Academic literature on the topic 'Human food and animal feed'
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Journal articles on the topic "Human food and animal feed"
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Syed Fazal ur Rahim and Muhammad Abdullah Bin Masood. "Global view of animal feed in halal perspective." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 11, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 037–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2022.11.1.0093.
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Purpose: Islamic concept of food consumption for human beings is derived from the term Tayyib which depicts both food safety and quality. Unlike the humans, though animals are not bound to any code of practice, yet with reference to the food animals their diet seeks the attention of Islamic jurisprudence. Animal feed is the preliminary Halal control point in Halal food supply chain when the matter comes to the animal derived ingredients. This paper aims to put forth a global view of animal feed in Halal perspective by showcasing firstly the global scenario of feed industry, feed compositions, hazards and regional regulations, secondly by highlighting the Halal and Tayyib integrity concerns over different feed compositions and addressing them through the global Halal standards and Islamic rulings issued by various Halal industry players. Design/methodology/approach: This research presents an interdisciplinary work of Islamic jurisprudence and feed science, which intertwines research on global feed compositions and the fundamental requirements of Halal and Haram jurisprudence. Findings: Animals are not the addressees of Quran and Sunnah; hence they are not bound to follow any code of religion. They are free to live and consume the way they like; in addition, Islam holds mankind responsible for their welfare and rights. Animal feed becomes an important subject for Islamic Jurisprudence only when the matter comes to the food animals. With reference to the food animals, animal feed is the preliminary control point of food supply chain, hence, it must be from halal source and must not cause harm to the human health. Originality/value: To our best knowledge, this paper is the first that attempts to elaborate on the global feed scenario including compositions and regulations in halal perspective.
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Gjerris, M., C. Gamborg, and H. Röcklinsberg. "Ethical aspects of insect production for food and feed." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 2, no. 2 (June 10, 2016): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2015.0097.
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Given a growing global human population and high pressures on resources, interest in insects as a source of protein for human food (entomophagy) and for animal feed is growing. So far, the main issues discussed have been the embedded technical challenges of scaling up the production. The use of insects as a major human food and feed source is thought to present two major challenges: (1) how to turn insects into safe, tasty socially acceptable feed and food; and (2) how to cheaply yet sustainably produce enough insects? Entomophagy, however, as any utilisation of animals and the rest of nature also entails ethical issues – both regarding the impact on human health, the environment and climate change and regarding production methods such as intensification and biotechnology. The aim of the paper is to give a systematic overview of ethical aspects embedded in the notion of utilising insects as protein providers in the Western food and feed production chains. We identify five areas where ethical questions are especially pertinent: environmental impact, human and animal health, human preferences and social acceptability, animal welfare and finally broader animal ethics issues. Especially the latter two are more scantly dealt with in the literature. This part of the review will therefore contain suggestions for ethical issues that should be examined closer.
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Abud Clariget, Maria José, Janine Kowalczyk, and Birgit Wobst. "Deriving “potential target values” of PCDD/F in animal feed: the role of livestock at the interface between feed and food chain." Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety 16, no. 4 (November 17, 2021): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00003-021-01350-0.
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AbstractLinking derivation of potential target values of PCDD/Fs in animal feed with risk assessment for consumer protection is a challenge when tolerable weekly intake (TWI) and transfer factors from feed to food are considered. Generally, maximum values for feed and food are set separately without considering the feed and the food producing animal as an important factor along the food chain from farm to fork. Levels of contaminants in feed can accumulate in animals and their products effect consumers at the end of the food chain. Hence, the process of setting legal maximum levels of contaminants should account for transfer from feed consumed by food producing animals into animal products for human consumption. Here, we calculated potential target values of PCDD/F in feed to ensure that animal products such as milk from dairy cows, eggs from laying hens and pork and pork products from fattening pigs are safe for human consumption. In our approach, we calculated potential target values of PCDD/Fs in animal feed using transfer factors for PCDD/F-TEQs from feed to milk fat, eggs fat, and fat in pork and pork products, taking into account the tolerable weekly intake derived by European Food Safety Authority. We assumed equal proportions of WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ and WHO-PCB-TEQ in feed. Potential target values of PCDD/F in feed are expressed as the quantity of toxicologically evaluated PCDD/Fs, expressed in WHO toxic equivalents (WHO2005-PCDD/F-TEQ) per kg feed with 12% moisture. In the current approach, derived values would be 10–54 times lower than the current legal maximum level of 0.75 ng WHO2005-PCDD/F-TEQ per kg feed (12% moisture), according to Directive 2002/32/EC as amended.
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Schader, Christian, Adrian Muller, Nadia El-Hage Scialabba, Judith Hecht, Anne Isensee, Karl-Heinz Erb, Pete Smith, et al. "Impacts of feeding less food-competing feedstuffs to livestock on global food system sustainability." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 113 (December 2015): 20150891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0891.
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Increasing efficiency in livestock production and reducing the share of animal products in human consumption are two strategies to curb the adverse environmental impacts of the livestock sector. Here, we explore the room for sustainable livestock production by modelling the impacts and constraints of a third strategy in which livestock feed components that compete with direct human food crop production are reduced. Thus, in the outmost scenario, animals are fed only from grassland and by-products from food production. We show that this strategy could provide sufficient food (equal amounts of human-digestible energy and a similar protein/calorie ratio as in the reference scenario for 2050) and reduce environmental impacts compared with the reference scenario (in the most extreme case of zero human-edible concentrate feed: greenhouse gas emissions −18%; arable land occupation −26%, N-surplus −46%; P-surplus −40%; non-renewable energy use −36%, pesticide use intensity −22%, freshwater use −21%, soil erosion potential −12%). These results occur despite the fact that environmental efficiency of livestock production is reduced compared with the reference scenario, which is the consequence of the grassland-based feed for ruminants and the less optimal feeding rations based on by-products for non-ruminants. This apparent contradiction results from considerable reductions of animal products in human diets (protein intake per capita from livestock products reduced by 71%). We show that such a strategy focusing on feed components which do not compete with direct human food consumption offers a viable complement to strategies focusing on increased efficiency in production or reduced shares of animal products in consumption.
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Scheffler, Jason M., and Chad Carr. "Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) Preventive Controls for Animal Food." EDIS 2016, no. 9 (November 9, 2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-an330-2016.
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The Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) was signed into law in January of 2011 and is considered the most sweeping reform of food safety regulations in 70 years. The human food regulations were composed first and, with significant input from industry, academia, and consumer groups as well as other agencies, were then modified to better suit animal food production. In Florida, these new regulations apply to facilities that manufacture, process, pack, or hold food or food ingredients for animals. These facilities may include pet food manufacturers, renderers, ethanol distillers, feed mills, distributors, and others. The primary goal of these regulations is to ensure safe food for the animals, people who handle the feed, and people who consume the final animal products. This 3-page fact sheet discusses requirements, facilities that will most likely be expected to be in compliance, deadlines, development of a food safety plan, and preventive controls for qualified individuals. Written by Jason M. Scheffler and Chad Carr, and published by the UF Department of Animal Sciences, December 2016. AN330/AN330: The Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) Preventive Controls for Animal Food (ufl.edu)
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Vitorovic, G., B. Mitrovic, D. Vitorovic, V. Andric, and I. Adamovic. "Radiation hygienic control of mineral supplements and feed for pigs." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 3 (2011): 835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1103835v.
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Radiometric control of products involved in the food chain is an important part of ongoing quality control of products related to food and feed. Content of primordial and anthropogenic radionuclides in some products directly determines their quality and further methods of usage. The most common way of intake of radionuclides in the human body is ingestion (80 %) through contaminated food and water. The foods of animal origin are largely represented in the human diet. Therefore radiation control of animal feeds and animal products will contribute to producing food for human nutrition without or with low risk for health. This paper presents the results obtained by gamma spectrometric analysis of mineral additives and mixtures for pig nutrition, from imported and domestic production. In most samples examined, activity levels of natural and radionuclides made during production were in accordance with the regulations. A certain number of tested mineral supplement samples had increased levels of activity of 238U (640- 2100 Bq/kg), which was not in accordance with applicable regulations.
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Mézes, Miklós, Krisztián Balogh, and Katalin Tóth. "Preventive and therapeutic methods against the toxic effects of mycotoxins — A review." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.58.2010.1.1.
