Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Human cytomegalovirus'

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1

Sevilla-Reyes, Edgar Enrique. "Recombination in human cytomegalovirus." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433077.

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2

Rawlinson, William David. "Studies of the genomes of human cytomegalovirus and murine cytomegalovirus." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308998.

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3

Odeberg, Jenny. "Human cytomegalovirus immune evasion strategies /." Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-126-8.

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4

Tysoe, Carolyn. "Characterisation of human cytomegalovirus variants." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361685.

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5

Kaye, Jane Frances. "Studies of human cytomegalovirus glycoproteins." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259731.

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6

Gao, Yang. "Characterization of human cytomegalovirus UL84." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2009. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3355580.

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7

Pocock, Joanna Mary. "Human cytomegalovirus and the neutrophil." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/275685.

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Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a highly prevalent opportunistic infection and a major pathogen in immune-compromised patients. The virus exhibits a wide cell tropism and is able to lytically infect virtually any cell type, with detectable gene expression and release of new virions, but not the neutrophil. This cell is the first immune cell to engage most pathogens, engulfing and killing them before undergoing apoptosis and clearance by macrophages. However certain viruses and bacteria are able to evade host defences and use the neutrophil as a “Trojan horse” for replication and dissemination. In this context, enhanced neutrophil survival may promote infection. This work describes a profound neutrophil survival phenotype elicited by contact with live or UV-inactivated HCMV, in the absence of lytic viral gene expression. The effect does not involve signalling through candidate Toll-like receptors, but is dependent on activation of the ERK MAPK and NFκB signalling pathways, and is viral strain-dependent, restricted to clinical strains of the virus. Furthermore, HCMV triggers the secretion of a bioactive secretome that induces a similar paracrine anti-apoptotic effect in fresh neutrophils, and stimulates monocyte chemotaxis and differentiation to a phenotype that is permissive for HCMV infection. This “transferrable” effect is not due to residual virus or the presence of well-known neutrophil survival factors such as IL-6 or IL-8, but is mediated by a heat-stable protein or lipid, secreted late in culture. These results are supported by data in neutrophils isolated from patients with CMV viraemia and pneumonitis which show increased survival ex vivo, and will be further investigated using plasma membrane profiling by amino-oxybiotinylation and tandem mass tag mass spectrometry. This technique, used for the first time here in a primary cell type, allows quantitative proteomics to be performed for the first time in the neutrophil. This work demonstrates that the technique provides a comprehensive readout of all neutrophil plasma membrane proteins in a sample, with high plasma membrane purity and minimal neutrophil activation and necrosis, validated by flow cytometry. Furthermore, this has been applied to generate plasma membrane profiles for the resting, inflammatory and apoptotic neutrophil, revealing a number of neutrophil cell surface molecules not found by previous membrane proteomic methods. This technique has the potential to analyse the effect of HCMV and other pathogens on the expression profile of the neutrophil surface membrane and to examine how neutrophil signalling and function is modulated. These data shed light on the role of neutrophil apoptosis as a potential promoter of HCMV infection, and have the potential to increase our understanding of both the neutrophil’s response to pathogen invasion and to generate future approaches to combating HCMV dissemination and pathogenesis.
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8

Walker, S. M. "Transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus by human cytomegalovirus." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387104.

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9

Weston, K. M. "Studies on the human cytomegalovirus genome." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384617.

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10

McSharry, Brian. "Analysis of human cytomegalovirus gene function." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400342.

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11

Ellsmore, Victoria. "Human cytomegalovirus origin-dependent DNA synthesis." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340332.

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12

Chee, Mark. "Analysis of the human cytomegalovirus genome." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357727.

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13

Lunetta, Jennine Marie. "Molecular studies of human cytomegalovirus latency /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2002. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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14

Jun, Min Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Analysis of human cytomegalovirus susceptibility to novel antiviral agents." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Medical Sciences, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41443.

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Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a significant infectious agent causing disease in immunocompromised HIV-infected patients, transplant recipients, and neonates. The current antiviral therapeutic strategy against CMV is limited in its utility due to the inherent toxicity and lack of bioavailability of currently available anti-CMV agents, ganciclovir (GCV), cidofovir (CDV), and foscarnet (FOS). The development of the prodrug of GCV, valganciclovir (val-GCV), has vastly improved the bioavailability profile of GCV. However, val-GCV demonstrates limited effectiveness against tissue-invasive CMV diseases as side effects involved with traditional intravenously administered GCV such as haematologic and reproductive toxicities remain. In addition, the emergence of antiviral resistant CMV mutant strains due to prolonged treatment with currently available antivirals necessitates the development of novel anti-CMV agents with reduced toxicity and improved bioavailability. In this study, select groups of novel compounds were analysed for their potential for further development as anti-CMV agents. Three groups of compounds were identified based on two screening methods which included the computer simulated screening process of compounds known as in silico screening and the traditional method of random screening. The first group of compounds (CATi) were identified by in silico screening against the CMV DNA polymerase catalytic aspartate triad, resulting in the identification of 31 compounds with the potential for inhibitory activity against CMV. The second group of compounds (PRO-i) were identified through in silico screening against the CMV protease, identifying a total of 18 lead compounds exhibiting structural complementarity with CMV protease. The third and final group of compounds (TPEX) were identified through random screening and consisted of plant extracts purified from tropical plants. All three compounds were initially screened for cytotoxicity against human fibroblasts. Plaque reduction assays were performed using compounds with acceptable levels of cytotoxicity to determine the ability of the compounds to inhibit the replication of the laboratory antiviral sensitive CMV strain, Towne. Two of the PRO-i compounds demonstrated good antiviral activity against CMV. Eleven percent (2/18) of the PRO-i compounds inhibited CMV replication, with PRO-i-43 and PRO-i??-44 displaying mean 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 4.8 ?? 1.2 ??M and 8.04 ??M, respectively. PRO-i-43 and PRO-i-44 are thus good candidates for further development as novel antiviral agents against CMV. The majority of CATi and TPEX compounds displayed significant cytotoxicity against human fibroblasts and compounds with acceptable levels of cytotoxicities did not significantly inhibit CMV replication. However, the identification of compounds with low cytotoxicities provides a good foundation for further development of novel anti-CMV agents with superior antiviral activity. In silico screening against three-dimensional viral protein models is a useful strategy for the identification of novel antiviral agents with the potential for inhibitory activity against CMV. Structural modification to produce potent derivatives of the identified anti-CMV compounds (PRO-i-43 and PRO-i-44) is a good option for the further development of novel antiviral agents against CMV. Such further examination of the identified compounds with anti-CMV activity is required to investigate their activity against not only antiviral sensitive CMV strains but also resistant CMV strains. Further investigations will yield new insights into their target, allowing further identification of compounds with potential anti-CMV activity with pharmaceutical application.
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15

Taylor-Wiedeman, Jean. "Analysis of human cytomegalovirus in the healthy human carrier." Thesis, Open University, 1992. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57400/.

