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1
Yaseen, Muhammad Rizwan. "Modèles d'équilibre partiel pour les pays d'Asie du Sud : Déterminants et évolution de l'offre et de la demande pour l'alimentation d'humain et des animaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-04136321.
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Étant les pays les plus peuplés d'Asie du Sud, l'Inde, le Pakistan et le Bangladesh représentent ensemble environ 37% de la population mondiale sous-alimentée. Ainsi, ces pays sont d'un intérêt particulier pour l'analyse de leurs systèmes agricole et alimentaire et pour la réalisation de divers scenarios. Les principaux paramètres d'importance relatifs à l'évolution du système agricole et à l'état de la sécurité alimentaire de ces trois pays sont présentées dans le premier et deuxième chapitre de cette thèse. Les déterminants de l'offre sont présentés avec leur évolution dans le troisième chapitre de la thèse. Les élasticités directes et croisées d'offre de surfaces relatives aux produits bruts de chaque culture sont calculées par un modèle translog et analysées dans ce même chapitre. Les résultats indiquent notamment que les surfaces cultivée des principales cultures (blé et riz) sont relativement faible élastique au produit brut par rapport aux cultures mineures. Les déterminants de la demande pour l'alimentation humaine sont présentés avec leur évolution dans le quatrième chapitre de la thèse. Dans le même chapitre, les élasticités revenus, ainsi que les élasticités directes et croisées (compensées et non compensées) relatives aux prix des produits végétaux et des produits animaux principaux pris séparément puis, avec une hypothèse de budgétisation à deux niveaux, ensemble sont calculés pour ces pays en utilisant un modèle LA-AIDS. La relation entre les groupes agrégés de produits végétaux et animaux est également analysée. Il est apparu que les principaux produits alimentaires dans ces pays, comme le blé, le riz, les oeufs et le lait sont relativement moins élastiques à leurs propres prix que d'autres aliments (huiles végétales, sucre, etc..). Lorsque les dépenses augmentent dans ces pays, les consommateurs pakistanais et indiens diversifient plus leur consommation qu'au Bangladesh, passant des céréales à plus d'autres produits (lait, oeufs). Les déterminants de la demande pour l'alimentation animale sont présentés avec leur évolution dans le cinquième chapitre. Dans le même chapitre, les élasticités-prix directes et croisées pour les différents produits d'alimentation de l'alimentation animale sont calculés en utilisant d'abord une régression pour estimer la demande totale en fonction des productions animales (notamment de volailles, d'oeufs et de lait) puis une méthode d'estimation translog à partir de pseudo-données générés par un modèle de formulation nutritionnel pour obtenir les élasticités de demande pour ces trois pays. Il est apparu que dans ces pays, certains tonnages de blé et de riz sont consommés directement au niveau de l'exploitation par les animaux. Les utilisations totales de sons et de mélasses sont relativement élastiques à leurs prix au Pakistan et en Inde, mais relativement inélastique au Bangladesh. Le maïs, ingrédient important, est élastique à son prix et substitut des sons dans trois pays. Dans le sixième chapitre, la méthodologie utilisée pour la construction des modèles d'équilibre partiel est présentée ainsi que les modalités de son implémentation dans le logiciel GAMS avec utilisation du solveur non linéaire COUENNE. Les différents scénarios calculés pour 2009 et 2025 montrent l'influence de la variation des principaux paramètres exogènes (population, revenu par habitant, superficie totale cultivée, production animale et rendements des diverse cultures) sur les prix d'équilibre intérieurs, les superficies et les quantités (production, consommation, commerce extérieur) par rapport à la situation réelle de l'année 2009. [...] Suite et fin du résumé dans la thèseBeing the most populous countries of South Asia, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh together represents about forty percent of the world total undernourished population. Thus, these three countries are of particular interest in food and feed analysis. On supply side, the own and cross gross product elasticities for each crop are calculated by translog model. The crop areas of the major crops (wheat and rice) are weakly gross product responsive as compared to the minor crops. On demand side, revenue elasticities and the own and cross uncompensated price elasticities of main vegetal products and animal products taken separately as well as together are calculated for these countries by using the LA-AIDS model. It appeared that main food products in these countries like wheat, rice, eggs and milk are relatively less price elastic as compared to other food (vegetal oils, sugar). When expenditure rises in these countries, then Pakistani and Indian consumer diversify their consumption from cereals to other products (milk, eggs) more than Bangladeshi. The own and cross price elasticities for different feed products are calculated by using regression model and translog model on pseudo data generated by a feed nutritional formulation for these three countries. It appeared that in these countries, wheat and rice are consumed directly on farm level by animals to some extent. Total brans and molasses are relatively high price elastic in Pakistan and India but relatively inelastic in Bangladesh. Maize is highly price elastic and substitute of brans in three countries. The partial equilibrium model for each of the three countries implemented in the GAMS with nonlinear solver COUENNE has allowed the realization of various scenarios for 2009 and 2025. These scenarios calculated influence of variation in key exogenous parameters (population, per capita income, total cultivated area, animal production and yields of various crops) on domestic prices, area and quantities (, production, consumption, external trade) from the actual situation of 2009. The scenario of limiting the increase in the overall deficit of Southeast Asia between 2009 and 2025 (in order to promote intra-zone exchange) would be more beneficial for Pakistan as compared to the other two countries while the scenario to control and harmonize the evolution of agricultural prices in the three countries would be more beneficial for India compared to the other two countries. In the conclusion the main limitations and some ways of improving these partial equilibrium models are presented with previous qualitative results
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Jeffrey, Andrea. "The role of Salmonella in animal food." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32583.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Grain Science and Industry
Cassandra Jones
Salmonella contamination in animal food production facilities is a growing concern. The bacteria has been the cause of 40% of pet food recalls in the past 5 years, and there are potential human health implications because pet food is a direct human contact food. A potential method to reduce Salmonella contamination in pet food is through the use of acidifiers and desiccants to destroy and inhibit growth of bacteria. The objective of this thesis was to quantify Salmonella contamination in livestock feed and pet food manufacturing facilities, and propose mitigation measures to mitigate the presence of pathogens in animal food. Therefore, the objective of Experiment 1 was to investigate sources of Salmonella contamination throughout livestock feed (n = 2) and pet food (n = 2) manufacturing facilities on a specific sampling day. Salmonella was present in all four facilities. However, one of the livestock feed manufacturing facilities had more than double the Salmonella-positive locations than all other facilities. This experiment demonstrated that surface type and location should be taken into consideration when controlling Salmonella contamination. In Experiments 2 and 3, the use of a commercial powdered dry acidulant, sodium bisulfate, was studied as a coating of dog kibble to reduce and prevent Salmonella growth over time. The coating reduced Salmonella concentration, and its efficacy was not impacted by altering the bulk density or surface area of the kibble. Experiment 4 was conducted to determine the efficacy of sodium bisulfate added to poultry mash to reduce or prevent Salmonella growth over time. The inclusion of the dry acidulant did not reduce Salmonella concentration; however, storage time reduced Salmonella contamination in poultry feed. In summary, Salmonella contamination exists in manufacturing facilities, but the location and magnitude of contamination differs. Furthermore, sodium bisulfate effectively reduces Salmonella contamination when applied as a pet food coating, but not in poultry feed.
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Muckey, Mary Beth. "Evaluation of surface sanitation to prevent biological hazards in animal food manufacturing." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/34483.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Grain Science and Industry
Cassandra K. Jones
Animal food manufacturing facilities need to evaluate biological hazards within their facility due to their severity and probability to cause illness or injury in humans or animals. Control of biological hazards, including Salmonella and Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV), in animal food manufacturing facilities may require a preventative control to mitigate the risk of the hazard. Thermal processing is an effective point-in-time control, but does not prevent cross-contamination during drying, cooling, and packaging/load-out of animal food. Therefore, it may be appropriate to sanitize surfaces to prevent cross-contamination of animal food during manufacturing. The objective of the first experiment was to evaluate surface decontamination strategies for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) using chemical disinfectants to reduce viral RNA on various manufacturing surfaces. Concentrated liquid formaldehyde and sodium hypochlorite reduced the quantity of viral PEDV RNA on all tested surfaces. Rubber belting from a bucket elevator retained the most PEDV RNA, while the polyethylene tote bag retained the least. In the second experiment, surface decontamination was evaluated for Salmonella Typhimurium using liquid and dry chemical sanitizers on various manufacturing surfaces. Surfaces treated with concentrated commercial formaldehyde had no detectable Salmonella after treatment, and surfaces treated with medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) had at least a 4-log reduction compared to the control. The dry commercial acidulant, sodium bisulfate, was the most effective dry sanitizer tested, but had limited efficacy depending on surface type. Experiment 3 further tested the application of two chemical sanitizers against Salmonella Enteritidis on residual surface and feed contamination in pilot-scale mixers. Manufacturing sequence, but not treatment impacted feed and surface contamination of Salmonella Enteritidis. Specifically, there was Salmonella-positive residue in the batch of feed manufactured immediately after the positive control batch. However, no Salmonella residue was detected in batches of feed treated with either concentrated commercial essential oil blend or rice hulls treated with 10% MCFA. Low levels of Salmonella residues were observed from feed and surfaces manufactured after Sequence 1, but no residues were observed by Sequence 2. This data suggests that sequencing of feed during manufacturing can reduce Salmonella-positive contamination within animal food and on manufacturing surfaces, particularly after the second batch or with the use of chemical treatments. In summary, liquid sanitizers have been shown to be effective at reducing Salmonella spp. and PEDV contamination on a variety of animal food manufacturing surfaces, but application and practicality may be limited.
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Racicot, Bergeron Catherine. "Food animal reservoir for extraintestinal pathogenic «Escherichia coli» causing human infections." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104886.
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Studies of extraintestinal infections caused by genetically related strains of Escherichia coli among unrelated people have demonstrated the epidemic potential of this group of bacteria. These related extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) may have a common source. Our group recently described how retail meat, particularly chicken, may be a reservoir for ExPEC causing human urinary tract infections (UTIs). By moving upstream on the farm to fork continuum, this study tests whether the reservoir for ExPEC is in food animals themselves. A total of 824 geographically and temporally matched E. coli isolates from cecal contents of slaughtered food animals (n=349) and human UTI (n=475) sources were compared. Using 6 different typing methods, an evolutionary relationship was observed between E. coli isolates from the food animal reservoir and human UTI. Moreover, chicken was the predominant animal species from where the related isolates originated. Using an evolutionary model, chicken was determined to be the most likely source of the human UTI isolates. This study confirmed that an animal reservoir, principally in chicken, may exist for ExPEC causing community-acquired UTI.Les études portant sur les infections extra-intestinales causées par des souches d'Escherichia coli génétiquement apparentées, chez des personnes non reliées entre elles, ont démontré le potentiel épidémique de ce groupe de bactéries. Ces souches d'E. coli pathogènes extra-intestinales (ExPEC) apparentées auraient possiblement une source commune. Notre groupe a récemment décrit comment la viande de détail, plus particulièrement le poulet, pourrait être un réservoir d'ExPEC responsables d'infections urinaires (IUs) chez les humains. En se déplaçant plus en amont dans le continuum de la ferme à la fourchette, cette étude teste si le réservoir d'ExPEC se trouve dans les animaux de production eux-mêmes. Un total de 824 isolats d'E. coli de provenances géographique et temporelle communes, prélevés dans le contenu caecal d'animaux abattus (n=349) et de cas d'IU humaine (n=475) ont été comparés. Par l'utilisation de 6 différentes méthodes de typage, une relation évolutionnaire a été observée entre les isolats d'E. coli provenant du réservoir animal et d'IU humaine. De plus, le poulet était l'espèce animale prédominante parmi les isolats parentés. L'utilisation d'un modèle évolutionnaire a permis de déterminer que le poulet est la source la plus probable des isolats d'IU humaine. Cette étude a confirmé qu'un réservoir animal, principalement chez le poulet, pourrait exister pour les ExPEC qui causent des IUs acquises en communauté.
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Buckley, Louise Anne. "Food choices for hungry broiler breeders : do they prefer quantitative or qualitative dietary restriction?" Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6522.
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This programme of research uses choice test methodologies to quantify hungry broiler breeder chickens’ preferences for qualitative or quantitative dietary restriction. It begins with an outline of quantitative dietary restriction, its severity and welfare implications before discussing methods of qualitative feed restriction and the difficulties ascertaining whether it represents a welfare improvement. Chapter two reviews the factors affecting diet preferences and discusses implications for feed restricted broiler breeder diet preferences. Chapter three outlines the use of a closed economy T-maze task to quantity the diet preferences of feed restricted broiler breeders. It concludes that broiler breeders can learn a food versus no food task but find it very difficult to learn a task in which both of the options are rewarded with food and this impeded diet preference quantification. Chapter four demonstrates that severity of feed restriction underlies these difficulties in learning. In Chapter five, a conditioned place preference task to identify the effects of diets on affective state (hunger versus satiety) is reported. A method validation group demonstrated that broilers show a state dependent preference for an environment associated with ad libitum access to food. However, birds failed to show a preference between an environment associated with quantitative dietary restriction and one associated with qualitative dietary restriction. Chapter six applies state- dependent learning (SDL) to quantifying the satiating effects of quantitative and qualitative dietary restriction. However, a validation group suggested that SDL preferences were probably an artefact of the test rather than a genuine state-led preference. Finally, the overall conclusion that no evidence was found that broiler breeders want, or that their welfare is improved by, qualitative feed restriction was drawn. However, the conditions under which a preference was reliably observed and the presence of hunger – state dependent effects on learning and expression of learnt preferences complicates the interpretation of any findings. Recommendations for further research are highlighted.
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Morrow, Alan Thomas Samuel. "Studies on voluntary feed intake of growing pigs with reference to behaviour and efficiency of food utilization." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333822.
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de, Vries Tialda. "Let's head to the food store : An analysis of accessibility to food stores in rural and urban Västerbotten." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för geografi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-187661.
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Food is of great importance to daily life. Food stores and supermarkets are the key places to get food for both the urban and rural populations. This study presents the accessibility of urban and rural food stores in Västerbotten County. A GIS-based analysis created service areas around the food stores using the road network in Västerbotten. These service areas were created for two different forms of transport, driving and public transport. The public transport service areas made us of the GTFS tool within ArcGIS pro. The population within and not within these service areas were counted as having access and not having access to the food stores in the time cost model. Compared to the urban population, the rural population has less access to the food stores in both the driving and public transport service areas. For both the urban and rural populations, accessibility with the car is higher than when taking public transport options.
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Lindberg, Stina. "Evaluation of a genomic work flow for the detection of Bacillus subtilis in animal feed and food samples." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6345.
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Bacillus anthracis is one of the most feared agents of biological warfare and causes the
deadly disease called anthrax. SVA (statens veterinärmedicinska anstalt) is working on a
project together with SLV (statens livsmedelsverk) where the target is to find rapid and
effective detection methods for Bacillus anthracis in animal feed and food samples. Bacillus
subtilis, which is harmless, was used in this study as a model organism to Bacillus anthracis.
A known concentration of vegetative Bacillus subtilis was spiked in animal feed and food
samples. The genomic work flow was based on automated DNA isolation and real time PCR.
The aim of the study was to screen for inhibitory components in the animal feed and food
samples using two different DNA isolation robots; Magnatrix 8000 and Biorobot EZ1. The
results showed that DNA of high quality was extracted from the samples with both robots.
However, the CT-value generated by the real time PCR showed considerable variation
depending on the sample matrix. Some samples, for instance egg and liver, were problematic
and gave low concentrations and high CT-values probably due to inhibitory components in the
samples. Further studies will be needed to solve these problems and optimize the methods that
were used in this study.
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Van, Rooyen R. S. "Improved pellet quality following the implementation of a HACCP system in a commercial animal feed plant." Diss., Pretoria ; [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03092005-103146.
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Johnson, Hailey E. "Co-utilisation of microalgae for wastewater treatment and the production of animal feed supplements." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003999.
