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Syed Fazal ur Rahim and Muhammad Abdullah Bin Masood. "Global view of animal feed in halal perspective." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 11, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 037–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2022.11.1.0093.
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Purpose: Islamic concept of food consumption for human beings is derived from the term Tayyib which depicts both food safety and quality. Unlike the humans, though animals are not bound to any code of practice, yet with reference to the food animals their diet seeks the attention of Islamic jurisprudence. Animal feed is the preliminary Halal control point in Halal food supply chain when the matter comes to the animal derived ingredients. This paper aims to put forth a global view of animal feed in Halal perspective by showcasing firstly the global scenario of feed industry, feed compositions, hazards and regional regulations, secondly by highlighting the Halal and Tayyib integrity concerns over different feed compositions and addressing them through the global Halal standards and Islamic rulings issued by various Halal industry players. Design/methodology/approach: This research presents an interdisciplinary work of Islamic jurisprudence and feed science, which intertwines research on global feed compositions and the fundamental requirements of Halal and Haram jurisprudence. Findings: Animals are not the addressees of Quran and Sunnah; hence they are not bound to follow any code of religion. They are free to live and consume the way they like; in addition, Islam holds mankind responsible for their welfare and rights. Animal feed becomes an important subject for Islamic Jurisprudence only when the matter comes to the food animals. With reference to the food animals, animal feed is the preliminary control point of food supply chain, hence, it must be from halal source and must not cause harm to the human health. Originality/value: To our best knowledge, this paper is the first that attempts to elaborate on the global feed scenario including compositions and regulations in halal perspective.
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Gjerris, M., C. Gamborg, and H. Röcklinsberg. "Ethical aspects of insect production for food and feed." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 2, no. 2 (June 10, 2016): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2015.0097.
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Given a growing global human population and high pressures on resources, interest in insects as a source of protein for human food (entomophagy) and for animal feed is growing. So far, the main issues discussed have been the embedded technical challenges of scaling up the production. The use of insects as a major human food and feed source is thought to present two major challenges: (1) how to turn insects into safe, tasty socially acceptable feed and food; and (2) how to cheaply yet sustainably produce enough insects? Entomophagy, however, as any utilisation of animals and the rest of nature also entails ethical issues – both regarding the impact on human health, the environment and climate change and regarding production methods such as intensification and biotechnology. The aim of the paper is to give a systematic overview of ethical aspects embedded in the notion of utilising insects as protein providers in the Western food and feed production chains. We identify five areas where ethical questions are especially pertinent: environmental impact, human and animal health, human preferences and social acceptability, animal welfare and finally broader animal ethics issues. Especially the latter two are more scantly dealt with in the literature. This part of the review will therefore contain suggestions for ethical issues that should be examined closer.
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Abud Clariget, Maria José, Janine Kowalczyk, and Birgit Wobst. "Deriving “potential target values” of PCDD/F in animal feed: the role of livestock at the interface between feed and food chain." Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety 16, no. 4 (November 17, 2021): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00003-021-01350-0.
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AbstractLinking derivation of potential target values of PCDD/Fs in animal feed with risk assessment for consumer protection is a challenge when tolerable weekly intake (TWI) and transfer factors from feed to food are considered. Generally, maximum values for feed and food are set separately without considering the feed and the food producing animal as an important factor along the food chain from farm to fork. Levels of contaminants in feed can accumulate in animals and their products effect consumers at the end of the food chain. Hence, the process of setting legal maximum levels of contaminants should account for transfer from feed consumed by food producing animals into animal products for human consumption. Here, we calculated potential target values of PCDD/F in feed to ensure that animal products such as milk from dairy cows, eggs from laying hens and pork and pork products from fattening pigs are safe for human consumption. In our approach, we calculated potential target values of PCDD/Fs in animal feed using transfer factors for PCDD/F-TEQs from feed to milk fat, eggs fat, and fat in pork and pork products, taking into account the tolerable weekly intake derived by European Food Safety Authority. We assumed equal proportions of WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ and WHO-PCB-TEQ in feed. Potential target values of PCDD/F in feed are expressed as the quantity of toxicologically evaluated PCDD/Fs, expressed in WHO toxic equivalents (WHO2005-PCDD/F-TEQ) per kg feed with 12% moisture. In the current approach, derived values would be 10–54 times lower than the current legal maximum level of 0.75 ng WHO2005-PCDD/F-TEQ per kg feed (12% moisture), according to Directive 2002/32/EC as amended.
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Schader, Christian, Adrian Muller, Nadia El-Hage Scialabba, Judith Hecht, Anne Isensee, Karl-Heinz Erb, Pete Smith, et al. "Impacts of feeding less food-competing feedstuffs to livestock on global food system sustainability." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 113 (December 2015): 20150891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0891.
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Increasing efficiency in livestock production and reducing the share of animal products in human consumption are two strategies to curb the adverse environmental impacts of the livestock sector. Here, we explore the room for sustainable livestock production by modelling the impacts and constraints of a third strategy in which livestock feed components that compete with direct human food crop production are reduced. Thus, in the outmost scenario, animals are fed only from grassland and by-products from food production. We show that this strategy could provide sufficient food (equal amounts of human-digestible energy and a similar protein/calorie ratio as in the reference scenario for 2050) and reduce environmental impacts compared with the reference scenario (in the most extreme case of zero human-edible concentrate feed: greenhouse gas emissions −18%; arable land occupation −26%, N-surplus −46%; P-surplus −40%; non-renewable energy use −36%, pesticide use intensity −22%, freshwater use −21%, soil erosion potential −12%). These results occur despite the fact that environmental efficiency of livestock production is reduced compared with the reference scenario, which is the consequence of the grassland-based feed for ruminants and the less optimal feeding rations based on by-products for non-ruminants. This apparent contradiction results from considerable reductions of animal products in human diets (protein intake per capita from livestock products reduced by 71%). We show that such a strategy focusing on feed components which do not compete with direct human food consumption offers a viable complement to strategies focusing on increased efficiency in production or reduced shares of animal products in consumption.
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Scheffler, Jason M., and Chad Carr. "Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) Preventive Controls for Animal Food." EDIS 2016, no. 9 (November 9, 2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-an330-2016.
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The Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) was signed into law in January of 2011 and is considered the most sweeping reform of food safety regulations in 70 years. The human food regulations were composed first and, with significant input from industry, academia, and consumer groups as well as other agencies, were then modified to better suit animal food production. In Florida, these new regulations apply to facilities that manufacture, process, pack, or hold food or food ingredients for animals. These facilities may include pet food manufacturers, renderers, ethanol distillers, feed mills, distributors, and others. The primary goal of these regulations is to ensure safe food for the animals, people who handle the feed, and people who consume the final animal products. This 3-page fact sheet discusses requirements, facilities that will most likely be expected to be in compliance, deadlines, development of a food safety plan, and preventive controls for qualified individuals. Written by Jason M. Scheffler and Chad Carr, and published by the UF Department of Animal Sciences, December 2016. AN330/AN330: The Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) Preventive Controls for Animal Food (ufl.edu)
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Vitorovic, G., B. Mitrovic, D. Vitorovic, V. Andric, and I. Adamovic. "Radiation hygienic control of mineral supplements and feed for pigs." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 3 (2011): 835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1103835v.