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Much circumstantial evidence has pointed to peripheral blood leukocytes as one site of persistence of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in healthy carriers. However, the exact population of peripheral blood cells that carry HCMV and to what extent they express HCMV gene products in not known. I have examined the sites of HCMV persistence in the peripheral blood of healthy carriers. Analysis of pure cell populations by the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sensitive to between 1 and 10 copies of the HCMV genome, showed that the predominant site of persistence was the monocyte. In addition, analysis of healthy seronegative subjects revealed that a significant number (30%) also harbored HCMV. Finally, study of granulocytes demonstrated no evidence of persistent HCMV. Expression of HCMV during persistence was also analyzed, by using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) with a sensitivity of between 1 and 100 infected fibroblasts. RNA from monocytes showed no evidence of polyadenylated immediate early (IE) or late transcripts. In contrast, in vitro differentiated monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) did show evidence of HCMV gene expression with the class of HCMV genes expressed dependent on the method of differentiation. MDM treated with hydrocortisone (HC) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, expressed only lEI, but not IE2, glycoprotein B (gB) or phosphoprotein 28 (pp28) transcripts. Whereas, MDM treated with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and HC expressed lEI, IE2 and gB, but not pp28 transcripts. In both cases, cocultivation experiments did not show plaques. Therefore, in the healthy carrier, persistence of HCMV in monocytes is independent of HCMV lytic gene expression, but in vitro differentiation of monocytes to MDM induced endogenous HCMV transcription consistent with the known permissivity of in vivo differentiated macrophages to HCMV infection.
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16

Poland, Stephen D. "Central nervous system infection with human cytomegalovirus." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq21311.pdf.

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17

Gamadia, Laila Elizabeth. "T cell development in human cytomegalovirus infection." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2003. http://dare.uva.nl/document/70758.

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18

Akter, Parvis. "Transcript mapping in human cytomegalovirus strain AD169." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394827.

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19

Cope, Alethea Gwendoline Victoria. "Investigations into the pathogenesis of human cytomegalovirus." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299323.

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20

Blake, K. "The immediate early proteins of human cytomegalovirus." Thesis, Open University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379090.

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21

Patel, Mihil. "Regulation of cellular immunity by human cytomegalovirus." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2018. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/114496/.

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The success of HCMV as a lifelong pathogen is attributed at least in part to the broad range of encoded immune evasion molecules that inhibit the host cellular immune response. Indeed, HCMV has become a paradigm for immune evasion, the study of which has revealed a number of basic immunological processes. To screen for novel immune evasion genes, HCMV-specific CD8+ T-cell lines were grown from seropositive donors and used against a series of block deletion viruses, each missing a region of genes non-essential for replication in vitro. UL13-UL20 was flagged as important for inhibition of CD8+ T-cells. Further screening with individual gene knockout HCMVs showed that the published NK-cell inhibitor UL16 could inhibit CD8+ T-cells, but also revealed UL19 as a previously unrecognised strong immune evasin, inhibiting 3 separate CD8+ T-cell lines. UL19 had no effect on HLA-I downregulation indicating that it may affect other pathways involved with T-cell activation. Proteomic data showed that surface TNFR2 was increased by HCMV infection. This is important as this would influence the response to TNF, a major inflammatory cytokine and soluble effector molecule released by T and NK cells. Screening using different HCMV strains and knockout viruses identified UL148 and UL148D as responsible for the increase in surface TNFR2 but prevented the release of soluble TNFR2, indicating that UL148 and UL148D were influencing the ability of TNFR2 to be retained at the cell surface. Infection with HCMV Merlin profoundly downregulated surface ADAM17, the metalloproteinase responsible for cleaving TNFR2 from the cell surface. Deleting UL148 and UL148D recovered ADAM17 expression, blocking the function of which returned surface and soluble TNFR2 levels to those observed with Merlin. This was also true of TNFR1. HCMV infected cell lysates showed that UL148 and UL148D interfered with the maturation of ADAM17. Thus, UL148 and UL148D allow upregulation of TNFR2 and maintain TNFR1 expression during and HCMV infection by impairing surface ADAM17 expression through impairment of ADAM17 maturation. Given that ADAM17 is involved with the cleaving of multiple cytokines, cytokine receptors, adhesion molecules and immune cell receptors, this work identifies a novel mechanism through which HCMV can alter the surface and soluble proteome by preventing the shedding of inflammatory/immune receptors and mediators. More detailed studies will be required to define the global impact of this on the immune system.
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22

Dasari, Vijayendra. "Designing a Polyepitope Prophylactic Vaccine against Human Cytomegalovirus." Thesis, Griffith University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367769.

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Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous β human herpes virus that establishes lifelong infection. Primary CMV infection in immunocompetent individuals is generally asymptomatic, but in congenitally infected children and in transplant patients CMV causes significant morbidity and mortality. Based on the life-time cost to the health care system and its impact on human suffering, development of a vaccine to prevent congenital human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been assigned the highest priority by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences (US) and US National Vaccine Program Office. Therefore there is an emerging need for the development of an effective CMV vaccine. The main objective of vaccine development against CMV is to reduce the risk of CMV associated injury to the developing fetus and in immunocompromised individuals such as recipients of solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplants. In immunocompetent individuals CMV infection is maintained under strict control by the immune system by a combination of humoral and cellular immune responses. Thus, an effective CMV vaccine should be designed to induce virus-specific antibody, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. In spite of extensive efforts over the last 30 years, a clinically licensed vaccine formulation with convincing clinical efficacy remains elusive.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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23

Slobbe-van, Drunen Marlea Elisabeth Philippa. "The interplay between human cytomegalovirus and endothelial cells." [Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1998. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=8532.