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Ingredients used in animal feeds and their contamination with undesirable substances, such as mycotoxins, are fundamentally important both in terms of the quality of animal products and the potential human health impacts associated with the animal-based food production chain. Feed ingredients contaminated with mycotoxins may have a wide range of toxicological effects on animals. Therefore, mycotoxin contamination of feed ingredients constituting complete feed products represents an important potential hazard in farm animal production. This review summarises the potential effects of some preventive methods used during the storage of cereal grains as well as of nutritive (e.g. antioxidants, amino acids, fats) or non-nutritive compounds (e.g. pharmacological substances, carbon- or silica-based polymers) and detoxifying enzymes recommended for use against the toxic effects of different mycotoxins.
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Park, Douglas L., and Bailin Liang. "Perspectives on aflatoxin control for human food and animal feed." Trends in Food Science & Technology 4, no. 10 (October 1993): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-2244(93)90104-i.
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Błaszczyk, Alina, Aleksandra Augustyniak, and Janusz Skolimowski. "Ethoxyquin: An Antioxidant Used in Animal Feed." International Journal of Food Science 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/585931.
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Ethoxyquin (EQ, 6-ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline) is widely used in animal feed in order to protect it against lipid peroxidation. EQ cannot be used in any food for human consumption (except spices, e.g., chili), but it can pass from feed to farmed fish, poultry, and eggs, so human beings can be exposed to this antioxidant. The manufacturer Monsanto Company (USA) performed a series of tests on ethoxyquin which showed its safety. Nevertheless, some harmful effects in animals and people occupationally exposed to it were observed in 1980’s which resulted in the new studies undertaken to reevaluate its toxicity. Here, we present the characteristics of the compound and results of the research, concerning, for example, products of its metabolism and oxidation or searching for new antioxidants on the EQ backbone.
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DÓREA, JOSÉ G. "Fish Meal in Animal Feed and Human Exposure to Persistent Bioaccumulative and Toxic Substances." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 2777–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.11.2777.
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Persistent and bioaccumulative toxic substances (PBTSs) that end up in fish are health hazards and the object of fish-consumption advisories. Some of these substances are present as extraneous contaminants, e.g., man-made lipophilic pollutants such as organohalogen pollutants, and others such as monomethyl mercury can be considered naturally occurring. Omnivores (e.g., poultry and swine) and especially ruminants that are fed contaminated fish meal can pass monomethyl mercury and organohalogen pollutants to eggs, meat, and dairy products. Differences in fish meal PBTS profiles and farm animal (e.g., poultry, swine, cattle, and farmed fish) physiology modulate PBTSs in animal products. Fish-consumption advisories issued to protect human health do not extend to fish by-products fed to farmed animals. Animals (especially farmed fish) that are fed fish meal can bioconcentrate monomethyl mercury in protein matrices, and organohalogen pollutants can be passed on in the fat components of derived foods. Policies to decrease exposure to monomethyl mercury and organohalogen pollutants must consider farming practices that use fish by-products. A risk assessment of toxic contaminants in fish meal may indicate that food safety objectives must consider the human health impact of foods derived from animals fed contaminated meal.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Human food and animal feed"
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Yaseen, Muhammad Rizwan. "Modèles d'équilibre partiel pour les pays d'Asie du Sud : Déterminants et évolution de l'offre et de la demande pour l'alimentation d'humain et des animaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-04136321.
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Étant les pays les plus peuplés d'Asie du Sud, l'Inde, le Pakistan et le Bangladesh représentent ensemble environ 37% de la population mondiale sous-alimentée. Ainsi, ces pays sont d'un intérêt particulier pour l'analyse de leurs systèmes agricole et alimentaire et pour la réalisation de divers scenarios. Les principaux paramètres d'importance relatifs à l'évolution du système agricole et à l'état de la sécurité alimentaire de ces trois pays sont présentées dans le premier et deuxième chapitre de cette thèse. Les déterminants de l'offre sont présentés avec leur évolution dans le troisième chapitre de la thèse. Les élasticités directes et croisées d'offre de surfaces relatives aux produits bruts de chaque culture sont calculées par un modèle translog et analysées dans ce même chapitre. Les résultats indiquent notamment que les surfaces cultivée des principales cultures (blé et riz) sont relativement faible élastique au produit brut par rapport aux cultures mineures. Les déterminants de la demande pour l'alimentation humaine sont présentés avec leur évolution dans le quatrième chapitre de la thèse. Dans le même chapitre, les élasticités revenus, ainsi que les élasticités directes et croisées (compensées et non compensées) relatives aux prix des produits végétaux et des produits animaux principaux pris séparément puis, avec une hypothèse de budgétisation à deux niveaux, ensemble sont calculés pour ces pays en utilisant un modèle LA-AIDS. La relation entre les groupes agrégés de produits végétaux et animaux est également analysée. Il est apparu que les principaux produits alimentaires dans ces pays, comme le blé, le riz, les oeufs et le lait sont relativement moins élastiques à leurs propres prix que d'autres aliments (huiles végétales, sucre, etc..). Lorsque les dépenses augmentent dans ces pays, les consommateurs pakistanais et indiens diversifient plus leur consommation qu'au Bangladesh, passant des céréales à plus d'autres produits (lait, oeufs). Les déterminants de la demande pour l'alimentation animale sont présentés avec leur évolution dans le cinquième chapitre. Dans le même chapitre, les élasticités-prix directes et croisées pour les différents produits d'alimentation de l'alimentation animale sont calculés en utilisant d'abord une régression pour estimer la demande totale en fonction des productions animales (notamment de volailles, d'oeufs et de lait) puis une méthode d'estimation translog à partir de pseudo-données générés par un modèle de formulation nutritionnel pour obtenir les élasticités de demande pour ces trois pays. Il est apparu que dans ces pays, certains tonnages de blé et de riz sont consommés directement au niveau de l'exploitation par les animaux. Les utilisations totales de sons et de mélasses sont relativement élastiques à leurs prix au Pakistan et en Inde, mais relativement inélastique au Bangladesh. Le maïs, ingrédient important, est élastique à son prix et substitut des sons dans trois pays. Dans le sixième chapitre, la méthodologie utilisée pour la construction des modèles d'équilibre partiel est présentée ainsi que les modalités de son implémentation dans le logiciel GAMS avec utilisation du solveur non linéaire COUENNE. Les différents scénarios calculés pour 2009 et 2025 montrent l'influence de la variation des principaux paramètres exogènes (population, revenu par habitant, superficie totale cultivée, production animale et rendements des diverse cultures) sur les prix d'équilibre intérieurs, les superficies et les quantités (production, consommation, commerce extérieur) par rapport à la situation réelle de l'année 2009. [...] Suite et fin du résumé dans la thèseBeing the most populous countries of South Asia, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh together represents about forty percent of the world total undernourished population. Thus, these three countries are of particular interest in food and feed analysis. On supply side, the own and cross gross product elasticities for each crop are calculated by translog model. The crop areas of the major crops (wheat and rice) are weakly gross product responsive as compared to the minor crops. On demand side, revenue elasticities and the own and cross uncompensated price elasticities of main vegetal products and animal products taken separately as well as together are calculated for these countries by using the LA-AIDS model. It appeared that main food products in these countries like wheat, rice, eggs and milk are relatively less price elastic as compared to other food (vegetal oils, sugar). When expenditure rises in these countries, then Pakistani and Indian consumer diversify their consumption from cereals to other products (milk, eggs) more than Bangladeshi. The own and cross price elasticities for different feed products are calculated by using regression model and translog model on pseudo data generated by a feed nutritional formulation for these three countries. It appeared that in these countries, wheat and rice are consumed directly on farm level by animals to some extent. Total brans and molasses are relatively high price elastic in Pakistan and India but relatively inelastic in Bangladesh. Maize is highly price elastic and substitute of brans in three countries. The partial equilibrium model for each of the three countries implemented in the GAMS with nonlinear solver COUENNE has allowed the realization of various scenarios for 2009 and 2025. These scenarios calculated influence of variation in key exogenous parameters (population, per capita income, total cultivated area, animal production and yields of various crops) on domestic prices, area and quantities (, production, consumption, external trade) from the actual situation of 2009. The scenario of limiting the increase in the overall deficit of Southeast Asia between 2009 and 2025 (in order to promote intra-zone exchange) would be more beneficial for Pakistan as compared to the other two countries while the scenario to control and harmonize the evolution of agricultural prices in the three countries would be more beneficial for India compared to the other two countries. In the conclusion the main limitations and some ways of improving these partial equilibrium models are presented with previous qualitative results
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Jeffrey, Andrea. "The role of Salmonella in animal food." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32583.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Grain Science and Industry
Cassandra Jones
Salmonella contamination in animal food production facilities is a growing concern. The bacteria has been the cause of 40% of pet food recalls in the past 5 years, and there are potential human health implications because pet food is a direct human contact food. A potential method to reduce Salmonella contamination in pet food is through the use of acidifiers and desiccants to destroy and inhibit growth of bacteria. The objective of this thesis was to quantify Salmonella contamination in livestock feed and pet food manufacturing facilities, and propose mitigation measures to mitigate the presence of pathogens in animal food. Therefore, the objective of Experiment 1 was to investigate sources of Salmonella contamination throughout livestock feed (n = 2) and pet food (n = 2) manufacturing facilities on a specific sampling day. Salmonella was present in all four facilities. However, one of the livestock feed manufacturing facilities had more than double the Salmonella-positive locations than all other facilities. This experiment demonstrated that surface type and location should be taken into consideration when controlling Salmonella contamination. In Experiments 2 and 3, the use of a commercial powdered dry acidulant, sodium bisulfate, was studied as a coating of dog kibble to reduce and prevent Salmonella growth over time. The coating reduced Salmonella concentration, and its efficacy was not impacted by altering the bulk density or surface area of the kibble. Experiment 4 was conducted to determine the efficacy of sodium bisulfate added to poultry mash to reduce or prevent Salmonella growth over time. The inclusion of the dry acidulant did not reduce Salmonella concentration; however, storage time reduced Salmonella contamination in poultry feed. In summary, Salmonella contamination exists in manufacturing facilities, but the location and magnitude of contamination differs. Furthermore, sodium bisulfate effectively reduces Salmonella contamination when applied as a pet food coating, but not in poultry feed.