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Radiometric control of products involved in the food chain is an important part of ongoing quality control of products related to food and feed. Content of primordial and anthropogenic radionuclides in some products directly determines their quality and further methods of usage. The most common way of intake of radionuclides in the human body is ingestion (80 %) through contaminated food and water. The foods of animal origin are largely represented in the human diet. Therefore radiation control of animal feeds and animal products will contribute to producing food for human nutrition without or with low risk for health. This paper presents the results obtained by gamma spectrometric analysis of mineral additives and mixtures for pig nutrition, from imported and domestic production. In most samples examined, activity levels of natural and radionuclides made during production were in accordance with the regulations. A certain number of tested mineral supplement samples had increased levels of activity of 238U (640- 2100 Bq/kg), which was not in accordance with applicable regulations.
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Mézes, Miklós, Krisztián Balogh, and Katalin Tóth. "Preventive and therapeutic methods against the toxic effects of mycotoxins — A review." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.58.2010.1.1.
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Ingredients used in animal feeds and their contamination with undesirable substances, such as mycotoxins, are fundamentally important both in terms of the quality of animal products and the potential human health impacts associated with the animal-based food production chain. Feed ingredients contaminated with mycotoxins may have a wide range of toxicological effects on animals. Therefore, mycotoxin contamination of feed ingredients constituting complete feed products represents an important potential hazard in farm animal production. This review summarises the potential effects of some preventive methods used during the storage of cereal grains as well as of nutritive (e.g. antioxidants, amino acids, fats) or non-nutritive compounds (e.g. pharmacological substances, carbon- or silica-based polymers) and detoxifying enzymes recommended for use against the toxic effects of different mycotoxins.
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Park, Douglas L., and Bailin Liang. "Perspectives on aflatoxin control for human food and animal feed." Trends in Food Science & Technology 4, no. 10 (October 1993): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-2244(93)90104-i.
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Błaszczyk, Alina, Aleksandra Augustyniak, and Janusz Skolimowski. "Ethoxyquin: An Antioxidant Used in Animal Feed." International Journal of Food Science 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/585931.
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Ethoxyquin (EQ, 6-ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline) is widely used in animal feed in order to protect it against lipid peroxidation. EQ cannot be used in any food for human consumption (except spices, e.g., chili), but it can pass from feed to farmed fish, poultry, and eggs, so human beings can be exposed to this antioxidant. The manufacturer Monsanto Company (USA) performed a series of tests on ethoxyquin which showed its safety. Nevertheless, some harmful effects in animals and people occupationally exposed to it were observed in 1980’s which resulted in the new studies undertaken to reevaluate its toxicity. Here, we present the characteristics of the compound and results of the research, concerning, for example, products of its metabolism and oxidation or searching for new antioxidants on the EQ backbone.
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DÓREA, JOSÉ G. "Fish Meal in Animal Feed and Human Exposure to Persistent Bioaccumulative and Toxic Substances." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 2777–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.11.2777.
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Persistent and bioaccumulative toxic substances (PBTSs) that end up in fish are health hazards and the object of fish-consumption advisories. Some of these substances are present as extraneous contaminants, e.g., man-made lipophilic pollutants such as organohalogen pollutants, and others such as monomethyl mercury can be considered naturally occurring. Omnivores (e.g., poultry and swine) and especially ruminants that are fed contaminated fish meal can pass monomethyl mercury and organohalogen pollutants to eggs, meat, and dairy products. Differences in fish meal PBTS profiles and farm animal (e.g., poultry, swine, cattle, and farmed fish) physiology modulate PBTSs in animal products. Fish-consumption advisories issued to protect human health do not extend to fish by-products fed to farmed animals. Animals (especially farmed fish) that are fed fish meal can bioconcentrate monomethyl mercury in protein matrices, and organohalogen pollutants can be passed on in the fat components of derived foods. Policies to decrease exposure to monomethyl mercury and organohalogen pollutants must consider farming practices that use fish by-products. A risk assessment of toxic contaminants in fish meal may indicate that food safety objectives must consider the human health impact of foods derived from animals fed contaminated meal.
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Givens, D. I., J. L. De Boever, and E. R. Deaville. "The principles, practices and some future applications of near infrared spectroscopy for predicting the nutritive value of foods for animals and humans." Nutrition Research Reviews 10, no. 1 (January 1997): 83–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/nrr19970006.
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AbstractThe current application and future potential of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in the evaluation of foods for domesticated animals and humans is enormous. Where used, NIR spectroscopy has revolutionized the analysis and nutritional evaluation of animal feeds and human foods by providing a rapid means of examination. The availability of accurate and rapid methods of evaluation is becoming increasingly important to meet the nutritional requirements of animals for meat, milk, wool and egg production. This is essential for efficient and economic animal production, to maintain animal health and to minimize environmental impact. Accurate evaluation methods are also needed in relation to national and international legislation that regulates the circulation, trade and inspection of foods and feeds, aids effective functioning of the market and guards the safety of animals and humans. The aim of this review is to outline the theory and principles of NIR spectroscopy and to focus primarily on its application in the field of animal nutrition. The vital role NIR spectroscopy is playing in the prediction of biologically meaningful feed characteristics, including data derived in vivo, is demonstrated particularly through its application to forage evaluation, but also in the examination of raw materials and compound feeds. While the applications of NIR spectroscopy to different foods and drinks are extensive, this review gives an overview only of selected reported applications including its use for predicting nutritive value (mainly water, protein, fat, sucrose and starch content), monitoring food processing and for food authentication. The review provides clear evidence that the future application of NIR spectroscopy will undoubtedly increase, playing a vital role in the authentication of the quality and origin of foods and feeds and enabling the complex methods of feed evaluation required in the future to be put into widespread use.
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Kibugu, James Karuku, D. Mburu, L. Munga, F. Lusweti, D. Grace, and J. Lindahl. "Mycotoxin hazards in the Kenyan food and feed market - A retrospective study." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 22, no. 106 (February 27, 2022): 19306–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.106.20995.