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24

Cochrane, Daniel. "Characterisation of the human cytomegalovirus immunomodulatory gene UL141." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2010. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55871/.

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Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL141 is a potent modulator of natural killer (NK) cell function that acts by suppressing cell surface expression of CD155, a recognised ligand for the ubiquitous NK. cell activating receptors DNAM-1 and CD96. CD155, also known as nectin-like molecule 5 (necl-5) or poliovirus receptor (PVR), is an important adhesion molecule that impacts on cell motility, proliferation and cellular signalling complexes. The focus of this study is to characterise UL141 expression, interactions and biological properties. Consistent with the role of CD 155 as a cell adhesion molecule, UL141 expression was associated with reduced cellular adhesion whether expressed in continuous cell lines or by adenovirus vector. UL14 and UL141 exhibit significant amino acid sequence homology and are members of the same HCMV gene family. Interestingly, UL14 also impaired cell adhesion. Consistent with HCMV downregulating multiple adhesion molecules, productive infection was associated with greatly reduced cell adhesion. Against this background, deletion of UL141 from the virus had no overt effect in adhesion assays. When co-expressed with C-terminal fluorescent tags, gpUL141 and CD 155 co-localise with each other and endoplasmic reticulum marker. When over-expressed CD 155 and gpUL141 co-localised in inclusion bodies along with calnexin implying gpUL141 may hold CD 155 in a partially destabilised form. gpUL141 was identified as a component of the envelope of mature HCMV virus particles, whilst CD 155 and gpUL14 were excluded. gpUL141 is predominantly an endoglycosidaseH (Endo-H)-sensitive, ER-resident glycoprotein in HCMV infected cell that is subject to post-translational modification, consistent with proteolytic cleavage, during the later stages of infection. However, the protein incorporated into virions is full length and had acquired Endo-H resistance, consistent with transit through the Golgi apparatus. As CD 155 is recognised to be a cellular receptor for poliovirus and other herpesviruses, the identification of UL141 as a virion protein may have implications for virus entry.
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25

Armstrong, Melanie. "Characterisation of virulence functions encoded by human cytomegalovirus." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2007. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55696/.

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HCMV is the largest human virus characterised to date, encoding approximately 165 open reading frames (ORFs). Due to many years of serial passage, laboratory adapted strains of HCMV, such as strain AD 169, have lost a 13-15kb region of genome, designated UUb', compared with HCMV clinical strains (Cha et al, 1996). Loss of this 13-15kb UUb' region is correlated with decreased virulence and increased sensitivity to Natural Killer (NK) cell lysis, leading to the hypothesis that the UUb' region is harbouring one or more NK evasion functions. A comprehensive screen of the UUb * region of HCMV strain Merlin to identify novel NK evasion functions has formed the focus of this study. The UUb1 region encompasses 23 ORFs from UL128 through to UL150. In addition, UL14, a homologue of the UUb' resident ORF UL141, and UL141A, a newly identified UUb' ORF, were included in this study as potential NK evasion functions. Using the AdEasy system and the newly developed AdZ system, the generation of recombinant adenoviruses (RAds) encoding for each of the 24 UUb' ORFs, plus the UL141 homologue, UL14, has been successful and provides a complete resource for the study of these proteins. The majority of the UUb' proteins were previously uncharacterised, and the incorporation of a C-terminal Streptag II has enabled preliminary characterisation of these ORFs. Producing the bank of UUb' RAds has also enabled a functional screen of this region in order to identify novel NK evasion functions. As a result of the systematic functional NK screen of the UUb' region, two novel NK evasion functions have been identified the UL141 homologue, UL14 and the UUb' resident ORF, UL135. Their identification brings the total number of NK evasion functions encoded by HCMV up to eight: UL40, UL16, UL18, UL83 (pp65), UL141, UL142, UL14 and UL135. These provide HCMV with an impressive arsenal dedicated to evasion of NK lysis, and are further evidence for the importance of NK cells in the control of HCMV. Further analysis of the NK evasion function encoded by UL14 revealed that similar to UL141, UL14 encodes an EndoH sensitive glycoprotein and was observed to co-localise with the ER resident protein, calnexin, consistent with gpUL14 being ER- retained. The biochemical similarities of the UL141 and UL14 NK evasion ORFs may be of functional significance, indicating that gpUL14 may also be sequestering an NK activating ligand within the cell similar to gpUL141 (Tomasec et al, 2005).
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26

Beyari, Mohammed Mustafa. "Multiple infection by human herpesvirus-8 and cytomegalovirus." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444349/.

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To substantiate the hypothesis that multiple infection by human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and by cytomegalovirus (CMV) commonly occurs, intraperson nucleotide variation in DNA amplified from hypervariable subgenomic domains of HHV-8 and CMV was evaluated in a group of people living in Malawi, where both viruses circulate hyperendemically. Mouth rinses, throat gargles, palatal exfoliates and blood were sampled from 89 people (age range: 4 m to 45 y). In 24 people (27%), HHV-8 DNA could be amplified in >1 sample 9 (38%) were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus-1 and 7 (29%) exhibited Kaposi's sarcoma. Sequence variation was sought in DNA segments derived from: the domain in open reading frame (ORF) 73 that encodes latent nuclear antigen the Bam330 segment of ORF 26 and the VI region of ORF Kl. Restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis, nucleotide sequencing, PCR cloning and denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis were applied to study the sequence diversity of these segments. Significant intraperson/inter- and intra-sample sequence polymorphisms could be found in 15 people (62.5%). Variation in urine-derived VI sequences could, in addition, be evaluated: in 5 people, the sequences were monotypic, and in 2, urinary and oral sequences were genotypically different. Variation in hypervariable domains in the gO and gN regions of CMV was studied in urine and saliva samples of 77 people. In 41 individuals (53%), DNA could be amplified from at least one domain, and, in 14 (18%), from both domains. In 4 individuals (5%), urinary and oral sequences were genotypically different. The extent of inter- and intra-person variation in the 2 CMV domains studied was significantly less than inKWl of HHV-8. Multiple infection by HHV-8 and by CMV is common. It would be important to determine if such infection reflects coinfection occurring during initial transmission or superinfection, as the latter implies that vaccination might be ineffective to prevent and control the spread of the viruses.
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27

Mendelson, Gregory Marc Solomon. "Analysis of human cytomegalovirus latency in myeloid cells." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624747.

