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Journal articles on the topic 'Human embryo research'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

UM, YOUNG-RHAN. "South Korea: Human Embryo Research." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 12, no. 3 (July 2003): 268–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180103123092.

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On May 18, 2001, the Korean Bioethics Advisory Commission (KBAC), sponsored by the Ministry of Science and Technology, published a set of recommendations for biotechnological research and application, including scientific experiments with human embryos. Four days later, the KBAC held a public hearing to finalize its recommendations. Since then, public reaction and debate over the ethical aspects of human embryo research have actively surfaced. Most leaders of religious organizations, especially Catholic churches, objected to any type of embryo research. On the other hand, some leaders of the scientific community supported freer scientific research on human embryos.

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2

Cohen, Jacques, and Robert Lee Hotz. "Human embryo research." Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 3, no. 5 (October 1991): 678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001703-199110000-00009.

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3

Sheriff, D. Sultan. "Human embryo research." Postgraduate Medicine 80, no. 1 (July 1986): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1986.11699461.

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4

Cole, A. P., A. J. Duddington, J. G. Duddington, and G. S. B. Sayer. "Human embryo research." Lancet 335, no. 8696 (April 1990): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)91106-k.

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5

Hyun, Insoo, and Kyu Won Jung. "Human Research Cloning, Embryos, and Embryo-Like Artifacts." Hastings Center Report 36, no. 5 (2006): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hcr.2006.0080.

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6

Wilger, Kevin. "Moving the Goalposts in Human Embryo Research." Ethics & Medics 41, no. 8 (2016): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/em201641815.

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The debate over the ethics of manufacturing and destroying human embryos has captured the interest of scientific, philosophic, and religious communities once again. In May researchers reported a new in vitro system that allows for the study of postimplantation human embryos. Scientists are now able to culture human embryos for twelve to thirteen days, obtaining new data about their development after implantation. In fact, the new procedure’s simulated implantation environment worked so well that one group of researchers had to destroy the embryos thirteen days after fertilization. This was done to avoid conducting embryo research at fourteen days or beyond, which would violate national and international guidelines. Naturally, the success of the new process has prompted scientists and journalists alike to question the validity of both the fourteen-day rule and the proper boundaries of research on human embryos.

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7

Matthews, Kirstin R. W., Ana S. Iltis, Nuria Gallego Marquez, Daniel S. Wagner, Jason Scott Robert, Inmaculada de Melo-Martín, Marieke Bigg, et al. "Rethinking Human Embryo Research Policies." Hastings Center Report 51, no. 1 (January 2021): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hast.1215.

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8

Bosch, Xavier. "Spain approves human embryo research." Nature Medicine 9, no. 9 (September 2003): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0903-1096b.

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9

The Lancet. "Animal-human hybrid-embryo research." Lancet 370, no. 9591 (September 2007): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61420-2.

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10

Baldwin, Thomas. "Morality and human embryo research." EMBO reports 10, no. 4 (April 2009): 299–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/embor.2009.37.

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11

Viville, S. "Human embryo research in France." Human Reproduction 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 261–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/17.2.261.

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12

Kvit, Natalia M., Sibilla B. Buletsa, and Vasyl V. Kopcha. "RESEARCH USE OF HUMAN IN VITRO EMBRYOS: LEGAL BOUNDARIES." Wiadomości Lekarskie 74, no. 11 (2021): 3060–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202111234.

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The aim: The purpose of this research is to study foreign experience in the field of legal regulation of the use of embryos in vitro to suggest ways to fill the gaps in current Ukrainian legislation and bring it into line with international law. Materials and methods: The subject of the research was the legal regulation of the in vitro embryo research use, which is completely outside of the current Ukrainian legislation. That is why the European models of its regulation were analyzed. The experience of Germany and Hungary in the field of in vitro embryo research use regulation was considered as an example and was compared with the current Ukrainian regulation. Conclusion: As the use of non-implanted embryos is outside the legal field, the anatomical materials of a dead embryo, whether implanted or not, can be removed both for scientific research within the statutory framework (subject to approval by the ethics committee) and with the therapeutic purpose (for cell transplantation), subject to the relevant proposed amendments to the legislation to comply with the requirements of the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (Art. 18). Instead, the creation and further use of embryos for any purpose other than reproductive is illegal and should be prohibited by law with the imposition of appropriate criminal penalties. The right to dispose of embryos for research purposes may be granted by the woman and the man for whom the embryo was created, subject to informed consent and personal data processing consent.

