Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Human capital, screening, education, labour market'
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1
Jewell, Sarah. "Human capital acquisition and labour market outcome in UK higher education." Thesis, University of Reading, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494790.
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In recent decades participation in higher education in the UK has increased but at the same time students increasingly faced a greater burden of the costs. With the government keen to increase participation it is important to understand the costs and benefits of higher education for the individual student. This thesis is a microeconomic study investigating formal and informal human capital acquisition in UK higher education and the subsequent labour market outcomes, stemming from the human capital theory developed in the 1960s. The research is based on the 2006 and 2007 University of Reading graduate cohorts (4,577 observations) using data collected from the University of Reading student database and the Destinations of Leavers in Higher Education survey, with further data collected on 678 graduates through an employment survey. Our analysis incorporates a variety of econometric methods. including discrete choice modelling, and used a broader range of socio-economic background variables, including parents' income and education than previous studies.
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Haynes, Matthew O. "The role of education in the labour market : an empirical analysis." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1997. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/19405.
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It is generally accepted that a more educated workforce can provide more economic growth. However, the extent to which personal benefits outweigh the social benefits of higher education has become not only an economic issue, but also a political issue. Voicing screening sympathies, Chancellor Kenneth Clarke asked 'why should bus drivers pay for the education of lawyers?' when cutting student grants in 1993 [The Economist 22/4/95]. The screening theories of the 1970's posited that, in some circumstances, if higher education was only signalling and not improving a person's ability, then society may be better off without higher education. A less extreme view is that some component of education acts solely as a signal and is socially worthless. There has been relatively little attention paid to testing the role of education in the labour market of the United Kingdom and Italy. One reason may be the shortage of suitable data sets available for such tests. This Thesis utilises UK and Italian data sets and aims to redress some of the imbalance in empirical work which tends to centre on data from United States. It is important to test the educational screening hypothesis in the context both of revisions in UK government policy towards the funding of higher education and the aim of convergence of labour market conditions within the European Union. The key objective of this Thesis is to investigate the role of education in the determination of wage rates for full-time work in the UK and Italy. The empirical analysis generally supports the hypothesis that education has both a screening and a productivity augmenting role.
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COTTINI, ELENA. "Human Capital Accumulation and the Labour Market: Applications Using Evaluation Methods." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/112.
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Human capital accumulation and its effect on labour market outcomes have been in the focus of economic research for decades. Traditionally the economic literature suggests that there might exist several forms of human capital, where human capital represents the knowledge, skills and health embodied in individuals. Skills and knowledge are largely acquired through education and experience but may also reflect, in part, innate abilities. In addition, some aspects of motivation and behaviour, as well as attributes such as the physical, emotional and mental health of individuals are also considered as human capital. These activities are referred to as human capital because people cannot be separated from their knowledge, skills and health, in the way they are separated from their physical and capital assets. Human capital accumulation is an important determinant of individuals' earning capacity and employment prospects, therefore plays an important role in determining the level and distribution of income in society. Moreover, the costs of these investments include direct outlays on market goods and the opportunity cost of the time that must be withdrawn from competing uses. Apart from direct investments in human capital people could also invest in constructing a network of relationships for example to find a job. Until now all these aspects have been studied separately, in this thesis I try to reconcile them.
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Lillrank, Erik, and Fredrik Nilsson. "Job Market Signalling in the European labour market : Exploring the relationship between tertiary education access and participation in secondary level schooling." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-435893.
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This study re-examines a theoretical scenario introduced by Kelly Bedard in which increased university access leads to an increase in high school dropouts due to the decreased wage premium of a high school diploma caused by talent departing to higher education. The goal for this empirical study is to expand upon the theoretical framework introduced by Bedard in order to determine whether job market signalling is present in the European labour market. In line with Bedard, we theorise that if signalling holds true, secondary education graduates will decrease when access to tertiary education increases. To test this we construct 3 linear regression models to analyse a panel data set constructed of data gathered by Eurostat. Our research question is: Does increased enrolment in tertiary education have a negative effect on participation in secondary education? Our results differ from earlier studies as they indicate that increased enrolment in European tertiary education correlates with increased participation in secondary education. Ergo, we do not prove the presence of signalling in the European labour market. Our results support continued policy efforts with the aim of increasing participation at all levels of education as we find no evidence of a trade-off between university access and secondary schooling graduate rates.