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28

Wright, Edward. "Silencing of human cytomegalovirus immediate early gene expression." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620032.

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29

Wilkinson, Gavin William Grahame. "Regulation of human cytomegalovirus strain AD169 gene expression." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1987. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2540/.

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Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strain AD169 encodes a single abundant 1.95kb immediate early (IE) mRNA and a single abundant 2.7kb early RNA. The major IE gene (0.756-0.745 map units) was shown in nuclease protection experiments to encode a spliced molecule of 1,736 nucleotides (excluding the poly(A) tail) consisting of four exons of 121, 88, 185 and 1,342 nucleotides. Three introns of 827, 114 and 170 nucleotides were located near the 5' end of the gene. The structural analysis of the major IE gene enabled the amino acid sequence of the major IE polypeptide to be deduced from the DNA sequence. The major early gene, which is contained in both copies of the HCMV long repeat, was found not to be spliced. A translation product of the 2.7kb early RNA has yet to be identified. Reporter genes were used in transient DNA transfection experiments to monitor expression from HCMV and other viral promoters. HCMV infections trans-activated expression from the transfected SV40 early, Rous Sarcoma virus, HSV-1 thymidine kinase (TK), the HCMV major IE and the HCMV major early promoters. Expression from both the HCMV IE and the HSV-1 TK promoters was stimulated much more gradually by HCMV than by HSV-1 infections. Experiments performed using u.v.-irradiated virus and inhibitors of HCMV replication indicated that the transfected IE promoter was stimulated primarily by a de novo synthesised HCMV-encoded gene product(s). When the concentration of the plasmids IEPlcatIEterm and AccHincat transfected into cells was lowered sufficiently, HCMV infection was observed to repress expression from the transfected IE promoter. A sequence in the HCMV major IE gene between -299 and + 69 apparently contains a cis-acting signal which responds to an HCMV-induced repressor. Competitive co-transfection experiments indicated that an HCMV-induced repressor of IE transcription interacts with at least three distinct regions within the IE promoter.
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30

Paterson, David Archibald. "Human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein H complex and cell fusion." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271225.

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31

Rider, Janet Rosemary. "Isolation and characterisation of human cytomegalovirus envelope glycoproteins." Thesis, University of Reading, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328918.

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32

Nichols, Hester. "An analysis of human cytomegalovirus gene family function." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2018. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/115570/.

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Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a β-herpesvirus that causes complications in immuno-compromised individuals and is the leading infectious cause of birth defects. The HCMV genome contains 15 gene families, which contain between 2 to 14 members. One of these, the US12 gene family, consists of a sequential cluster of 10 genes (US12 to US21) that are highly conserved in clinical isolates. This family has roles in tropism and immune evasion and was recently found to regulate the cell surface expression of a wide array of immune ligands. This included the regulation of ligands for the natural killer (NK) cell activating receptors NKG2D and NKp30 (MICA and B7-H6 respectively), which were targeted by US18 and US20. To complement these mechanistic studies, a C-terminal V5 epitope tag was added to each US12 family gene within the HCMV Merlin genome. A large proportion of the US12 family were shown to be degraded within the cell, possibly within lysosomes, which suggests that they may interact with their targets proteins in order to redirect them for degradation. Expression of US12 family members was detectable by immunoblotting during an infection time-course, with many US12 family members expressed during the Tp3 temporal class of HCMV gene expression. Three members of the family were also demonstrated to be N-glycosylated during HCMV infection. The US12 family appear to have associations with the virion assembly compartment, and correspondingly, 7 US12 family members are found within the virion. Furthermore, the majority of the US12 family also show co-localisation with endoplasmic reticulum-derived membranes. These data build on our previous functional characterisation to give insights into the workings of this important HCMV gene family.
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33

Seirafian, Sepher. "An analysis of human cytomegalovirus gene usage A." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/46644/.

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HCMV encodes a plethora of immune-modulating functions, many of which have yet to be assigned to specific genes. In prospect of performing high-throughput screens to identify and characterise such functions, a library of recombinant adenoviruses (RAds) each encoding a V5 epitope-tagged HCMV protein was generated. Protein expression was validated and characterised for the vast majority of RAds by western blot and immunofluorescence. HCMV has been reported to both upregulate cell surface expression of Fas, and render cells resistant to Fas-mediated killing. This thesis demonstrated that Fas levels are markedly reduced at the surface of HCMV-infected cells as an early function that persists through the late phase. Screening a panel of HCMV deletion mutants eliminated 83 genes as not required for Fas downregulation, while screening the RAd library did not identify any single HCMV gene as being sufficient for this function. Deep sequencing of the HCMV transcriptome recently led to the identification of UL150A as a novel protein-coding gene. To test this prediction, UL150A was tagged within the strain Merlin genome. UL150A was shown to encode multiple protein products, and be expressed with early and late kinetics. In a screen of the RAd library, gpUL4 was observed to be secreted from cells. To investigate this function in the context of HCMV infection, an epitope-tag was inserted at the 3’-end of the UL4 gene in the strain Merlin genome. Tagged gpUL4 was secreted from cells infected with strain Merlin. Secreted gpUL4 was more heavily glycosylated, and produced in greater abundance than its intracellular counterpart late in infection. Active secretion would be consistent with gpUL4 acting as a virokine, cytokine or cytokine/chemokine-binding protein. gpUL4 purified from supernatants of Merlin- or RAd-UL4-infected cells inhibited NK cell degranulation. Furthermore, gpUL4 did not copurify with virus particles, indicating it is unlikely to be a virion component.
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34

Ashley, Caroline Louise. "Manipulation of the Immune Response by Human Cytomegalovirus." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/25702.

