMap project and 1000 Genomes Project were conducted. Although the main focus was to investigate the variability in human populations and the possible connections of certain variations to different conditions and diseases, these projects also had a great impact on the understanding of the genetic influence on sports performance. In parallel, improved methods for gene analysis and gene editing were developed. Based on those methods, it became possible to detect candidate genes responsible for different performance phenotypes and develop protocols similar to gene therapies for performance enhancement in athletes. This review covers developments in genetics, the overview of candidate genes associated with athletic performance, and ethical dilemmas related to the modification of genome for sport performance enhancement.

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20

Hyun, Jaehwan. "Tracing National Origins, Debating Ethnic Homogeneity." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 49, no. 4 (September 1, 2019): 351–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2019.49.4.351.

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This article examines the interaction between human population genetics and the reconstruction of national identities and histories. Since the first use of mitochondrial DNA analysis of human origins in 1987, scientific research on population history using genetic technologies, or genetic history studies, has flourished, engaging with diverse politics of social identity and national belonging across the globe. Previous scholars have stated that a distinct feature of genetic history studies is the globalized research and commercial network enabled by technological innovations and social transformations during the 1990s. This paper contributes further to this literature by analyzing how local geneticists became part of the global research network and how globalization at large—e.g., economic liberalization and the rise of multiculturalism—functioned in the development of genetic history studies in South Korea. By focusing on a leading population geneticist, Kim Wook and his genetic origin research on Koreans, I will show the role that Korean geneticists had in reconfiguring Korean national identity—from an ethnically homogeneous group to an ethnically diverse one—while their research practices, questions, and methods were inspired and supported by domestic globalization policies and discourses and a transnational network of genetic history studies. I will also reveal the essential, albeit equivocal, part genetic knowledge played in the debate on national belonging in this county.

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Rabino, Isaac. "Genetic Testing and its Implications: Human Genetics Researchers Grapple with Ethical Issues." Science, Technology, & Human Values 28, no. 3 (July 2003): 365–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243903028003002.

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22

Smith, Moyra. "The Year in Human and Medical Genetics." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1151, no. 1 (December 23, 2008): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03608.x.

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23

Barahona, Ana. "Medical Genetics in Mexico." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 45, no. 1 (2014): 147–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2015.45.1.147.

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In this paper, I explore the origins of medical cytogenetic knowledge and practices in the 1960s and 1970s in Mexico, focusing on the work of the group headed by Salvador Armendares, who spent two years in Oxford, England, with human genetics expert Alan C. Stevenson. Upon Armendares’ return from England in 1966, the first Unit for Research in Human Genetics was created at a medical setting, the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Mexican Institute of Social Security). Soon after its creation, Fabio Salamanca and Leonor Buentello began to work with Armendares in the implementation of cytogenetics. Some of the research projects showed the embeddedness of these researchers in both public health policy and medical care, as they tackled the effects of malnutrition on chromosome structure, child mortality, chromosome aberrations, and Down syndrome. Armendares, Salamanca, and Buentello had trained at different academic institutions at many different times, and contributed to transforming hospital medical practice into a medical research discipline. By posing malnutrition, one of the main concerns of Mexican post-revolutionary governments, as both a medical and a genetic problem, the unit contributed to positioning cytogenetics as a medical practice and a medical research domain. The focus of this paper will be this set of institutions, physicians, practices, and ideas that began to reshape medical genetics in Mexico. The reconstruction of the early days of cytogenetics in Mexico demonstrates the major roles played by both the clinic and post-revolution public health policies in the origins of medical genetics in Mexico, within a global movement to deliver the benefits of scientific knowledge to the general population.

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24

Allen, Anita L. "The Poetry of Genetics: On the Pitfalls of Popularizing Science." Hypatia 24, no. 4 (2009): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2009.01073.x.