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Jirasavetakul, La-Bhus. "Essays in labour economics : Thailand's labour market adjustment during the structural transformation process." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:73e151f9-f38a-45af-9cda-a4e759162b39.
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I examine the importance of human capital for economic development in Thailand during the period of high economic growth and structural transformation (1985-2000), using labour force survey data. The three main chapters attempt to estimate the effects of education, as a measure of human capital, on three major outcomes in the Thai labour market, namely (i) earnings; (ii) sector of employment; and (iii) earnings inequality. I address the endogeneity problem of education using an education policy shift—the change in the compulsory schooling law—that produces exogenous variation in education. The three main chapters adopt distinct modelling frameworks. The details of each of the main chapters are as follows. The third chapter investigates how education increases earnings and the probability of being in the non-agricultural sector. As the education policy shift influences educational attainment in a discontinuous way, a regression discontinuity (RD) framework is adopted to identify the average returns to education and the effect of education on the sector of employment. It is important to emphasise that the RD technique constrains the effects of education on the two outcomes to be linear and to be applicable only to sub-populations. My results confirm significant effects of education on both earnings and the sectoral sorting process. In addition, there are heterogeneous effects of education by gender. The fourth chapter is an extension of the previous chapter. I allow the returns to education to be heterogeneous across education levels and sectors of employment, while attempting to estimate the returns for the entire population. I use a control function (CF) approach and a double selection correction to estimate the sectoral earnings process, while jointly accounting for the choice of education and the selection into sectors and paid employment. I find that the returns to education are non-linear and higher in the non-agricultural sector especially for medium and highly educated workers. This suggests that human capital plays a crucial role in facilitating a structural transformation towards the non-agricultural sector. In the final chapter, I study how the increased primary education completion rate affects earnings inequality. While there exists a burgeoning literature on the average returns to education, less attention has been devoted to estimating the effects of education on the distribution of earnings. I identify the effects of primary education completion on earnings at different points of the distribution, and thus earnings inequality, using a recently developed approach, called regression discontinuity distributional treatment effects. My results suggest that the increased primary education completion rate reduces earnings inequality as the returns to primary education are larger for the poor than the rich.
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Walters, David Fox John. "The relationship between postsecondary education and labour market outcomes: comparing graduates over a four-cohort period /." *McMaster only, 2002.
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Fridsén, Ellen, and Victoria Sjölander. "The double disadvantage effect for immigrant women : Is there an earnings differential between native women and immigrant women with similar education and human capital in the Swedish labour market?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-75807.
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The migration has increased substantially during the last years and most countries struggle to integrate immigrants into the labour market. Since we also know from previous research that women are discriminated against due to their gender we want to investigate if immigrant women are facing an additional earnings differential because of their ethnicity. We study women with similar human capital and occupation in order to see if the initial earnings differential can be explained by these variables. Results indicate that there is no earnings differential remaining after controlling for human capital and occupation. However, there are differences in the results from the different fields of education and occupations. In some fields part of the earnings gap remain even after controlling for the explanatory variables.
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Dube, Andile Laureth Maletsatsi. "Pathways of out-of-school youth and their re-entrance into the education training and development system or the labour market." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25303.