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Microalgae have a variety of commercial applications, the oldest of which include utilisation as a food source and for use in wastewater treatment. These applications, however, are seldom combined due to toxicity concerns, for ethical reasons, and generally the requirement for cultivation of a single algae species for use as a feed supplement. These problems might be negated if a “safer” wastewater such as that from agricultural and/or commercial food production facilities were to be utilised and if a stable algae population can be maintained. In this investigation preliminary studies were carried out using an Integrated Algae Pond System (IAPS) for domestic wastewater treatment to determine the species composition in the associated High Rate Algae Ponds (HRAPs). The effect of different modes of operation, continuous versus batch, on nutrient removal, productivity and species composition was also investigated. Furthermore, indigenous species in the HRAP were isolated and molecularly identified as, Chlorella, Micractinium, Scenedesmus and Pediastrum. Additionally, the effect of the nor amino acid, 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMTBA) and its Cu-chelated derivative, on the growth and biochemical composition of Chlorella, Micractinium, Scenedesmus, Pediastrum and Spirulina was investigated. Species composition in the HRAP was stable under continuous operation with Micractinium dominating > 90% of the algae population. Under batch operation the population dynamic shifted; Chlorella outcompeted Micractinium possibly due to nutrient depletion and selective grazing pressures caused by proliferation of Daphnia. Higher species diversity was observed during batch mode as slower growing algae were able to establish in the HRAP. Nutrient removal efficiency and biomass productivity was higher in continuous mode, however lower nutrient levels were obtained in batch operation. HMTBA did not significantly affect growth rate, however treatment with 10 mg.L-1 resulted in slightly increased growth rate in Micractinium and increased final biomass concentrations in Chlorella, Micractinium and Spirulina (although this was not statistically significant for Micractinium and Spirulina), which are known mixotrophic species. Algae treated with Cu-HMTBA, showed reduced final biomass concentration with 10 mg.L-1, caused by Cu toxicity. Biochemical composition of the algae was species-specific and differed through the growth cycle, with high protein observed during early growth and high carbohydrate during late growth/early stationary phase. Additionally, 0.1 mg.L-1 HMTBA and Cu-HMTBA significantly reduced protein content in Chlorella, Micractinium, Scenedesmus and Pediastrum. In conclusion, operation of the HRAP in continuous culture provided suitable wastewater treatment with high productivity of an ideal species, Micractinium, for use in animal feed supplementation. This species had 40% protein content during growth (higher than the other species tested) and dominated the HRAP at > 90% of the algae population during continuous mode. Addition of HMTBA (> 1 mg.L-1) to algae cultivation systems and those treating wastewater, has the potential to improve productivity and the value of the biomass by enhancing protein content. Overall, the co-utilisation of microalgae for wastewater treatment and the generation of a biomass rich in protein, for incorporation into formulated animal feed supplements, represents a closed ecosystem which conserves nutrients and regenerates a most valuable resource, water.
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Channaiah, Lakshmikantha H. "Polyphasic characterization of antibiotic resistant and virulent Enterococci isolated from animal feed and stored-product insects." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1392.
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Signor, Kari D. "Investigating Methods to Reduce Black Bear (Ursus americanus) Visitation to Anthropogenic Food Sources: Conditioned Taste Aversion and Food Removal." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/547.
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Conflicts between humans and black bears (Ursus americanus) jeopardize the safety of both humans and bears, especially when bears become food-conditioned to anthropogenic food sources in areas such as campgrounds. Interest in using non-lethal techniques, such as aversive conditioning, to manage such conflicts is growing. I conducted a captive experiment at The Wildlife Science Center in Minnesota and two field experiments in the La Sal Mountains, Utah, to investigate the effects of taste aversion conditioning using thiabendazole (TBZ) with a novel flavor cue and food removal on black bear food consumption and visitation to human food sources. In 2007, I conducted food trials with 6 captive black bears (3 control, 3 treatment). Controls received 1 kg baked goods scented with a peppermint-canola oil mixture and treatments received 1 kg baked goods also scented with a peppermint-canola oil mixture but mixed with 10-20 g TBZ. In the 2007 field experiment, I baited 24 field sites with 300 g of baked goods during a baseline phase for approximately 3 weeks. Half of these sites were then treated with 10 g of TBZ and camphor during a treatment phase for 4 weeks. In 2008, I baited 22 sites with 300 g of baked goods during a baseline phase for approximately 4 weeks. I then removed food and discontinued baiting at half of the sites for 4 weeks. Infrared cameras and barbed-wire hair snags were established at field sites to document bear visitation. I did not establish taste aversion in treated bears in captivity and bears fully consumed food in the majority of trials. Treating food supplies with 10 g TBZ and camphor flavor did not significantly reduce bear visitation (P = 0.615) or food consumption at field sites (P = 0.58). However, I observed a significant reduction in bear activity at sites where food was removed (P = 0.006). Potential reasons for my failure to reduce bear visitation using thiabendazole include insufficient conditioning, reluctance of bears to desist in investigating sites that previously contained untreated food, and masking of a treatment effect due to continued encounters of sites by new individuals.
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Wilkie, Rhoda. "Sentient commodities : human-livestock relations from birth to slaughter in commercial and hobby production." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=165516.
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This thesis is a sociological exploration of how people involved in commercial and hobby livestock production, in Northeast Scotland, make sense of their relations with livestock, from birth to slaughter. I carried out an ethnographic study that combines fieldwork and unstructured interviewing to elicit how mart workers, auctioneers, vets, farmers, stockmen, hobby farmers and slaughter workers regard and interact with livestock. Although livestock are the raw materials of production, I show that the commodity status of livestock is variable and that people's relationships with livestock are complex, dynamic and ambiguous. One of the main reasons for ambiguity is that livestock are sentient and social begins: they have the capacity to engage in social relations with each other and with those who work closest with them. In effect, livestock are commodified sentient beings but to draw attention to people's difficulty in classifying and relating to them, I suggest they are sentient commodities. I argue that people's attitude, feeling and behaviour, towards livestock is systematically related to the place they, and their animals, occupy in the commercial and non-commercial production process. For instance, breeding animals are more likely to be regarded as individuals whilst slaughter animals are anonymously processed as part of a de-individualised batch. Similarly, people attend to express varying degrees of emotional attachment to livestock at the breeding end of the process and varying degrees of emotional detachment towards livestock destined for slaughter. Any animals, however, that requires additional handling or deviates from the routine is included to stand out from the herd, will acquire more meaning for the worker, and will become more than 'just an animal'. People who work with livestock are therefore faced with the challenge of negotiating the contradictory demands of being empathetic carers and economic producers of livestock.
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Alarcon, Chuquichambi Adelaida. "Living digestibility of alfalfa and barley in llamas (Lama glama) in the agricultural experimental center Condoriri." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5328.
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The following investigation was carried out in the Agricultural Experimental Center Condoriri (CEAC), dependent on the Faculty of Agricultural Livestock Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, located to the North of the Province border of the Department of Oruro, a distance of 12 km from the town of Caracollo and 49 km from the city of Oruro. The production of llamas and alpacas in our country is an activity of ecological, social, and especially ecological importance for Andean inhabitants. In nutrition, the fundamental factor is the power of absorption; this is because the yield of animal production depends on the quantity and quality of forage consumed. Digestibility in animals is established based on basic consumption comparison and the values of digestibility of the food. For this reason, as previously expressed, we propose in the following research "Living digestibility of alfalfa and barley in llamas in the CEAC" to establish parameters of digestibility, with the following objectives: To evaluate the characteristics of production: consumption of food, consumption of water, excretion of wastes, elimination of urine and gain of living weight. To determine the digestibility of the nutrients: dry matter, raw protein, ash, air intake, raw fiber, nitrogen free extract, and total digestible nutrients. For this purpose 4 male llamas (sarijos) were utilized, taking into account the live weight, age, and breed. The investigation had two evaluation groups: the first group with a supply of alfalfa and the second group with a diet of barley. The investigation's duration was a total of 30 days, considering the following variables: characteristics of production (consumption of food, consumption of water, wastes excreted, volume of urine, and behavior of body weight); digestibility of nutrients (raw protein, ash, raw fiber, air intake, nitrogen free extract, and total digestible nutrients); leading to the following conclusions: > The average consumption of alfalfa by the llama is 6.49 kg/MF per day, of which 1344.5 g is MS, superior and distinct in respect to the fodder barley with 4.92 kg of MF/day and 1328.4 g of MS/day. Water consumption by the llama with the supply of alfalfa is of 0.77 liters; with barley it is 0.35 liters. The llamas with the supply of alfalfa excreted an average of 1.44 kg of waste, of which is 365.9 g of MS and the group with barley registered an average of 1.27 kg and 359.9 g of MS. With regard to the elimination of the volume of urine was between 2.80 and 1.22 liters per day respectively. Live weight at the start of the study was of 116.25 kg per llama and subsequent to the experimental stage of live digestibility the weight averaged 117.69 kg. Therefore, the increase of live weight during the experimental phase was equal to 1.44 kg. The daily increase of living weight in the llamas submitted to the consumption of alfalfa came to an average of 142.9 g/day/animal with a conversion allowance of 9.4. In contrast, the animals fed with barley registered a greater gain of 257 g/day/animal and a conversion allowance of 5.2. > The ratio of digestibility demonstrated by the Coefficients of Digestibility (%) of the alfalfa: MS = 72.85, C = 57.30, PC = 81.49, EE= 85.52, FC = 58.61, ELN = 77.96 and NDT = 69.17. In contrast, the coefficients of digestibility with the barley they were of 72.88% of MS, 33.13% of Ash, 74.62% PC, 84.19% of EE, 65.29% of FC, 77.08% of ELN and 68.74% of NDT.
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Lago, C. "STUDY OF MAIZE GENOTYPES RICH IN ANTHOCYANINS FOR HUMAN AND ANIMAL NUTRITION." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/230010.
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Anthocyanins are very important nutraceuticals not only because they protect plants against biotic and abiotic stresses (Winkel-Shirley, 2002) and they seem to be involved in plant yield (Frascaroli and Landi, 1998), but also because they exert antioxidant abilities able to protect human and animal health (Virgili and Marino, 2008). Maize is able to accumulate anthocyanin in different tissues (Escribano-Bailon et al., 2004; de Pascual-Teresa et al., 2002), so that it can be considered a functional food. On this basis the general aim of this PhD project was to develop maize genotypes with the usual commercial and nutritional value and at the same time able to accumulate anthocyanins in kernels, so to confer the new colored varieties a surplus value compared to the uncolored traditional ones.
In maize different allele combinations of the anthocyanin regulatory genes are able to color different tissues, in different extent. From the evaluation of these different genotypes some interesting results came to light: while the r1 gene seemed to be involved in maize yield, the B/Pl genotypes were able to reach the highest anthocyanin amounts in kernels. Therefore they were used to generate the lines characterized in this PhD thesis (popcorn, polenta and sweet corn). To develop uniform individuals, the parameters affecting the anthocyanin final amount in kernels had been studied: the seed weight, the pericarp thickness, the environment and the expression level of the regulatory genes. Among all, a primary role of the epigenetic phenomena emerged; this fact can complicate the breeding work because it force to select the most colored individuals generation by generation, so surely this aspect must be examined more in depth.
In the meanwhile a recurrent breeding scheme was used to develop pop corn, polenta and sugary corn colored with anthocyanin: a commercial yellow line was crossed with the colored variety carrying the B/Pl alleles for the anthocyanin biosynthesis. using the Marker Assisted Selection (M.A.S) to help the selection. The anthocyanin final amount in the kernels of the new developed colored lines has been considered as competitive compared to the usual anthocyanin sources, even if the cooking processing affected – but not wiped off- the pigment content and the antioxidant ability.
However the anthocyanin presence seemed not to affect the appreciability degree tested on a blinded group of subjects, so that the new color products could be ready for the market.
This kind of work and analyses are very interesting in regard the fact that two Near Isogenic Lines (NIL), differing for the synthesis of only one class of metabolites, are under comparison. This fact can simplify the study of the advantage given by the presence of the anthocyanins in foods; moreover these isogenic foods can also be used to analyze the relationship between the presence of the pigments in foods and the human and animal health and consequently to confer a property to a specific single class of molecules, simplifying the analyses and the reading of results.
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Kolli, Rajitha Clarke Andrew Douglas. "Evaluating alginate and organic acids for restructured carp intended for zoo animal and human diets." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6110.
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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on October 9, 2009) Thesis advisor: Dr. Andrew D. Clarke. Includes bibliographical references.
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Akers, Morgan Nicole. "Effects of Early Spring Growth Annual Ryegrass Pasture Consumption on Parameters Associated with Laminitis in Horses." TopSCHOLAR®, 2009. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/71.
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Ten adult Quarter Horses (5 mares and 5 geldings) were placed in dry lot for 90 days and allowed free choice access to a diet consisting of average quality orchard grass hay, salt and water. The horses were then allowed free choice access to early-growth annual ryegrass pasture, salt and water for a 28 day period. Random hay and grass samples were analyzed for nutrient content. Blood samples were collected at 6 am, 8 am, 6 pm, and 8 pm on the final day of hay consumption and on the 4th, 9th and 28th days of grass consumption. Samples were subsequently analyzed to determine the effects of diet type on circulating blood glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations. Body weights and body condition scores were monitored on the first and last day of blood collection.
Ryegrass pasture consumption by horses in this trial resulted in body weight gains, increased body condition scores, and elevated insulin secretions. While blood glucose levels varied depending on day of sampling, there was no effect of diet type and blood glucose concentrations. Sex of test subject did not affect any of the parameters measured. Nutrient content analysis of the forages fed was attempted, however results were skewed therefore further correlations could not be determined.
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Ajata, Avircata Meliton. "Metabolic profile and nitrogen balance in llamas (Lama glama) fed with jipi quinua and barley hay, Viacha municipality - department of La Paz." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5326.
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This research was completed in Letanías, Viacha, La Paz, Bolivia, to determine the metabolic profile in blood plasma (total protein, glucose, urea, albumin, total lipids, creatinine, triglycerides, and cholesterol concentrations), live weight gain, and Nitrogen balance in adult llamas fed with 4 rations of barley and quinoa residue. Eight adult (4-5 year old) Q’ara type llamas were used in this study. Study llamas were trained to stay in metabolic cages with feces collection harnesses. Llamas were given one of the following feed rations: ration A (20% quinoa residue, 80% barley), ration B (40% quinoa residue, 60% barley), ration C (60% quinoa residue, 40% barley), and ration D (80% quinoa residue 20% barley). The results were protein concentration 7.44±0.39 g/dl; albumin 4.66±0.80 mg/dl; urea 13.87±3.70 mg/dl; creatinine 1.65±0.19 mg/dl; glucose 127.67±50.32 mg/dl; total lipids 318.2±144.14 mg/dl; triglycerides 39.35±13.49 mg/dl; cholesterol 53.85±13.53 mg/dl. Live weight gain was -0.0094±1.44 kg. Nitrogen balance was 0.610±0.0868 g/kg. According to the results of this research, metabolites in blood plasma are higher when compared to other research. Gain in body weight was negative in rations A and D and positive in rations B and C. This is attributed to a better equilibrium among energy levels and protein in these last rations. The nitrogen balance was positive for all four rations due to an adequate source of protein in the feed.
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Scriba, E. W. (Ernst Wolfgang). "Proximal feed artery regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise : the paraplegic model." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49783.