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Muckey, Mary Beth. "Evaluation of surface sanitation to prevent biological hazards in animal food manufacturing." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/34483.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Grain Science and Industry
Cassandra K. Jones
Animal food manufacturing facilities need to evaluate biological hazards within their facility due to their severity and probability to cause illness or injury in humans or animals. Control of biological hazards, including Salmonella and Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV), in animal food manufacturing facilities may require a preventative control to mitigate the risk of the hazard. Thermal processing is an effective point-in-time control, but does not prevent cross-contamination during drying, cooling, and packaging/load-out of animal food. Therefore, it may be appropriate to sanitize surfaces to prevent cross-contamination of animal food during manufacturing. The objective of the first experiment was to evaluate surface decontamination strategies for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) using chemical disinfectants to reduce viral RNA on various manufacturing surfaces. Concentrated liquid formaldehyde and sodium hypochlorite reduced the quantity of viral PEDV RNA on all tested surfaces. Rubber belting from a bucket elevator retained the most PEDV RNA, while the polyethylene tote bag retained the least. In the second experiment, surface decontamination was evaluated for Salmonella Typhimurium using liquid and dry chemical sanitizers on various manufacturing surfaces. Surfaces treated with concentrated commercial formaldehyde had no detectable Salmonella after treatment, and surfaces treated with medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) had at least a 4-log reduction compared to the control. The dry commercial acidulant, sodium bisulfate, was the most effective dry sanitizer tested, but had limited efficacy depending on surface type. Experiment 3 further tested the application of two chemical sanitizers against Salmonella Enteritidis on residual surface and feed contamination in pilot-scale mixers. Manufacturing sequence, but not treatment impacted feed and surface contamination of Salmonella Enteritidis. Specifically, there was Salmonella-positive residue in the batch of feed manufactured immediately after the positive control batch. However, no Salmonella residue was detected in batches of feed treated with either concentrated commercial essential oil blend or rice hulls treated with 10% MCFA. Low levels of Salmonella residues were observed from feed and surfaces manufactured after Sequence 1, but no residues were observed by Sequence 2. This data suggests that sequencing of feed during manufacturing can reduce Salmonella-positive contamination within animal food and on manufacturing surfaces, particularly after the second batch or with the use of chemical treatments. In summary, liquid sanitizers have been shown to be effective at reducing Salmonella spp. and PEDV contamination on a variety of animal food manufacturing surfaces, but application and practicality may be limited.
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Racicot, Bergeron Catherine. "Food animal reservoir for extraintestinal pathogenic «Escherichia coli» causing human infections." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104886.
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Studies of extraintestinal infections caused by genetically related strains of Escherichia coli among unrelated people have demonstrated the epidemic potential of this group of bacteria. These related extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) may have a common source. Our group recently described how retail meat, particularly chicken, may be a reservoir for ExPEC causing human urinary tract infections (UTIs). By moving upstream on the farm to fork continuum, this study tests whether the reservoir for ExPEC is in food animals themselves. A total of 824 geographically and temporally matched E. coli isolates from cecal contents of slaughtered food animals (n=349) and human UTI (n=475) sources were compared. Using 6 different typing methods, an evolutionary relationship was observed between E. coli isolates from the food animal reservoir and human UTI. Moreover, chicken was the predominant animal species from where the related isolates originated. Using an evolutionary model, chicken was determined to be the most likely source of the human UTI isolates. This study confirmed that an animal reservoir, principally in chicken, may exist for ExPEC causing community-acquired UTI.Les études portant sur les infections extra-intestinales causées par des souches d'Escherichia coli génétiquement apparentées, chez des personnes non reliées entre elles, ont démontré le potentiel épidémique de ce groupe de bactéries. Ces souches d'E. coli pathogènes extra-intestinales (ExPEC) apparentées auraient possiblement une source commune. Notre groupe a récemment décrit comment la viande de détail, plus particulièrement le poulet, pourrait être un réservoir d'ExPEC responsables d'infections urinaires (IUs) chez les humains. En se déplaçant plus en amont dans le continuum de la ferme à la fourchette, cette étude teste si le réservoir d'ExPEC se trouve dans les animaux de production eux-mêmes. Un total de 824 isolats d'E. coli de provenances géographique et temporelle communes, prélevés dans le contenu caecal d'animaux abattus (n=349) et de cas d'IU humaine (n=475) ont été comparés. Par l'utilisation de 6 différentes méthodes de typage, une relation évolutionnaire a été observée entre les isolats d'E. coli provenant du réservoir animal et d'IU humaine. De plus, le poulet était l'espèce animale prédominante parmi les isolats parentés. L'utilisation d'un modèle évolutionnaire a permis de déterminer que le poulet est la source la plus probable des isolats d'IU humaine. Cette étude a confirmé qu'un réservoir animal, principalement chez le poulet, pourrait exister pour les ExPEC qui causent des IUs acquises en communauté.
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Buckley, Louise Anne. "Food choices for hungry broiler breeders : do they prefer quantitative or qualitative dietary restriction?" Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6522.
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This programme of research uses choice test methodologies to quantify hungry broiler breeder chickens’ preferences for qualitative or quantitative dietary restriction. It begins with an outline of quantitative dietary restriction, its severity and welfare implications before discussing methods of qualitative feed restriction and the difficulties ascertaining whether it represents a welfare improvement. Chapter two reviews the factors affecting diet preferences and discusses implications for feed restricted broiler breeder diet preferences. Chapter three outlines the use of a closed economy T-maze task to quantity the diet preferences of feed restricted broiler breeders. It concludes that broiler breeders can learn a food versus no food task but find it very difficult to learn a task in which both of the options are rewarded with food and this impeded diet preference quantification. Chapter four demonstrates that severity of feed restriction underlies these difficulties in learning. In Chapter five, a conditioned place preference task to identify the effects of diets on affective state (hunger versus satiety) is reported. A method validation group demonstrated that broilers show a state dependent preference for an environment associated with ad libitum access to food. However, birds failed to show a preference between an environment associated with quantitative dietary restriction and one associated with qualitative dietary restriction. Chapter six applies state- dependent learning (SDL) to quantifying the satiating effects of quantitative and qualitative dietary restriction. However, a validation group suggested that SDL preferences were probably an artefact of the test rather than a genuine state-led preference. Finally, the overall conclusion that no evidence was found that broiler breeders want, or that their welfare is improved by, qualitative feed restriction was drawn. However, the conditions under which a preference was reliably observed and the presence of hunger – state dependent effects on learning and expression of learnt preferences complicates the interpretation of any findings. Recommendations for further research are highlighted.