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Mycotoxins are toxic fungal metabolites naturally found in food and feed as contaminants. Animal feed and human food samples (n=1818) from three major Kenyan laboratories were categorized as compliant and non-compliant according to Kenya, America (USA) and Europe (EU) mycotoxin regulatory limits. Quantitative risk assessment of dietary aflatoxin intake in maize, wheat, peanut and dairy products in relation to human hepatocellular carcinoma was carried out employing deterministic approach. Non-compliant samples’ proportions were calculated, and logistic regression and chi-square test used to compare different commodities. Animal feed were least compliant, with 64% and 39% having total aflatoxin (AFT) levels above Kenya and USA standards, respectively. Peanuts were the most non-compliant food, with 61% and 47% samples failing Kenya and USA AFT standards respectively, while wheat was least compliant (84%) according to EU threshold for AFT. Half of baby food sampled had AFT level above Kenya and EU standards. High non-compliance rate with Kenya, USA and EU regulatory thresholds with respect to seven different mycotoxins (summarized as “mycotoxins”), and also AFT and aflatoxin M1 alone in edible materials is reported. Significant non-compliance is reported for compound animal feed, peanuts, wheat, baby food, feed ingredients, herbal healthy drink, maize and fodder feed in that order. High levels of aflatoxin residues in animal feed and human food was also observed. Lifetime human consumption of wheat and maize leads to high additional risk for primary liver cancer, human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with dietary aflatoxin, wheat and its products causing the highest disease burden. Subsequent implications and limitations of current food safety standards are discussed. Humans and animals in Kenya appear to be chronically exposed to mycotoxin hazards: this calls for surveillance and risk management. There is urgent need for enhanced and consistent surveillance of the dietary mycotoxin hazards observed in this study employing representative sampling plans. Regulation and future research need to focus on reliable analysis techniques, collection of data on toxicological effects of mycotoxins and food consumption pattern, and regulatory limits accordingly set and compliance enforced to protect vulnerable groups such as paediatric, geriatric and sick members of the society to reduce cancer burden in Kenya. Key words: Mycotoxins, food, feed, risk analysis, human hepatocellular carcinoma, Kenya
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Barton, Mary D. "Antibiotic use in animal feed and its impact on human healt." Nutrition Research Reviews 13, no. 2 (December 2000): 279–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/095442200108729106.
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AbstractAntibiotic resistance in bacteria that cause disease in man is an issue of major concern. Although misuse of antibiotics in human medicine is the principal cause of the problem, antibiotic-resistant bacteria originating in animals are contributory factors, with some types of resistance in some species of bacteria. Antibiotics are added to animal feeds to treat and prevent infections and to improve growth and production. Until recently, the major concerns about incorporation of antibiotics in animal feeds related to antibiotic residues in products from treated animals. Although, in 1969, the Swann (1969) report drew attention to the potential for antibiotic-resistant bacteria to spread from treated animals via the food chain, there was little response until the detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in animals fed a related glycopeptide, avoparcin. Subsequently, attention started to focus on the issue and other examples of transfer of resistant bacteria through the food chain, such as enterococci resistant to quinupristin–dalfopristin or to everninomicin, fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacters and multiresistantEscherichia coli, and salmonella such asSalmonella typhimuriumDT104. Reviews and committees in many countries have highlighted the need for better control of licensing of antibiotics, and codes for prudent use of antibiotics by veterinary practitioners and farmers. The continued use of antibiotic growth promoters has been questioned and there is a need to ensure that antibiotics important in human medicine are not used therapeutically or prophylactically in animals.
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Butler, Gillian. "Manipulating dietary PUFA in animal feed: implications for human health." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 73, no. 1 (December 5, 2013): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665113003790.
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Milk, meat and eggs tend not to be regarded as an important source of PUFA. They are disproportionally high in SFA compared with their PUFA content, especially those from cattle and sheep, since their rumen microbes are responsible for the loss of over 90 % of PUFA intake by livestock. This need not necessarily be the case since the relative proportion of PUFA in these foods is dictated by livestock management, especially feeding, and this can be manipulated to boost their content of crucial long-chain n-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic fatty acids. The present paper considers the fatty acid composition in animal-derived foods and how these can be manipulated to be more conducive for consumers’ health. The importance of recognising the effect of livestock production systems on fat composition is also highlighted along with the fact that we may have to compromise between intensive, high levels of production and this particular aspect of food quality.
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Iqbal, Aamir, Syed Rizwan Ali Shah, Ibrahim Sadi Cetingul, Abdul qudoos, and Ismail Bayram. "A Review-Halal Animal Nutrition Perspective to the Halal Meat Production." Malaysian Journal of Halal Research 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjhr-2020-0003.
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AbstractThis review tends to analyze the importance of halal animal feed from the Islamic standpoint and describes the drawbacks of non-halal. Mischievousness to animal handling during production, transport, and slaughter in states where Islam is the main doctrine has created doubts about the quality of products. Islam is a religious conviction that illustrates empathy to animals and well-being of humankind food as mentioned in the holy book Qur’an and sayings of the Prophet Mohammed (PBUH). In a variety of animal-based halal food products, a Muslim should be conscious of not only about the rearing organization of the animals but also the slaughtering procedure. Animal feed is the preliminary Critical Control Point to establish the halal authenticity of animal-based food products. Regardless of the recognized agenda on animal feed in Middle East Asia, impurity in animal feed ingredients is still occurring and repetitively reported by the media. Feed inflicts direct effect on the animal originated feedstuffs like meat, milk, and eggs and it has been acknowledged as the foremost cause of diseases in both humans as well as animals. Consequently, any action that is associated with the production of livestock must be intimately explored to spot any vulnerability with liable Islamic laws of food and hit upon those traditions to avoid them. The intent of this review is to appraise the halal nutritional system of animals and see whether it has any optimistic or depressing effects on the health of the customers. Our advancement will be comprehensive as we have focused on the socio-religious aspects of human health. The verdict of this review could be made as an orientation by the policymakers of emerging officially authorized business bodies for producing, importing and auction of halal animal feed according to Islamic set of guidelines.
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Runjaic-Antic, D., S. Pavkov, and J. Levic. "Herbs in a sustainable animal nutrition." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 26, no. 3-4 (2010): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1004203r.
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Animal has a direct impact on the quality of meat, milk and eggs in a positive and negative sense. Over the composition of a meal for animals can manipulate the quality of products of animal origin and can be achieved by a variety of nutritional, sensory, chemical, physical and physiological characteristics. The use of medicine in intensive and extensive farming is a big and risky to the quality of food and thus health. In organic farming of animals is not allowed to use medicines. Because are increasingly looking for natural healing resources. Herbs provides, in the manufacture of animal feed, a real opportunity to increase value through the use of different functional additions. Addition food for animals, really can improve its functionality in terms of a physiological effect. In developed countries in Europe is very strong trend of replacing synthetic antibiotic drugs based on medicinal herbal preparations. As herbal feed additives may be used drug (finely divided dry medicinal herbal raw materials), herbal extracts or herbal isolate (e.g. essential oil). The paper gives a short overview of the most important potential of herbal medicinal materials with antibacterial activity, antiinflammatory, digestion-stimulating, laxative, antidiarrhoeal, choleretic etc. activities that have an approved application in human medicine and which can be added to animal feed for use in different animal health disorders. The use of herbs is more current and all higher, in human and veterinary food industry.
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Prankel, S. H. "A computer model of cadmium metabolism in the sheep with regard to the human food chain." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200001708.
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Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential toxic heavy metal which is added to soil in phosphorous fertilizers and sewage sludge. Cd enters the human food chain via animals fed on crops from these soils, food of vegetable origin and smoking. In chronic exposure situations Cd accumulates in the liver and kidney of animals and man. Intake resulting in a Cd concentration of over 200μg/g wet weight in the kidney cortex results in kidney damage in humans (Friberg et al., 1974). With the prohibition of disposal of sewage sludge at sea in 1998, it is likely that more Cd will be deposited on soils. Current limits for Cd in animal feed are intended to prevent food from animal origin from exceeding legal Cd limits. This work examines the behaviour of Cd in the ovine body and models organ Cd from given intakes to investigate whether current limits in feed are safe and result in animal products fit for human consumption.