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Assignment (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The mechanisms of blood flow (BF) control to skeletal muscle during dynamic exercise are still not clearly understood. The paraplegic subject (P) has reduced sympathetic innervation to the lower limbs. The current study was designed to focus on the contribution of neural control, specifically the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), as part of the central vascular mechanism to skeletal muscle BF during dynamic exercise. Aims: We studied BF parameters in P vs. able-bodied subjects (AB) to determine whether the paraplegic can serve as a model for assessing the contribution of the SNS to changes in active vs. inactive muscle BF during exercise. Further questions addressed include: the influence of level of fitness on resting and exercise BF, how lesion level affects BF control in the paraplegic, the 'muscle pump' theory and its hypothesized role in exercise hyperemia and whether blood pooling occurs in the legs of paraplegics. Method: Noninvasive duplex Doppler studies of the large conduit arteries (brachial and common femoral) were performed on 10 elite paraplegic athletes (EP), 10 sedentary paraplegics (SP) en 10 sedentary able-bodied subjects (AB). The paraplegic groups were further subdivided by lesion level with T6 being the critical level. Tests were carried out at rest and after 2 bouts of arm ergometer exercise: a maximal incremental test and 3 minutes at 75% of maximal. Diameter, mean velocity, pulsatile index and blood flow were measured/calculated. Results: Resting heart rate was significantly higher in the paraplegic groups (EP = 80 bpm ± 10, SP = 83 bpm ± 12) vs. the AB group (69 bpm ± 7), p < 0.05. Resting diameter in the common femoral artery (CFA) was similar in EP (5.93 mm ± 1.54) and SP (6.52 mm ± 0.95), but significantly lower than in AB (7.87 mm ± 1.38), p < 0.05. Similar resting pulsatile index (PI) in the CFA were contrary to that previously reported, casting doubt on venous blood pooling theories. Post-exercise values need to be interpreted with caution in view of the large resting differences in CFA diameter. Percentage change values are therefore more appropriate. These differences were not statistically significant, but may suggest interesting trends. Large variability existed for most resting and post-exercise values. Conclusion: The paraplegic subject is an ideal model for the study of the influence of the SNS on blood supply to exercising skeletal muscle. The difference in CFA diameter at rest in the paraplegic vs. the AB group confirms previous results and is probably due to structural/non-physiological changes. Our observation that the BA and CFA diameters in EP and SP subjects do not differ significantly at rest, suggests that training does not have a spillover vasomotor effect on lower limb conduit arteries in paraplegia. Similar BF and PI values post-exercise in the SP and AB groups challenge the muscle pump theory. The SNS has an important role in the control of skeletal muscle blood flow - both at rest (vascular tone) and during exercise (redistribution). Suggestions for future research are made.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die meganismes betrokke by die beheer van bloedvloei (BV) gedurende dinamiese oefening is nog onduidelik. Die parapleeg (P) het verminderde simpatiese innervasie na die onderste ledemate. Die huidige studie fokus op die bydrae van die simpatiese senuwee sisteem (SSS), as deel van die sentrale vaskulêre meganisme, tot skeletale spier BV tydens dinamiese oefening. Doelstellings: Ons het BV parameters in P vs. nie-gestremde proefpersone (kontrole) bestudeer om vas te stelof die parapleeg as model gebruik kan word om die bydrae van die SSS tot veranderings in die BV in aktiewe- en onaktiewe spiere gedurende oefening, te ondersoek. Verdere aspekte wat ondersoek is, sluit in: die invloed van tiksheidvlak ten opsigte van rustende en oefenings BV, of die verlammingsvlak by die parapleeg BV kontrole beïnvloed, die 'spierpomp-teorie' en sy hipotetiese rol in oefeninghiperremie, asook die vraag of bloedsaamstorting in die bene van parapleë plaasvind. Metode: Nie-indringende duplex Doppler studies van die groot geleidingsarteries (bragiaal [BA] en gemene femoral [CFA]) is by 10 elite paraplegiese atlete (EP), 10 sedentêre parapleë (SP) en 10 sedentêre nie-gestremde proefpersone (AB) uitgevoer. Die paraplegiese proefpersone is verder onderverdeel deur die vlak van T6 as kritiese verlammingsvlak te gebruik. Toetse is tydens rus en na 2 arm-ergometer oefeningsessies uitgevoer: een maksimale inkrementeie toets en een van 75% van maksimum intensiteit. Deursnit, gemiddelde vloeispoed, pulsatiewe indeks en bloedvloei is gemeet en/of bereken. Resultate: Rustende hartspoed was beduidend hoër in die paraplegiese groepe (EP = 80 slaelminuut ± 10 en SP = 83 slm ± 12) vs. die AB groep (69 slm ± 7), p < 0.05. Rustende deursnit in die gemene femorale arterie (CFA) was dieselfde in EP (5.93 mm ± 1.54) en SP (6.52 mm ± 0.95), maar beduidend laer as in AB (7.87 mm ± 1.38), p < 0.05. Die feit dat rustende pulsatiewe indeks (PI) in die CFA dieselfde in albei groepe was, laat twyfelontstaan oor die veneuse bloedopdammings teorieë soos weergegee in die literatuur. Na-oefeningswaardes moet omsigtig evalueer word met inagneming van die groot rustende verskille in CFA deursnit. Persentasieverskilwaardes is dus meer toepaslik. Hierdie veskille was nie statisties beduidend nie, maar suggereer interessante tendense. Groot variasie het voorgekom vir beide rustende en na-oefenings waardes. Gevolgtrekking: Die parapleeg is 'n ideale model vir studies om die invloed van die SSS op bloedvloei aan aktiewe skeletale spier te bestudeer. Die verskil in rustende CFA deursnit in die parapleeg vs. die AB groep bevestig vorige resultate en is waarskynlik te wyte aan strukturele, nie-funksionele veranderinge. Ons bevindinge dat die BA en CFA deursneë nie beduidend verskil in die SP en EP groep gedurende rus nie, dui daarop dat gereëlde oefening nie 'n oorloop vasomotor effek op die onderste ledemate in die parapleeg het nie. Die feit dat daar geen verskil aangetoon kon word tussen BV en PI waardes na-oefening in die SP en AB groepe, betwis die spierpomp teorie. Die studie toon dat die SSS 'n belangrike rol in die beheer van skeletale spier bloedvloei speel - beide met rus (vaskulêre tonus) en gedurende oefening (herdistribusie). Voorstelle vir toekomstige navorsing word gemaak.
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Yeh, Kang-ni, and 葉康妮. "New approaches to food waste recycling and their application potentialin Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31256077.
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Massella, Elisa <1988>. "Phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli indicator of animal, food and human origin." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9131/1/massella_elisa_tesi.pdf.
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This thesis presents AMR phenotypic evaluation and whole genome sequencing analysis of 288 Escherichia coli strains isolated from different sources (livestock, companion animal, wildlife, food and human) in Italy. Our data reflects general resistance trends in Europe, reporting tetracycline, ampicillin, sulfisoxazole and aminoglycosides resistance as the most common phenotypic AMR profile among livestock, pets, wildlife and humans. Identification of human and animal (livestock and companion animal) AMR profiles in niches with a rare (fishery, mollusc) or absent (vegetable, wild animal, wild boar) direct exposure to antimicrobials, suggests widespread environmental pollution with ARGs conferring resistance to these antimicrobials. Phenotypic resistance to highest priority critically important antimicrobials was mainly observed in food-producing animals and related food such as rabbit, poultry, beef and swine. Discrepancies between AMR phenotypic pattern and genetic profile were observed. In particular, phenotypic aminoglycoside, cephalosporin, meropenem, colistin resistance and ESBL profile did not have a genetic explanation in different cases. This data could suggest the diffusion of new genetic variants of ARGs, associated to these antimicrobial classes. Generally, our collection shows a virulence profile typical of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) pathotype. Different pandemic and emerging ExPEC lineages were identified, in particular in poultry meat (ST10; ST23; ST69, ST117; ST131). Rabbit was suggested as a source of ST20-ST40 potential hybrid pathogens. Wildlife carried a high average number (10) of VAGs (mostly associated to ExPEC pathotype) and different predominant ExPEC lineages (ST23, ST117, ST648), suggesting its possible involvement in maintenance and diffusion of virulence determinants.
In conclusion, our study provides important knowledge related to the phenotypic/genetic AMR and virulence profiles circulating in E. coli in Italy. The role of different niches in AMR dynamics has been discussed. In particular, food-producing animals are worthy of continued investigation as a source of potential zoonotic pathogens, meanwhile wildlife might contribute to VAGs spread.
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DiCaprio, Erin L. "Attachment, Internalization, and Dissemination of Human Norovirus and Animal Caliciviruses in Fresh Produce." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338226593.
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DiCaprio, Erin L. "Internalization and Dissemination of Human Norovirus and Animal Caliciviruses in Fresh Produce and Non-thermal Processes to Inactivate Human Norovirus." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429531038.
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Magwedere, Kudakwashe. "Veterinary public health aspects related with food-producing wildlife species in the domestic animal, human and environment interface." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80034.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The wildlife industry in Namibia continues to grow as the production and consumption of game meat increases. However, the health risks posed by the trade in wildlife and related by-products to livestock and humans have not been fully assessed. The main objective of this study was to investigate the potential health risks related to the increased consumption of game meat and relevant by-products by assessing the quality of game meat, as well as determine the role of game meat species in the transmission of zoonoses. The microbiological quality and safety of export game meat was assessed. No differences in the aerobic plate count (APC) were observed between the years (2009 and 2010), but the mean Enterobacteriaceae count was 1.33±0.69log10 cfu/cm2 compared to 2.93±1.50log10 cfu/cm2 between the years. Insignificant heterotrophic plate count (HPC) levels were detected in 9/23 field water samples, while faecal bacteria (coliforms, Clostridium perfringens and enterococci) were not isolated in all samples. Seven serogroups, with the exception of O26, were detected in exotic species. A white tailed deer sample had a serotype belonging to O45 which confirmed positive for stx1 gene. In springbok, 5/15 pools of faecal samples tested positive for the intimin gene. No Salmonella spp were isolated, and all E. coli isolates from the meat samples were negative for STEC virulence genes (i.e. stx1, stx2, eae and hlyA). A linear regression analysis was conducted on selected variables to identify the main predictors and their interactions affecting pH of meat 4 hours post-slaughter. In an increasing order of magnitude during winter time, the pH reached at 16-36hr post slaughter in springbok heart, liver, spleen, kidney and lungs was significantly higher than pH 6.0, while no significant differences were observed from the regulatory reference (pH 6.0) in the heart. There was a positive association between the pH of game meat 4hr post-slaughter, and liver congestion. The pH of game meat 4hr post slaughter, increased by 0.11 units per mL increase in liver congestion, and decreased by 0.04 units per minute increase in the shooting to bleeding interval, irrespective of the species. Worm eggs of strongylids, Strongyloides papillosus, Toxocara spp, Trichuris spp and coccidia were found in variable numbers in both springbok and gemsbok faeces, indicating a potential risk of transmission to other species in the ecosystem. On examination of carcasses, a novel parasite, Skjabinodera kuelzii, was identified and noted to be associated with inguinal fascia and renal fat, but the public health significance remains unclear. Nevertheless, S. kuelzii should be considered as of potential significance during routine game meat inspection. A total of 12 310 springbok were harvested from 26 commercial farms over a period of two years. Tissue samples (i.e. 60 livers, 41 kidneys and 52 hindquarter muscles) were collected from randomly selected healthy animals. The mean values (i.e. above the detection limit) of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were 0.10±0.05mg/kg and 1.04±0.21mg/kg in the liver, respectively; and 0.33±0.22mg/kg and 0.905±0.51mg/kg in the kidney of springbok, respectively. The levels of cadmium and lead in the hindquarter muscles were below the detection limit. Serum samples (n=1692) collected from sheep, goats and cattle from four presumably at-risk farms, and 900 springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) serum samples collected from 29 mixed farming units, were screened for Brucella antibodies by using the Rose-Bengal test (RBT). Positive cases were confirmed by complement fixation test (CFT). To assess the prevalence of human brucellosis, 137 abattoir employees were tested for Brucella antibodies using the standard tube agglutination test (STAT), and the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cattle and sheep from all four farms were negative by RBT and CFT, but two of the four farms carried 26/42 and 12/285 seropositive goats, respectively. Post mortem examination of seropositive goats revealed no gross pathological lesions. Culture for brucellae from organs of seropositive animals was negative. None of the wildlife sera tested positive by either RBT or CFT. Occurrence of confirmed brucellosis in humans was linked to the consumption of unpasteurized goat milk, home-made goat cheese and coffee with raw milk and prior contact with goats. All abattoir employees (n=137) tested negative by STAT, but 3 were positive by ELISA. The three abattoir workers were clinically normal, and lacked historical connections with clinical cases. This study illustrates the importance of microbiological, parasitic and residue monitoring as critical components of a hazard analysis and critical control point based system for game meat. The study also provides the basis for increased integrated health research, surveillance and meat safety risk analysis.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Namibiese wildbedryf raak toenemend groter soos die produksie en verbruik van wildsvleis toeneem. Die verwante gesondheidsrisiko’s wat die gebruik van wildsvleis en verwante produkte vir mens en dier inhou, is nog nie volledig geassesseer nie. Die doelwit van die studie was om ondersoek in te stel na die potensiële gesondheidsrisiko's wat wildsvleis en verwante neweprodukte vir mens en dier inhou deur middel van die assessering van vleisgehalte en die bepaling van die rol van die wildsvleis spesies in die oordrag van soönoses. Die mikrobiologiese gehalte en veiligheid van uitvoer wildsvleis was geassesseer. Geen verskille in die aerobiese plaat telling (APC) vir monsters versamel tydens 2009 en 2010 is aangeteken nie. Die gemiddelde Enterobacteriaceae telling was 1.33± 0.69log10 cfu/cm2 in vergelyking met 2.93±1.50log10 cfu/cm2 tussen die jare. Onbeduidende heterotrofe plaattelling (HPC) vlakke is waargeneem in 9/23 water monsters, terwyl fekale bakterieë (d.i. kolivorme, Clostridium perfringens en enterokokke) nie in enige van die monsters geïsoleerd is nie. Sewe serogroepe, met die uitsondering van O26, is aangeteken vir die eksotiese spesies. Monsters verky van ʼn white tailed deer is as positief vir 'n serotipe van O45 getoets, en die teenwoordigheid van die stx1 geen is bevestig. In springbok het 5/15 poele van fekale monsters positief getoets vir die intimien geen. Geen Salmonella spp is geïsoleer nie en alle E. coli geïsoleer in die vleismonsters was negatief vir die Stec virulensie geen (d.i. stx1, stx2, EAE en hlyA). ʼn Liniêre regressie-analise is op geselekteerde veranderlikes wat as die belangrikste indikators kan dien, en enige moontlike interaksie wat die pH van wildsvleis 4 uur na-slag kan beïnvloed, uitgevoer. In 'n toenemende orde van grootte gedurende die winter tyd, die pH teen 16-36hr na slagting in springbok hart, lewer, milt, niere en longe was aansienlik hoër as die pH 6.0, terwyl geen beduidende verskille waargeneem is wanneer dit met die regulasie verwysingswaarde van die hart (pH 6.0) vergelyk is nie. Daar was 'n positiewe assosiasie tussen die pH van wildsvleis 4 uur na-slag en mate van aansameling in die lewer. Die pH van wildsvleis 4 uur na-slag, het toegeneem met 0.11 eenhede per mL toename in lewer aansameling en afgeneem met 0.04 eenhede per minuut toename in die skiet tot uitbloei interval, ongeag die spesie. Wurmeiers van rondewurms, Strongyloides papillosus, Toxocara spp, Trichuris spp en koksidia het in verskillende ladings in die mis van beide springbok en gemsbok ontlasting, voorgekom. Dit dui op 'n potensiële risiko van oordrag na ander spesies in die ekosisteem. Die voorkoms van ʼn nuwe parasiet, Skjabinodera kuelzii, in wildskarkasse is aangeteken en was geassosieer met inguinale fascia en renale vet, maar die openbare gesondheidsrisiko bly onduidelik. Daar word aanbeveel dat dié parasiet as ʼn potensiële risiko faktor tydens roetine vleisinspeksies beskou moet word. ʼn Totaal van 12 310 springbokke is oor 'n tydperk van twee jaar van 26 kommersiële plase geoes. Weefselmonsters (d.i. 60 lewers, 41 niere en 52 agterkwart spiere) is ewekansig versamel van gesonde diere. Die gemiddelde waardes (d.i. hoër as die opsporingslimiet) van kadmium (Cd) en lood (Pb) was 0.10 ± 0.05mg/kg en 1.04 ± 0.21mg/kg in die lewer onderskeidelik en 0.33 ± 0.22mg/kg en 0.905 ± 0.51mg/kg in die niere van springbok, onderskeidelik. Die vlakke van kadmium en lood in die agterkwart spiere was laer as die opsporingslimiet. Serum monsters (n=1692) is van skape, bokke en beeste van vier vermoedelik hoë risiko plase en springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis, n=900) van 29 gemengde boerdery sisteme versamel en getoets vir die teenwoordigheid van Brucella teenliggaampies deur middel van die Rose-Bengal-toets (RBT). Positiewe gevalle is bevestig deur die komplement binding toets (CFT). Die voorkoms van menslike brusellose is bepaal deur 137 abattoir werknemers te toets vir Brucella teenliggaampies deur gebruik te maak van die standaard buis agglutinasie toets (STAT) en die ensiembinding immunosorberende toets (ELISA). Beeste en skape van die vier hoë risiko plase het negatief getoets met die RBT en CFT metodes, maar bokke van twee van die vier plase het seropositief getoets (26/42 en 12/285 onderskeidelik). Nadoodse ondersoek van seropositief bokke het geen patologiese letsels aangedui nie. Die kultuur van orgaanmonsters van seropositief diere vir Brucellae was negatief. Die monsters versamel van wild het negatief getoets deur middel van die RBT en CFT toets metodes. Die voorkoms van brusellose in mense in die studie was geassosieer met die gebruik van ongepasteuriseerde melk, tuisgemaakte bokmelkkaas en koffie met ongepasteuriseerde melk, asook direkte kontak met bokke. Alle abattoir werknemers (n=137) het negatief getoets met die STAT metode, maar drie werknemers het positief getoets met die ELISA metode. Die drie abattoir werkers was klinies normaal en het nie vorige kontak met bevestigde kliniese gevalle gehad nie. Hierdie studie bevestig die belang van mikrobiologiese, parasitiese en residu monitering as kritieke komponente van 'n gevaar-analise en kritiese kontrolepunt gebaseerde stelsel vir die produksie en verbruik van wildsvleis. Die studie verskaf ʼn basis vir toekomstige navorsing gefokus op ʼn geïntegreerde benadering van mens- en diergesondheid, monitering en vleis veiligheid risiko-analises.