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Morrow, Alan Thomas Samuel. "Studies on voluntary feed intake of growing pigs with reference to behaviour and efficiency of food utilization." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333822.
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de, Vries Tialda. "Let's head to the food store : An analysis of accessibility to food stores in rural and urban Västerbotten." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för geografi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-187661.
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Food is of great importance to daily life. Food stores and supermarkets are the key places to get food for both the urban and rural populations. This study presents the accessibility of urban and rural food stores in Västerbotten County. A GIS-based analysis created service areas around the food stores using the road network in Västerbotten. These service areas were created for two different forms of transport, driving and public transport. The public transport service areas made us of the GTFS tool within ArcGIS pro. The population within and not within these service areas were counted as having access and not having access to the food stores in the time cost model. Compared to the urban population, the rural population has less access to the food stores in both the driving and public transport service areas. For both the urban and rural populations, accessibility with the car is higher than when taking public transport options.
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Lindberg, Stina. "Evaluation of a genomic work flow for the detection of Bacillus subtilis in animal feed and food samples." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6345.
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Bacillus anthracis is one of the most feared agents of biological warfare and causes the
deadly disease called anthrax. SVA (statens veterinärmedicinska anstalt) is working on a
project together with SLV (statens livsmedelsverk) where the target is to find rapid and
effective detection methods for Bacillus anthracis in animal feed and food samples. Bacillus
subtilis, which is harmless, was used in this study as a model organism to Bacillus anthracis.
A known concentration of vegetative Bacillus subtilis was spiked in animal feed and food
samples. The genomic work flow was based on automated DNA isolation and real time PCR.
The aim of the study was to screen for inhibitory components in the animal feed and food
samples using two different DNA isolation robots; Magnatrix 8000 and Biorobot EZ1. The
results showed that DNA of high quality was extracted from the samples with both robots.
However, the CT-value generated by the real time PCR showed considerable variation
depending on the sample matrix. Some samples, for instance egg and liver, were problematic
and gave low concentrations and high CT-values probably due to inhibitory components in the
samples. Further studies will be needed to solve these problems and optimize the methods that
were used in this study.
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Van, Rooyen R. S. "Improved pellet quality following the implementation of a HACCP system in a commercial animal feed plant." Diss., Pretoria ; [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03092005-103146.
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Johnson, Hailey E. "Co-utilisation of microalgae for wastewater treatment and the production of animal feed supplements." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003999.
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Microalgae have a variety of commercial applications, the oldest of which include utilisation as a food source and for use in wastewater treatment. These applications, however, are seldom combined due to toxicity concerns, for ethical reasons, and generally the requirement for cultivation of a single algae species for use as a feed supplement. These problems might be negated if a “safer” wastewater such as that from agricultural and/or commercial food production facilities were to be utilised and if a stable algae population can be maintained. In this investigation preliminary studies were carried out using an Integrated Algae Pond System (IAPS) for domestic wastewater treatment to determine the species composition in the associated High Rate Algae Ponds (HRAPs). The effect of different modes of operation, continuous versus batch, on nutrient removal, productivity and species composition was also investigated. Furthermore, indigenous species in the HRAP were isolated and molecularly identified as, Chlorella, Micractinium, Scenedesmus and Pediastrum. Additionally, the effect of the nor amino acid, 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMTBA) and its Cu-chelated derivative, on the growth and biochemical composition of Chlorella, Micractinium, Scenedesmus, Pediastrum and Spirulina was investigated. Species composition in the HRAP was stable under continuous operation with Micractinium dominating > 90% of the algae population. Under batch operation the population dynamic shifted; Chlorella outcompeted Micractinium possibly due to nutrient depletion and selective grazing pressures caused by proliferation of Daphnia. Higher species diversity was observed during batch mode as slower growing algae were able to establish in the HRAP. Nutrient removal efficiency and biomass productivity was higher in continuous mode, however lower nutrient levels were obtained in batch operation. HMTBA did not significantly affect growth rate, however treatment with 10 mg.L-1 resulted in slightly increased growth rate in Micractinium and increased final biomass concentrations in Chlorella, Micractinium and Spirulina (although this was not statistically significant for Micractinium and Spirulina), which are known mixotrophic species. Algae treated with Cu-HMTBA, showed reduced final biomass concentration with 10 mg.L-1, caused by Cu toxicity. Biochemical composition of the algae was species-specific and differed through the growth cycle, with high protein observed during early growth and high carbohydrate during late growth/early stationary phase. Additionally, 0.1 mg.L-1 HMTBA and Cu-HMTBA significantly reduced protein content in Chlorella, Micractinium, Scenedesmus and Pediastrum. In conclusion, operation of the HRAP in continuous culture provided suitable wastewater treatment with high productivity of an ideal species, Micractinium, for use in animal feed supplementation. This species had 40% protein content during growth (higher than the other species tested) and dominated the HRAP at > 90% of the algae population during continuous mode. Addition of HMTBA (> 1 mg.L-1) to algae cultivation systems and those treating wastewater, has the potential to improve productivity and the value of the biomass by enhancing protein content. Overall, the co-utilisation of microalgae for wastewater treatment and the generation of a biomass rich in protein, for incorporation into formulated animal feed supplements, represents a closed ecosystem which conserves nutrients and regenerates a most valuable resource, water.
Books on the topic "Human food and animal feed"
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Operations, United States Congress House Committee on Government. Human food safety and the regulation of animal drugs: Twenty-seventh report. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Human food safety and the regulation of animal drugs: Twenty-seventh report. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Human food safety and the regulation of animal drugs: Twenty-seventh report. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.
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1933-, Simopoulos Artemis P., ed. The return of w3 fatty acids into the food supply. Basel: Karger, 1998.
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National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Feed Intake., ed. Predicting feed intake of food-producing animals. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1987.
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Coffman, Howard D. The dry dog food reference. Nashua, N.H: PigDog Press, 1995.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform and Oversight. Potential transmission of spongiform encephalopathies to humans: The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) ruminant to ruminant feed ban and the safety of other products : hearing before the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session, January 29, 1997. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.
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Pesti, Gene M. Animal feed formulation: Economics and computer applications. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993.
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Agency, Netherlands Foreign Trade, ed. Technology and machinery for the food and animal feed industries. Zoetermeer: GMW, 1986.
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Crawshaw, Robin. Co-product feeds: Animal feeds from the food and drinks industries. Nottingham, U.K: Nottingham University Press, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Human food and animal feed"
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Okike, Iheanacho, Seerp Wigboldus, Anandan Samireddipalle, Diego Naziri, Akin O. K. Adesehinwa, Victor Attah Adejoh, Tunde Amole, Sunil Bordoloi, and Peter Kulakow. "Turning Waste to Wealth: Harnessing the Potential of Cassava Peels for Nutritious Animal Feed." In Root, Tuber and Banana Food System Innovations, 173–206. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92022-7_6.
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AbstractIn Nigeria, processing cassava for food and industry yields around 15 million tons of wet peels annually. These peels are usually dumped near processing centres to rot or dry enough to be burned. Rotting heaps release methane into the air and a stinking effluent that pollutes nearby streams and underground water, while burning produces clouds of acrid smoke. However, when properly dried, peels can be an ingredient in animal feed. Previous attempts over two decades to use peels in animal feed failed to yield profitable options for drying wet peels at commercial scale, but recent research suggests that cassava peels can be processed into high-quality cassava peel (HQCP) products to be used as nutritious, low-cost animal feed ingredients. The core innovation was to adopt the same steps and equipment used for processing cassava roots into gari, the main staple food in the country. When dried, 3 tons of wet peels yield a tonne of healthy and energy-rich animal feed, containing nearly 3,000 kilocalories per kilogram of dry matter (kcal/kgDM). Adopting this innovation at scale in Nigeria’s poultry and fish sectors alone has the potential to turn approximately 3.6 million tons of wet peels into 1.2 million tons of feed ingredients capable of replacing approximately 810,000 tons of largely imported maize. The innovation has great potential to increase feed availability and lower its cost while saving cereals for human consumption, reducing the import bill, creating new business opportunities, and protecting the environment. This research was initiated by CGIAR centres and taken up by the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB) over the past decade with strategic input from the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock to accelerate development of the innovation, and this chapter documents the potential and progress in taking this innovation to scale.