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Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an endemic betaherpesvirus whose persistence can be attributed to evasion of the immune response. The intrinsic immune response, the first to be activated, is mediated by endogenously expressed antiviral proteins. The core proteins of Nuclear Domain 10 (ND10) - Promyelocytic leukemia factor (PML), speckled protein of 100kDa (Sp100) and human death domain associated protein 6 (hDaxx) - are key effectors of the intrinsic response to HCMV. This thesis demonstrates that PML and Sp100 are upregulated by type I interferons (IFNs) during HCMV infection and that this contributes significantly to the antiviral capacity of type I IFNs. Type I IFNs are proinflammatory cytokines produced during the innate immune response to HCMV. Type I IFNs induce an antiviral state by upregulation of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs). This thesis explores IFN-independent regulation of ISGs by HCMV, using cell lines lacking the ability to produce or respond to IFNs. The ISGs identified as being regulated independently of IFN are: IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, ISG15, CXCL10, Mx1 and Mx2. The antigen presenting molecule, major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC) I is also an ISG. Levels of MHC I and MHC I-like molecules are extensively regulated by HCMV. Therefore, this thesis explored the regulation of MHC I related molecule 1 (MR1) that had not previously been studied during HCMV infection. Although MR1 was not an ISG, its expression was regulated by HCMV. In the absence of exogenous MR1 ligand, HCMV infected cells upregulated MR1 cell surface expression, while in the presence of MR1 ligand, HCMV infection impaired MR1 cell surface expression. Some ligands bound by MR1 activate innate-like mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. To date, MR1-dependent activation of MAIT cells is known to protect against bacterial and fungal pathogens. In the context of viral infection, MAIT cells can be activated in an MR1-independent manner by proinflammatory cytokines. However, this thesis demonstrates that HCMV infection can inhibit MR1-dependent MAIT cell activation, a finding suggests HCMV could alter the pathogenesis of bacterial or fungal co-infections. This thesis also raises the possibility that HCMV-associated MR1 ligands exist, and that MAIT cells may play a role in monitoring HCMV infection.
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35

Rossini, Giada <1978&gt. "Characterization of the ORF TRL12 of human cytomegalovirus." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2007. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/320/1/Tesi_Dottorato_ROSSINI.pdf.

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36

Rossini, Giada <1978&gt. "Characterization of the ORF TRL12 of human cytomegalovirus." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2007. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/320/.

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37

Hardie, Diana Ruth. "Characterization of an Fc-receptor for human IgG in the tegument of human cytomegalovirus." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26353.

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38

Huygens, Ariane. "Fetal T cell response to human congenital cytomegalovirus infection." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209450.

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Les nouveau-nés et les jeunes enfants ont une susceptibilité plus élevée aux infections par rapport aux enfants plus âgés et aux adultes. Cette caractéristique est en partie attribuée à l’immaturité de leur système immunitaire qui est associée à une capacité limitée à développer des réponses immunitaires à médiation cellulaire. L’infection par le cytomégalovirus (HCMV) est la cause la plus fréquente d’infection congénitale chez l’Homme et une cause majeure de surdité et de retard mental. En Belgique, le dépistage anténatal de l’infection primaire par le HCMV chez les femmes enceintes offre l’opportunité d’étudier les réponses immunitaires du foetus à ce virus et de les comparer à celles de leur maman.

Les lymphocytes T CD4+ Th1 et les lymphocytes T CD8+ cytotoxiques jouent un rôle crucial dans le contrôle des pathogènes intracellulaires dont le HCMV fait partie. La littérature montre une capacité limitée des enfants congénitalement infectés par le HCMV à développer des réponses T CD4+ spécifiques du HCMV. En contraste, des réponses de lymphocytes T CD8+ spécifiques du HCMV ont été rapportées chez des enfants infectés in utero, mais ces réponses n’ont pas été comparées en détails à celles de l’adulte. De plus, notre connaissance des réponses T spécifiques du HCMV durant l’infection primaire par ce virus est limitée. Des études antérieures ont rapporté un défaut de prolifération et de production d’IL-2 des lymphocytes T spécifiques du HCMV chez des adultes avec durant la phase primaire de l’infection, mais les mécanismes restent non-élucidés.

Nous avons caractérisé les réponses de lymphocytes T CD4+ et CD8+ spécifiques du HCMV provenant du sang de cordon de nouveau-nés congénitalement infectés par le HCMV, et nous avons comparé ces réponses à celles de leurs mamans diagnostiquées avec une infection primaire par le HCMV durant la grossesse. En plus, nous avons comparé les réponses T CD4+ et CD8+ de ces mamans à celles d’adultes infectés chroniquement par le virus. Chez les nouveau-nés, nous avons démontré que des lymphocytes T CD4+ de sang de cordon exprimant un phénotype de différentiation spécifique du HCMV (CD27-CD28-) ainsi qu’un phénotype Th1 similaire à celui des cellules maternelles étaient induits in utero lors de l’infection congénitale par le HCMV. De plus, la détection d’expansions oligoclonales suggérait fortement une expansion antigène-spécifique de ces cellules. Cependant, les T CD4+ de nouveau-nés présentaient une capacité fortement réduite à produire des cytokines anti-virales (IFN-γ, TNF-α et MIP-1β) en réponse à une stimulation ex vivo avec les antigènes du HCMV, par rapport aux cellules maternelles. Les lymphocytes T (CD27-CD28-) CD4+ de nouveau-nés produisaient également des niveaux plus bas de cytokines antivirales en réponse à des stimulations polyclonales avec l’anti-CD3 et la PMA/ionomycine, suggérant des altérations en amont et en aval de la voie de signalisation du TCR. Nos résultats suggèrent que ces altérations pourraient impliquer la diminution de l’expression de molécules impliquées dans cette voie de signalisation. De la même manière, nous