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The role genetic inheritance plays in the way human beings look and behave is a question about the biology of human sexual reproduction, one that scientists connected with the Human Genome Project dashed to answer before the close of the twentieth century. This is also a question about politics, and, it turns out, poetry, because, as the example of Lucretius shows, poetry is an ancient tool for the popularization of science. “Popularization” is a good word for successful efforts to communicate elite science to non-scientists in non-technical languages and media. According to prominent sociobiologist E. O. Wilson, “sexual dominance is a human universal.” He meant, of course, that men dominate women. Like sociobiology, genetic science is freighted with politics, including gender politics. Scientists have gender perspectives that may color what they “see” in nature. As the late Susan Okin Miller suggested in an unpublished paper tracing the detrimental impact of Aristotle's teleology on Western thought, scientists accustomed to thinking that men naturally dominate women might interpret genetic discoveries accordingly. Biologists have good, scientific reasons to fight the effects of bias. One must be critical of how scientists and popularizers of science, like Genome author Matt Ridley, frame truth and theory. Ridley's “battle of the sexes” metaphor and others have a doubtful place in serious explanations of science.

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25

Gutowski, Nick. "Book Review: A Century of Mendelism in Human Genetics." Journal of Medical Biography 13, no. 2 (May 2005): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096777200501300222.

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26

ABRAMOVA, Anastasiya, Viktoria ABRAMOVA, Vladimir VETROV, and Oksana ALESHINA. "Genetic Determinism and the Problem of Moral Responsibility or is Morality Possible Without Freedom?" WISDOM 24, no. 4 (December 25, 2022): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/wisdom.v24i4.949.

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The research devoted to freedom and responsibility proceeds only “inside” philosophical knowledge, and therefore there is a certain limitation. Only the synthesis of ideological positions will allow to open the veil of secrets of human actions. The article states that there are two clearly expressed positions regarding the causes of human behavior: the first is based on the theory of the synthetic evolution and emphasizes its biological (genetic) origin; the second rejects the biological conditionality of actions, because deterministic statements make people perceive their genome as an inescapable fate. To agree with the lack of freedom means to accept the lack of moral responsibility. Without asserting the truth of the predestination of human behavior, the authors believe that such “philosophical perseverance” can not only lead scientists to a dead end, but also slow down the development of those studies that are associated with the introduction of new technologies, including medical ones based on discoveries in the field of genetics. Therefore, in order to “remove” ethical restrictions, the authors attempted to prove the possibility of freedom even within the framework of deterministic behavior by clarifying the essence of “subordination to the principle”, with which moral responsibility is associated.

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27

Sękowski, Piotr. "Does genetics prove that a zygote is a human? Theoretical argumentative analysis of the argumentation of the genetic criterion in Declaration on Termination of Pregnancy." Analiza i Egzystencja 60 (2022): 65–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/aie.2022.60-04.

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28

Lindee, Susan. "Scaling up: Human genetics as a Cold War network." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 47 (September 2014): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2014.05.018.

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29

Bodmer, Walter, Julia Bodmer, Stephen Adler, Rose Payne, and Joan Bialek. "GENETICS OF “4” AND “LA” HUMAN LEUKOCYTE GROUPS*." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 129, no. 1 (December 16, 2006): 473–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1966.tb12871.x.

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LUBRANO-BERTHELIER, CECILE, MARTHA CAVAZOS, BEATRICE DUBERN, ASTRID SHAPIRO, CATHERINE STUNFF, SUMEI ZHANG, FRANCK PICART, et al. "Molecular Genetics of Human Obesity-Associated MC4R Mutations." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 994, no. 1 (June 2003): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03161.x.

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HSIAO, KAREN K. "The Genetics and Transgenetics of Human Prion Disease." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 724, no. 1 Slow Infectio (May 1994): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38914.x.

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Ventegodt, Søren, Niels Jørgen Andersen, Maximilian Kromann, and Joav Merrick. "Quality of Life Philosophy II: What is a Human Being?" Scientific World JOURNAL 3 (2003): 1176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2003.110.