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Herrero, Mario, Daniel Mason-D’Croz, Philip K. Thornton, Jessica Fanzo, Jonathan Rushton, Cecile Godde, Alexandra Bellows, et al. "Livestock and Sustainable Food Systems: Status, Trends, and Priority Actions." In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 375–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_20.
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AbstractLivestock are a critically important component of the food system, although the sector needs a profound transformation to ensure that it contributes to a rapid transition towards sustainable food systems. This chapter reviews and synthesises the evidence available on changes in demand for livestock products in the last few decades, and the multiple socio-economic roles that livestock have around the world. We also describe the nutrition, health, and environmental impacts for which the sector is responsible. We propose eight critical actions for transitioning towards a more sustainable operating space for livestock. (1) Facilitate shifts in the consumption of animal source foods (ASF), recognising that global reductions will be required, especially in communities with high consumption levels, while promoting increased levels in vulnerable groups, including the undernourished, pregnant women and the elderly. (2) Continue work towards the sustainable intensification of livestock systems, paying particular attention to animal welfare, food-feed competition, blue water use, disease transmission and perverse economic incentives. (3) Embrace the potential of circularity in livestock systems as a way of partially decoupling livestock from land. (4) Adopt practices that lead to the direct or indirect mitigation of greenhouse gases. (5) Adopt some of the vast array of novel technologies at scale and design incentive mechanisms for their rapid deployment. (6) Diversify the protein sources available for human consumption and feed, focusing on the high-quality alternative protein sources that have lower environmental impacts. (7) Tackle antimicrobial resistance effectively through a combination of technology and new regulations, particularly for the fast-growing poultry and pork sectors and for feedlot operations. (8) Implement true cost of food and true-pricing approaches to ASF consumption.
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Orlova, Nadezhda, Evgenia Serova, Vladimir Popov, and Marina Petukhova. "Key Areas of the Agricultural Science Development in Russia in the Context of Global Trends and Challenges." In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 799–812. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_42.
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AbstractThe modern Russian agrifood industry is a steadily developing sector of the national economy. The production of a number of goods has reached historically high levels. Russia has a strong position in the export of agricultural raw material commodities, while the country remains dependent on imports from other countries. This chapter examines critical areas of scientific research in Russia that will create opportunities for increasing competitiveness in the transition of the world food systems from conventional agriculture to Agriculture 4.0. Science and technology-based innovations for transforming food systems in Russia include productivity growth through breeding technologies and improved genetics, in combination with technologies that will ensure optimal realization of this potential (feed additives, fertilizers, plant protection products, animal health, and other so-called “package” solutions). The introduction of digital technologies and cross-platform solutions in agriculture, to reduce the gaps in labor productivity, will increase overall productivity and reduce food losses. Diversification of food products includes priorities for high-margin segments of healthy, functional and personalized nutrition, and the deep processing of agricultural commodities. The paper explores closed farming systems (including “urban farming”) that are independent of external climatic and biological factors. Development of the agricultural waste recycling sector is a priority too. Russia lags behind its competitors in terms of the scientific quality of its production. This is due to a lack of efficiency in the financing of agricultural science, as well as an imbalance within its structure. An increasingly acute problem of the transition of Russian food systems to the innovative path is the reduction of human resources. This trend is typical both in the scientific sector, where it is expressed in a decrease in the number of researchers and an aging staff (which threatens the continuity in the established scientific schools and the viability of research teams) and in agriculture as a whole.
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Riaz, Mian N., and Munir M. Chaudry. "Animal Feed and Halal Food." In Handbook of Halal Food Production, 229–32. Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press, [2019] | Expanded version of: Halal food production / Mian N. Rias, Muhammad M. Chaudry. Boca Raton, FL ; CRC Press, c2004, with twelve new contributions.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315119564-21.
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Dhang, Partho, Philip G. Koehler, Roberto M. Pereira, and Daniel D. Dye II. "Cockroaches." In Key questions in urban pest management: a study and revision guide, 47–54. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620179.0006.
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Abstract This book chapter discusses cockroaches. Ovoviviparous cockroaches form an egg capsule externally from the body but then withdraw it into a brood sac, females provide water until the eggs hatch, and the nymphs emerge from the female's body. For viviparous cockroaches, the ootheca is withdrawn into the female's body, the eggs develop in the brood sac, and eggs are fed nutrients by the female until the birth of the nymphs. They can cause psychopathology where the thought or sight of cockroaches, or contact with surfaces where cockroaches have been, can affect a person's perception of their own well-being. There are cockroaches that live in temperate and tropical forests, grasslands, salt marshes, aquatic habitats, caves, and deserts. In structures, they have been found feeding on soap, glue and wire insulation, but they usually feed on human food scraps. Cockroach nymphs and adults are primarily scavengers living on feces, decaying leaves and wood, as well as dead animals. Most of these novel developments in reproduction were to protect eggs from parasitoids and predators. The development of the cockroach is hemimetabolous, meaning that there is an egg, nymphal, and adult stage. The eggs of cockroaches are usually deposited in an egg capsule called an ootheca. The German cockroach is the most difficult cockroach to control worldwide due to its resistance to many insecticides. Sanitation and cultural control involve the removal of food, water, and harborage that cockroaches rely on in order to survive. Cockroaches need food, water, and harborage to survive and thrive. As a result, cockroach Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is the best method of protecting people and their properties from cockroaches.
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Miller, Margaret A., John P. Honstead, and Randall A. Lovell. "Regulatory Aspects of Fumonisins with Respect to Animal Feed." In Fumonisins in Food, 363–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1379-1_32.
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García-Vaquero, Marco. "Seaweed Proteins and Applications in Animal Feed." In Novel Proteins for Food, Pharmaceuticals and Agriculture, 139–61. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119385332.ch7.
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Armbruster, Walter J., and Tanya Roberts. "The Political Economy of US Antibiotic Use in Animal Feed." In Food Safety Economics, 293–322. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92138-9_15.
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Kenis, Marc, Bawoubati Bouwassi, Hettie Boafo, Emilie Devic, Richou Han, Gabriel Koko, N’Golopé Koné, et al. "Small-Scale Fly Larvae Production for Animal Feed." In Edible Insects in Sustainable Food Systems, 239–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74011-9_15.
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Siegel, Frederic R. "Food 2050: More Mouths to Feed—Food Availability and Access." In The Earth’s Human Carrying Capacity, 87–107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73476-3_8.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Human food and animal feed"
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Krul, Elaine. "Nutritional opportunities to advance companion animal health - focus on lipids and related nutrients." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/cttu1432.
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Globally $232 billion was spent in the pet industry in 2021 and the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is estimated to be 4.6%. In the USA alone, $109.6 billion was spent in 2021, and more money is spent annually on pet food and treats than veterinary care or products. Pet parents are increasingly more concerned about the nutritional quality of the foods they feed their animals and their impact on health. Pet food manufacturers are responding to the increased demand for premium food products but importantly, the work of veterinary nutrition researchers is key to ensuring the safety and nutritional sufficiency of commercial and specialized animal diets. Lipids and related nutrients, such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, medium-chain triglyceride oil (MCT oil), vitamins D and E and choline play an important role in companion animal health and will be discussed in this session. In addition, a study evaluating the impact of canine diets with different fat contents on risk of pancreatitis will be presented. These reports not only provide more insight into companion animal health but also sheds light on our understanding of how lipids and related nutrients impact human health.
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Andriamifidy, Bob. "Opportunity to assist in the expansion of high-quality soybean feed and edible oil production in Madagascar." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/lamb7492.