avons montré que chez le nouveau-né, la fonction des T CD8+ spécifiques du HCMV était altérée par rapport à celle de l’adulte. Nous avons observé des proportions similaires de T CD8+ (CD27-CD28-) chez les nouveau-nés et les adultes. De plus, l’analyse du répertoire du TCR Vβ de ces cellules par séquençage haut-débit a révélé une capacité similaire à générer un répertoire T diversifié dans les deux groupes. Comme rapporté précédemment, nous avons détecté des fréquences similaires de lymphocytes T CD8+ spécifiques pour l’antigène immunodominant pp65. Cependant, lorsque les stimulations ont été étendues à d’autres antigènes du HCMV, nous avons observé que le répertoire antigénique reconnu par ces cellules était significativement réduit chez les nouveau-nés, en association avec une diminution de la polyfonctionalité et de la production de cytokines par cellule.

Nous avons également montré que, dans une moindre mesure, la fonction des lymphocytes T spécifiques du HCMV était diminuée durant l’infection primaire chez l’adulte. Comme reporté précédemment, les T CD4+ spécifiques du HCMV proliféraient moins et produisaient moins d’IL-2 par rapport à des individus dans la phase chronique de l’infection. Ce défaut de production d’IL-2 affectait à la fois les populations de cellules CD28+ et CD28-, montrant que l’accumulation de lymphocytes T CD4+ ayant perdu l’expression de la molécule CD28 (un signal de co-stimulation important pour la production d’IL-2) est seulement un des facteurs contribuant à la diminution de la production d’IL-2 par les cellules spécifiques du HCMV. En accord avec cette observation, nous avons montré une diminution de la production par cellule d’IFN-γ et de TNF-α touchant également à la fois les populations de T CD4+ CD28+ et CD28- durant la phase primaire de l’infection, un défaut associé avec une avidité fonctionnelle diminuée de ces cellules. De la même manière, la polyfonctionalité et la production de cytokines par cellule des lymphocytes T CD8+ spécifiques du HCMV étaient également diminuées chez les adultes durant la phase d’infection primaire.

En résumé, nos résultats montrent que la fonction des lymphocytes T spécifiques du HCMV de nouveau-nés et d’adultes est altérée durant l’infection primaire par rapport à des individus infectés chroniquement par le virus. Nous montrons que cette régulation fonctionnelle ressemble à l’exhaustion fonctionnelle des lymphocytes T observée durant les infections virales chroniques associées à des charges virales élevées. L’infection primaire par le HCMV est caractérisée par une réplication virale intense qui dure pendant plusieurs mois suivant l’infection. Nous émettons l’hypothèse que les hauts taux de réplication virale observés durant l’infection congénitale et chez l’adulte durant l’infection primaire par le HCMV pourraient interférer avec certaines fonctions des lymphocytes T./Neonates and young infants have a higher susceptibility to infections compared to older infants or adults. This feature is in part attributed to the immaturity of their immune system associated with a limited capacity to mount cellular-mediated immune responses. Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is the most common cause of congenital infection worldwide and a major cause of hearing loss and mental retardation. In Belgium, antenatal screening of pregnant women for primary HCMV infection offers an opportunity to study neonatal immune responses to the virus and to compare them to those of their mother.

T lymphocytes are major players of the immune system. In particular, Th1 CD4+ T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells play a crucial role in the control of intracellular pathogens, including HCMV infection. Previous literature has reported a limited capacity of infants born with congenital HCMV infection to mount HCMV-specific CD4+ T cell responses. In contrast, fetal antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses have been reported following in utero HCMV infection, but these responses have not been compared in detail to those of adults with primary infection. In addition, our knowledge regarding adult HCMV-specific T cell responses during primary HCMV infection is limited. Previous studies have reported defective T cell proliferation and IL-2 production in adults with primary HCMV infection, showing that some of the T cell functions are altered during primary infection.

In this study, we have characterized neonatal HCMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses from the cord blood of newborns with congenital HCMV infection, and we have compared these responses to that of their mothers diagnosed with primary HCMV infection during pregnancy. Also, we compared CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses of adults with primary HCMV infection to that of adults with chronic infection.

In newborns, it was not known if the defective CD4+ T cell responses could be attributed to the absence of HCMV-specific cells or to the induction of dysfunctional cells. We demonstrate that neonatal CD4+ T cells with a differentiation phenotype typical of HCMV infection (CD27-CD28-) and expressing a Th1 phenotype similar to that of maternal cells can differentiate in utero following HCMV infection. In addition, the detection of oligoclonal expansions by spectratyping and flow cytometry analyses strongly suggests antigen-specific responses. However, neonatal CD4+ T cells were markedly less able to produce antiviral cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α and MIP-1β) following ex vivo stimulation with HCMV antigens, compared to maternal cells. Also, neonatal CD27-CD28- CD4+ T cells produce lower levels of antiviral cytokines in response to polyclonal stimulations with anti-CD3 and PMA/ionomycin, suggesting alterations up-stream and down-stream of the TCR signaling pathway. Our results suggest that these alterations could involve the down-regulation of the expression of molecules that are part of the TCR signaling pathway. Similarly, we show that the function of

neonatal HCMV-specific CD8+ T cells is impaired compared to adults. Similar proportions of (CD27-CD28-) CD8+ T cells, typical of HCMV infection, were detected in newborns and adults. Analysis of the TCR Vβ repertoire of neonatal and maternal (CD27-CD28-) CD8+ T cells by high-throughput sequencing revealed a similar capacity to generate a diverse clonal repertoire. As previously reported, we detected similar frequencies of HCMV-specific CD8+ T cells specific for the immunodominant viral antigen pp65. However, when extending ex vivo stimulations to other HCMV antigens, we observed that the antigenic repertoire recognized by these cells was significantly reduced in newborns. In addition, neonatal CD8+ T cells had a reduced polyfunctionality and per cell cytokine production.