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Jank, Bernhard, and Johannes Rath. "The Risk of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Human Food and Animal Feed." Trends in Plant Science 22, no. 3 (March 2017): 191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2017.01.002.
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DeFoliart, G. R. "The Human Use of Insects as Food and as Animal Feed." Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 35, no. 1 (March 1, 1989): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/besa/35.1.22.
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Peter van Eeden, C. H., and Alex W. J. Jong. "The colorimetric determination of cyanide in human food and animal feed." Zeitschrift f�r Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 181, no. 5 (November 1985): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01027409.
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Bryden, Wayne L. "Food and feed, mycotoxins and the perpetual pentagram in a changing animal production environment." Animal Production Science 52, no. 7 (2012): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12073.
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G. L. McClymont developed a unique paradigm in which to consider the challenges that confront agriculture and it is based on an understanding of the interrelationships of plants, animals, soils and water within an economic and social framework. The major changes in our environment are the consequence of rapid population growth and the need to increase world food supplies. Within this context, this paper provides an overview of the link between agriculture, especially animal production and population health and how mycotoxins, fungal secondary metabolites, can perturb this link. Examples from New Zealand and Australian animal agriculture are described. The underlying premise of this paper is that agriculture is a major determinant of human health through the supply of food derived from both plant and animal sources. In other words, nutrition is the conduit between agriculture and human health. Against this backdrop the potential role of mycotoxins in determining food and feed supplies is discussed. Globally, mycotoxins have significant human and animal health, economic and international trade implications.
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Zijlstra, Ruurd T. "121 Use of Fermentation Co-products in Pet Food and Animal Feeds." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.116.
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Abstract Fermentation is used to create foods and beverages that are enjoyed by people around the world. Similarly, fermentation creates direct opportunities for feed application such as fermented liquid feed or fermented feedstuffs. Other opportunities exist: fermentation followed by extraction of a main product for human or biofuel application also creates co-products that require application in petfood or animal feeds for valorization. Indeed, cereal grains are fermented to produce beer, distilled spirits, or bioethanol and their associated co-products can be fed either wet or dry. For example, traditional beer production using fermentation of barley grain produces abundant brewer’s spent grains and also brewer’s spent hops and yeast as co-products. Brewer’s spent grains are mostly fed wet to ruminants due to its greater fiber content than barley grain and avoiding the cost of its drying required for compound feed application. Wet brewer’s yeast can be used as feedstuff in liquid feed systems for swine. Dried brewer’s yeast can be considered for pet food application due to included nutrients, nucleotides, mannan oligosaccharides, and β-glucans. Other cereal grains such as corn and rice are also used for beer production. Whiskey is produced using fermentation of an array of cereal grains, and distiller’s co-products have traditionally been fed wet or dry mostly to cattle. For the last two decades, large-scale production of ethanol as biofuel has created the co-product distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as commodity feedstuff. Subsequently, DDGS has been used in livestock feed and petfood as protein source. With animal feed application, dietary inclusion of fermentation co-products provides opportunities for circular agriculture whereby nutrients excreted by livestock will be applied to soil to support grain production. Finally, depending on price and quality, fermentation co-products may be part of pet food and livestock feed formulations to achieve competitive cost and functionality.
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Jovanovic, Dragoljub, Radmila Markovic, Stamen Radulovic, Svetlana Grdovic, Milena Krstic, and Dragan Sefer. "Aflatoxins in feed." Veterinarski glasnik 72, no. 1 (2018): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1801015j.
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Background. Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites, which are synthesized from a large number of intermediates from the primary metabolism of saprophytic molds. Aflatoxins, due to their genotoxic and carcinogenic effects, are the most important group of mycotoxins from the aspect of their impact on human and animal health. Of all known aflatoxins, AFB1 is the most frequent, with the most harmful impact on human and animal health. Scope and Approach. Due to their prevalence and toxicity, monitoring the presence of aflatoxins in the food chain is required. The scope of this paper is to provide information on the presence of aflatoxins in animal feed and in milk. This paper describes temperature increases in Europe that are contributing to the increased presence of aflatoxins in food, as well as aflatoxin prevention and protection measures. Key Findings and Conclusions. During the last decade, serious contamination of corn with aflatoxins was recorded in southern Europe. In the summer of 2012, Serbia recorded high concentrations of aflatoxins in corn and milk. Based on climate change data, it is expected that aflatoxin contamination in corn will become more frequent.
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Thieme, Olaf, and Harinder P. S. Makkar. "Utilisation of loss and waste during the food-production cycle as livestock feed." Animal Production Science 57, no. 4 (2017): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16183.
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Approximately one-third of the food produced is wasted, which has high environmental, economic and social costs. Besides, it adversely affects food security. A part of such losses and non-food parts of the agricultural products can be safely used as animal feed, without compromising animal product safety and animal and human welfare. FAO organised an e-conference to generate discussion and obtain inputs on definition of food loss in context to their use as animal feed and to identify roles of various stakeholders in the feed production and use chain for converting such waste to worth in the form of animal feed. This review presents a synthesis of the conference proceedings. Future areas of work and way forward have also been discussed.
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Abebe, Belete. "The Dietary Use of Pigeon Pea for Human and Animal Diets." Scientific World Journal 2022 (January 24, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4873008.
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Pigeon pea (PP) [Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth] plays an important role in preserving poor smallholders’ major source of income in the tropics and subtropics by improving food and feed security, particularly protein intake. In the meantime, protein deficiency is frequent in tropical and subtropical regions due to rapidly increasing human populations and the high cost of animal-origin proteins. As a result, pulse crops should be their primary source of protein. Among these, PP is the most important pulse crop utilized as a food component in rain-fed agricultural conditions with the lowest costs, and it is the best source of protein supplements in typical cereal-based diets to fill the nutritional deficit. Despite this, it is the world’s least-used pulse crop. Therefore, the primary goal of this review was to provide and synthesize scientifically confirmed and up-to-date information on the dietary usage of pigeon pea for food and feed. Protein, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and essential amino acids are all present in reasonable amounts in both mature and immature PP seeds. PP has the most potential for usage as food and feed, and its nutrients are comparable to those of soybeans and maize. PP’s green leaves, roots, seeds, and pods are high in phenolic compounds, which have anti-inflammation, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and antidiabetic properties, as well as the ability to cure diseases like measles, smallpox, chicken pox, sickle cell anemia, fever, dysentery, hepatitis, and antimalarial medications for the body. Furthermore, the addition of pigeon pea and its by-products improves ruminant and nonruminant animal feeding performance significantly. In general, PP products such as dried grain, fresh (aerial portion), and green pods are used as a low-cost (low-cost) source of high-quality and quantity of protein food and feed for tropical and subtropical populations’ livelihoods.
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Djuragic, O., S. Rakita, and D. Dragojlovic. "The possibilities of alternative protein use in animal nutrition." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 854, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/854/1/012026.