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13

Brock, Dan W. "Creating Embryos for Use in Stem Cell Research." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 38, no. 2 (2010): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2010.00483.x.

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The intense and extensive debate over human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research has focused primarily on the moral status of the human embryo. Some commentators assign full moral status of normal adult human beings to the embryo from the moment of its conception. At the other extreme are those who believe that a human embryo has no significant moral status at the time it is used and destroyed in stem cell research. And in between are many intermediate positions that assign an embryo some degree of moral status between none and full. This controversy and the respective positions, like the abortion controversy, is by now well understood, despite the lack of progress in resolving it. I have argued briefly elsewhere that early embryos do not have significant moral status, but I do not want to reenter that debate here. Instead, I want to focus on an issue that has had relatively little explicit and separate attention, but is likely to loom larger in light of the Obama administration’s partial lifting of the Bush administration’s restriction on the embryos that can be used in stem cell research that receives federal funding.

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14

Mulkay, Michael. "Changing minds about embryo research." Public Understanding of Science 3, no. 2 (April 1994): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-6625/3/2/004.

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Documentary sources are used to examine the parliamentary evaluation of scientific research on human embryos which took place in Britain during the 1980s. Evidence is presented to show that there was a major change in the balance of opinion in the course of the long sequence of debates which ended with the passage of the Human Fertilization and Embryology Act in 1990. It is suggested that there was a pronounced movement in favour of embryo research which was associated with a significant alteration in the social relationships between scientists and Members of Parliament and with a marked change in the way in which embryo research came to be morally justified. It is argued that the negotiations over embryo research in Parliament contributed to the clarification of the moral boundaries within which such research was to be confined and to the establishment of social mechanisms designed to maintain the integrity of these boundaries.

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15

Scott, R. "Human embryo research: the Australian experience." Human Reproduction 12, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 2342–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/12.11.2342.

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16

Burn, John, and Tom Strachan. "Human embryo use in developmental research." Nature Genetics 11, no. 1 (September 1995): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0995-3.

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17

Kelley, William N. "Human embryo research deserves public support." Nature Medicine 1, no. 1 (January 1995): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0195-2a.

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18

Monahan, P. "Human embryo research confronts ethical 'rule." Science 352, no. 6286 (May 5, 2016): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.352.6286.640.

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19

Emery, A. E. H. "Human Embryo Research: Yes or No?" Journal of Medical Genetics 24, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmg.24.12.789.

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20

Horton, Richard. "US initiative on human embryo research." Lancet 343, no. 8894 (February 1994): 407–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91232-7.

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21

Rowe, PaulM. "NIH report on human embryo research." Lancet 344, no. 8928 (October 1994): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91652-7.

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22

Munn;, D. "Moral Issues of Human Embryo Research." Science 293, no. 5528 (July 13, 2001): 211b—211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.293.5528.211b.

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23

Walters, L. "Human Embryo Research: Lessons from History." Science 293, no. 5534 (August 24, 2001): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.293.5534.1401.

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24

Ostrer, H., DI Wilson, and NA Hanley. "Human embryo and early fetus research." Clinical Genetics 70, no. 2 (July 7, 2006): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.2006.00640.x.

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25

Matthews, Kirstin RW, and Daniel Moralí. "National human embryo and embryoid research policies: a survey of 22 top research-intensive countries." Regenerative Medicine 15, no. 7 (July 2020): 1905–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/rme-2019-0138.

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Research using human embryos and embryoids has expanded in recent years due to technological advances. Surveying laws and guidelines among the top research and development (R&D) investing nations highlights existing barriers to expanding this area of research. Of the 22 nations surveyed, we found 12 countries with a 14-day limit, one with a seven-day limit, five with prohibitions and four without national laws or guidelines that limit or prohibit human embryo research. Sixteen national laws or guidelines define an embryo or related entities, with five nations limiting human embryoid research. Other laws are ambiguous in relation to embryoid research, leave unanswered questions regarding what research is permitted or restricted and need additional clarity for researchers.

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26

Callahan, Daniel, Cynthia B. Cohen, Meyer, and Nelson. "Human Embryo Research: Respecting What We Destroy?" Hastings Center Report 31, no. 4 (July 2001): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3527943.

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27

Hyun, Insoo, Annelien L. Bredenoord, James Briscoe, Sigal Klipstein, and Tao Tan. "Human embryo research beyond the primitive streak." Science 371, no. 6533 (March 4, 2021): 998–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abf3751.