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The study is an investigation into the pathways of out-of-school youth and their re-entrance into the Education Training and Development (ETD) system or the labour market. In the study the pathways of youth who dropped out of school between grades 1 and 11 are traced as they seek re-entrance to the ETD system, or entrance into the labour market. Particular attention was given to the factors that determine the choices that dropouts make either in re-entering the ETD system or entering the labour market. An analysis of the experiences of the interviewed sample of dropouts is presented. The study employs a qualitative research methodology using interviews to elicit the experiences of dropouts and school managers. The participants (young people and three school principals) were selected through snowballing from a township south of Durban. Individual and focus group interviews were held. The findings provide evidence of the value of investing in education, as suggested by the youth. This is in line with the human capital theory framework that suggests that there are major benefits to investing in education. The study is concluded by suggesting the need for second chance education in South Africa.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Education Management and Policy Studies
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Grootes, Pieter Brian. "The labour market drop-out rate : a new approach to estimating the returns to government investment in higher education : the case for marine science in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002684.
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The private and social returns to education literature share the same conclusion: that education is beneficial for both the individual and society. However, the theoretical underpinnings are flawed as the literature does not account for the main feature that leads to the acquisition of education: the private demand for education. An understanding of the factors that motivate the individual to invest in education would lead to a deeper insight as to why both private and social returns to education exist, and would provide a clearer framework on which to base the government funding of education. This thesis provides a first attempt at filling this gap by introducing a method of estimating the returns to government investment in education, which is labelled the ‘labour market drop-out rate approach’. The approach focuses on the social return to education, not in terms of graduate earnings, but in terms of the interaction of the graduate with the economy. The approach introduces a measure of expertise utilisation, based on the premise that there is no social return to an individual acquiring education if he or she does not utilise the acquired knowledge base on entering the labour market. The approach is tested using the labour market for marine scientists in South Africa as a case study. In this case the private demand for education is found to be heavily influenced by the provision of student bursaries from the National Research Foundation, with a resulting estimate of the social return to a degree in marine science being a mere 20% to 25%. Owing to this, a new approach to government investment in marine science is introduced, that of graduate contribution schemes. Of broader significance is the ease of application of this approach, it may be adopted to analyse any funding programme in which a government may decide to invest. As such, the labour market drop-out rate provides an extension to the returns to education literature through its theoretical dealings of the private demand for education, as well as a practical tool which government agencies can use to evaluate the efficacy of any government funding of education.
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Fernandes, Nídia Gabriela. "O modelo do capital humano na explicação das diferenças salariais : uma aplicação ao mercado de trabalho em Portugal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18881.
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Mestrado em Sistemas Sócio-Organizacionais da Actividade EconómicaAs teorias do capital humano ganham expressão a partir do início da década de 6u, com autores como Theodore Schultz, Jacob Mincer e Gary Becker. A tentativa de explicação das diferenças salariais entre trabalhadores, com base neste quadro teórico, tem-se consubstanciado no desenvolvimento de um volume considerável de trabalhos de investigação em vários países. De acordo com os defensores do capital humano, os indivíduos são detentores de certas características pessoais (umas parcialmente inatas, como as aptidões intelectuais, e outras que vão sendo adquiridas ao longo da vida, tais como a educação formal e a formação profissional), as quais contribuem para o aumento da sua produtividade e, consequentemente, dos salários auferidos em ciclo de vida. Foi esta premissa que estabelece a correlação positiva entre o "stock" de capital humano e o nível salarial que nos propusemos testar para o mercado de trabalho português. Da estimação efectuada a partir de dados "cross-section" relativos a 1761501 trabalhadores, fornecidos pelos Quadros de Pessoal do Departamento de Estatística, do Trabalho, Emprego e Formação Profissional do Ministério do Trabalho e da Solidariedade (DETEFP/MTS), para o ano de 1996, verificámos que as teorias do capital humano explicam apenas parcialmente as diferenças salariais. Essa insuficiência deve-se à existência de outras variáveis influentes que não estão enquadradas no modelo do capital humano como, por exemplo, o sexo, os níveis de qualificação, a dimensão da empresa, o sector de actividade e a localização geográfica.