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The human being is a complex matter and many believe that just trying to understand life and what it means to be human is a futile undertaking. We believe that we have to try to understand life and get a grip on the many faces of life, because it can be of great value to us to learn to recognize the fundamental principles of how life is lived to the fullest. Learning to recognize the good and evil forces of life helps us to make use of the good ones.To be human is to balance between hundreds of extremes. Sometimes we have to avoid these extremes, but at other times it seems we should pursue them, to better understand life. With our roots in medicine, we believe in the importance of love for better health. The secret of the heart is when reason and feelings meet and we become whole. Where reason is balanced perfectly by feelings and where mind and body come together in perfect unity, a whole new quality emerges, a quality that is neither feeling nor reason, but something deeper and more complete.In this paper, we outline only enough biology to clarify what the fundamental inner conflicts are about. The insight into these conflicts gives us the key to a great deal of the problems of life. To imagine pleasures greater than sensual pleasures seems impossible to most people. What could such a joy possibly be? But somewhere deep in life exists the finest sweetness, the greatest quality in life, the pure joy of being alive that emerges when we are fully present and life is in balance. This deep joy of life is what we call experiencing the meaning of life.

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Anaya-Muñoz, Víctor Hugo, Vivette García-Deister, and Edna Suárez-Díaz. "Flattening and Unpacking Human Genetic Variation in Mexico, Postwar to Present." Science in Context 30, no. 1 (March 2017): 89–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889717000047.

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ArgumentThis paper analyzes the research strategies of three different cases in the study of human genetics in Mexico – the work of Rubén Lisker in the 1960s, INMEGEN's mapping of Mexican genomic diversity between 2004 and 2009, and the analysis of Native American variation by Andrés Moreno and his colleagues in contemporary research. We make a distinction between an approach that incorporates multiple disciplinary resources into sampling design and interpretation (unpacking), from one that privileges pragmatic considerations over more robust multidisciplinary analysis (flattening). These choices have consequences for social, demographic, and biomedical practices, and also for accounts of genetic variation in human populations. While the former strategyunpacksfine-grained genetic variation – favoring precision and realism, the latter tends toflattenindividual differences and historical depth in lieu of generalization.

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While, Margaret L., Jon R. Hendrix, and Thomas R. Mertens. "Biosocial goals and human genetics: An impact study of NSF workshops." Science Education 71, no. 2 (April 1987): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sce.3730710202.

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35

Smederevac, Snežana, Dušanka Mitrović, Selka Sadiković, Ilija Milovanović, Bojan Branovački, Bojana M. Dinić, Željka Nikolašević, et al. "Serbian Twin Registry." Twin Research and Human Genetics 22, no. 6 (December 2019): 660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2019.114.

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AbstractThe first twin study in Serbia began in 2011 as a part of the research project, ‘Psychological Foundations of Mental Health: Hereditary and Environmental Factors’. At the same time, the research team from the Faculty of Philosophy and Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad established the first Serbian twin registry. The registry is intended primarily for the purpose of the research in behavioral genetics, as well as potential future studies in human genetics. It includes information on 1658 volunteers, including twin-pairs, their parent and siblings. The behavioral genetic study of adult twins has been focused on the hereditary and environmental sources of variance of different psychological characteristics, such as personality traits, cognitive abilities, executive functions and aggression, as well as some anthropometric measures and aspects of mental and physical health. Certain molecular genetic analyses have also been performed. The research team is currently starting the longitudinal twin study of children, which will be focused on different indicators of emotional, cognitive and physical development.

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Drogobytskii, I. N. "Genetics of Socio-Cultural Systems." World of new economy 12, no. 3 (June 3, 2019): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2018-12-3-98-107.

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The euphoria of the effectiveness of the methodology of system modelling in the study of nature and synthesis of artificial systems has prompted the scientific community to its large-scale use in the sciences, the subject of which is the human community: economics, sociology, political science, history, philosophy, etc. However, many years of work in this field have not yet led to significant success. It turned out that the systems in which the key role belongs to man — socio-cultural, are fundamentally different from natural and artificial systems, and the methods of their research are not always applicable to their analysis. We need a specific methodology for modelling socio-cultural systems, and therefore the theoretical justification of its applicability. In this article, the author provides an original classification of systemic formations, which allows to clearly divide the whole set of systems into non-intersecting subsets (classes) and to define the limits of the efficacy of the existing arsenal of system modelling. In order to expand it and extend it to the class of socio-cultural systems, the author justified the original approach to the description of system dynamics and proposed an appropriate modelling language. The author proved the analogy in the development of socio-cultural and living systems and substantiated the proposition of the expediency of initiating a new scientific stream in the study of human community activity — genetics of socio-cultural systems.