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28

Furton, Edward J., and Micheline M. Mathews-Roth. "Stem Cell Research and the Human Embryo." Ethics & Medics 24, no. 8 (1999): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/em199924816.

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29

Furton, Edward J. "Stem Cell Research and the Human Embryo." Ethics & Medics 24, no. 9 (1999): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/em199924919.

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30

Svoboda, Elizabeth. "The next frontier for human embryo research." Nature 597, no. 7878 (September 29, 2021): S15—S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02625-0.

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31

Wadman, Meredith. "Republicans at odds over human embryo research." Nature 455, no. 7209 (September 2008): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/455012a.

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32

Pennings, Guido, Seppe Segers, Sophie Debrock, Björn Heindryckx, Velichka Kontozova-Deutsch, Usha Punjabi, Hilde vande Velde, André van Steirteghem, and Heidi Mertes. "Human embryo research in Belgium: an overview." Fertility and Sterility 108, no. 1 (July 2017): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.05.003.

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33

Gazina, N. I. "Legal regimes for using human embryos for scientific purposes in the light of the international bodies’ practice." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 7 (October 13, 2021): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2021.83.7.153-159.

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The research on human embryos evolves rapidly, raising a number of ethical and legal issues and directly affecting human rights. Approaches to the legal regulation of human embryo research differ significantly from country to country. Some of them employ prohibitive practices (e.g. Switzerland and Italy), and the others have a regime that allows using embryos for scientific purposes with restrictions of different extent (e.g. the UK and Japan). There is no the international consensus on the issue of human embryo research. The objective of the article is to find out whether there are positions of the international bodies that may become or have already become the general guidance for different countries, allowing therefore to regulate effectively the use of human embryos for scientific purposes.The conclusion is drawn that there are positions of international bodies that may serve as the guidance within the regulation of the area concerned. States may enjoy a wide margin of appreciation within the framework of human embryo research regulation, considering the need to update their regulations regularly to harmonize them with the development of human rights and scientific progress and also to ensure a certain level of the embryo protection.

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34

Rolf, Sibylle. "Human Embryos and Human Dignity: Differing Presuppositions in Human Embryo Research in Germany and Great Britain*." Heythrop Journal 53, no. 5 (August 16, 2010): 742–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2265.2010.00601.x.

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35

Steinbock, Bonnie. "The Morality of Killing Human Embryos." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 34, no. 1 (2006): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2006.00005.x.

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Embryonic stem cell research is morally and politically controversial because the process of deriving the embryonic stem (ES) cells kills embryos. If embryos are, as some would claim, human beings like you and me, then ES cell research is clearly impermissible. If, on the other hand, the blastocysts from which embryonic stem cells are derived are not yet human beings, but rather microscopic balls of undifferentiated cells, as others maintain, then ES cell research is probably morally permissible. Whether the research can be justified depends on such issues as its cost, chance of success, and numbers likely to benefit. But this is an issue for any research project, not just ES cell research. What makes the debate over ES cell research controversial is that it, like the debate over abortion, raises “questions that politicians cannot settle: when does human life begin, and what is the moral status of the human embryo?” This paper looks at several theories of moral status and their implications for embryo research.

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36

Uren, William J. "How is it Right to Treat the Human Embryo? The Embryo and Stem Cell Research." Pacifica: Australasian Theological Studies 16, no. 2 (June 2003): 173–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1030570x0301600204.

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This submission to the Australian Health Ethics Committee considers issues of “respect” and “potential” and argues that the embryo is to be respected because it is nascent and developing human life. Destructive experimentation, even for the purposes of stem cell research, should therefore not be permitted on embryos originally intended for implantation but now surplus to IVF needs. The goals for which they are being destroyed in experimentation are distant and uncertain, and professional practice in IVF now requires that no more than one or at most two embryos should be generated.

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37

Walin, Laura. "Ambiguity of the Embryo Protection in the Human Rights and Biomedicine Convention: Experiences from the Nordic Countries." European Journal of Health Law 14, no. 2 (2007): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092902707x199104.

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AbstractUntil 1998 research on in vitro human embryos concentrated on the issues related to assisted reproduction. The situation changed dramatically when the first scientific report on the laboratory culture of human embryonic stem cells was published. This scientific breakthrough with new therapeutic promises put human embryo into a new, more vulnerable position. Combined with creation of embryos via somatic cell nuclear transfer, it inveigles into mass production of embryos, first for scientific purposes, but later perhaps for the healing of people.This article examines the efficacy of the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine in protecting embryos in this new era of embryo research. The interpretative latitude of Article 18 of the Convention is demonstrated, and legislation in three Nordic countries with highly variable approach to embryo research regulation is analysed. I examine how this divergence is possible in the light of the Convention text. In the end, potential reasons for variation in regulation in the otherwise similar Nordic countries are discussed, as well as under what conditions harmonisation of regulation on embryo research, a highly value-charged matter, could be possible at the European level.