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Morejon, Jacome Aida Esperanza. "Determination of the primary levels of the residues of the seeds of wheat, maize, and barley for the elaboration of the food mixture for rabbits." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5404.
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The present investigation was done in the parish of Chaltura, Granja "La Pradera" which belongs to the University Técnica del Norte. The main objective of this investigation was to determine the primary levels of the residues of the seeds of wheat, maize, barley for the elaboration of the food mixture for rabbits. The evaluated variables, food consumed, weight gain, food value, protein percentage, production cost per treatment. Previously to the initiation of the field phase bromatological analysis were done on the three food mixtures in the National Institute of Farming Investigation, Quality and Nutrition Area. The treatments were four: TI 13.84% of protein, T2 15.87% of protein, T3 19.57% of protein, T4 (Testigo) 18% of protein The field phase lasted 90 days and 48 rabbits of the New Zealand race were used, 50% males, 50% females each of 45 days old. A randomly design was used with four treatments and six repetitions, also in the different determined significant cases between the used treatments in the Tukey 5% test From the analysis obtained the results were to administer food with a low level of protein, animal consume a major quantity like we can observe in the results of the TI which has 13.84% of protein raising the production costs, while in the major treatment the T2, which has 15.87% of protein, because of its composition it was good tasting for the animals, making the consumption of the food will increase the normal weight, and the cost of production per Kg. Of food is $0.28. The T3 has 19.57% of protein the same which is in excess since the animals only assimilate what they need and the rest is the cost of production per Kg. Of food is $0.28. The T3 has 19.57% of protein the same which is in excess since the animals only assimilate what they need and the rest is waste, besides raising the protein level, this raises the cost of the food mixture. And the commercial food the T4 (Testigo) had reasonable results, in the food consumption of the pellet food mixture like the weight increase, but it is not recommended for farming families for the cost of Kg. $0.40, giving also another alternative like the T2(15.87% of protein) with a cost of Kg. Of $0.28. Besides the experimental mixtures to the animals water was supplied and 150 gr. Of alfalfa in the afternoon on a daily basis. An enabling study was done about the raising of rabbits, and the elaboration of the food mixtures in the various families of the Agualongo, Chimbaloma, Pucará, Peguche, Imbaya, Iluman, Compania, Agato, Calpaqui, Punyaro, Quinchuqui, communities, all belonging to Antonio Ante and Otavalo.
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Rukambile, Elpidius John. "Public health risks of infection associated with bacterial pathogens of food safety importance in chickens in rural Tanzania." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/25012.
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The chickens are colonised by and shed Campylobacter spp. and non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. which can be an important source of infection to humans. The most important source of Campylobacter and Salmonella infections in low- and middle-income countries, is thought to be close contact with live animals, and animal and human faecal contaminated environments. This arises as a result of unsafe water supply, and poor hygiene practices and sanitation. This study examined the risks that may contribute to the acquisition of animal-related foodborne pathogens in infants and young children in two rural districts of central Tanzania. Growth stage was commonly mentioned by questionnaire survey respondents (44.4%) as the main cause of diarrhoea in children under five years of age, among many causes listed. Among others, use of drinking water from open wells (OR = 0.46, 95% CI. 0.39 - 0.54; p < 0.001) and public tap (OR = 0.51, 95% CI. 0.44 - 0.61; p < 0.001) in the dry season was protective against childhood diarrhoea, compared to stream, river, pond or dam water. Sharing water sources with animals in the dry season (OR=1.48, 95% CI. 1.29 - 1.70; p < 0.001) and chickens roosting inside the home overnight (OR = 1.39, 95% CI. 1.20 - 1.60; p < 0.001) were associated with an increase in children diarrhoea incidences. Households headed by members of the Sukuma (p = 0.005) ethnic group and washing hands in running water (p = 0.007) were associated with higher height-for-age z-scores. Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Salmonella spp. were detected in chicken cloacal, latrine and kitchen floor swabs during dry and rainy seasons and several Salmonella serovars of public health importance were isolated from chickens. Prevention of gastrointestinal infections of animal origin should be directed at improving local water supplies, hygiene practices and sanitation, and introducing good animal husbandry skills which consider available resources and existing cultural practices.
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Costantini, Veronica P. "Animal enteric viruses: gene expression, epidemiology and their role in shellfish and environmental contamination." The Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1186687895.
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Vandendriessche, Stien. "Molecular epidemiology of livestock-associated staphylococcus aureus in animal and human populations in Belgium." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209576.
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Staphylococcus aureus is a major opportunistic pathogen causing a wide range of infections in humans and animals. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has traditionally been regarded as a strictly human problem, initially confined to the healthcare settings and later a matter of concern in the general community too. All this changed in 2005 with the isolation of a specific MRSA clone, assigned to Clonal Complex (CC)398, from pigs and pig farmers in the Netherlands. These findings triggered worldwide investigation, showing the presence of this livestock-associated (LA)-MRSA clone in a variety of farm animals and in persons in contact with affected animals. Furthermore, the capacity of LA-MRSA CC398 to cause infections in humans and animals has been well documented. Recently, MRSA with a divergent mecA-homologue gene variant has been discovered in bovines and humans. Together, these emerging MRSA strains from animal sources have raised new questions as to their origin and inter-host transmission, as well as raised global concern in both veterinary and human medicine about health risks posed by MRSA prevailing in livestock.In the present work, we aimed to investigate the extent and molecular epidemiology of the LA-MRSA reservoir in animal and human populations, including on livestock farms and in acute-care hospitals in Belgium. As a secondary objective, the presence of methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) CC398, from which MRSA CC398 could locally emerge by acquisition of the Staphylococal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) element, was assessed. To this end, we undertook an extensive and systematic cross-sectional survey of S.aureus and MRSA carriage among humans and animals on pig, veal calf, dairy cattle, beef cattle, broiler and horticulture farms. A questionnaire, completed by all farm residents, was used to assess occupational risk factors for human MRSA CC398 carriage. Bacterial genetic characterisation was done by spa typing, SCCmec typing and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined; the presence of resistance genes and toxin genes were determined by PCR. A second set of S. aureus clinical isolates from two national surveys organised in 2005 and 2008 were characterised using the same methods.
Carriage of MRSA CC398 was highly prevalent in animals and humans on pig and veal calf farms and to a significantly lesser extent on beef, dairy, broiler and horticulture farms (Chapter 5.1). Persons who work with pigs or veal calves on a daily basis are at significantly higher risk for MRSA CC398 carriage compared to farm-exposed persons who work with them less regularly or never. In accordance with the results from the present work as well as those from others, it appears important to assess the impact of interventions at farm-level that aim to reduce the MRSA carriage rate in animals, as this would also reduce the risk for MRSA carriage in farmers and relatives.
MRSA CC398 isolates, especially those from veal calf farms, were frequently multi-resistant and thereby represent a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance determinants that could be transferred to other, more human-adapted staphylococci or other micro-organisms (Chapter 5.1). Additionally, this multi-resistance phenotype should be considered when applying empiric treatment of human staphylococcal infections in livestock-exposed persons. Only very few major “human-associated” virulence factors were detected, indicating a limited virulence capacity of LA-MRSA CC398 isolates. MRSA strains with the mecA homologue mecC, which is difficult to detect using conventional diagnostic methods, were found in beef and dairy cattle, but not in humans.
MSSA CC398 strains from which MRSA CC398 might locally emerge were frequently detected in humans and animals on pig, veal and broiler farms, all of which are commonly known to be affected by MRSA CC398 (Chapter 5.2). Three porcine MSSA CC398-t011 isolates harbored remnant DNA of a composite SCCmec V(5C2&5)c element, from which the mec gene complex was lacking. These findings indicate that the strains were previously involved in SCCmec recombination events. Processes similar to the one described here likely contribute to the enormous diversity of SCCmec elements observed in staphylococci.
Although LA-MRSA CC398 strains were frequently detected in livestock and livestock-exposed persons, they only represented a minority (~1%) of the MRSA strains from hospitalised patients. This suggests that this specific MRSA clone has not yet spread among Belgian patients without livestock contact (Chapter 5.3). However, similar to what has been seen in other countries, we observed a recent emergence of severe infections, caused by a human-adapted subclone of MSSA CC398, in hospitalised patients without livestock contact (Chapter 5.4).
Once more has S. aureus proven its versatility: it has optimally adapted to the selective pressure exerted by intensive animal farming by acquisition of mobile genetic elements, such as resistance determinants. Clearly MRSA is no longer a strictly human problem. Working across the human and veterinary health sectors will be essential to tackle the dissemination and pathogenic evolution of MRSA in livestock.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Prata, Alexandre Barbieri. "Influência da alta ou baixa ingestão de matéria seca e/ou energia na produção in vitro de embriões bovinos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-22052013-151756/.
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Objetivou-se no presente estudo avaliar a influência da alta ou baixa ingestão de matéria seca e/ou energia na qualidade ovocitária, produção in vitro de embriões e taxa de concepção. Foram utilizadas 33 vacas Nelores não lactantes, idade entre 4 e 10 anos, peso corporal (PC) de 489,5±11,3 kg e escore de condição corporal (ECC) de 3,25. As vacas foram mantidas confinadas em baias, sem acesso a pastagem, com dois animais por baia. Sal mineral foi fornecido na dieta e água à vontade. Após 15 dias de adaptação, os animais foram agrupados de acordo com o PC e divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos. As vacas do grupo mantença (M) receberam dieta de manutenção do PC consumindo 1,2% de MS por kg de PC. O grupo restrição (0,7M) recebeu o equivalente a 70% do fornecido ao grupo M, ou seja, 0,84% de MS por kg de PC. O grupo alta ingestão (1,5M) recebeu o equivalente a 150% do oferecido ao grupo M, ou seja, 1,8% de MS por kg de PC. O grupo energia (E) recebeu uma dieta com quantidade de MS semelhante ao grupo M, porém, com níveis energéticos equivalentes ao grupo 1,5M. O delineamento foi em quadrado latino, portanto, os animais passaram por todas as dietas. Foram realizadas quatro seções de OPU com 37 dias de intervalo. Os ovócitos recuperados foram classificados e levados ao laboratório da In Vitro Brasil, onde, os procedimentos da PIVE foram realizados. Os embriões foram vitrificados/desvitrificados e inovulados em receptoras sincronizadas na Fazenda Figueira, Londrina, PR. Os dados foram analisados por meio do PROC GLIMMIX do SAS e as médias apresentadas na forma de quadrados mínimos ± EP, seguindo a ordem dos grupos M, 0,7M, 1,5M e E. Observou-se efeito de grupo (P=0,008) no número de ovócitos viáveis, sendo que as vacas do grupo 0,7M produziram mais ovócitos viáveis do que os grupos M e E (14,4±1,6b; 17,0±1,9a; 15,7±1,7ab e 14,1±1,6b). No total de ovócitos recuperados, o grupo 0,7M diferiu (P=0,02) dos grupos M e E (20,2±2,0b; 23,0±2,3a; 21,5±2,2ab e 20,1±2,0b). Em relação aos clivados o grupo 0,7M diferiu (P=0,04) do grupo M (10,7±1,4b; 13,4±1,7a; 12,6±1,6ab e 11,7±1,5ab). O número de blastocistos foi similar (P=0,15) entre os grupos (5,4±0,8; 6,9±0,9; 5,9±0,8; 6,6±0,9). Com relação à porcentagem de ovócitos viáveis sobre o total não houve diferença (P=0,41) entre os grupos (72,8±0,02%, 75,4±0,02%, 72,9±0,02% e 71,7±0,02%). Não se observou diferença (P=0,67) na porcentagem de blastocistos sobre o total de ovócitos (31,9±0,04%; 30,6±0,04%; 31,1±0,04% e 34,0±0,04%;). A taxa de concepção aos 30 (30,3±0,06%, 34,4±0,06%, 26,3±0,06% e 30,5±0,06%; P=0,49) e aos 60 dias (20,8±0,05%; 26,3±0,05%; 18,1±0,05% e 22,0±0,05%; P=0,43) não diferiu entre os tratamentos. Com relação à perda gestacional, não houve diferença (P=0,84) entre os grupos (20,0±0,05%; 13,3±0,05%; 18,0±0,05% e 16,0±0,05). Apesar de ter havido uma discreta vantagem do grupo 0,7M no número de ovócitos viáveis, totais e na clivagem em relação aos demais grupos, isso não refletiu na produção de blastocistos. Da mesma forma, contrariando a hipótese inicial a alta IMS ou energia por um período de 30 dias não parece ter comprometido a PIVE e a taxa de concepção.The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of high or low dry matter intake and/or energy on oocyte quality and embryo production in vitro. 33 non lactating Nellore cows, aged between 4 and 10 years, body weight (BW) of 489.5±11.3 kg and body condition score (BCS) 3.25 were used. The cows were confined without access to pasture, with two animals per stall. Mineral salt was provided in the diet and water ad libitum. After 15 days on the adaptation diet, cows were blocked by initial weight and randomly allocated in four experimental groups. The maintenance group (M) received a diet of weight maintenance consuming 1.2% of DM per kg of BW. The restriction group (0,7M) received the equivalent of 70% of the group M diet consuming 0.84% of DM per kg of BW. High intake group (1,5M) received the equivalent of 150% of the M group offered. Since the energy group (E) received a diet with DM similar to M group, however, with energy level equivalent to 1,5M. The cows received all the diets in a latin-square design. There were four sessions of ovum pick up (OPU), 37 days apart. The oocytes were classified and taken to the In Vitro Brazil laboratory, where all procedures of in vitro production were realized. The embryos were vitrified and then thawed and transferred to synchronized recipients at Figueira Farm, Londrina, PR. Data were analyzed by PROC GLIMMIX of SAS and the results were presented as least squares means ± SE following the order of treatments M, 0,7M, 1,5M and E. Treatment effect was observed (P=0.008) in the number of viable oocytes. The group 0,7M showed better results compared to groups M and E (14.4±1.6b; 17.0±1.9a; 15.7±1.7ab and 14.1±1.6b). In the total number of recovered oocytes, the group 0,7M (P=0.02) differed from groups M and E, but did not differ from group 1,5M (20.2±2.0b; 23.0±2.3a; 21.5±2.2ab and 20.1±2.0b). In the analyses of cleaved the group 0,7M was different from group M (10.7±1.4b; 13.4±1.7a; 12.6±1.6ab and 11.7±1.5ab). The number of blastocysts was similar (P=0.15) between treatments (5.4±0.8; 6.9±0.9; 5.9±0.8 and 6.6±0.9). The percentage of viable oocytes was not different (P=0.41) between groups (72.8±0.02%, 75.4±0.02%, 72.9±0.02% and 71.7±0.02%). There was also no difference in the percentage of blastocysts among groups (31.9±0.04%; 30.6±0.04%; 31.1±0.04% and 34.0±0.04%). The conception rate at 30 days (30.3±0.06%; 34.4±0.06%; 26.3±0.06% and 30.5±0.06%; P=0.49) and at 60 days (20.8±0.05%; 26.3±0.05%; 18.1±0.05% and 22.0±0.05%; P=0.43) did not differ among treatments. Pregnancy loss also did not differ (P=0.84) among groups (20.0±0.05%; 13.3±0.05%; 18.0±0.05% e 16.0±0.05). Although there was an apparent advantage of food restriction on the number of viable, total oocytes and cleavage compared to other groups, this did not reflect in the blastocyst production. Likewise, contrasting with the initial hypothesis high DMI or energy intake for a period of 30 days does not seem to have compromised the IVP and conception rate following the transfer of these embryos.