To a lower extent, the function of adult HCMV-specific T cells was also impaired during primary infection. As previously reported, maternal HCMV-specific CD4+ T cells were markedly less able to produce IL-2 and to proliferate compared to individuals in the chronic stage of the disease. Both CD28+ and CD28- T cell subsets produced decreased levels of IL-2. This observation shows that the accumulation of HCMV-specific CD4+ T cells having lost the expression of the CD28 molecule (an important co-stimulatory signal for IL-2 production) during primary infection is only one of the factors contributing to the decreased IL-2 production. Accordingly, both CD28+ and CD28- CD4+ T cell subsets had a decreased per cell production of IFN-γ and TNF-α during primary HCMV infection. This defect was associated with a lower functional avidity of these cells. Similarly, the polyfunctionality and per cell cytokine production of adult HCMV-specific CD8+ T cells was also impaired compared to adults with chronic infection.

Altogether, our results show that adult and neonatal HCMV-specific T cell responses are impaired during primary infection, compared to individuals with chronic infection. We show that this functional regulation resembles that of functional T cell exhaustion observed during chronic viral infections that are associated with high levels of viral replication. Primary HCMV infection is characterized by an intense viral replication lasting for several months post-infection. We hypothesize that the high levels of viral replication observed during congenital and adult primary HCMV infection could interfere with some of the T cell functions.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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39

Borysiewicz, L. K. "Cell mediated immunity to human cytomegalovirus infection (cytotoxic T cell and natural killer cell mediated lysis of human cytomegalovirus infected cells)." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37949.

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40

Kidd, Ian Michael. "Human cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6 and human herpesvirus 7 infection of the immunocompromised host." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1453654/.

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41

Hendrix, Matheus Gerardus Ronald. "Human cytomegalovirus in the vascular tree and other organsystems." [Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1998. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=8533.

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42

Dugan, Gillian Elizabeth. "Functional dissection of human cytomegalovirus immune evasion protein US6." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486325.

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Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are activated to kill virally infected cells by the recognition of viral peptides presented on the cell surface by major histocompatibility (MHC) class I molecules. Peptides are generated by proteasOIpal degradation of viral proteins in the cytosol, and then translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). Here, peptides are loaded onto newly synthesised MHC class I molecules, before trafficking ') to the cell surface. Clearly it is advantageous' for viruses to inhibit cell- surface expression of MHC class I, as this enables them to avoid a CTL response. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes US6, an ER resident glycoprotein that inhibits peptide translocation by TAP. HCMV US6 prevents ATP binding by TAP, effectively starving the transporter of its energy source, and cutting off the supply of peptides for loading onto MHC class I molecules. The mechanism through which HCMV US6 inhibits ATP binding by TAP is poorly understood, nor is it clear how HCMV US6 localises to the ER. Thus the aims of this study were three-fold.' Firstly, to further investigate HCMV US6 inhibition of MHC class I cell surface expression, in particular its interactions with TAP. Secondly, to characterise a chimpanzee cytomegalovirus (CCMV) homologue of HCMV US6, in order to identify conserved residues required for TAP inhibition. Thirdly, to ~nvestigate interactions that may mediate HCMV US6 localisation to the ER. A flow cytometric· assay for TAP activity was developed in which cell surface expression of the TAP-depe.ndent allele HLA-B2705 was measured. Using a series of HCMV US6 truncations and site directed mutants in this assay it was demonstrated that that residues 89-104 ofHCMV US6 are required for TAP inhibition. Additionally, two separate regions of HCMV US6 stabilise the interaction with TAP; one at the Nterminus comprising residues 81-89, and another at the C-terminus ofHCMV US6. In contrast CCMV US6 had no effect on HLA-B2705 expression and could not inhibit ATP binding by human TAP. Sequence alignments indicated that CCMV US6 differs from HCMV US6 in seven of the sixteen residues required for TAP inhibition, corresponding to residues 89-104 ofHCMV US6. Site directed mutagenesis was used to create a CCMV US6 molecule that was identical to HCMV US6 in fifteen of the sixteen residues required for TAP inhibition. Significantly this chimeric US6 protein reduced cell surface expression of HLA-B2705, and inhibited ATP binding by TAP. Overall, these data provide further insight into the molecular interactions between HCMV US6 and TAP, from which a possible mechanism ofinhibition can be proposed. Previously published work revealed that HCMV US6 binds both TAP and the ER chaperone calnexin. To investigate if either of these interactions was required for HCMV US6 localisation to the ER, TAP-deficient, and calnexin-deficient cell lines were utilised. In both of these cell types HCMV US6 localised to the ER, suggesting that neither TAP nor calnexin was, by itself, required to retain HCMV US6 in the ER. Additionally, the intracellular localisation of a HCMV US6 truncation series was assessed to map the sequence requirements for ER localisation; however this could not be conclusively defined.
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43

Alp, N. J. "Analysis of T cell responses to human cytomegalovirus infection." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387122.

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44

Sugrue, Daniel Martyn. "Modulation of Natural Killer cell response by human cytomegalovirus." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/42799/.

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The Natural Killer (NK) cell activating receptor DNAM-1 (CD226) is stimulated through recognition of CD112 (nectin-2) and CD155 (nectin-like molecule 5; PVR) on target cells. HCMV UL141 elicits protection from NK-cells by down-regulating CD155 from the cell surface and sequestering it in the ER (Tomasec, 2005). Here, HCMV UL141 was shown to be involved in the down-regulation of CD112. Interestingly, UL141 appeared necessary but not sufficient to modulate CD112 expression. This thesis therefore focused on a hypothesis whereby UL141 was acting with one or more additional HCMV genes to target CD112 for degradation. This project was the first to utilise an entire recombinant adenovirus (RAd) library expressing individual HCMV ORFs (RAd-HCMV-ORF library) to screen for function. The RAd-HCMV-ORF library clearly provided an extremely powerful tool for the screening of HCMV gene function as results were highly repeatable and robust. The co-infection of RAd-UL141 and RAd-US2 resulted in a single, clear, positive hit in the final screening process. This hit was further verified by immunoblot where CD112 appeared to be down-regulated in cells infected with both RAd-UL141 and RAd-US2, compared to controls. While a Hela-US2 cell line which stably expressed US2 also down-regulated CD112 when infected with RAd-UL141. A RCMVΔUS1-11 virus was constructed, which failed to down-regulate CD112 from the cell surface of RCMVΔSU1-11 infected cells. The addition of proteasome inhibitors was able to partially restore CD112 expression in HCMV infected cells (Prod'homme et al., 2010). It therefore appeared that US2 and UL141 act to degrade CD112 via the proteasome during HCMV infection. CD112 downregulation may have the potential to prevent DNAM-1:CD112 interaction between HCMV infected targets and effector cells of the immune system, providing another facet to HCMV’s ability to avoid the human immune response.
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45