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Abstract The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) predicts there will not be enough food for human and animal nutrition until 2050. Global demand for animal protein for human consumption is increasing, and this consequently increases the price of these ingredients. This will open several challenges to provide enough animal feed. In the European Union, the use of processed animal proteins in pig and poultry diets is prohibited due to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) legislation, while globally, the land availability for soy cultivation is limited. The European food market is dependent on huge import of soybean, which is the main source of valuable proteins and one of the main ingredients in feeds. Feed ingredients must not contain antinutritive factors that would adversely affect animal production and must have an acceptable price. Some of the alternative plant sources of protein are fava beans, peas, lentils, hemp, different grain seeds, etc. To find alternative sources of protein of animal origin scientists are increasingly investigating the use of worm, snail or grasshopper meals and also marine organisms, usually algae, shells or starfish. Single cell proteins are a specific kind of protein from different microbial sources, including microalgae, yeast, fungi, and bacteria.
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Kemboi, David Chebutia, Gunther Antonissen, Phillis E. Ochieng, Siska Croubels, Sheila Okoth, Erastus K. Kangethe, Johannes Faas, Johanna F. Lindahl, and James K. Gathumbi. "A Review of the Impact of Mycotoxins on Dairy Cattle Health: Challenges for Food Safety and Dairy Production in Sub-Saharan Africa." Toxins 12, no. 4 (April 2, 2020): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040222.
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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that contaminate food and feed and have a significant negative impact on human and animal health and productivity. The tropical condition in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) together with poor storage of feed promotes fungal growth and subsequent mycotoxin production. Aflatoxins (AF) produced by Aspergillus species, fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), T-2 toxin (T-2), and deoxynivalenol (DON) produced by Fusarium species, and ochratoxin A (OTA) produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus species are well-known mycotoxins of agricultural importance. Consumption of feed contaminated with these toxins may cause mycotoxicoses in animals, characterized by a range of clinical signs depending on the toxin, and losses in the animal industry. In SSA, contamination of dairy feed with mycotoxins has been frequently reported, which poses a serious constraint to animal health and productivity, and is also a hazard to human health since some mycotoxins and their metabolites are excreted in milk, especially aflatoxin M1. This review describes the major mycotoxins, their occurrence, and impact in dairy cattle diets in SSA highlighting the problems related to animal health, productivity, and food safety and the up-to-date post-harvest mitigation strategies for the prevention and reduction of contamination of dairy feed.
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SHARMA, V., S. SHARMA, A. VERMA, D. K. DAHIYA, and M. KARNANI. "Feed safety evaluation for prevalence of zoonotic Salmonella spp. in animal feed." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 90, no. 1 (August 8, 2022): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v90i1.98937.
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Owing to the zoonotic nature of Salmonella, its transmission from feed-to-food is quite feasible and considered as one of the prime factors for the transmission and spread of virulent and drug-resistant strains in humans. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella in animal feed pellets from different feed mills in Jaipur and its nearby areas. For this, isolation of Salmonella was performed as per standard ISO methods and the presumable strains were further confirmed and characterized into different species by molecular methods. The confirmed strains were analyzed for virulence genes by PCR. Finally, the strains were analyzed for antimicrobial drug resistance by the standard disk diffusion method. The study revealed that the prevalence of Salmonella in feed pellets was moderate and Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium were the two dominated species. Strikingly, the majority of strains were found to possess the virulence genes and resistant to analyzed clinical antimicrobials. Results inferred that contaminated animal feeds may act as a potential source for the dissemination of virulent and drug-resistant Salmonella spp in animals as well as human beings. The present study implicated the need for more focused and extensive investigations from different parts of the country and the world for strict regulation of animal feed safety to assure one health concept.
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Di Paola, Arianna, Maria Cristina Rulli, and Monia Santini. "Human food vs. animal feed debate. A thorough analysis of environmental footprints." Land Use Policy 67 (September 2017): 652–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.06.017.
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Kamle, Madhu, Dipendra Kumar Mahato, Akansha Gupta, Shikha Pandhi, Nitya Sharma, Bharti Sharma, Sadhna Mishra, et al. "Citrinin Mycotoxin Contamination in Food and Feed: Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Detection and Management Strategies." Toxins 14, no. 2 (January 23, 2022): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14020085.
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Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin produced by different species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus. CIT can contaminate a wide range of foods and feeds at any time during the pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest stages. CIT can be usually found in beans, fruits, fruit and vegetable juices, herbs and spices, and dairy products, as well as red mold rice. CIT exerts nephrotoxic and genotoxic effects in both humans and animals, thereby raising concerns regarding the consumption of CIT-contaminated food and feed. Hence, to minimize the risk of CIT contamination in food and feed, understanding the incidence of CIT occurrence, its sources, and biosynthetic pathways could assist in the effective implementation of detection and mitigation measures. Therefore, this review aims to shed light on sources of CIT, its prevalence in food and feed, biosynthetic pathways, and genes involved, with a major focus on detection and management strategies to ensure the safety and security of food and feed.
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Willer, David F., James P. W. Robinson, Grace T. Patterson, and Karen Luyckx. "Maximising sustainable nutrient production from coupled fisheries-aquaculture systems." PLOS Sustainability and Transformation 1, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): e0000005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pstr.0000005.
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Aquaculture expansion is expected to meet growing demand for sustainable animal-source foods. Yet marine-fed species already require millions of tonnes of wild-caught fish for feed, over 90% of which are nutritious food-grade species. Allocating feed fish for human consumption could reduce pressure on marine resources while increasing seafood production. We examine micronutrient flows (the transfer of micronutrients from feed to fish) in Scotland’s farmed salmon industry, which is particularly reliant on marine feeds, to show that 1–49% of essential dietary minerals and fatty acids available in wild fish are retained in farmed salmon. Using three alternative production scenarios we show that reducing marine feeds in salmon production and allocating wild-caught feed fish for human consumption could produce more nutritious seafood and leave 66–82% of feed fish in the sea. Using global data on marine-fed aquaculture production, we show that removing wild-caught fish from salmonid production could leave 3.7 Mt fish in the sea while increasing global seafood production by 6.1 Mt.
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Yen, A. L., and J. Van Itterbeeck. "No taxonomists? No progress." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 2, no. 4 (October 24, 2016): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2016.x004.
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Western societies currently show considerable interest in using insects as human food and/or as animal feed to reduce loss of habitats, use less energy to produce the food or feed in much smaller spaces, and to provide foods and feeds of high nutritional values. There appears to be emphasis on a small number of species for practical reasons: the domestic cricket, mealworms, and the black soldier fly seem to be the main species. There are most probably practical reasons for this emphasis including: the efficiency in building on established knowledge, the extensive use of model species in academic research, and, related to the two former reasons, the need for highly successful projects showing that insects indeed can be the food of the future. While practical reasons are often legitimate, the adoption of a small number of insect species as food and feed is contradictory to the concept that edible insect diversity will help feed the world. An emphasis on further building up knowledge of a small number of species will receive criticism that is very similar to the criticism on the use of a small number of vertebrate or plant species as food.