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Cassata, Francesco. "Blood Relations. Transfusion and the Making of Human Genetics, by Jenny Bangham." Nuncius 36, no. 2 (June 23, 2021): 500–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-03602017.

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Berez, Thomas M., and Sheila Faith Weiss. "The Nazi symbiosis: politics and human genetics at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute." Endeavour 28, no. 4 (December 2004): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2004.10.004.

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Miller, Fiona Alice, Catherine Ahern, Christopher A. Smith, and Erin A. Harvey. "Understanding the new human genetics: A review of scientific editorials." Social Science & Medicine 62, no. 10 (May 2006): 2373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.015.

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Melendro-Oliver, Sara. "Shifting Concepts of Genetic Disease." Science & Technology Studies 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55170.

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For many years the rhetoric of the new genetics have been criticised for their inherent determinism, especially in the area of health. The move from genetics to genomics has meant that more than just individual genes will be looked at in the causation of disease. At the same time, the findings from the Human Genome Project have challenged the deterministic assumption of the one gene – one trait tenet. The concept of genetic disease, however, is still predominant and still expanding to include more conditions every day under its name. Here, I look at how the model of genetic causation of disease or what I have called the ‘gene model’ is becoming dominant and how this underlines a process of geneticisation, which does not seem to have stopped under the genomic perspective.

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de Chadarevian, Soraya. "Chromosome Photography and the Human Karyotype." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 45, no. 1 (2014): 115–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2015.45.1.115.

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In 1956, Joe Hin Tjio and Albert Levan published a paper in which they suggested that the number of human chromosomes was 46 and not 48. The story of the recount has been the subject of numerous studies and debates. In this essay I propose to revisit the 1956 paper and the questions surrounding it by considering the chromosome images it contained. Paying attention to the images, including especially the photomicrograph that has come to represent the new chromosome count, offers the opportunity to study the history of an iconic image of genetics. In the course of this history the image moved from proving the quality of Tjio and Levan’s preparations to becoming an object of contention, proof of authorship, example to emulate, manipulable object, recognizable icon, and historical object in its own right. More generally, the essay highlights the role of visual techniques and materials in shaping knowledge and staking claims in human heredity in the mid-twentieth century. The history of postwar cytogenetics has long been overshadowed by dominant accounts of molecular approaches in biology that developed rapidly at the same time. Yet the recognition that, well into the 1970s, chromosome pictures were the most recognizable images of genetics points to the need for new approaches to the historiography.

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GLÄSER, CHRISTIANE, KATRIN HANDSCHUG, SABINE LUDVIK, UTE SCHELL, ANDREAS HEHR, ANDREAS KÜCHENHOFF, and HORST ROBENEK. "The Importance of the ?2MR/LRP for Human Genetics." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 737, no. 1 Biology of 2- (September 1994): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb44336.x.

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Turkheimer, Eric. "Genetics and human agency: Comment on Dar-Nimrod and Heine (2011)." Psychological Bulletin 137, no. 5 (2011): 825–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024306.

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Rubavičius, Vytautas. "GENETINIS DISKURSAS MEDIJŲ KULTŪROJE: GUNDYMAS PREKINIU NEMIRTINGUMU." Problemos 76 (January 1, 2009): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.2009.0.1943.