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38

Escribà, M. J., D. Valbuena, E. Sánchez, J. Remohı́, A. Pellicer, and C. Simón. "Diploid rescue from tripronucleated human embryos. A new tool for embryo research." Fertility and Sterility 76, no. 3 (September 2001): S238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(01)02706-6.

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39

Nicolas, Paola, Fred Etoc, and Ali H. Brivanlou. "The ethics of human-embryoids model: a call for consistency." Journal of Molecular Medicine 99, no. 4 (April 2021): 569–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00109-021-02053-7.

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AbstractIn this article, we discuss the ethics of human embryoids, i.e., embryo-like structures made from pluripotent stem cells for modeling natural embryos. We argue that defining our social priorities is critical to design a consistent ethical guideline for research on those new entities. The absence of clear regulations on these emerging technologies stems from an unresolved debate surrounding natural human embryo research and one common opinion that one needs to solve the question of the moral status of the human embryo before regulating their surrogate. The recent NIH funding restrictions for research on human embryoids have made scientists even more unlikely to raise their voices. As a result, the scientific community has maintained a low profile while longing for a more favorable socio-political climate for their research. This article is a call for consistency among biomedical research on human materials, trying to position human embryoids within a spectrum of existing practice from stem cell research or IVF to research involving human subjects. We specifically note that the current practices in infertility clinics of freezing human embryos or disposing of them without any consideration for their potential benefits contradicts the assumption of special consideration for human material. Conversely, creating human embryoids for research purposes could ensure that no human material be used in vain, always serving humankind. We argue here that it is time to reconsider the full ban on embryo research (human embryos and embryoids) beyond the 14-day rule and that research on those entities should obey a sliding scale combining the completeness of the model (e.g., complete vs. partial) and the developmental stage: with more advanced completeness and developmental stage of the considered entity, being associated with more rigorous evaluation of societal benefits, statements of intention, and necessity of such research.

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40

WANG, Hongqi. "生物醫學技術發展應該改變14天法則限制嗎？." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 19, no. 2 (December 21, 2021): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.191949.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. Developments in research have made culturing human embryos beyond the 14-day limit seem technologically feasible. In the article “Emerging Human Embryo Research Technologies, the 14-day Rule, and the Special Status of the Embryo,” the authors examine a proposal for new human embryo and embryoid research guidelines by reviewing the history of the 14-day limit and emerging areas of research that are impacted by these guidelines. However, as noted by the authors, changes in science policy should not be developed solely by scientists. Instead, policy development should reflect the reality of science as a public endeavor. After 40 years of consensus, any attempts to revoke the 14-day limit on the in vitro culturing of human embryos should rely on public and stakeholder engagement.