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Hosain, Md Zahangir, S. M. Lutful Kabir, and Md Mostofa Kamal. "Antimicrobial uses for livestock production in developing countries." January-2021 14, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.210-221.
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Antimicrobial is an indispensable part of veterinary medicine used for the treatment and control of diseases as well as a growth promoter in livestock production. Frequent use of antimicrobials in veterinary practices may lead to the residue in animal originated products and creates some potential problems for human health. The presence of antimicrobial residues in animal originated foods may induce serious health problems such as allergic reaction, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and lead to carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in the human body. The misuse or abuse of antibiotics in human medicine is thought to be a principal cause of AMR but some antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and their resistant genes originating from animals are also responsible for developing AMR. However, the residual effect of antimicrobials in feed and food products of animal origin is undeniable. In developing countries, the community is unaware of this residual effect due to lack of proper information about antibiotic usage, AMR surveillance, and residue monitoring system. It is imperative to reveal the current situation of antimicrobial use in livestock production and its impacts on public health. Moreover, the safety levels of animal feeds and food products of animal origin must be strictly monitored and public awareness should be developed against the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial in animal production. Therefore, the current review summarizes the literature on antimicrobial use in livestock production and its hazardous residual impacts on the human body in developing countries.
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Tieman, Marco. "Halal Diets." ICR Journal 7, no. 1 (January 15, 2016): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v7i1.295.
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Throughout the world, major shifts in dietary patterns are occurring, from carbohydrate-rich staples (cereals, roots, tubers) to vegetable oils, animal products (meat and dairy foods) to sugar. There is also an intake of increased energy supply from cheaper, processed food products. These new diets are a leading cause of cardiovascular disease, hypertension and stroke, obesity and type 2 diabetes, food allergies and some cancers. In order to prevent these diseases, research shows that vegetables and fruit should be the basis of our diets.7 However, our current food systems are providing us with high levels of salt, sugar and fat. Moreover, intensive meat and fish farming methods are using antibiotics in animal feed, both to prevent diseases in industrially raised animals and make those animals grow faster (therefore increasing feed efficiency). A side effect of this process is that these antibiotics also enter the human food chain. Various studies show that antibiotics significantly increase weight and body fat levels. The result of our current diets has been an increase in obesity, diabetes and associated diseases, reaching epidemic proportions in regions like Asia and the Middle East.
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Ertl, Paul, Andreas Steinwidder, Magdalena Schönauer, Kurt Krimberger, Wilhelm Knaus, and Werner Zollitsch. "Net food production of different livestock: A national analysis for Austria including relative occupation of different land categories / Netto-Lebensmittelproduktion der Nutztierhaltung: Eine nationale Analyse für Österreich inklusive relativer Flächenbeanspruchung." Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment 67, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/boku-2016-0009.
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Summary The discussion on the role of livestock in human food security is often controversial. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the net contribution of different livestock to human food protein and energy supply. Furthermore, the proportions of feed protein and feed energy derived from different land categories were estimated. National data from 2011–2013 for the main Austrian livestock categories (cattle, dairy cows, growing-fattening bulls, swine, broiler chickens, laying hens, turkeys, sheep, and goats) were used in this case study. Cattle were the only species that were net contributors to both the human protein and energy supply. When accounting for the differences in protein quality between human-edible plant inputs and animal products, not only cattle, but also laying hens, sheep, and goats increased the value of protein available for human consumption. Except for growing-fattening bulls, about 50% of the feed protein and energy for ruminants was derived from permanent grassland, which could otherwise not be used for human food production. The results of this study showed that depending on the production system, the transformation process of feed into food of animal origin results in either an increase or decrease of the available food for human consumption, but it always increases protein quality.
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Iqbal, Aamir, Abdul Qudoos, Ismail Bayram, Olena Tytariova, Oksana Tsekhmistrenko, Mykhailo Slomchynskyi, and Serhii Babenko. "Enhancing immunity level by using phytogenic feed additives in animal diets (review)." Tehnologìâ virobnictva ì pererobki produktìv tvarinnictva, no. 2(158) (November 24, 2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9289-2020-158-2-21-27.
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It is established that antibiotics are one of the most important medical discoveries of 20th century and will remain an utmost way of treating disease of animals as well as of human beings. We, the human beings, get meat, milk, egg, etc. from animals being very important and inevitable part of our daily nutrition. The irrational, consecutive and extensive use of antibiotics in food producing animals particularly for growth promotion has lead to antibiotic resistance, microbial resistance and possible the drug residual threat for human beings due to consumption of milk, meat, egg, etc. It was found out that during the normal physiology the animals undergo various types of stresses mainly including environmental, pathogenic, etc which suppress the immune system as well as the GIT of animals and due to this the animals become vulnerable to different diseases which leads to immunosuppression, poor health status, increased mortality and decreased production. Due to this ban on using synthetic antibiotics in animals as antibiotic growth promoters (AGP), an alternative approach is to use phytochemicals in animals’ feed for growth promotion, optimum production and enhancing or modulating the immunity level of animal. These phytogenic feed additives are important and have many properties i.e. anti-fungal, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, etc which, when supplemented with diet and fed to animals, ensure the protection and improvement of health condition, integrity of GIT and enhance the immunity level of animal. This review illustrates the importance of plant-based feed additives supplemented with other feedstuff and fed to animals particularly their role in immunomodulation to boost the immunity level on animal under stress conditions. Key words: feed additives, phytobiotics, alternative to antibiotics, animal feeding, immunity.
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Meeker, David L. "North American Rendering: processing high quality protein and fats for feed." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 38, spe (July 2009): 432–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982009001300043.
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One third to one half of each animal produced for meat, milk, eggs, and fiber is not consumed by humans. These raw materials are subjected to rendering processes resulting in many useful products. Meat and bone meal, meat meal, poultry meal, hydrolyzed feather meal, blood meal, fish meal, and animal fats are the primary products resulting from the rendering process. The most important and valuable use for these animal by-products is as feed ingredients for livestock, poultry, aquaculture, and companion animals. There are volumes of scientific references validating the nutritional qualities of these products, and there are no scientific reasons for altering the practice of feeding rendered products to animals. Government agencies regulate the processing of food and feed, and the rendering industry is scrutinized often. In addition, industry programs include good manufacturing practices, HACCP, Codes of Practice, and third-party certification. The rendering industry clearly understands its role in the safe and nutritious production of animal feed ingredients and has done it very effectively for over 100 years. The availability of rendered products for animal feeds in the future depends on regulation and the market. Regulatory agencies will determine whether certain raw materials can be used for animal feed. The National Renderers Association (NRA) supports the use of science as the basis for regulation while aesthetics, product specifications, and quality differences should be left to the market place. Without the rendering industry, the accumulation of unprocessed animal by-products would impede the meat industries and pose a serious potential hazard to animal and human health.
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DiGiacomo, K., H. Akit, and B. J. Leury. "Insects: a novel animal-feed protein source for the Australian market." Animal Production Science 59, no. 11 (2019): 2037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19301.