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Straipsnyje grindžiama nuomonė, jog postmodernybė yra iš modernybės kylantis kapitalizmo sistemos būvis, kuriam būdinga gyvybės suprekinimas ir suišteklinimas. Postmodernybę charakterizuoja populiariosios ir medijų kultūros išplitimas. Tos kultūros apima ne tik kultūros prekes, bet ir vartojimo būdus, įgūdžius ir jų lavinimą. Pastaruoju metu jos kuria nemirtingumo vaizdiniams bei nuojautoms palankią kultūrinę, intelektinę ir pasaulėvaizdinę terpę, kurioje struktūriškai įsitvirtina genetinis diskursas ir jo nustatomos žmogaus ir jo gyvenamo pasaulio aiškinimo gairės. Svarbus šio diskurso bruožas yra technologinis inžinerinis jo pobūdis, išryškėjęs susiejant nano ir biotechnologijas, kuriomis tikimasi įveikti gyvąją ir negyvąją gamtą skiriančią prarają, iš reikalingų atomų bei molekulių kuriant reikalingų ląstelių dalis ir klonuojant gyvas būtybes. Gyvybė suprekinama ir suišteklinama patentuojant gyvybės elementus – genus ir su jais susijusius procesus. Daroma išvada, jog visi genetikos, informatikos ir kitų mokslų laimėjimai, teikiantys žmogaus gyvenimo ilginimo galimybių, kurios palaiko gundančią nemirtingumo idėją, jau yra persmelkti prekinių santykių, tad ir pats nemirtingumas įmanomas tik kaip prekė. Aptariami kai kurie evoliuciniai ir religiniai techno sapiens sampratos aspektai. Detaliau gvildenamos dvi „nemirtingumo“ versijos: Z. Baumano, kuris nemirtingumo pažadą sieja su kompiuterinės technikos plėtra prasidėjus „Antrajai medijų erai“, ir J. Baudrillard’o, tegiančio, jog klonavimo technologijos „apgręžia“ evoliuciją ir žmogų gundo virusiniu ar vėžiniu belyčiu nemirtingumu.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: genetinis diskursas, klonavimas, medijų kultūra, nanobiotechnologijos, nemirtingumas, suprekinimas.Genetic Discourse in Media Culture: Temptation by Commodified ImmoralityVytautas Rubavičius SummaryPostmodernity is maintained as a stage of the development of capitalism. The difference between modernity and postmodernity is explained in relation to the new sphere of commodification and resourcification, namely, that of life and of all natural living processes. Postmodern media culture, or popular culture, is peopled by signs of immortality and various kinds of immortals – cyborgs, clones, zombies, immortal human beings and others. Thus, culture accustoms a consumer to immortals and immortality which is concidered as the main goal of a human being and evolution. By nano-bio-technologies and genetic discourse this goal is made scientifically valid, thus reachable. Genetic discourse is becoming the fundamental world-view providing focal landmarks for the emerging future. Media culture supports the spreading of genetic discourse and facilitates its understanding. The temptation by immortality can be considered as a version of modernist ideology of human liberation from various natural, social and heavenly bonds. This liberation, and also secularization, is supported by a scientific genetic technological discourse which is becoming a stimulating factor of postmodern media production. The genetic explanation of the world is particularly handy for technological reflexivity: the entire world is as if encapsulated into human genes, which become the principle explaining the mystery of life, evolution and the future of humanity, thus rendering power to produce the human proper form and the future of people. All the possibilities stemming from the new genetic and biotech discoveries fell under the regulation of property relations by patenting, thus making “immortality” – as a temptation and brand – not only an exeptional commodity, but also a political tool and a commodifying force. As the relationships of private property have penetrated natural biogenetic diversity and, having turned it into a resource, the cognitive subject has reached the goal to secularise the Universe, which he has set for himself: only he as the owner and producer of genes lures people with the eternal shapes of the clones and their genetic information, which will be sustained in any location of the Universe. The temptation by “immortality” will become even stronger when the genetic code is mastered. The future of humanity is related to the mixed forms of life, trans-genic or otherwise genetically modified organisms and techno-human forms that will help to postpone, and later to conquer, death. Even thinkers with religious tendencies perceive the technological improvement of human beings as their evolution towards the techno sapiens and consider such a development as an advancement towards the Kingdom of God. The technologization of human beings is imagined in terms of their divination. Yet in this case the character of contemporary science secularising God and obliterating the perception of divinity is overlooked. Two versions of immortality are analyzed more closely – that of Z. Bauman, who links it with the development of computer technologies, and that of J. Baudrillard, who gives a warning that by cloning technologies humanity is trying to inverse the evolution and to return to the undifferentiated state of cells. The conclusion is drawn that regardless of how we understand ‘immortality,’ argue over its reality or unreality, all possibilities to prolong human life granted by genetics, informatics and other advances in science and technologies, which support the tempting idea of immortality, have already been penetrated by commodity relationships; therefore, “immortality” itself will be available only as a commodity.Keywords: cloning, commodification, genetic discourse, immortality, media culture, nano-bio-technologies.