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41

Pereira Daoud, Ana M., Mina Popovic, Wybo J. Dondorp, Marc Trani Bustos, Annelien L. Bredenoord, Susana M. Chuva de Sousa Lopes, Susanne C. van den Brink, Bernard A. J. Roelen, Guido M. W. R. de Wert, and Björn Heindryckx. "Modelling human embryogenesis: embryo-like structures spark ethical and policy debate." Human Reproduction Update 26, no. 6 (July 26, 2020): 779–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmaa027.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Studying the human peri-implantation period remains hindered by the limited accessibility of the in vivo environment and scarcity of research material. As such, continuing efforts have been directed towards developing embryo-like structures (ELS) from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) that recapitulate aspects of embryogenesis in vitro. While the creation of such models offers immense potential for studying fundamental processes in both pre- and early post-implantation development, it also proves ethically contentious due to wide-ranging views on the moral and legal reverence due to human embryos. Lack of clarity on how to qualify and regulate research with ELS thus presents a challenge in that it may either limit this new field of research without valid grounds or allow it to develop without policies that reflect justified ethical concerns. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing scientific approaches to generate ELS from mouse and human PSCs, as well as discuss future strategies towards innovation in the context of human development. Concurrently, we aim to set the agenda for the ethical and policy issues surrounding research on human ELS. SEARCH METHODS The PubMed database was used to search peer-reviewed articles and reviews using the following terms: ‘stem cells’, ‘pluripotency’, ‘implantation’, ‘preimplantation’, ‘post-implantation’, ‘blastocyst’, ‘embryoid bodies’, ‘synthetic embryos’, ‘embryo models’, ‘self-assembly’, ‘human embryo-like structures’, ‘artificial embryos’ in combination with other keywords related to the subject area. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were also used to systematically search publications on the ethics of ELS and human embryo research by using the aforementioned keywords in combination with ‘ethics’, ‘law’, ‘regulation’ and equivalent terms. All relevant publications until December 2019 were critically evaluated and discussed. OUTCOMES In vitro systems provide a promising way forward for uncovering early human development. Current platforms utilize PSCs in both two- and three-dimensional settings to mimic various early developmental stages, including epiblast, trophoblast and amniotic cavity formation, in addition to axis development and gastrulation. Nevertheless, much hinges on the term ‘embryo-like’. Extension of traditional embryo frameworks to research with ELS reveals that (i) current embryo definitions require reconsideration, (ii) cellular convertibility challenges the attribution of moral standing on the basis of ‘active potentiality’ and (iii) meaningful application of embryo protective directives will require rethinking of the 14-day culture limit and moral weight attributed to (non-)viability. Many conceptual and normative (dis)similarities between ELS and embryos thus remain to be thoroughly elucidated. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Modelling embryogenesis holds vast potential for both human developmental biology and understanding various etiologies associated with infertility. To date, ELS have been shown to recapitulate several aspects of peri-implantation development, but critically, cannot develop into a fetus. Yet, concurrent to scientific innovation, considering the extent to which the use of ELS may raise moral concerns typical of human embryo research remains paramount. This will be crucial for harnessing the potential of ELS as a valuable research tool, whilst remaining within a robust moral and legal framework of professionally acceptable practices.

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42

Filho, E. Santos, J. A. Noble, and D. Wells. "A Review on Automatic Analysis of Human Embryo Microscope Images." Open Biomedical Engineering Journal 4, no. 1 (October 11, 2010): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874120701004010170.

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Over the last 30 years the process of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) has evolved considerably, yet the efficiency of this treatment remains relatively poor. The principal challenge faced by doctors and embryologists is the identification of the embryo with the greatest potential for producing a child. Current methods of embryo viability assessment provide only a rough guide to potential. In order to improve the odds of a successful pregnancy it is typical to transfer more than one embryo to the uterus. However, this often results in multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets, etc), which are associated with significantly elevated risks of serious complications. If embryo viability could be assessed more accurately, it would be possible to transfer fewer embryos without negatively impacting IVF pregnancy rates. In order to assist with the identification of viable embryos, several scoring systems based on morphological criteria have been developed. However, these mostly rely on a subjective visual analysis. Automated assessment of morphological features offers the possibility of more accurate quantification of key embryo characteristics and elimination of inter- and intra-observer variation. In this paper, we describe the main embryo scoring systems currently in use and review related works on embryo image analysis that could lead to an automatic and precise grading of embryo quality. We summarise achievements, discuss challenges ahead, and point to some possible future directions in this research field.

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43

Thomson, James. "Funding of human embryo research in the US." Nature Biotechnology 17, no. 4 (April 1999): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/7826.

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44

Irving, Dianne N. "Testimony before the NIH Human Embryo Research Panel." Linacre Quarterly 61, no. 4 (November 1994): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20508549.1999.11878283.

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45

Mayor, S. "Commons votes for human embryo stem cell research." BMJ 322, no. 7277 (January 6, 2001): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7277.7.

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46

Marshall, E. "Human embryo research. Clinton rules out some studies." Science 266, no. 5191 (December 9, 1994): 1634–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.7992040.

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47

Macklin, Ruth. "Ethics, politics, and human embryo stem cell research." Women's Health Issues 10, no. 3 (May 2000): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1049-3867(00)00040-2.

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48

Cyrano, David. "Japan may allow human embryo stem-cell research." Nature 403, no. 6769 (February 2000): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35000715.

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49

Cavaliere, Giulia. "Disciplining Bioethics: The Debate Over Human Embryo Research." Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 15, no. 1 (January 24, 2018): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11673-017-9830-9.

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50

Trivedi, D., R. Cromer, J. Dasig, M. Suarez, and B. Behr. "Human Embryo Donation for Research: RENEW Biobank Experience." Fertility and Sterility 99, no. 3 (March 2013): S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.01.028.

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