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Zanetti, Diego. "Exigências nutricionais, frequência de alimentação e níveis de cálcio e fósforo para bovinos Holandês x Zebu em confinamento." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5820.
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This work was developed in order to evaluate the feed intake, digestibility and performance of crossbred cattle fed in confinement at different frequencies with diets containing different levels of calcium and phosphorus; determine the nutritional requirements of energy, protein and macro minerals; and evaluate the effects on consumption estimates when reducing the number of samples of leftovers for laboratory analyses by grouping these samples in the total period of the confinement. For that were used 32 1⁄2 crossbred Gir x Holstein barrows, with mean 377.46 ± 49.4 kg of initial body weight. Initially, four animals were slaughtered and used as a reference to estimate the initial empty body weight (EBW) of the remaining animals in the experiment. 24 animals were used in a completely randomized factorial 2x3x2 design with two concentrate diet levels (30 and 60%), three frequency (full diet fed in the morning, at 8:00 am; roughage provided in its entirety in the morning and concentrate divided into twice, at 8:00 and at 16:00 hours; and feeding roughage and concentrate divided into two equal portions per day) and diets with or without inorganic sources of calcium and phosphorus. The four other animals were fed daily at maintenance level (1.1% body weight on dry matter). The roughage used was crushed sugar cane. At the end of 84 days all animals were slaughtered and samples from the carcasses and not carcass constituents were taken to determinate composition. Chapter 1: The dry matter (DM) and nutrients were not affected (P> 0.05) by feeding frequencies but were higher (P <0.05) for diets with 60% of concentrate. Supplementation with dicalcium phosphate affected only the consumption of phosphorus that was higher for supplemented diets. There was no effect of feeding frequency, supplementation with dicalcium phosphate or their interactions (P> 0.05) on the digestibility of diets constituents. Higher levels of concentrate provided higher average of daily gains and income from hot and cold carcass. In Chapter 2: The net (NEm) and metabolizable energy (MEm) requirements for maintenance were obtained by relating heat production (CP) and metabolizable energy intake (MEI) while the energy requirements for weight gain (NEg ) and net protein requirements for weight gain were obtained as a function of EBW and empty body weight gain (EBWG). The daily requirements of metabolizable and net energy for maintenance were 86.48 and 126.15 kcal / PCVZ 0.75 respectively. The requirements for net energy gain can be obtained by the equation: NEg = 0.0568 ± 0.0025 × × PCVZ0,75 GPCVZ1,095. The efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for maintenance and gain are 64 and 29.68%, respectively. The metabolizable protein requirement for maintenance is 4.14 g / BW 0.75. The net protein requirements for weight gain can be obtained through the equation PLg = 236.36 ± 30.06 × EBW - 19.84 ± 6.14 × ER. Third chapter: The relationship between the consumption of each mineral and it retention was expressed as a linear equation, and the intercept considered the requirement for maintenance of the mineral. Using the samples of the carcass and no carcass were determined the proportion of each mineral, determining the body content for each mineral expressed as a function of EBW. No variations in daily fecal and urinary excretions of phosphorus according to the supplementation with dicalcium phosphate were found. The absence of dicalcium phosphate supplementation in cattle diets in the finishing phase implies lower retention of calcium and phosphorus in the carcass. The absorption coefficients were 83.34, 77.21, 82.57, 40.27 and 92.25% for calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium and potassium, respectively. The net daily maintenance requirements are 28.18, 10.31, 50.11, 25.86, and 91.67 mg / EBW for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium, respectively. Net requirements for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium for weight gain can be calculated respectively by the equations: Ca = × EBW (EBW-51.77 × 0.3023); P = EBWG × (30.87 × EBW-3459); EBW = mg × (0.865 × EBW-0.2133); In EBW = × (6.517 × EBW-0.3483); EBW = K × (4.06 × EBW-0.1875). It is concluded that the intake, digestibility of nutrients and performance were not affected by the feeding frequencies adopted or by the levels of calcium and phosphorus added, but were improved with increasing level of concentrate. About the sampling of leftovers, it is recommended to make a single composite sample for 84 days of confinement. The values and equations obtained for the requirements of crossbred Holstein × Zebu differs from that obtained by Br- Corte (2010), emphasizing that the number of animals with similar characteristics like those used are a small part of the database of this system.
O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com os objetivos de avaliar o consumo, a digestibilidade e o desempenho de bovinos mestiços em confinamento alimentados em diferentes frequências de alimentação com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de cálcio e fósforo; determinar suas exigências nutricionais de energia, proteína e macrominerais; e avaliar o efeito da redução do número de amostras destinadas às análises laboratoriais de sobras pelo agrupamento dessas amostras no período total do confinamento, sobre as estimativas de consumo. Foram utilizados 32 animais mestiços 1⁄2 Zebu x Holandês, machos, castrados, com peso corporal médio inicial de 377,46±49,4 kg. Inicialmente, quatro animais foram abatidos e tomados como referência para estimar o peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) inicial dos animais remanescentes no experimento. 24 animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x3x2, com dois níveis de concentrado (30 e 60%), três frequências de alimentação (alimentação completa fornecida pela manhã, às 8:00 horas; volumoso fornecido em sua totalidade pela manhã e concentrado dividido em duas vezes, às 8:00 e às 16:00 horas; e alimentação volumosa e concentrada dividida em duas porções iguais ao dia) e dietas contendo ou não fontes inorgânicas de cálcio e fósforo. Os outros quatro animais foram alimentados diariamente ao nível de mantença, (1,1% do peso corporal em matéria seca). O volumoso foi a cana de açúcar triturada. Ao final de 84 dias, todos os animais foram abatidos, e a partir das amostras de carcaça e dos constituintes não carcaça foi determinada a composição corporal. No capítulo 1: Os consumos de matéria seca (MS) e dos nutrientes não foram afetados (P>0,05) pelas frequências de alimentação, mas foram superiores (P<0,05) para as dietas com 60% de concentrado. A suplementação com fosfato bicálcico afetou apenas o consumo de fósforo, superior para as dietas suplementadas. Não houve efeito da frequência de alimentação, nem da suplementação com fosfato bicálcico ou das suas interações (P>0,05) sobre as digestibilidades dos constituintes das dietas. Maiores níveis de concentrado proporcionaram maiores ganhos médios diários e rendimentos de carcaça quente e fria. No capitulo 2: As exigências de energia líquida (ELm) e metabolizável para mantença (EMm) foram obtidas relacionando a produção de calor (PC) e o consumo de energia metabolizável (CEM), enquanto as exigências de energia para ganho de peso (ELg) e as exigências líquidas de proteína para ganho foram obtidas em função do PCVZ e do ganho de peso de corpo vazio (GPCVZ). As exigências diárias de energia líquida e metabolizável para mantença foram de 86,48 e 126,15 kcal/PCVZ 0,75, respectivamente. As exigências de energia líquida para ganho podem ser obtidas pela equação: ELg = 0,0568±0,0025 × PCVZ0,75 × GPCVZ1,095. As eficiências de uso da energia metabolizável para mantença e para ganho são de 64 e 29,68%, respectivamente. As exigências de proteína metabolizável para mantença é de 4,14 g/PC0,75. As exigências liquidas de proteína para ganho de peso podem ser obtidas através da equação PLg = 236,36±30,06 × GPCVZ 19,84±6,14 × ER.. No terceiro capítulo: A relação entre o consumo de cada mineral e sua retenção foi expressa a partir de uma equação linear, sendo o intercepto considerado a exigência de mantença do mineral. Nas amostras de carcaça e não carcaça foram determinados a proporção de cada mineral, determinando- se assim o conteúdo corporal para cada um dos minerais, expressos em função do PCVZ. Não foram encontradas variações nas excreções fecal e urinária diárias de fósforo em função da suplementação com fosfato bicálcico. A ausência suplementação de fosfato bicálcico em dietas para bovinos em fase de terminação implica em menor retenção de cálcio e fósforo na carcaça. Os coeficientes de absorção foram de 83,34, 77,21, 82,57, 40,27 e 92,25% para cálcio, fósforo, magnésio sódio e potássio, respectivamente. As exigências líquidas diárias de mantença são de 28,18, 10,31, 50,11, 25,86, e 91,67 mg/PCVZ para cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, sódio e potássio, respectivamente. As exigências líquidas de cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, sódio e potássio para ganho de peso podem ser calculadas respectivamente pelas equações: Ca = GPCVZ × (51,77 × PCVZ-0,3023) ; P = GPCVZ × (30,87 × PCVZ-3459); Mg = GPCVZ × (0,865 × PCVZ-0,2133) ; Na = GPCVZ × (6,517 × PCVZ-0,3483); K = GPCVZ × (4,06 × PCVZ-0,1875). Conclui-se que o consumo, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e o desempenho não foram afetados pelas frequências de alimentação adotadas nem pelos níveis de cálcio e fósforo, contudo foram melhorados com o aumento do nível de concentrado. Quanto à amostragem de sobras, recomenda-se fazer uma única amostra composta para 84 dias de confinamento. Os valores e equações obtidos para as exigências de animais mestiços Holandês × Gir diferem das obtidas pelo Br-Corte (2010), ressaltando- se que o número de animais com características semelhantes aos utilizados constituem pequena parte do banco de dados desse sistema.
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Rodriguez-Palacios, Alexander. "Ecology and Epidemiology of Human Pathogen Clostridium difficile in Foods, Food Animals and Wildlife." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313582304.
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Deller, Rosemary. "When flesh becomes meat : encountering meaty bodies in contemporary culture." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/when-flesh-becomes-meat-encountering-meaty-bodies-in-contemporary-culture(86ad12d3-4eb9-4dd5-8798-212200eb237e).html.
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Being treated as a piece of meat has long been an issue around which feminist concerns regarding the representation of women and practices of cultural consumption coalesce. However, as the Humanities undergo a paradigm shift away from intrinsically privileging the human subject, this demands new consideration of how cultural figurations of meat can work to challenge the terms of the species border. This thesis offers close readings of contemporary film, literature, visual art, music and live performance produced between the late 1980s and the present day that stage carnal encounters with meat. I unite these figurations under the term ‘meaty bodies’, exploring how they question the supposedly self-evident line between the flesh that we are and the flesh that we may eat. Situating its theoretical approach within the tension between psychoanalytic and cultural theories of taboo and abjection and emerging ‘new materialist’ conceptualisations of matter, this thesis contributes to the project of disrupting the primacy of ‘the human’ and the workings of the species divide. The thesis begins by examining three cultural productions that humanise meat by using it to speak to themes of vulnerability, trauma and sexual desire respectively. The photographic series Perishables (Yolaçan, 2002–04), the live art performance My New York (Zhang, 2002) and the pornographic novella The Butcher (Reyes, 1988) utilise meat to speak to issues surrounding human embodiment. However, I suggest that this typically decouples meat from the animal body from which it derives. The thesis subsequently turns to four cultural productions that more directly engage with the violence inherent in the naturalisation of meat as animal body. Analysing the experimental text Diary of a Steak (Levy, 1997), the concept album One Pig (Herbert, 2011), the live art performance inthewrongplaceness (O’Reilly, 2004–09) and the feature film Beasts of the Southern Wild (Zeitlin, 2012), the thesis positions these cultural productions as a challenge to the species border through their attentiveness to contemporary issues surrounding meat consumption and production, including discussion of ‘meat panics’ such as the 1980s/1990s BSE crisis, the development of tissue-cultured meat and impending food scarcity. These close readings show that what I term a ‘carnal equivalence’ between human and animal flesh can be a powerful means of questioning the terms of the species border. Yet, in rendering their encounters with meat frequently difficult and strained, these cultural productions stage and generate ambivalence as integral to our relations with meat consumption and production in the contemporary moment. The thesis suggests that this uncertainty is indicative of a wider impasse within the Humanities, as the field seeks to decentralise ‘the human’ and the discourses that are invested in the continued dominance of this category, yet is still shaped by attachments and anxieties that render this move more difficult than may otherwise be supposed.
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Baffa, Danielle Ferreira. "Cromo levedura e ractopamina em dietas para suínos em terminação." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5821.
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Previous issue date: 2014-07-23Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
To evaluate the effect of chromium yeast (CY) and ractopamine (RAC) on performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and blood, an experiment was conducted with 96 commercial castrated crossbred pigs with an average initial body weight of 75.07 ± 3.9 kg. Animals were distributed in a randomized-block experimental design with six treatments, eight blocks and two animals per stall. The treatments consisted of feeding plans (FP) in two phases: from 0 to 14 days; and from 14 to 42 days of age, respectively, composed of diets: Control/Control (CD/CD); Chromium yeast/Amino acids (CY/AA); Chromium yeast/Amino acids + Ractopamine (CY/AA+RAC); Control /Chromium yeast (CD/CY); Control/Amino acids + Chromium Yeast (CD/AA+CY); and Chromium Yeast/Amino Acids + Ractopamine + Chromium Yeast (CY/AA+RAC/CY). The greatest final weight and daily weight gain (P<0.0001) were observed in the animals subjected to CY/AA+RAC+CY. Feeding plan CY/AA+RAC provided an intermediate final weight and daily weight gain, similar to those obtained with the use of CY/AA+RAC+CY, CD/CD, CY/AA and CD/CY, but greater than CD/AA+CY. The pigs fed CY/AA+RAC+CY showed a greater fasted body weight (FW) (P<0.0001) as compared with CD/CD, CY/AA, CD/CY and CD/AA+CY. Feeding plan CY/AA+RAC provided an intermediate FW, similar to that obtained with the use of CY/AA+RAC+CY, CD/CD, CY/AA, but greater than CD/AA+CY. The evaluated FP did not influence (P>0.05) daily feed intake. The best feed-conversion results (P<0.0001) were obtained with CY/AA+RAC+CY and CY/AA+RAC. A larger loin-eye area was found in pigs subjected to CY/AA+RAC as compared with the use of CD/CY. The greatest muscle fiber diameter (P<0.011) was found in the pigs subjected to CY/AA+RAC+CY and CD/CY, which were higher than the group fed CD/CD. The liquid loss due to thawing determined in the meat of the pigs subjected to CD/CD was lower (P<0.009) than that observed with the use of CY/AA+RAC. A higher value of Cie a* was determined in the meat of the animals subjected to CY/AA+RAC as compared with CY/AA+ RAC+ CY. The pigs fed CY/AA+ RAC+ CY had a brighter meat than the other animals. The lowest TBARS concentration (P<.001) was observed in the meat of pigs subjected to CY/AA+RAC in relation to the group that consumed CY/AA. A greater concentration of myristic fatty acid (FA) (14:0) was found in the groups that received CY/AA+RAC as compared with the group fed CY/AA+RAC+CY. The pigs that received the FP with CY/AA+RAC+CY and CD/CY displayed greater levels of linoleic FA (18:2n6) in the longissimus dorsi muscle, as compared with the pigs fed CY/AA. The feeding plans did not affect the evaluated blood parameters (P>0.05). The use of chromium yeast and ractopamine or alone promoted positive alterations in the development of muscle cells in the pigs and in the meat quality, which should be considered when this mineral is used. The association of chromium yeast with ractopamine revealed improvements in the animal performance.