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Madagascar has a population of over 28,000,000 people, of which 48% are food insecure, and 80% are involved in agriculture (reliefweb.int, 2022). Madagascar's prevalence of stunting in children under 5 years is 41.5% (Global-nutrition report, 2018). Additionally, UNICEF reports that drought in the southern region will increase acute childhood malnutrition fourfold over their 2020 assessment. Soybean, a nutrient dense ingredient for human and animal consumption, may ameliorate undernutrition in Madagascar. Traditionally, soybean meal and oil were imported at an annual rate of approximately 50,000 metric tons of meal, and 75,000 liters of edible oil. More recent hikes in transportation costs and 30% tariffs, make production of quality feed, and edible oil from imported oilseeds impractical. To improve nutrition and farmer livelihoods, soybean must be locally cultivated and processed. Madagascar is suited to grow soybean with 8 million HA of cultivable land (FAO 2016) and average rainfall of 1,500 mm during a 6-month rainy season. AGRIVAL is a Malagasy animal feed company, serving smallholder poultry growers. In reaction to increasing prices for imported soybean, the company created a 5-year strategy to strengthen its feed production capacity, expand processing to edible oils, and purchase locally grown soybean from Malagasy smallholder farmers. Contracts for new equipment include an oil expeller. Agrival partnered with Cultivating New Frontiers in Africa (CNFA) and the Soybean Innovation Lab (SIL) to grow soybeans and requests technical assistance with meal and oil production from their partnership with AOCS, under the Farmer-to-Farmer USAID program. To date, farmers have been trained and are growing soybeans in Madagascar. Agrival requests technical assistance from oilseed industry professionals, to better incorporate newly arriving equipment, and ramp up high-quality production. This Project will produce high-quality, lower priced animal and human food for the Malagasy people and create thousands of jobs in agriculture and industry.
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Volkova, A. S., A. A. Mnatsakanyan, and G. V. Chuvarleeva. "“Nanosilicon” and productivity of soybean in the central zone of the Krasnodar region." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-7.
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This article indicates the results of studies of the effect of various doses of mineral fertilizers with trace elements based on pure silicon – “Nanosilicon” – on the productivity of soybean plants. Soya is a unique crop in its specificity. It is widely used in the food industry, both in the process of human food production, and in the production of animal feed. Silicon is the second most abundant element in the lithosphere of our planet. It increases stress resistance of plants, improves absorbing capacity of the root system, helps plants to retain moisture in the dry period, and strengthens the cell walls of plants. In general, the result was positive regardless of the amount of the preparation used, so the yield increased on average by 12.9 %, oil collection – by 12.8 %, and protein collection – by 15.1 %.
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Zyablova, A., E. Yakovleva, and Anna Ilunina. "ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF RECOVERING RESOURCES FROM FOOD WASTE IN A CIRCULAR ECONOMY." In Manager of the Year. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/my2021_67-70.
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The aim of the study was to examine the foreign experience of halving food waste per capita in retail and at the consumer level and finding the most efficient way to dispose of food waste, which causes the least harm to the environment and the economy. Nowadays, about a third of food destined for human consumption is lost in food supply chains, and the loss of embedded resources is gaining increasing attention worldwide. Currently, more than half of UK households are dumped or incinerated, with the rest being anaerobically digested, composted or used as animal feed. While these methods help manage existing waste while simultaneously recovering energy and resources, they also generate additional environmental impacts and economic costs. Considering environmental impact and cost are equally important, incineration is the most sustainable option per ton of waste treated. For the annual volume currently processed in the UK, anaerobic digestion would be more sustainable than incineration. Thus, the most realistic scenario for increasing the sustainability of household food waste is to further favor incineration rather than landfilling, while increasing and promoting the segregated collection of food waste for treatment only through anaerobic digestion.
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Eynck, Christina. "Camelina breeding and development- a Canadian perspective." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/bsmv8815.
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Climate change is predicted to have a more profound impact on the Canadian Prairies compared to other regions in the world, with higher relative temperatures, longer periods of water stress and increased frequency of droughts. Camelina sativa (camelina) is a promising alternative, climate-resilient oilseed that could become part of a Canadian strategy to battle climate change and its detrimental effects on agriculture. Albeit currently a small crop, camelina has enormous potential for growth: favorable agronomics, like early maturity, frost and drought tolerance, pest and disease resistance, as well as exceptional winter hardiness in true winter types in combination with a unique oil profile render it an excellent feedstock crop not only for biofuel, but also high value feed and food uses. Uses for camelina oil and meal include industrial applications (e.g. biodiesel, lubricants, and polymers) and higher value areas such as cosmetics, Omega-3 supplements for human and companion animal nutrition, and applications in the livestock, poultry and aquaculture feed sectors. As a relatively undeveloped crop, there is significant potential for improvement of both agronomic and seed quality characteristics. This presentation will provide an overview of current camelina breeding and crop development efforts underway at the AAFC Research and Development Center in Saskatoon in collaboration with industry. This includes variety and germplasm development in spring- and winter-type camelina, insights into the genomics of camelina as well as recent developments in the Canadian camelina industry.
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Ulmasov, Tim. "CoverCress—a novel oilseed winter crop with canola-like composition that helps sequester carbon and prevent soil erosion." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/qmfh4300.
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There is an urgent need for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other detrimental impacts of civilization on the environment. One of the solutions proposed in agriculture are cover crops that are generally grown between regular cropping seasons, providing significant benefits such as enhanced soil health and increased carbon sequestration. The main problem with lack of wide-spread cover crops adoption is in their economics, as most farmers avoid them due to guaranteed costs and uncertain returns from the benefits to the following crop. This results in misplaced economic incentive where the society greatly benefits from increased cover crop use, but most farmers are not prepared to pay for that. To address this dilemma, we developed a novel crop that can be used as a feedstock for bioenergy, as well as for human and animal consumption. The main advantage is that it doesn’t compete for land with established crops, resulting in very low Carbon Intensity (CI) score of the oil and meal. It is based on the domesticated version of weed field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense) and can be used to produce oil with attractive properties for renewable diesel, jet fuel or food. CoverCress seeds are also a good source of proteinaceous meal with that can be used for animal feed or plant-based protein for human consumption. Pennycress seeds have high (~32%) oil content with lowest saturated fat content among commercially available plant-based oils (< 4%). The winter annual life cycle of pennycress enables planting in early fall immediately following corn harvest and collecting the grain prior to soybean planting in mid-to-late May. Using a combination of conventional breeding and CRISPR-mediated genome editing we were able to rapidly domesticate wild pennycress into CoverCress, a low CI, canola-like crop that is planned for launch in central Midwest as soon as in fall of 2022.
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Dygert, Joseph P., Melissa L. Morris, Erik M. Messick, and Patrick H. Browning. "Feasibility of an Energy Efficient Large-Scale Aquaponic Food Production and Distribution Facility." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6567.
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Today the United States is plagued by societal issues, economic insecurity, and increasing health problems. Societal issues include lack of community inclusion, pollution, and access to healthy foods. The high unemployment coupled with the rising cost of crude oil derivatives, and the growing general gap between cost of living and minimum wage levels contribute to a crippled consumer-driven US economy. Health concerns include increasing levels of obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. These epidemics lead to staggering economic burdens costing Americans hundreds of billions of dollars each year. It is well-known that many of the health issues impacting Americans can be directly linked to the production, availability, and quality of the food. Factors contributing to the availability of food include reduction of United States farmland, an increase in food imported from overseas, and the cost of goods to the consumer. The quality of food is influenced by the method of growth as well as imposed preservation techniques to support food transportation and distribution. At the same time, it has become increasingly common to implement biotechnology in genetically modified crops for direct human food or indirectly as a livestock feed for animals consumed by humans. Crops are also routinely dosed with pesticides and hormones in an attempt to increase productivity and revenue, with little consideration or understanding of the long term health effects. Research shows that community gardens positively impact local employment, community involvement and inclusivity, and the diets of not only those involved in food production, but all members of their households. The purpose of this work is to determine the feasibility of an energy efficient large-scale aquaponic food production and distribution facility which could directly mitigate growing socioeconomic concerns in the US through applied best practices in sustainability. Aquaponics is a symbiotic relationship between aquaculture and hydroponics, where fish and plants grow harmoniously. The energy efficient facility would be located in an urban area, and employ solar panels, natural lighting, rain water reclamation, and a floor plan optimized for maximum food yield and energy efficiency. Examples of potential crops include multiple species of berries, corn, leafy vegetables, tomatoes, peppers, squash, and carrots. Potential livestock include responsibly farmed tilapia, shrimp, crayfish, and oysters. The large scale aquaponic facility shows a lengthy period for financial return on investment whether traditional style construction of the building or a green construction style is used. However many forms of federal government aid and outside assistance exist for green construction to help drive down the risk in the higher initial investment which in the long run could end up being more profitable than going with a traditionally constructed building. Outside of financial return there are many proven, positive impacts that a large-scale aquaponic facility would have. Among these are greater social involvement and inclusivity, job creation, increased availability of fresh food, and strengthening of America’s agriculture infrastructure leading to increased American independence.