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Rosenberg, Charles E., and Daniel J. Kevles. "In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity." Journal of American History 73, no. 1 (June 1986): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1903699.

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Gannett, Lisa. "Genes and human self-knowledge: historical and philosophical reflections on modern genetics." Science Education 81, no. 5 (September 1997): 610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-237x(199709)81:5<610::aid-sce11>3.0.co;2-u.

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Jones, Mavis. "Policy legitimation, expert advice, and objectivity: ‘opening’ the UK governance framework for human genetics." Social Epistemology 18, no. 2-3 (April 2004): 247–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0269172042000249318.

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Fujimura, Joan H., and Ramya M. Rajagopalan. "Race, Ethnicity, Ancestry, and Genomics in Hawai‘i." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 50, no. 5 (November 2020): 596–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2020.50.5.596.

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This paper examines how populations in a multiethnic cohort project used to study environmental causes of cancer in Hawai‘i have been reorganized in ways that have contributed to the racialization of the human genome. We examine the development of two central genomic data infrastructures, the multiethnic cohort (MEC) and a collection of reference DNA called the HapMap. The MEC study populations were initially designed to examine differences in nutrition as risk factors for disease, and then were repurposed to search for potential genomic risk factors for disease. The biomaterials collected from these populations became institutionalized in a data repository that later became a major source of “diverse” DNA for other studies of genomic risk factors for disease. We examine what happened when the MEC biorepository and dataset, organized by ethnic labels, came to be used, in conjunction with the data from the HapMap reference populations, to construct human population genetic categories. Developing theory on genomic racialization, we examine (1) how and why Hawai‘i became sited as a “virtual natural laboratory” for collecting and examining biomaterials from different ethnic groups, and the consequences of the transformation of those local Hawaiian ethnic groups into five racial and ethnic OMB categories meant to represent global continental groups for genomic studies. We then discuss (2) how this transformation, via the geneticists’ effort to standardize the study of genomic risk for disease around the globe, led to the construction of humans as statistical genetic resources and entities for genomic biomedicine and the human population genetics discipline. Through this transformation of populations and biorepositories, we argue (3) that the twenty-first century has seen the intertwining of “race,” “population,” and “genome” via large-scale genomic association studies. We show how “race” has become imbricated in human population genetics and genomic biomedicine. This essay is part of a special issue entitled Pacific Biologies: How Humans Become Genetic, edited by Warwick Anderson and M. Susan Lindee.

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Shufaro, Yoel, and Joseph G. Schenker. "Cryopreservation of human genetic material." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1205, no. 1 (September 2010): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05651.x.

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Sansom, Clare. "Modelling the Virtual Physiological Human." Biochemist 33, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03301050.

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Systems biology – the theme of this issue of The Biochemist – can be thought of as more a philosophy of biology than a distinct set of techniques. It arose out of, but is distinct from, the genome projects and associated initiatives. The ‘catalogues’ of genes and proteins produced in recent years have generated enormous advances, but they do not tell the whole story. Nobel Laureate Sydney Brenner said in 2001 that “I know one approach that will fail, which is to start with genes, make proteins from them and try to build things bottom-up”1. In contrast with the reductionism of genomics, systems biology is ‘integrative’: as another Nobel Laureate, David Baltimore, writes, “it seeks to understand the integration of the pieces to form biological systems”2. Thus a typical systems biology study will involve both experimental analysis and computational modelling of a biological system at a number of levels: theoretically, at least, including the molecule, the pathway, the organelle, the cell, the tissue or organ, and the organism.

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