Para avaliar o efeito do cromo levedura (CrL) e ractopamina (RAC) em rações sobre o desempenho, características da carcaça, qualidade de carne e variáveis sanguíneas, foi realizado um experimento com 96 suínos machos castrados híbridos comerciais com peso corporal médio inicial de 75,07 ± 3,9 kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com seis tratamentos, oito blocos e dois animais por baia. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de planos nutricionais (PN) em dois períodos consecutivos: período 1 de 0 a 14 dias e o período 2 de 14 a 42 dias, respectivamente, compostos pelas rações: Controle/Ração Controle (RC/RC); Cromo levedura/Aminoácidos (CrL/AA); Cromo Levedura/Aminoácidos + Ractopamina (CrL/AA+RAC); Controle/Cromo Levedura (RC/CrL); Ração Controle/Aminoácidos + Cromo Levedura (RC/AA+CrL) e Cromo Levedura/Aminoácidos+Ractopamina+Cromo Levedura (CrL/AA+RAC+CrL). Maior peso final (PF) e ganho de peso diário (GPD) (P<0,001) foi observado para os suínos submetidos ao PN CrL/AA+RAC+CrL. O PN CrL/AA+RAC proporcionou PF e GPD intermediário, semelhante aos obtidos com o uso de CrL/AA+RAC+CrL, RC/RC, CrL/AA e RC/CrL e superior ao PN RC/AA+CrL. Os suínos alimentados com o PN CrL/AA+RAC+CrL apresentaram maior peso de jejum (PJ) (P<0,0001) quando comparados aos PN RC/RC, CrL/AA, RC/CrL e RC/AA+CrL. O PN CrL/AA+RAC promoveu PJ intermediário, semelhante ao obtido com o uso de CrL/AA+RAC+CrL, RC/RC, CrL/AA e superior ao RC/AA+CrL. Os PN avaliados não influenciaram (P > 0,05) o consumo diário de ração. Os melhores resultados de conversão alimentar (P<0,001) foram obtidos com os PN CrL/AA+RAC+CrL e CrL/AA+RAC. Maior área de olho de lombo foi determinada nos suínos submetidos ao PN CrL/AA+RAC quando comparado a utilização de RC/CrL. Maior diâmetro da fibra muscular (P<0,011) foi verificado nos suínos submetidos aos PN CrL/AA+RAC+CrL e RC/CrL sendo estes superiores ao grupo consumindo RC/RC. A perda líquida por descongelamento determinada na carne dos suínos submetidos ao PN RC/RC foi inferior (P<0,009) a obtida com o uso do PN CrL/AA+RAC. Maior valor Cie a* foi determinado na carne dos animais submetidos ao PN CrL/AA+RAC quando comparado ao PN CrL/AA+ RAC+ CrL. Os suínos submetidos ao PN CrL/AA+ RAC+ CrL apresentaram maior tonalidade na carne frente aos demais animais. Menor concentração de TBARS (P<0,001) foi verificada na carne dos suínos submetidos ao PN CrL/AA+RAC frente ao grupo consumindo ração CrL/AA. Maior teor de ácido graxo (AG) mirístico (14:0) foi verificado para os suínos submetidos ao PN CrL/AA+RAC quando comparado ao grupo CrL/AA+RAC+CrL. Os suínos que receberam os PN com CrL/AA+RAC+CrL e RC/CrL apresentaram maior concentração de AG linolêico (18:2n6) no músculo Longissimus dorsi, frente aos suínos do PN CrL/AA. Os PN não influenciaram as variáveis sanguíneas avaliadas (P>0,05). O uso de cromo levedura e ractopamina promoveram alterações positivas sobre o desenvolvimento de células musculares nos suínos e na qualidade da carne que devem ser consideradas quando da utilização do mineral e o uso em associação a ractopamina revelou melhorias sobre o desempenho dos animais.
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Deutsch, Lisa. "Global trade, food production and ecosystem support : Making the interactions visible." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Institutionen för systemekologi, Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-232.
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Clarey, Bryan R. "Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations: Hazards, Environmental and Health Risks as the Latent Products of Late Modernity." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2012. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1427.
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CAFOs raise tens of thousands of animals in confined cages and feedlots, feed them high calorie diets, and ship them to slaughter in record time. These factory farms (as they are sometimes called) devastate neighboring environments with the releases of toxic methane gas and animal waste. Progress in modernized agricultural production has enabled us to feed the growing population but unintended consequences for human health and neighboring communities are happening. This study examines environmental and human health impacts of CAFOs on Central Mississippi residents. Through analyses of existing studies and data and telephone surveys, the objectives will be met. Risk society theory is used to explain the increase of diseases and environmental risks associated with CAFOs in late modernity. The results do not indicate that neighboring residents of CAFOs in Central Mississippi are more likely to have ill health, a negative quality of life, or environmental degradation, overall.
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Gutierrez, Gabriela Santistevan. "Suplementação nitrogenada e níveis de concentrado para vacas mestiças leiteiras a pasto no período de transição águas-seca." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5809.
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Previous issue date: 2014-02-13Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of nitrogenous supplementation and two levels of concentrate feeds on dry matter intake and digestibility, milk production and composition, feed efficiency, balance of nitrogenous compounds and microbial protein synthesis in lactating crossbred cows (1/2 Holstein x Zebu) grazing Brachiaria decumbens pastures during the transition period rainy-dry season. Eight crossbred cows with average body weight of 497 ± 50 kg, between the third and fourth lactations and after lactation peak were used. The cows were distributed according to a balanced 4 x 4 Latin square design, with two simultaneous squares in a factorial design of 2 x 2, being used two types of supplements, nitrogenous salt and mineral salt ad-libitum and two concentrate levels in the diet (1.5 and 3.0 kg/cow/day), based on 60% corn meal and 40% of soybean meal given during the two milking times, in the morning and afternoon. The experiment lasted 56 days, which were divided into four experimental periods of 14 days each, being seven days for adaptation and the other for data collection. No significant interaction (P>0.05) was observed between the supplements and the different concentrate levels for any of the evaluated variables. The nitrogenous salt and the higher concentrate level increased (P<0.05) the consumption of crude protein and the higher concentrate level increased (P<0.05) the intake of non-fibrous carbohydrates. The digestibility of crude protein increased (P<0.05) with the higher concentrate level. No significant effect (P>0.05) of supplement or concentrate level was observed with the characteristics of urinary excretions, nitrogenous compounds nor microbial efficiency. Nitrogenous salt increased (P<0.05) the consumption of nitrogen and increased the urinary excretion, leading to reduced nitrogen balance, while the high concentrate level feeds increased (P<0.05) nitrogen consumption and total nitrogen excretion through milk. No significant effect (P>0.05) of supplement and concentrate level was observed on the milk components (protein, lactose, total solids and non fat solids) and feed efficiency (kg milk/kg of DMI). Grazing crossbred cows in mid lactation during the transition period of rainy-dry season achieve their productive potential with 1.5 kilograms of concentrate per day, neither being necessary higher concentrate level nor nitrogenous salt.
A pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de avaliar o efeitos da suplementação nitrogenada e de dois níveis de concentrado sobre o consumo e digestibilidade da matéria seca e dos seus constituintes, produção e composição do leite, eficiência alimentar, balanço de compostos nitrogenados e síntese de proteína microbiana de vacas mestiças (1/2 Holandês x Zebu) em lactação, em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens no período de transição águas-seca. Foram utilizadas oito vacas mestiças, com peso corporal médio de 497 ± 50 kg, entre a terceira e a quarta lactações, após o pico de produção, distribuídas segundo delineamento em quadrado latino, com agrupamento de dois quadrados latinos simultâneos, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2, sendo dois tipos de suplementos, sal nitrogenado e sal mineral à vontade, e dois níveis de concentrado na dieta (1,5 e 3,0 kg/vaca/dia), à base de 60% de milho e 40% de farelo de soja, fornecidas durante as duas ordenhas diárias. O experimento teve duração de 56 dias, divididos em 4 períodos experimentais. Os períodos experimentais tiveram duração de 14 dias cada, sendo os sete primeiros dias para adaptação e os demais para coleta de dados. Não foi encontrado efeito de interação (P>0,05) entre o suplemento e os diferentes níveis de concentrado para nenhuma das variáveis avaliadas. O tratamento com sal nitrogenado e maior nível de concentrado aumentaram (P<0,05) o consumo de proteína bruta e o maior nível de concentrado aumentou (P<0,05) o consumo de carboidratos não fibrosos. A digestibilidade da proteína bruta aumentou (P<0,05) com maior nível de concentrado. Não foi observado efeito (P>0,05) de suplemento nem de nível de concentrado sobre as excreções urinárias dos derivados de purina, compostos nitrogenados microbianos e eficiência microbiana. O sal nitrogenado aumentou (P<0,05) o consumo de nitrogênio e aumentou a excreção urinária de nitrogênio, levando à redução do balanço de nitrogênio, enquanto o maior nível de concentrado aumentou (P<0,05) o consumo de nitrogênio e o total de nitrogênio excretado no leite. Não foi observado efeito (P>0,05) de suplemento e de nível de concentrado sobre os componentes do leite (proteína, lactose, extrato seco total e extrato seco desengordurado) e eficiência alimentar (kg de leite/kg de consumo de matéria seca). Vacas mestiças no terço médio de lactação, em pastagem no período de transição águas- seca, têm seu potencial produtivo alcançado com a utilização de 1,5 kg/dia de suplemento concentrado, não sendo necessário maior nível de concentrado nem o uso de sal nitrogenado.
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Dugnoille, Julien. "The Seoul of cats and dogs : a trans-species ethnography of animal cruelty and animal welfare in contemporary Korea." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e0015b7b-b994-4c9f-9f17-76ea8179cd58.
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Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Seoul from July 2012 until July 2013, this dissertation offers a novel perspective on human-animal interactions and public discourses regarding livestock versus pet moral boundaries in contemporary Korea. I aim to explore how Koreans struggle to make sense of the tension between the emergence of animal welfare and the perpetuation of traditional health behaviours that involve animal processing. The focus will be on why participants in my study, whether activists or not, defended both animal ethics and cat and dog meat consumption, while including Korean animals in fluid and instrumental conceptions of Koreanness. I have analysed a variety of discourses produced by both Korean and non-Korean, academic and non-academic stakeholders, in order to reveal the on-going tension between these powerful ubiquitous ideas and the lived experience of Koreans today. Moreover, I examine how the aesthetics of cruelty and empathy is employed in order to singularize livestock into companion animals thereby transgressing cultural taboos regarding Western ethics of species separation. I also demonstrate that converging and conflicting economic, political, social and cultural agendas are responsible for making Korea’s public discourses about animal welfare very unsettled. My research thus contributes to key anthropological debates about the cross-cultural circulation and cross-fertilisation of moral values that impact the ethics of post-industrial human-animal interactions; and about the influence of policy dialogue, at both national and international levels, on applied animal ethics, cultural stigmatization and the reinforcement of national sentiment.
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Mognard, Élise. "Foie gras, gavage et "touristes-mangeurs" : une sociologie de l'alimentation à l'heure de la mondialisation." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU20124.
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Cette thèse, engagée à partir des débats autour du gavage et du foie gras, se propose d’appréhender l’alimentation touristique comme un « laboratoire » de la mondialisation de l’alimentation. Elle place la régulation de l’incertitude inhérente aux relations entre mangeurs et animaux au centre de l’analyse. Ce faisant, la recherche renseigne le renouvellement des régulations de l’alimentation contemporaine, caractérisée par l’internationalisation des marchés alimentaires et les mobilités généralisées des mangeurs. L’investigation est conduite au moyen de dispositifs d’enquête complémentaires. Une étude sociohistorique analyse les débats européens relatifs au gavage et à la consommation de foie gras. Des entretiens sont effectués auprès d’acteurs socio-professionnels et institutionnels impliqués dans la production et la valorisation touristique du foie gras et auprès de touristes-mangeurs. Des observations d’interactions touristiques - notamment de visites de fermes productrices de foie gras - sont conduites. Enfin, un questionnaire est administré auprès de 662 touristes-mangeurs séjournant en Périgord Noir et résidant aux Pays-Bas, au Royaume-Uni et en France. Les analyses effectuées démontrent la prise d’importance des mouvements de la société civile dans la définition des représentations de l’alimentation au niveau global. Ces représentations sont cependant diversement traduites dans les modèles alimentaires locaux. Pour finir, les expériences touristiques, socio-culturellement construites et sensiblement vécues, participent de l’actualisation individualisée des modèles alimentaires. En s’intéressant aux circulations généralisées des aliments, des représentations et des mangeurs, la recherche éclaire les mouvements dialectiques d’uniformisation-diversification de différents niveaux du fait alimentaireThis thesis is based on issues concerning foie gras, the force-feeding program. From the framework of food tourism, it sheds light on the globalisation of food. It also places the inherent unease that exists within the relationship of the human consumer and animals at the core of the analysis. Thus, the study informs regulations of the contemporary food, characterized by the internationalization of the food markets and the mobility generalized of the eaters. The research was conducted using complimentary investigative methods. A socio-historical study was made analysing European debates concerning force-feeding and the consumption of foie gras. Interviews were conducted with actors and representatives involved in the production of foie gras and developing tourism as well as with tourist eaters. Interactions with tourists were also observed notably during guided tours to farms producing foie gras. Finally, a questionnaire was completed by 662 tourist eaters visiting the Perigord Noir who have come from the Netherlands, The United Kingdom and France. Conclusions from the findings demonstrate an increasing importance by the international civil society in defining representations of food at a global level. What it represents is also diversely translated in local food models. Finally, the tourism experience, socio-culturally constructed and sensitively lived becomes an integral part in the individual updating of food models. When looking at the general circulation of food, what it represents and the consumer, the research clarifies a dialectic movement of standardisation-diversification of food imaginaries and practices
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Battiston, Joziane. "Composição química e cinética de degradação ruminal determinada pela produção de gás in vitro da Aveia branca (Avena sativa L.) cultivar URS Guapa sob diferentes níveis de adubação nitrogenada." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2511.
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CNPq; CAPESEste trabalho consistiu em avaliar a composição química e a cinética de degradação ruminal da Aveia branca (Avena sativa L.) cv. URS Guapa submetida a diferentes níveis de adubação nitrogenada: 0, 60, 120 e 240 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio, em dois anos consecutivos, 2013 e 2014. Os dados obtidos das análises bromatológicas e os valores estimados para os parâmetros do modelo de cinética de degradação foram transformados pelo método de Box-Cox. O modelo estatístico foi ajustado por meio do PROC MIXED do SAS (versão 9.4) usando a máxima verossimilhança restrita (REML) e as variáveis com efeito significativo comparadas através do teste de Tukey-Kramer. Não houve efeito da adubação nitrogenada em nenhum dos anos de cultivo. Os valores observados para as variáveis bromatológicas da cultivar no ano de 2013 foram superiores (p<0,001) para Proteína Bruta (PB), Matéria Mineral (MM), Proteína Insolúvel em Detergente Ácido (PIDA), Carboidratos Solúveis (CHOs) e Carboidratos Não Fibrosos (CNF) em comparação com o ano de 2014. A composição da cultivar em 2014 tendeu a maiores teores de Fibra Insolúvel em Detergente Neutro (FDN), Lignina e Carboidratos Totais (CT). Não houve efeito significativo para os teores de Matéria Seca (MS) e Extrato Etéreo (EE) entre os anos de cultivo. Para os parâmetros da cinética de produção de gás in vitro, a cultivar no ano de 2013 apresentou os valores observados para o volume máximo de gás produzido pela degradação da fração solúvel de rápida digestão (Vf1) e para a taxa específica de produção de gás pela degradação da fração insolúvel potencialmente degradável de digestão lenta (k2) maiores (p<0,001) que 2014. Em 2014 foram observados valores superiores para o volume máximo de gás produzido pela degradação da fração insolúvel potencialmente degradável de digestão lenta (Vf2) e para a latência (L). O parâmetro k1, referente a taxa específica de produção de gás pela degradação da fração solúvel de rápida digestão não foi significativo em nenhum dos períodos experimentais avaliados. A cultivar, especialmente no ano de 2013, apresentou uma elevada qualidade nutricional evidenciada pelos teores de CNF e PB e pelos menores valores de FDN, o que torna o cultivo uma excelente opção para compor pastagens hibernais.