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The increasing demands on natural resources to provide food and feed has led to increased global initiatives to improve production sustainability and efficiency. The use of insects as an alternate source of protein for human food and production-animal feed is one such avenue gaining attention. With there being a large variety of insect species endemic to each region, there is likely to be an ideal candidate for each specific production system and region. Insects require less land and water than do terrestrial animals, have high feed-conversion efficiency (FCE) and emit low levels of greenhouse gases (GHG). Insect species currently investigated for mass production include black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), mealworms and crickets. In western societies, it is less likely that wide-scale adoption of insects as a food source will occur, although speciality products with ‘hidden’ insects, such as cricket flour, are commercially available. It is likely to be more achievable for insects to be included into the diets of production and companion animals. While there has been significant investment in research and development of large-scale insect-production systems, such facilities are yet to start producing at a significant scale. The safety and efficacy of insects as a food or feed must be established in conjunction with the development of mass rearing facilities and the optimisation of insect-rearing substrates. Insects also have nutraceutical properties that may have beneficial impacts on animal health and growth, with scope for these properties to be exploited as feed or food additives. The present review will explore the following question: ‘are insects a future livestock industry for Australia?’.
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Sapkota, Amy R., Lisa Y. Lefferts, Shawn McKenzie, and Polly Walker. "What Do We Feed to Food-Production Animals? A Review of Animal Feed Ingredients and Their Potential Impacts on Human Health." Environmental Health Perspectives 115, no. 5 (May 2007): 663–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9760.
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Shurson, Gerald C. "“What a Waste”—Can We Improve Sustainability of Food Animal Production Systems by Recycling Food Waste Streams into Animal Feed in an Era of Health, Climate, and Economic Crises?" Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 30, 2020): 7071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177071.
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Food waste has been a major barrier to achieving global food security and environmental sustainability for many decades. Unfortunately, food waste has become an even bigger problem in many countries because of supply chain disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic and African Swine Fever epidemic. Although Japan and South Korea have been leaders in recycling food waste into animal feed, countries that produce much greater amounts of food waste, such as the United States and the European Union, have lagged far behind. Concerns about the risk of transmission of bacteria, prions, parasites, and viruses have been the main obstacles limiting the recycling of food waste streams containing animal-derived tissues into animal feed and have led to government regulations restricting this practice in the U.S. and EU. However, adequate thermal processing is effective for inactivating all biological agents of concern, perhaps except for prions from infected ruminant tissues. The tremendous opportunity for nitrogen and phosphorus resource recovery along with several other environmental benefits from recycling food waste streams and rendered animal by-products into animal feed have not been fully appreciated for their substantial contribution toward solving our climate crisis. It is time to revisit our global approach to improving economic and environmental sustainability by more efficiently utilizing the abundant supply of food waste and animal tissues to a greater extent in animal feed while protecting human and animal health in food animal production systems.
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Popova, O. S. "Sorption modification of farm animals diets." Issues of Legal Regulation in Veterinary Medicine, no. 1 (April 18, 2022): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2782-6252.2022.1.79.
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Fungal contamination of feed ingredients is an important entry point for mycotoxins to increase the risk to animals and humans. Mycotoxicoses are an increasing threat to animal and human health with a high potential to cause significant economic losses in the food and feed industry. Contamination of agricultural crops with mycotoxins depends on physical and chemical factors that affect the production and accumulation of mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolite compounds that persist throughout the food chain due to their resistance to a wide range of environmental factors or manufacturing processes. Developing countries and rural areas dependent on local food production are at higher risk of mycotoxin contamination problems due to inadequate or insufficient implementation of food safety and quality control measures. The use of mycotoxin-contaminated feed is often due to an increased demand for less expensive feed ingredients to meet the growing needs of livestock production, including aquaculture. There are a number of efforts to reduce mycotoxins in raw and processed foods, both in pre-harvest stages, which inhibit toxin production in the field, and in post-harvest remediation strategies, reducing the concentration of mycotoxins in commodities.
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Mohd Ashraf, Amalina, and Fadilah Abd Rahman. "Hazards In Poultry Feed Production: An Appraisal From The Halal Perspective." Journal of Fatwa Management and Research 27, no. 2-SE (November 30, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/jfatwa.vol27no2-se.480.
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Animal feed is any processed, semi-processed of raw materials or compound which are fed to animals. Poultry feed are food for farm poultry, including chickens, ducks, geese and other domestic birds (Gallus domesticus), whether it is in mash, crumbles or pellets form. Feed supply is central to all animal production systems and any factor that affects the security of the feed supply is a significant constraint to production. In Malaysia, most of the poultry feed comprises of 95% of the sources that are imported and only 5% are obtained locally. In this situation, feed producers are responsible to communicate with crop producers and at the same time connected with primary food producers involved, such as poultry breeders. These phenomena are crucial in maintaining the halal integrity along the supply chain. To produce halal food materials, it is important to make sure that the feed fed to edible animals are Ḥalālan ṭoyyiban. This paper reviews the hazards presence in poultry feed and its production which include biohazards, chemical hazards and physical hazards. In so doing, it employs library research methodology by reviewing the relevant literatures and analysed using content analysis method. Further to that, it also appraises the presence of the respective hazards from the halal perspective. From the halal point of view, the sources of human food shall not only be halal, but shall also be safe for human consumption, non-poisonous and non-hazardous to human health. In the context of poultry feed, the usage of antibiotics, GMOs with hazardous issue or potential toxicity or allergenicity, toxin contamination and presence of physical contaminants in poultry feed, if not properly controlled and regulated seriously, adverse effects might take place in human and this is indeed not in line with the goal of the Shariah to safeguard the interests of human and the universe, to protect life and lineage, and to bring benefits and repelling harms. Nevertheless, considering that contaminants are present everywhere, and that total elimination is almost impossible, taking proactive actions to reduce their presence to the minimum level possible is in compliance with the spirit of Maqasid Shariah. This could be done by putting in place a comprehensive legislation for the control of several of these chemical compounds, pathogens and physical contaminants in poultry feed, or by implementing feed safety management system such as HACCP in feed plants. In addition, to protect the interest of the Muslim consumers particularly in Malaysia, it is also recommended that a Halal standard for Poultry Feed Production should be developed.
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Cuvardic, Maja. "Selenium in soil." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 104 (2003): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0304023c.
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Selenium (Se) is an essential microelement, necessary for normal functioning of human and animal organisms. Its deficiency in food and feed causes a number of diseases. In high concentrations, selenium is toxic for humans animals and plants. Soil provision with selenium affects its level in food and feed via nutrition chain. However, selenium reactivity and bioavailability depends not only on its total content in soil but also on its chemical forms. Distribution of the different forms of selenium depends on soil properties such as reaction, aeration, contents of clay and organic matter and microbiological activity.
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Szpylka, John, Nancy Thiex, Belisario Acevedo, Asier Albizu, Parul Angrish, Sean Austin, Knuk Erik Bach Knudsen, et al. "Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPRs®) 2018.001: Sugars in Animal Feed, Pet Food, and Human Food." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 101, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 1280–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.smpr2018.001.