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Raihan, Mohammad Karamchand, Ahmad Alhomodi, Mark Berhow, William Gibbons, and Bishnu Karki. "Effects of Fungal Fermentation on Cellulase Activity Along with the Solubility and Protein Yield on Different Economically Important Substrates." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/kpco6765.
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Plant-based agricultural residues are readily available. However, due to the presence of several undesirable plant components such as high starch content, low protein yield, phytic acid, saponins, phenolics, etc., these feedstocks need to be processed prior to their end use1. Fermentation technology has been successful in bringing some of these feedstocks to the animal feed and human food markets by improving the nutritional composition through microbial metabolic activity2. Submerged state fermentation (SMF) is an effective way of controlling fermentation parameters (pH, temperature, agitation, etc.) to achieve high product yield and improve the quality 1,2. In this study, our goal is to use fungal fermentation to enhance the proximate composition of three different feedstocks [dry pea protein (DPP), dehulled yellow pea (DHP), and distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS)]. Filamentous fungi have shown varied responses with regards to cellulase production depending upon the substrate composition, leading to a change in the structural and chemical composition of the substrate3. Hence, estimation of cellulases production during submerged fermentation of different feedstocks would generate the knowledge that can be implemented to optimize the fermentation process needed for upgrading the nutritional, and economic value of the agricultural commodities The specific objectives of this study were to: 1. Ferment three substrates using three generally recognized as safe (GRAS) microbes (Aureobasidium pullulans, Neurospora crassa and Trichoderma reesei) for 120 h under submerged conditions. 2. Determine and compare the proximate compositions of substrates with their unfermented counterparts. Estimate the microbial cellulase activities at 120 h of fermentation.
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Arza, Eshita Sri, Harshitha Kurra, Rohit Ashok Khot, and Florian 'Floyd' Mueller. "Feed the Food Monsters!" In CHI PLAY '18: The annual symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3270316.3271520.
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Agus, Ali, Chusnul Hanim, Muhsin Al Anas, and Agussalim Agussalim. "Feed, Animal and Human Health: Designing Functional Egg." In 6th International Seminar of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (ISANFS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220401.065.
Full textReports on the topic "Human food and animal feed"
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Zhou, Ting, Roni Shapira, Peter Pauls, Nachman Paster, and Mark Pines. Biological Detoxification of the Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol (DON) to Improve Safety of Animal Feed and Food. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613885.bard.
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The trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), one of the most common mycotoxin contaminants of grains, is produced by members of the Fusarium genus. DON poses a health risk to consumers and impairs livestock performance because it causes feed refusal, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hemolytic effects and cellular injury. The occurrence of trichothecenes contamination is global and they are very resistant to physical or chemical detoxification techniques. Trichothecenes are absorbed in the small intestine into the blood stream. The overall objective of this project was to develop a protecting system using probiotic bacteria that will express trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase (Tri101) that convert T-2 to a less toxic intermediate to reduce ingested levels in-situ. The major obstacle that we had faced during the project is the absence of stable and efficient expression vectors in probiotics. Most of the project period was invested to screen and isolate strong promoter to express high amounts of the detoxify enzyme on one hand and to stabilize the expression vector on the other hand. In order to estimate the detoxification capacity of the isolated promoters we had developed two very sensitive bioassays.The first system was based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Human liver cells proliferation was used as the second bioassay system.Using both systems we were able to prove actual detoxification on living cells by probiotic bacteria expressing Tri101. The first step was the isolation of already discovered strong promoters from lactic acid bacteria, cloning them downstream the Tri101 gene and transformed vectors to E. coli, a lactic acid bacteria strain Lactococcuslactis MG1363, and a probiotic strain of Lactobacillus casei. All plasmid constructs transformed to L. casei were unstable. The promoter designated lacA found to be the most efficient in reducing T-2 from the growth media of E. coli and L. lactis. A prompter library was generated from L. casei in order to isolate authentic probiotic promoters. Seven promoters were isolated, cloned downstream Tri101, transformed to bacteria and their detoxification capability was compared. One of those prompters, designated P201 showed a relatively high efficiency in detoxification. Sequence analysis of the promoter region of P201 and another promoter, P41, revealed the consensus region recognized by the sigma factor. We further attempted to isolate an inducible, strong promoter by comparing the protein profiles of L. casei grown in the presence of 0.3% bile salt (mimicking intestine conditions). Six spots that were consistently overexpressed in the presence of bile salts were isolated and identified. Their promoter reigns are now under investigation and characterization.
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Mizrahi, Itzhak, and Bryan A. White. Exploring the role of the rumen microbiota in determining the feed efficiency of dairy cows. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7594403.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Expanding world hunger calls for increasing available food resources. Ruminants have the remarkable ability to convert human-indigestible plant biomass into human-digestible food products, due to a complex microbiome residing in the rumen compartment of their upper digestive tract. One way to tackle the problem of diminishing food resources is to increase the animals' energetic efficiency, i.e., the efficiency with which they convert energy from feed, thereby increasing food availability while lowering the environmental burden, as these animals would produce more and eat less. We hypothesize that the cow's feed efficiency is dependent on the taxonomic composition, coding capacity and activity of its reticulorumenmicrobiota. To test this hypothesis, three aims are defined: (1) Evaluation of the feed efficiency of 146 dairy cows and defining two groups representing the highest and lowest 25% using the Israeli group's unique facility; (2) Comparing these two groups for microbiota diversity, identity and coding capacity using next-generation sequencing and metagenomic approaches; (3) Comparing the reticulorumenmicrobiota metabolic activity parameters. We measured feed efficiency in 146 milking cows and analyzed the taxonomic composition, gene content, microbial activity and metabolomic composition of rumen microbiomes from the 78 most extreme animals. Lower richness of microbiome gene content and taxa was tightly linked to higher feed efficiency. Microbiome genes and species accurately predicted the animals' feed-efficiency phenotype. Specific enrichment of microbes and metabolic pathways in each of these microbiome groups resulted in increasing valuable metabolites and decreasing unusable ones such as methane in efficient animals. This ecological and mechanistic understanding of the rumen microbiome could lead to an increase in available food resources and environmentally friendly livestock agriculture.
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Mizrahi, Itzhak, and Bryan A. White. Uncovering rumen microbiome components shaping feed efficiency in dairy cows. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600020.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Ruminants provide human society with high quality food from non-human-edible resources, but their emissions negatively impact the environment via greenhouse gas production. The rumen and its resident microorganisms dictate both processes. The overall goal of this project was to determine whether a causal relationship exists between the rumen microbiome and the host animal's physiology, and if so, to isolate and examine the specific determinants that enable this causality. To this end, we divided the project into three specific parts: (1) determining the feed efficiency of 200 milking cows, (2) determining whether the feed- efficiency phenotype can be transferred by transplantation and (3) isolating and examining microbial consortia that can affect the feed-efficiency phenotype by their transplantation into germ-free ruminants. We finally included 1000 dairy cow metadata in our study that revealed a global core microbiome present in the rumen whose composition and abundance predicted many of the cows’ production phenotypes, including methane emission. Certain members of the core microbiome are heritable and have strong associations to cardinal rumen metabolites and fermentation products that govern the efficiency of milk production. These heritable core microbes therefore present primary targets for rumen manipulation towards sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture. We then went beyond examining the metagenomic content, and asked whether microbes behave differently with relation to the host efficiency state. We sampled twelve animals with two extreme efficiency phenotypes, high efficiency and low efficiency where the first represents animals that maximize energy utilization from their feed whilst the later represents animals with very low utilization of the energy from their feed. Our analysis revealed differences in two host efficiency states in terms of the microbial expression profiles both with regards to protein identities and quantities. Another aim of the proposal was the cultivation of undescribed rumen microorganisms is one of the most important tasks in rumen microbiology. Our findings from phylogenetic analysis of cultured OTUs on the lower branches of the phylogenetic tree suggest that multifactorial traits govern cultivability. Interestingly, most of the cultured OTUs belonged to the rare rumen biosphere. These cultured OTUs could not be detected in the rumen microbiome, even when we surveyed it across 38 rumen microbiome samples. These findings add another unique dimension to the complexity of the rumen microbiome and suggest that a large number of different organisms can be cultured in a single cultivation effort. In the context of the grant, the establishment of ruminant germ-free facility was possible and preliminary experiments were successful, which open up the way for direct applications of the new concepts discovered here, prior to the larger scale implementation at the agricultural level.