This work consisted in evaluating the chemical composition and kinetics of ruminal degradation of white oats (Avena sativa L.) cv. URS Guapa submitted to different levels of nitrogen fertilization: 0, 60, 120 and 240 kg ha-1 of nitrogen, in two consecutive years, 2013 and 2014. The data obtained from the bromatological analyzes and the estimated values for the parameters of the kinetic model of degradation were transformed by the Box-Cox method. The statistical model was adjusted using the PROC MIXED of the SAS (version 9.4) using the maximum restricted likelihood (REML) and the variables with significant effect compared through the Tukey-Kramer test. There was no effect of nitrogen fertilization in any of the growing years. The values observed for the bromatological variables of the cultivar in the year 2013 were higher (P <0.001) for Crude Protein (PB), Mineral Matter (MM), Insoluble Protein Acid Detergent (PIDA), Soluble Carbohydrates (CHOs) Fibrous (CNF) compared to the year 2014. The composition of the cultivar in 2014 tended to higher levels of Insoluble Fiber in Neutral Detergent (NDF), Lignin and Total Carbohydrate (CT). There was no significant effect on the contents of dry matter (DM) and ethereal extract (EE) between the years of cultivation. For the parameters of the in vitro gas production kinetics, the cultivar in the year 2013 presented the values observed for the maximum volume of gas produced by the degradation of the soluble fraction of fast digestion (Vf1) and for the specific rate of gas production by Degradability of the slow degradable fraction of slow digestion (k2) greater than that of 2014. In 2014 higher values were observed for the maximum volume of gas produced by the degradation of the insoluble fraction potentially degradable of slow digestion (Vf2) and for the Latency (L). The parameter k1, referring to the specific rate of gas production by the degradation of the soluble fraction of fast digestion was not significant in any of the evaluated experimental periods. The cultivar, especially in the year 2013, presented a high nutritional quality evidenced by the CNF and CP levels and the lower values of NDF, which makes the crop an excellent option to compose winter pastures.
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Lescano, Diego Alberto. "Uso de L-Glutamina e Ácido Glutâmico + L-Glutamina em Rações para Leitões." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5819.
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Previous issue date: 2014-02-17Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of the use of four levels of L-glutamine (Gln) and four levels of Glutamic acid + L-glutamine in the diet of piglets after weaning, two performance tests and two tests of intestinal morphohistology. In each test diets were formulated based on corn, soybean meal, cooked corn, dairy products, blood plasma and industrial amino acids. In the performance trial (trial 1) forty-four (44) piglets were distributed in four treatments (T1 - 0.0%; T2 - 0.4%; T3 - 0.8% and T4 - 1.2% of Gln) on five replications, on 4 repetitions with 2 animals per experimental unit and one repetition with 3 animals per experimental unit. The experimental period was of 28 days, with the first period 18-32 days of life, the second instead of 32-46 days of life and overall period 18-46 days. The evaluated parameters were average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily weight gain (ADG) and feed conversion (F:G). The addition of Gln in the diet did not affect (P> 0.05) performance parameters in periods. In the testing of morphohistology (trial 2) twenty-four (24) piglets of 18 days old were divided into four treatments (T1 - 0.0%, T2 - 0.4%, T3 - 0.8% and T4- 1, 2% of Gln) with six replicates and one animal per experimental unit. The animals were slaughtered at 7 days after weaning (25 days old) to collect samples of the three intestinal portions. The histologic evaluated parameters were villus height, crypt depth and villus height: crypt depth ratio of three segments. The addition of Gln in feed promoted linear and linear-quadratic reduction (P <0.05) in the villus height and crypt depth of the duodenum of piglets respectively. It is concluded that the addition of Gln in diets of piglets after weaning showed no beneficial effects on performance and in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosa of piglets. In the performance test (Test 3) forty-four (44) piglets were distributed among four treatments (T1- 0.0%; T2 - 0.4%; T3-0.8% and T4 - 1.2% of Glutamic acid + Gln) on five replications, on 4 repetitions on 2 animals per experimental unit and one repetition with 3 animals per experimental unit. The experimental period was of 28 days, with the first period 18-32 days of life, the second instead of 32-46 days of life and total period 18-46 days. The evaluated parameters were daily feed intake (ADFI), daily weight gain (ADG) and feed conversion (F:G). Addition of Glutamic Acid + Gln in diets of piglets after weaning improved linearly (P <0.05) ADFI, ADG and F:G in the period 18-32 days of age, however significant effects were not observed (P> 0 , 05) the second instead of 32- 46 days old, since the total period showed a linear improvement (P <0.05) in the ADFI and F:G, and linear-quadratic improvement in ADG. In the testing of morphohistology (test 4) twenty-four (24) piglets of 18 days of age were divided into four treatments (T1 - 0.0%, T2 - 0.4%, T3 0,8% and T4-1 2% of glutamic Acid + Gln) with six replicates and one animal per experimental unit. The animals were slaughtered 7 days after weaning (25 days old) to collect samples of the three intestinal portions. The histologic parameters evaluated were villus height, crypt depth and villus height: crypt depth ratio of three segments. The addition of Glutamic Acid + Gln in the diet of piglets after weaning showed a linear effect (P <0.05) for the parameters of villus height and villus height: crypt depth ratio of duodenal villus height: crypt depth ratio of jejunum, villus height and villus height: crypt depth ratio of the ileum. As for the crypt depth duodenal parameter observed linear-quadratic effect. It is concluded that the addition of Glutamic Acid + Gln in diets of piglets after weaning showed beneficial effects on performance and in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosa of piglets.
Quatro ensaios foram conduzidos para avaliar o efeito da utilização de quatro niveis de L-Glutamina (Gln) e quatro niveis de Ácido Glutâmico + L-Glutamina em dietas para leitões após o desmame, sendo dois ensaios de desempenho e dois ensaios de morfohistologia intestinal. Em cada ensaio as dietas formuladas foram baseadas em milho, farelo de soja, milho cozido, subprodutos lácteos, plasma sanguíneo e aminoácidos industriais. No ensaio de desempenho (ensaio 1) foram utilizados quarenta e quatro (44) leitões distribuidos em quatro tratamentos (T1 0,0%; T2 0,4%; T3- 0,8% e T4- 1,2 % de Gln) com cinco repetições, sendo 4 repetições com 2 animais por unidade experimental e 1 repetição com 3 animais por unidade experimental. O período experimental foi de 28 dias, sendo o período 1 de 18 a 32 dias de vida, período 2 de 32 a 46 dias de vida e no período geral de 18 a 46 dias de vida. Os parametros avaliados foram: consumo de ração diário (CRD), ganho de peso diário (GPD) e conversão alimentar (CA). A adição de Gln na ração não influenciou (P>0,05) os parâmetros de desepenho nos períodos. No ensaio de morfohistologia (ensaio 2) vinte e quatro (24) leitões de 18 dias de vida foram distribuidos em quatro tratamentos (T1 0,0%; T2 0,4%; T3- 0,8% e T4- 1,2 % de Gln) com seis repetições e um animal por cada unidade experimental. Os animais foram abatidos aos 7 dias após o desmame (25 dias de vida) para coleita de amostras das três porções intestinais. Os parâmetros histologicos avaliados foram altura de vilosidade, profundidade de cripta e relação altura de vilosidade:profundidade de cripta dos três segmentos intestinais. A adição de Gln na ração promoveu redução linear e linear-quadratico (P<0,05) na altura das vilosidades e profundidade das criptas do duodeno dos leitões respectivamente. Conclui-se que a adicão de Gln nas rações de leitões após o desmama não apresentou efeitos benéficos sobre o desempenho e na manutenção da integridade da mucosa intestinal dos leitões. No ensaio de desempenho (ensaio 3) foram utilizados quarenta e quatro (44) leitões distribuidos entre quatro tratamentos (T1 0,0%; T2 0,4%; T3- 0,8% e T4- 1,2 % de Ácido Glutâmico + Gln) com cinco repetições, sendo 4 repetições com 2 animais por unidade experimental e 1 repetição com 3 animais por unidade experimental. O período experimental foi de 28 dias, sendo o periodo 1 de 18 a 32 dias de vida, periodo 2 de 32 a 46 dias de vida e no período total de 18 a 46 dias de vida. Os parametros avaliados foram consumo de ração diário (CRD), ganho de peso diario (GPD) e conversão alimentar (CA). A adicão de Ácido Glutâmico + Gln nas dietas de leitões após o desmama melhorou de forma linear (P<0,05) CRD, GPD e CA no período de 18 a 32 dias de idade, entretanto não foram verificados efeitos significativos (P>0,05) no período 2 de 32 a 46 dias de idade, já no periodo total houve melhoría linear (P<0,05) no CRD e CA, e melhoria linear-quadratica no GPD. No ensaio de morfohistologia (ensaio 4) vinte e quatro (24) leitões de 18 dias de vida foram distribuidos em quatro tratamentos (T1 0,0%; T2 0,4%; T3- 0,8% e T4- 1,2 % de Ácido Glutâmico + Gln) com seis repetições e um animal por cada unidade experimental. Os animais foram abatidos aos 7 dias após o desmame (25 dias de vida) para coleta de amostras das três porções intestinais. Os parâmetros histologicos avaliados foram altura de vilosidade, profundidade de cripta e relação altura de vilosidade:profundidade de cripta dos três segmentos intestinais. A adição de Ácido Glutâmico + Gln nas dietas de leitões após o desmame apresentou efeito linear (P<0,05) para os parâmetros de altura de vilosidade e relação altura de vilosidade:profundidade de cripta do duodeno, relação altura de vilosidade:profundidade de cripta do jejuno, altura de vilosidade e relação altura de vilosidade:profundidade de cripta do íleo. Já para o parâmetro profundidade de cripta do duodeno observou-se efeito linear-quadratico. Conclui-se que a adicão de Ácido Glutâmico + Gln nas dietas de leitões após o desmama apresentou efeitos beneficos sobre o desempenho e na manutenção da integridade da mucosa intestinal dos leitões.
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Murison, Megan Kate. "The roles of black-backed jackals and caracals in issues of human-wildlife conflict in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018667.
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[Partial abstract]: Human-wildlife conflict is a widely observed phenomenon and encompasses a range of negative interactions between humans and wildlife. Depredation upon livestock and game species proves to be the prevalent form of this conflict and often results in the killing of carnivores. Within the South African context, despite intense lethal control, two sympatric mesopredators, the blackbacked jackal (Canis mesomelas) and the caracal (Caracal caracal), remain common enough to be considered a major threat to human livelihoods through depredation. Wildlife ranches and livestock farms dominate the landscape in the Eastern Cape Province. Moreover, human-predator conflict within the region is extensive as both the black-backed jackal and caracal are seen to be inimical by landowners. Understanding this conflict is essential for mitigating any potential adverse environmental reactions (i.e. range collapses or extinctions) and requires knowledge of anthropogenic, ecological and environmental factors. I interviewed 73 land owners across five municipal boundaries in the Eastern Cape to quantify perceptions of predator control methods.
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Saint-Cyr, Manuel. "Impact des mycotoxines sur le microbiote intestinal humain, cas particulier du déoxynivalénol." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00950324.
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Le déoxynivalénol (DON) est une mycotoxine qui contamine la plupart des cultures de céréales dans toutes les régions du monde. Capable de résister aux procédés de transformation subies par les céréales, le DON peut se retrouver alors, à l'état de contaminants dans les matières premières (céréales) ainsi que dans les denrées alimentaires transformées destinées à l'Homme (pâtes, pain, bières) et à l'animal (granulés) à des concentrations supérieures aux limites règlementaires. Malgré les efforts de recherche pour caractériser les multiples aspects de l'impact d'une contamination par le DON, les effets bactériologiques de cette mycotoxine n'étaient pas encore documentés chez l'Homme. L'Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), dans le cadre de sa mission de protection du consommateur, a donc souhaité évaluer l'impact d'une contamination au DON sur le microbiote intestinal humain (MIH). Dans cette étude, nous avons d'abord évalué la cinétique du DON chez le porc et chez le rat, puis nous avons utilisé un modèle de rats à flore humanisée pour évaluer l'impact d'une exposition sub-chronique de la mycotoxine sur la composition du MIH. Le DON est un contaminant rapidement distribué et éliminé. Au sein du tractus digestif, il entraine des changements bactériologiques significatifs chez certains principaux groupes bactériens composant le MIH. Cette étude apporte des données complémentaires à l'analyse du risque lié à l'exposition du DON chez l'Homme et montre l'intérêt des modèles animaux étudiés dans des scénarii particuliers d'exposition au DON.
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Chaves, Alexandre Vieira. "Digestion characteristics of forages, including perennial ryegrass at different stages of maturity, and supplementary feeding for dairy cows grazing pasture : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Science, Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1160.
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This thesis defines digestion kinetics for perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), which is the main component of diets fed to dairy cows in New Zealand. Chemical composition and digestion kinetics were measured in fresh minced ryegrass as it matured and leaf, stem and inflorescence of several grass species. In sacco and in vitro incubations were used to define rates of degradation and nutrient release. Two short-term grazing trials were used to evaluate contrasting silages as supplements for cows fed restricted amounts of summer pasture. The minced preparation of ryegrass resulted in a similar distribution of dry matter (DM) between particle size fraction and rumen digesta from cows fed pasture. Mincing released 0.46 – 0.80 of crude protein into the soluble fraction, with highest proportions for mature grasses which had low CP concentrations (about 8 g CP/100 g DM). In contrast, the majority of fibre remained in the insoluble fraction but rates of degradation (k) approximately halved as grass matured. In vitro yield of VFA was similar for immature and mature minced ryegrass (after 12 hours VFA was equivalent to about 30% of DM), even though ammonia concentration declined to very low values for stem and mature grass. This suggests the rapid initial microbial growth was able to sustain a high level of DM degradation to VFA with mature grass. The summer pasture used for silage supplementation was of uncharacteristically good quality so the expected contrasts between maize, pasture, sulla (Hedysarum coronarium), lotus (Lotus corniculatus) and sulla/maize silage mixtures were less than expected. Milk responses to lotus silage supplements were greater than other silages (e.g.: 290 g milksolids from 54 MJ ME by lotus versus 110 g milksolids from about 50 MJ ME supplied by other silages). Pasture substitution was low (0.06 – 0.33). The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) was chosen for evaluation of cow trial data because it uses feed degradation parameters as input variables to estimate nutrient supply. Model prediction of milk yield matched observed values when cows maintained liveweight. Milk yield was underestimated at low intakes and overestimated at high intakes because no allowance is made for nutrient partitioning between milk production and liveweight change.
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"Effect of number of food pieces on food selection and consumption in animals and humans." Doctoral diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.17830.
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abstract: There are several visual dimensions of food that can affect food intake, example portion size, color, and variety. This dissertation elucidates the effect of number of pieces of food on preference and amount of food consumed in humans and motivation for food in animals. Chapter 2 Experiment 1 showed that rats preferred and also ran faster for multiple pieces (30, 10 mg pellets) than an equicaloric, single piece of food (300 mg) showing that multiple pieces of food are more rewarding than a single piece. Chapter 2 Experiment 2 showed that rats preferred a 30-pellet food portion clustered together rather than scattered. Preference and motivation for clustered food pieces may be interpreted based on the optimal foraging theory that animals prefer foods that can maximize energy gain and minimize the risk of predation. Chapter 3 Experiment 1 showed that college students preferred and ate less of a multiple-piece than a single-piece portion and also ate less in a test meal following the multiple-piece than single-piece portion. Chapter 3 Experiment 2 replicated the results in Experiment 1 and used a bagel instead of chicken. Chapter 4 showed that college students given a five-piece chicken portion scattered on a plate ate less in a meal and in a subsequent test meal than those given the same portion clustered together. This is consistent with the hypothesis that multiple pieces of food may appear like more food because they take up a larger surface area than a single-piece portion. All together, these studies show that number and surface area occupied by food pieces are important visual cues determining food choice in animals and both food choice and intake in humans.Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Psychology 2013
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"Modeling the human DDT body burden using domestically grown chickens as food animal sentinels in Nicaragua." Tulane University, 2005.