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Hosain, Md Zahangir, SM Shariful Islam, Md Mostofa Kamal, and SM Lutful Kabir. "Recent trends and scenario of antibiotic use in veterinary practices for livestock production in Bangladesh: a review." Asian-Australasian Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology 7, no. 3 (December 22, 2022): 90–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aajbb.v7i3.63361.
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Antibiotics are used for the treatment and control of diseases as well as a growth promoter in livestock production in Bangladesh. The frequent use of these antibiotics in veterinary practices may lead to residue and creates some potential problems not only in livestock but also in public health issues. The presence of residues of antibiotics in animal-derived foodstuffs may induce carcinogenic and mutagenic effects and leads to the condition of an allergic reaction, and the development of antibiotic resistance in human gut bacteria. Although misuse of antibiotics in human medicine is the principal cause of the problems, some antibiotic-resistant bacteria originating in animals may also be the contributory factors to the resistance. However, some of the antibiotic resistance problems can be attributed to the transfer of resistant bacteria from animals to humans and resistance genes from animal pathogens and commensal bacteria to human pathogens. Even though the antibiotics and their residues in feed and food products of animal origin cause serious public health problems but little is known by society due to the lack of proper information. So, this is important to review the uses of antibiotics in food animals and insight their public health significance in Bangladesh. However, the safety levels of animal feeds and food of animal origin must be strictly observed and the antibiotics should be used in accordance with the labeled directions public awareness should be developed about the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in animals and their hazardous residual impacts on the human body. Therefore, the present review focuses on the aspects of antibiotic use in the livestock production of Bangladesh. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2022, 7 (3), 90-106
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Wang, Yu-Shiang, and Matan Shelomi. "Review of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as Animal Feed and Human Food." Foods 6, no. 10 (October 18, 2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods6100091.
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Givens, D. I., and E. R. Deaville. "The current and future role of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy in animal nutrition: a review." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 7 (1999): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar98014.
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This paper aims to present an overview of the research into and application of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) in relation to animal nutrition over the last decade or so. Emphasis is placed on the developments in the characterisation of forages, although aspects of non-forage feeds are also considered. The changing remit of animal nutrition in relation to human food production and the environment is placing increasing requirements on feed characterisation to be more physiologically meaningful. How NIRS might meet this challenge is discussed, as is the potential of NIRS for feed identification and authentication.
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Eskola, M., A. Altieri, and J. Galobart. "Overview of the activities of the European Food Safety Authority on mycotoxins in food and feed." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 2 (April 25, 2018): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2017.2270.
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Mycotoxins are widely occurring in foods and feeds and dietary exposure to them can induce various types of adverse health effects in humans and animals. Since its establishment in 2002, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has assessed risks of dietary exposure to mycotoxins for public health and for the health of farm and companion animals on the request of the European Commission and has assessed safety and efficacy of feed additives for the reduction of contamination of feed by mycotoxins within the European Union authorisation process for feed additives. Over 40 scientific opinions on risks of mycotoxins for human and animal health and other reports on mycotoxins have been issued by the authority for the use of the European risk managers. Mycotoxins belong to one of the important areas of the EFSA work. Occurrence data on mycotoxins submitted to EFSA by the European national food safety bodies and research institutions have been collected in the EFSA databases and have informed its scientific opinions and reports on mycotoxins. Similarly, many EFSA-funded projects conducted by the European research organisations, not only to generate data on occurrence, but also data on toxicity of mycotoxins, have provided valuable information for the risk assessments of EFSA. Aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol are the mycotoxins, for which EFSA has delivered most of its scientific mycotoxin opinions. Very recently also modified forms of mycotoxins have been included in the EFSA risk assessments. In this review paper an overview of many different EFSA activities on mycotoxins is given. It also includes a brief description how EFSA develops its scientific opinions and works.
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Mohd Ashraf, Amalina, and Fadilah Abd Rahman. "Halalan Toyyiban Poultry Feed: an Appraisal from the Maqasid Shariah Perspective." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.21 (August 8, 2018): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.21.17178.
Full textAbstract:
Animal feed is one of the essential elements in the production of Halal food products. In choosing animal-based Halal food products, a Muslim should be concerned not only about the sources of the animals and the slaughtering process, but also the way the animals were raised and fed. This is due to the emerging issues related to animal feeding, in which animals were being fed with unsuitable, unnatural feed, mainly because of the so-called ‘economic considerations’. Nevertheless, even though animal feed is an important element in Halal animal production, the position of Halalan toyyiban (permissible and safe) feed has often been neglected and less attention has been given to this matter. Halalan toyyiban poultry feed promises Halal and safe poultry meat and eggs for human consumption according to the injunctions of Shariah. Review of the literatures show that Halalan toyyiban issues include among others the issue of feed containing of non-Halal ingredients or filth, the development of pathogenic enteric microbes through antimicrobial resistance (AMR) bacteria in feed, genetically modified feed (GMF), the accumulation of mycotoxin, dioxin, heavy metals, pesticides and both medicated and non-medicated feed additives in poultry meat and eggs as well as physical hazards in farming areas. This paper attempts to examine the position of poultry feed from the Shariah point of view. More specifically, it appraises the position of current practice in poultry feed production from the Maqasid Shariah (Objectives of the Shariah) perspective. In so doing, it first reviews some of the literatures that highlight the emerging Halal and safety issues surrounding poultry feed. This is then followed by the description of the meaning and concept of Maqasid Shariah. Finally, the position of current practices in poultry feed production and feeding is appraised from the Maqasid Shariah viewpoint. It is further recommended that the safety, quality, cleanliness and the ingredients used in the production of animal feed must be regulated so as to ensure that poultry meat and its produce meet the safety requirements. To protect the interest of the Muslim consumers particularly in Malaysia, it is also recommended that a Halal standard for Animal Feed Production should be developed. By having this standard, growers of Halal livestock can have choices of feed and further, Muslim consumers can be rest assured that the poultry meats or its produce that they consumed are truly Halal.
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Qu, Linkai, Lei Wang, Hao Ji, Yimeng Fang, Pengyu Lei, Xingxing Zhang, Libo Jin, Da Sun, and Hao Dong. "Toxic Mechanism and Biological Detoxification of Fumonisins." Toxins 14, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14030182.
Full textAbstract:
Food safety is related to the national economy and people’s livelihood. Fumonisins are widely found in animal feed, feed raw materials, and human food. This can not only cause economic losses in animal husbandry but can also have carcinogenicity or teratogenicity and can be left in animal meat, eggs, and milk which may enter the human body and pose a serious threat to human health. Although there are many strategies to prevent fumonisins from entering the food chain, the traditional physical and chemical methods of mycotoxin removal have some disadvantages, such as an unstable effect, large nutrient loss, impact on the palatability of feed, and difficulty in mass production. As a safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly detoxification technology, biological detoxification attracts more and more attention from researchers and is gradually becoming an accepted technique. This work summarizes the toxic mechanism of fumonisins and highlights the advances of fumonisins in the detoxification of biological antioxidants, antagonistic microorganisms, and degradation mechanisms. Finally, the future challenges and focus of the biological control and degradation of fumonisins are discussed.