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Pexas, Georgios, Ilias Kyriazakis, and Bob Doherty. The Future of Animal Feed. Food Standards Agency, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.gzi586.
Full textAbstract:
The feed-food competition for environmental and economic resources raises increasing concerns about the production and supply of protein for the global livestock sector. Risks to food-security and approaching deadlines for global sustainable development, means exploring the potential for alternative protein feeds is imperative. However, as the use of alternative feeds for livestock production is still at its infancy, it is critical that potential direct or indirect food safety risks are evaluated before implementation at commercial scales. This Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) offers a lens that focuses on the potential opportunities and threats of such alternatives for the sustainability and food safety of the global livestock sector. Four potential alternative protein sources for livestock feeds are identified and evaluated through this REA: genetically modified / engineered protein crops and alternative cultivation methods cellular agriculture former foods, food waste and industry by-products and waste streams animal by-products and insects Through this analysis, a strategic policy roadmap and research agenda are synthesised to facilitate higher-level policy making, supporting local solutions for global sustainable development and a more food-secure future. The four broad directions for policy making and research the REA proposes are: decoupling protein production from fossil fuel developing sustainable economic strategies for alternative proteins at a subnational level supporting circular livestock feed solutions further enhancing the feed and food regulatory system
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Fraanje, Walter, and Tara Garnett. Soy: food, feed, and land use change. Edited by Helen Breewood. Food Climate Research Network, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/47e58c32.
Full textAbstract:
The global growth in the production of soy and its use for different types of foods has been, and continues to be, a major contributor to land use change in the Amazon and other regions in South America. This building block explores the connections between soy, land use change, and discussions on animal- versus plant-based protein sources.
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Nicholson, Claire, Jonathan Wastling, Peter Gregory, and Paul Nunn. FSA Science Council Working Group 6 Food Safety and Net Zero Carbon July 2022 Interim Report. Food Standards Agency, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sac.fsa.vxz377.
Full textAbstract:
The UK has a legal commitment to reach net zero carbon (NZC) emissions by 2050. This is a topic that has recently been building momentum, with clean growth being one of the four Grand Challenges set out by the UK Government. The ways we grow, process and transport food are major contributors to climate change, accounting for more than a quarter of all greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing this will require substantial changes in agriculture, manufacturing, and transport. Consequently, the Science Council and FSA Chief Scientific Adviser (CSA) agreed that a deeper understanding of the potential implications of achieving net zero on food systems, together with identification of areas of uncertainty, would be of considerable value to FSA in pre-empting future policy and evidence needs in this area. In early discussions to scope the work required, Defra indicated to the FSA Science Council Secretariat that there are many new developments and changes to activity in primary production aimed at achieving net zero. The Science Council agreed, therefore, to concentrate its first investigations on changes expected in primary food production. Primary production is the production of chemical energy in organic forms by living organisms. The main source of this energy is sunlight. For the purposes of this review, primary food production includes the growing and harvesting of plants as food for humans or feed for animals, and the rearing and slaughter of animals including livestock, fish and a wide variety of aquatic and marine organisms. A Science Council Working Group 6 (WG6) began work in summer 2021, led by Science Council members Mrs Claire Nicholson (WG6 Chair) and Prof Jonathan Wastling (WG6 Deputy Chair). The brief for WG6 is to investigate the potential food safety implications arising from changes to primary food production practices and technologies that reduce carbon emissions in the next 10 years. The work programme (described in this report) covers 4 phases, with phases 1 and 2 now complete. The work so far has drawn diverse, wide-ranging, sometimes slightly conflicting, views and opinions from across academia, the FSA, Defra, industry bodies and individual food producers. This interim report summarises: The work undertaken to date (phases 1 and 2) What has been learnt including changes to practice already underway or imminent Issues arising from the changes that the FSA should be aware of Further work planned by WG6 to understand the nature of the risks in more depth (phases 3 and 4) The Science Council aims to complete its investigations by the end of 2022 and present its findings to the FSA Board as soon as possible afterwards.
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Barakat, Dr Shima, Dr Samuel Short, Dr Bernhard Strauss, and Dr Pantea Lotfian. https://www.food.gov.uk/research/research-projects/alternative-proteins-for-human-consumption. Food Standards Agency, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.wdu243.
Full textAbstract:
The UK is seeing growing interest in alternative protein sources to traditional animal-based proteins such as beef, lamb, pork, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy. There is already an extensive market in alternative protein materials, however, technological advances combined with the pressure for more sustainable sources of protein has led to an acceleration of innovation and product development and the introduction of a large amount of new alternative protein ingredients and products to the market. These have the potential to dramatically impact on the UK food system. This report is a combination of desk research, based on thorough review of the academic and non-academic literature and of the alternative proteins start-up scene, and presents an analysis of the emerging market for alternative proteins, the potential implications and the potential policy responses that the FSA might need to consider. Four main categories of alternative proteins are presented and reviewed in this report: Plant-based meat substitutes Novel protein sources Proteins and biomass biosynthesised by microorganisms Cultured meat
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Short, Samuel, Bernhard Strauss, and Pantea Lotfian. Emerging technologies that will impact on the UK Food System. Food Standards Agency, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.srf852.
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Rapid technological innovation is reshaping the UK food system in many ways. FSA needs to stay abreast of these changes and develop regulatory responses to ensure novel technologies do not compromise food safety and public health. This report presents a rapid evidence assessment of the emerging technologies considered most likely to have a material impact on the UK food system and food safety over the coming decade. Six technology fields were identified and their implications for industry, consumers, food safety and the regulatory framework explored. These fields are: Food Production and Processing (indoor farming, 3D food printing, food side and byproduct use, novel non-thermal processing, and novel pesticides); Novel Sources of Protein, such as insects (for human consumption, and animal feedstock); Synthetic Biology (including lab-grown meat and proteins); Genomics Applications along the value chain (for food safety applications, and personal “nutrigenomics”); Novel Packaging (active, smart, biodegradable, edible, and reusable solutions); and, Digital Technologies in the food sector (supporting analysis, decision making and traceability). The report identifies priority areas for regulatory engagement, and three major areas of emerging technology that are likely to have broad impact across the entire food industry. These areas are synthetic biology, novel food packaging technologies, and digital technologies. FSA will need to take a proactive approach to regulation, based on frequent monitoring and rapid feedback, to manage the challenges these technologies present, and balance increasing technological push and commercial pressures with broader human health and sustainability requirements. It is recommended FSA consider expanding in-house expertise and long-term ties with experts in relevant fields to support policymaking. Recognising the convergence of increasingly sophisticated science and technology applications, alongside wider systemic risks to the environment, human health and society, it is recommended that FSA adopt a complex systems perspective to future food safety regulation, including its wider impact on public health. Finally, the increasing pace of technological
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Frieson, Kate Grace. A Gender Assessment of SEACFMD 2020: A Roadmap to Prevent, Control and Eradicate foot and mouth disease (by 2020) in Southeast Asia and China. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/standz.2785.
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This gender assessment of SEACFMD 2020: A Roadmap to Prevent, Control and Eradicate foot and mouth disease (by 2020) in Southeast Asia and China, responds to the requirement of AusAID that all strategies affecting human health, food security and poverty alleviation incorporate a gender perspective as women are not often included in the technical and community based aspects of programs relating to animal health and disease control. Gender roles and responsibilities affect women’s and men’s ability and incentive to participate in FMD roadmap activities, and can potentially lead to different project impacts for men and women.
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Macintyre, Alison, and Clare Strachan. Sanitation, Hygiene and Environmental Cleanliness for Child Development. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.022.
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This Frontiers of Sanitation draws on the Transformative WASH concept to explore and outline what may be required of WASH implementation stakeholders in efforts to support child development outcomes. The Frontiers explores the multiple ways in which inadequate sanitation, hygiene, and environmental cleanliness can affect physical and cognitive development in children. It explores areas beyond hand hygiene to consider food hygiene and broader environmental cleanliness, and beyond human faeces to consider animal faeces. What this means for practice is then discussed to outline how the WASH sector can improve current practice to best support improvements to child development outcomes and in particular opportunities for children to both survive and thrive.