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Livisay, Stacy Ann. "Effect of oxidative stress on histidine containing dipeptides, conjugated linoleic acid and alpha-tocopherol in animal and human muscle." 1999. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9950183.
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Skeletal muscle contains a number of endogenous antioxidants that aid in protecting the muscle from oxidative damage. Antioxidant systems are comprised of water and lipid soluble compounds. The histidine containing dipeptides, anserine and carnosine, and α-tocopherol represent water and lipid soluble antioxidants which protect the muscle from oxidative damage. Raw and cooked turkey thigh and breast muscle were oxidatively challenged in order to understand the role of water and lipid soluble antioxidants in protecting the muscle from oxidative damage. The data suggest both water soluble and lipid soluble antioxidants affect the oxidative stability of turkey muscle. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was supplemented in the diets of rats in order to ascertain the antioxidant capacity of rat liver microsomes and muscle homogenates after up to 48 hr oxidation. CLA was shown to alter the fatty acid profile but was not shown to be as effective as α-tocopherol. Trained and untrained muscle biopsies were oxidatively stressed for 3 hrs. Trained muscle homogenates exhibited lower hexanal formation and reduced α-tocopherol loss. Supplementation of untrained subjects failed to improve the oxidative stability of the muscle.
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Freitas, Andreia Alexandra Ribeiro. "Development and Validation of Analytical Methodologies for the Determination of Antibiotics in Food of Animal Origin for Human Consumption." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/28808.
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Tese de doutoramento em Ciências Farmacêuticas, na especialidade de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, apresentada à Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de CoimbraO objetivo central desta tese é o de apresentar detalhadamente todo o processo de desenvolvimento e validação de quatro métodos, multi-classe e multi-deteção, para a triagem de antibióticos em leite, músculo de peixe e músculo e fígado de bovino. Recorrendo à ferramenta analítica mais actual, a cromatografia líquida de alta resolução acoplada a um detetor de massa sequencial (UHPLC-MS/MS), os métodos desenvolvidos foram validados de acordo com as especificações da Comissão Europeia, definidas na Decisão da Comissão 2002/657/EC, e destinam-se a ser aplicados na análise de amostras de rotina para o controlo oficial dos produtos alimentares descritos. No primeiro capítulo é apresentada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os desenvolvimentos analíticos, para a deteção de antibióticos em produtos alimentares de origem animal, por cromatografia liquida. Neste capítulo é salientada a utilização de cromatografia liquida acoplada a espectrometria de massa sequencial como sendo a principal técnica na área da pesquisa de resíduos veterinários em amostras biológicas complexas, devido ao facto de garantir que sejam cumpridos todos os critérios estabelecidos pela Comissão Europeia. São ainda descritos os métodos utilizados para a determinação dos grupos de antibióticos isoladamente, assim como são destacadas as vantagens da utilização de métodos multi-deteção e multi-classe na triagem de antibióticos em amostras de rotina. No entanto, não deixam de ser também referidos os problemas mais relevantes encontrados durante o desenvolvimento dessas metodologias. O segundo capítulo centra-se na descrição dos métodos desenvolvidos, por UHPLC-MS/MS, para leite, músculo de peixe e músculo e fígado de bovino. Entre os antimicrobianos determinados encontram-se sulfonamidas, trimetoprim, tetraciclinas, macrólidos, quinolonas, penicilinas e cloranfenicol. Para todas as matrizes é descrito o processo de otimização da preparação das amostras e deteção dos compostos de interesse, assim como o procedimento de validação de acordo com as diretivas da Comissão Europeia. Um dos principais objetivos da validação dos métodos analíticos é o de demonstrar que os mesmos são de uso apropriado em análises de rotina, o que no presente caso ficou claramente demonstrado. Deste modo, os métodos apresentados, para as matrizes selecionadas, poderão tornar-se ferramentas importantes de utilização na área da Segurança Alimentar com aplicação no plano de monitorização oficial. Finalmente, no terceiro e último capítulo, e tendo em conta os principais problemas encontrados durante a análise de amostras por cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massa, foram feitos estudos sobre o real impacto do efeito da matriz. Visto que nos métodos desenvolvidos são analisados, simultaneamente, diferentes grupos de compostos, com diferentes propriedades físico-químicas, a especificidade da preparação da amostra tem de ser minimizada. Em espectrometria de massa, esta situação pode levar a que interferentes provenientes da matriz provoquem efeitos de supressão iónica ou aumento do sinal detetado. Estes fenómenos foram estudados por forma a conhecer os reais impactos dos mesmos durante a análise de amostras de rotina. Foi possível concluir que, apesar dos métodos de multi-deteção e multi-classe terem a eficiência necessária para a sua aplicação em triagem, no que respeita à quantificação de compostos detetados, devem ser aplicadas metodologias mais específicas. No entanto, a capacidade de deteção observada para cada método desenvolvido por UHPLC-MS/MS, o baixo custo e curto período de tempo de resposta por amostra, bem como a especificidade para identificar inequivocamente o antimicrobiano presente, são características que comprovam que as metodologias desenvolvidas são ferramentas essenciais a aplicar em Segurança Alimentar.
The main purpose of this thesisis the presentation of the complete process of development and validation of four multi-class and multi-detection screening methods of antibiotics in milk, fish muscle, bovine muscle and bovine liver. Applying the currently analytical tool of choice, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), all methods were validated according the European Commission requirements stated in the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and can be applied in routine analysis of official samples of the target food products. In chapter one, a review on the last developments on the detection of antibiotics in food-producing animals by liquid-chromatography is presented. This chapter highlights the use of liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry detection as the preferred technique in the field of veterinary residues analysis in complex biological samples due to the possibility of fulfil the European Commission criteria. Methods for the individual families of antibiotics are described and emphasized the advantages of using multi-detection and multiclass screening methods in routine analysis. However, the most important problems found while developing those methods are also emphasized. The second chapter presented the developed UHPLC-MS/MS methods for determining sulphonamides, trimethoprim, tetracyclines, macrolides, quinolones, penicillins and chloramphenicol in milk, fish muscle, bovine muscle and bovine liver. For all matrices it is described the process of optimizing sample preparation and detection of target compounds followed by the validation procedure. One of the main goals, successful achieved, of validation is to provided evidence that the methods are suitable for application in routine analysis. With that being proved, the developed screening methods for antibiotics in the target matrices, became important tools in the Food Safety field. Thus the referred methods could be applied by Official Laboratories in the National Residue Monitoring Plan for veterinary medicines, pesticides and contaminants in food of animal origin. Finally, in the third and last chapter, regarding the principal drawback observed when using chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detection, studies of the real impact of matrix effect in the detection and quantification of the target compounds, were performed. The developed methods can detect, simultaneously, several compounds from different families representing a multitude of diverse physic-chemical properties and, considering that, the specificity of sample preparation had to be minimized. In mass spectrometry that situation can lead to ion suppression or enhancement of signal, owing to interferences coming from the matrices and present in the sample extract to be analysed by mass spectrometry. Such phenomenon was studied in order to understand the real impact in routine analysis. It was concluded that, although multi-detection and multi-class methods can be successfully used for screening purposes, when it comes to quantitation more selective methods should be applied. Despite that, the advantages achieved with the multi-detection UHPC-MS/MS methods turn them in important tools to be used in Food Safety. The capability of detection at residual concentrations, the cost-effectiveness, reduced time of analysis and the specificity to identify the presence of antibiotic in the sample are the features that guarantee the usefulness of the developed methods.
FCT - PTDC/AGR-ALI/122119/2010
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Igra, Alma. "Farm to Pharmacy: Nutrition, Animals, and Governance in Britain 1870-1945." Thesis, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-a0e7-vx11.
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This dissertation examines the emergence of nutrition science in the 20th century and the first cohort of experts who practiced nutrition as a form of medical diplomacy. Unpacking pivotal case studies in Scotland, Iraq, Vienna, Geneva, and Oxford, the project shows how scientific knowledge was produced on a local scale. I argue that knowledge about food developed in Britain from the late 19th century to World War II in a contingent path that involved much more than “discoveries” in labs. It was the unique formation of this discipline across national, international, and imperial political spheres that produced scientific standards and methods. Nutrition enabled a powerful language of exchange, metamorphosis, and commensurability that were vital for British political world systems. My research, therefore, investigates nutrition not just as medical innovation, but as a revolution in ecology and politics: food science was a way to reimagine the earth and Britain’s place within it.
Scientific nutrition began as a marginal sub-field of agricultural science and came to acquire a central place in the definition of human needs. I show how critical terms of human nutrition – productivity, growth, and vitality – emerged from the attempt to improve animal health and from imperial agricultural planning. Even when the science of food moved from farms to pharmacies, through standardized units and products like vitamin supplements, animals and non-human factors continued to shape nutritional concepts, standards, and policies.
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Modica, Samantha Huynh. "Quantitative Analysis of Phytosterols in Cattle Feed, Milk and Fortified Foods." Thesis, 2018. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/38665/.
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Over recent decades, research has demonstrated a direct correlation between phytosterol consumption and the lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The fortification of phytosterols in processed food products has therefore become increasingly popular and as a result, there is a subsequent need for new and improved techniques for quantification of phytosterols in these products. Natural phytosterol fortification of milk by controlled feeding is also becoming a common farming practice although the efficacy of this approach is relatively unknown. Moreover, there are no known reports regarding the resulting phytosterol content in milk under different animal feeding regimes. This study therefore investigated whether different cattle feeds can influence the profile of phytosterols and cholesterol in the milk produced as an alternative to direct fortification.
A series of five feeding experiments were performed using common feeds used by Australian dairy farmers and selected formulated rumen protected feeds. In order to achieve this main objective, a new reliable and rapid analytical technique was required which could accurately measure total phytosterols (including the conjugates) at naturally occurring levels in cattle feed and the resulting bovine milk. The analytical method development investigated three hydrolysis techniques to liberate the sterols for extraction. This included acid hydrolysis and enzymatic treatments (for glycosidic bonds) and saponification (for fatty acid ester bonds). The method development also included optimisation of a sample clean-up and instrumentation. The final method parameters were selected based on accuracy, time efficiency, labour intensity and the availability of resources.
The optimised analytical method used acid hydrolysis and saponification protocols with simultaneous sterol solvent extraction during the hydrolysis step to avoid the less efficient manual liquid extraction step usually performed at this stage. This was then followed by sample clean-up using an amino propyl phase solid phase extraction for cattle feed samples. All extracts were concentrated to a known volume and derivatised using a silylating reagent to make them thermally stable for analysis. Quantification of sterols was performed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and flame ionisation detectors which, allowed for direct quantification and identification of the samples. The total phytosterol determination was based on the sum of the identified plant sterols including brassicasterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, campestanol, β-sitosterol and stigmastanol.
A total of twelve different cattle feed types (excluding the rumen protected feed) commonly used in the dairy industry were analysed including lucerne, pasture (rye grass), maize silage, pasture silage, grape marc (dried and wet), wheat, canola, tannin, barley grain, mineral mix, cotton oil and molasses. These feeds were used in various combinations for the controlled feeding trials with the developed analytical method determining that the highest and lowest average phytosterol contents were found in cotton seed oil (256 mg/100 g) and tannin (<35 mg/100 g) respectively. Based on the analytical method developed, the limit of reporting was 35 mg/100 g and 5 mg/100 g for total phytosterols and individual sterols respectively. In addition to these common cattle feeds, a final feeding trial was also conducted with a rumen protected feed with a known high phytosterol content.
The results of the feeding trials showed that statistical significances (p < 0.05) were observed for some individual phytosterols and cholesterol in milk under these differing feeding regimes compared to the respective controls. The limit of reporting for the milk was 0.12 mg/100 mL and 0.02 mg/100 mL for total phytosterols and individual sterols respectively. In the case of the phytosterols, where the daily recommended consumption to optimise the health benefits is typically 2 g per day, the levels found in milk were <0.12 mg/100 mL of total phytosterols which is comparatively insignificant. The main phytosterols found in milk included lathosterol, β-sitosterol and campesterol, with the average cholesterol content ranging from 12-16.5 mg/100 mL. The cholesterol contents found in the milk samples were within expected values compared to nutritional panels and previous studies. The limited experiment using the rumen protected feed with high phytosterol levels suggested a decreased transfer of cholesterol to the milk by as much as 20% although further work is required to confirm these preliminary results.
Overall, the research suggests that different feeding practices have minimal impact on the quality of milk with regard to the resulting sterol profile. This research has important implications for the dairy industry with the development of reliable, robust and streamlines methods for measuring sterol contents in milk. In addition, it demonstrates that the use of expensive cattle feeds to naturally fortify milk with phytosterols is unfounded and that common, inexpensive feeds result in similar quality milk. Given that cattle feed is the foremost expense for dairy farmers, these findings support the continued use of these more affordable cattle feeds.
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Rocha, Maria Luís Leite. "The Snow White effect: how food colour saturation impacts food likeability and perceived weight." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19061.
Full textAbstract:
We live surrounded by colours, either by the objects we see, or by what nature has been busy
painting, such as food. Colours can influence consumers' perceptions and behaviours,
particularly regarding food perception and selection, as evidenced by numerous studies
described in the literature. However, there is a gap in the investigation of one specific colour
attribute - colour saturation - and its impact on the psychological mechanisms that impact food
preferences.
In this experimental study we investigated how colour saturation of foods and objects influences
their perceived weight and likeability and explore if there is a mediational effect of the
perceived weight on the likeability. Participants (n = 48) were exposed to images of edible
(natural and cooked) and inedible products, with two levels of colour saturation (high vs. low),
and indicated, on a scale, the likeability and perceived weight of the products. Then, simulations
of real consumer situations were introduced, as well as a task to assess the perceived healthiness
of some edible products with both levels of colour saturation.
Our results suggest that the colour saturation of food, but not of objects, significantly affects
the likeability, playing a critical role in food preference, since participants like more highly
saturated foods, whether they are natural or cooked. In contrast, colour saturation does not
influence the perceived weight, making its mediating effect on likeability unfeasible. Also,
there was no significant effect of colour saturation on the perceived healthiness.
This research, besides ensuring experimental control and focusing on the colour attribute less
explored in the literature, allows, through the results obtained, to inform initiatives that
promote, by manipulating the colour saturation of foods, a positive and sustainable impact on
our health and environment.Vivemos rodeados por cores, quer pelos objetos que vemos, quer pelo que a natureza teve função de pintar, como os alimentos. As cores influenciam as perceções e os comportamentos dos consumidores, incluindo as preferências e decisões alimentares, tal como evidenciado em inúmeros estudos descritos na literatura. Todavia, existe uma lacuna na investigação de um dos atributos específicos da cor - a saturação - e o seu impacto nos mecanismos psicológicos subjacentes às preferências alimentares. Neste estudo experimental investigámos de que forma a saturação da cor de alimentos e objetos, influencia a sua gostabilidade e peso percebido. Explorámos, também, o papel mediador do peso percebido nessa gostabilidade. Os participantes (n = 48) viram imagens de produtos comestíveis (naturais e confecionados) e não comestíveis, com dois níveis de saturação da cor (alto vs. baixo) e indicaram, numa escala, a gostabilidade e peso percebido dos produtos. Posteriormente, foram introduzidas duas simulações de situações reais de consumo e a avaliação da perceção de saudabilidade de produtos comestíveis nos dois graus de saturação. Os resultados sugerem que a saturação da cor dos alimentos, mas não dos objetos, afeta significativamente a perceção de gostabilidade, sendo que os participantes gostam mais de alimentos altamente saturados, independentemente de serem naturais ou confecionados. Em contrapartida, a saturação da cor não influencia o peso percebido, inviabilizando o seu efeito mediador na gostabilidade. Também, não foi verificado um efeito significativo da saturação da cor na saudabilidade percebida. Esta investigação, além de primar pelo controlo experimental e focar-se no atributo da cor menos estudado na literatura permite, através dos resultados obtidos, informar iniciativas que promovam, através da manipulação da saturação da cor, um impacto positivo e sustentável na nossa saúde e ambiente.