Gramoustianou, Evangelia Sophia. "Viral and host gene expression during human cytomegalovirus infection." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444419/.

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HCMV infection is usually asymptomatic in immunocompetent hosts, but serious disease can occur in immunocompromised individuals and in congenitally infected newborns. The importance of virus fitness determinations became evident in 1976, when it was proposed that the infecting strain of HCMV is important for clinical outcome, along with the intensity and duration of viral replication. HCMV strains exhibit different levels of virulence in vivo, depending on their passage history in cell culture. High and low passage HCMV strains exhibit tropism differences in vitro, suggesting that different tissue tropism may occur in vivo. In addition, approximately 13kb of novel DNA sequences located near the right edge of the unique long component of the genome has been identified in Toledo and clinical strains. This region (UL/b') encodes several open reading frames, which are missing from the high passage laboratory-adapted variants of Towne and AD 169 and are thought to play important roles in pathogenesis. One of the aims of this thesis was to determine the replication dynamics of different HCMV strains in vitro as well as compare their ability to bind to cells and mediate cell-to-cell spread of infection using pair-wise competition experiments in cell culture. AD 169 was shown to replicate better than Toledo in fibroblasts. Furthermore, assessment of the replication of Toledo in a different cell type, HUVEC, indicated that the virus replicated to higher levels in fibroblasts. Towne was found to bind to HEL cells with higher affinity compared to AD 169. The results showed phenotypic differences between high and low passaged HCMV variants and also illustrated that fitness differences between them are variable and highly dependent upon the status of the virus inoculum. To begin to understand the complex relationship between tissue tropism, virulence and HCMV genome composition, a DNA microarray approach was developed to examine host and HCMV gene expression during the productive infection of two distinct cell lines, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. The results showed that genes wifrojn tye fPSIPp were expressed in a cell type-specific fashion. Ip the context of host cell gene expression, cell type-specific host gene transcriptional changes were observed, reflecting different viral modulation of distinct cell type environments. The results provided potential insight into the function of genes encoded in the UL/b' region. Of particular note was that transcriptional changes frequently occurred in genes associated with pathways involved in the pathology of HCMV in the human host.
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46

Raftery, Martin John. "Changes in the cardiovascular system induced by human cytomegalovirus." Thesis, University of London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407415.

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47

Minton, Elizabeth Jane. "Infection of the monocytic cell lineage by human cytomegalovirus." Thesis, Open University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315286.

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48

Morris, Rebecca Jane. "Immunomodulation of the cellular immune response by human cytomegalovirus." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2004. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55574/.

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HCMV is a ubiquitious p herpesvirus that usually causes asymptomatic primary infection. Individuals infected with HCMV mount a strong immune response that suppresses persistent viral replication and is paramount for the prevention of HCMV disease. HCMV encodes a large number of immunomodulatory functions that modulate both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. The project undertaken in this thesis was to investigate and characterise immunomodulatory functions encoded by HCMV. A novel and highly efficient method of Natural Killer (NK) cell cloning was developed to investigate modulation of the NK response by HCMV. This technology was utilised to further investigate the finding that CD94/NKG2A+ NK cells are inhibited by UL40-stabilised HLA-E. Analyses of polyclonal NK cell responses and NK clones showed that more CD9410 than CD94hl NK cells were activated by HCMV strain AD169 in comparison to uninfected targets. Flow cytometry showed that there was an increase in the frequency of NK cells expressing the activatory receptor CD94/NKG2C and a decrease in the frequency of cells expressing the inhibitory receptor CD94/NKG2A in HCMV seropositive individuals. The response of NK clones expressing CD94/NKG2A or CD94/NKG2C to targets infected with strain AD169 or RAdUL40 indicated that some CD94/NKG2A clones can be inhibited by gpUL40 while some CD94/NKG2C clones can be activated by gpUL40. Comparative analysis of NK responses to HCMV strain Towne, indicated that strain Towne encoded a novel NK modulatory function that differentially targeted the CD94to and CD94hi NK cell subset in certain individuals. HCMV strain Toledo is known to encode a powerful inhibitor of NK function. Analysis of polyclonal NK cell responses mapped this inhibitory function to gpUL141. In depth analysis of 98 NK clones demonstrated that gpUL141 inhibited a large proportion of NK cells and this was independent of CD94 expression. The initial aim of this study was to characterise the immunomodulatory function of pp65, an HCMV protein that has previously been shown by others to abrogate recognition of HCMV infected cells by HCMV-IE1 specific CTL. Fluorescence microscopy showed that pp65 did not alter the localisation of IE1 and a yeast two-hybrid assay indicated that there was no direct interaction between these 2 proteins. A functional assay using IE1 specific CTL was not performed because sufficient numbers of peptide specific CTL could not be cultured. Nevertheless, this study has contributed to the characterisation of powerful HCMV immunomodulatory functions that selectively target NK cell subsets and are sufficient to alter frequencies of cells in the innate immune system. The results presented here enhance our understanding of HCMV pathogenesis, the regulation of NK cell function and the biology of the innate immune system.
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49

Zhao, Yiqiang. "Functional Analysis of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) US3 and pp71." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou995293805.

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50

Wohlford, Mark Edward. "Regulation of human leukocyte antigens on cytomegalovirus infected cells /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487841548268511.

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