Human capital theories became popular at sixties with authors like Theodore Schultz, Jacob Mincer and Gary Becker. The attempt to explain the existence of different earnings among workers, based on this approach, has generated a large empirical framework across several countries. According to human capital theorists individuais possess certain personal skills (some partially innate, such as intellectual ability, and some acquired through the years, like formal education and professional training), which contributo to the increase of their work productivity and, consequently, to the growth of earnings in life cycle. This work tests empirically, for the portuguese labour market, the positive relationship between human capital stock and the earnings levei stressed by human capital model. From the estimation we derived, based on cross-section data regarding 1761501 workers drawn from Personnel Records of Ministry of Labour, for the year 1996, we observed that human capital model only explains partially earnings inequality. That insufficiency is related to the existence of other variables considered relevant in wage determination and which are not taken into account by human capital approach, for instance: sex, qualification leveis, firm size, sector of activity and location of employment.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Di, Natale Isabelle. "Réformes et politiques éducatives au Royaume-Uni entre 1997 et 2010 ˸ quel système d'enseignement secondaire pour le Royaume-Uni depuis la promulgation de " l'Education Reform Act " en 1988 ?" Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCA058/document.
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Cette thèse traite des réformes et des politiques éducatives mises en place au Royaume-Uni après l’arrivée au pouvoir des nouveaux travaillistes en 1997. À la suite de la dévolution, deux Assemblées furent créés en 1999, l’une au Pays de Galles, et l’autre en Irlande du Nord, et l’Écosse se dota d’un Parlement. Cela entraîna la pérennisation des différences qui existaient entre les systèmes éducatifs du Royaume-Uni, la gestion de chaque système éducatif étant confiée à ces nouvelles institutions. La thèse analyse en profondeur les évolutions et les transformations générées au sein des différents systèmes éducatifs entre 1997 et 2010 (période de gouvernance des nouveaux travaillistes), et dégage les divergences et/ou rapprochements qui en ont découlé. Elle montre comment chacune des quatre nations a fait évoluer sa politique éducative, tout en tenant compte des réformes qui furent mises en place par les précédents gouvernements, ces changements ayant déjà profondément bouleversé l’organisation des systèmes éducatifs (New Public Management/autonomie des écoles). Certaines réformes antérieures à la période d’étude, qui modifièrent profondément le modèle de fonctionnement et l’organisation de ces systèmes éducatifs, sont également abordées car les gouvernements du début des années 2000 durent en tenir compte lors de l’élaboration de leurs projets éducatifs. Cette étude comparative tente aussi de définir l’efficacité des réformes en matière de performance scolaire et d’égalité des chancesThis thesis deals with the reforms and education policies that were implemented in the United Kingdom after the arrival of New Labour in 1997. Following devolution, two Assemblies were created in 1999, one in Wales, and one in Northern Ireland, and Scotland had a Parliament. This led to the persistence of the differences that existed between the education systems of the United Kingdom, the management of each education system being entrusted to these new institutions. The thesis analyses in depth the evolutions and the transformations generated within the different education systems between 1997 and 2010 (period of governance of New Labour), and reveals the divergences and/or convergences that ensued. It shows how each of the four nations has changed its education policy, while taking into account the reforms that were put in place by previous governments, these changes having already profoundly changed the organisation of these education systems (New Public Management/Local management of schools). Some reforms, prior to the period under study, which profoundly changed the organisation of these education systems, are also discussed because the governments in the early 2000s had to take them into account when developing their education projects. This comparative study also attempts to define the effectiveness of reforms in school performance and equal opportunities
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Sing, Rinel. "Career trajectories of Masters in Education (M.Ed.) students : a tracer study of the M.Ed. class of 1999 at the University of the Witwatersrand." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/10131.
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The expansion of higher education and changes in the labour markets seem to have reached a point where training for an M.Ed is affected by a number of issues traditionally raised in the context of graduate employment and work. Growing emphasis is placed on general skills and flexibility, which is briefly mentioned in this report. Labour market theory, human capital development, social capital and career development are explored in detail. Management is no longer perceived in terms of maintaining the business machine but is evolving into a motivator and leader of staff, an inspirational entity that is quintessential to the retention of highly qualified staff . This has resulted in the language of business changing, thus the „efficient company‟ has become a „learning organisation‟ (Germishuys, 2006). Therefore it is of great interest to actually conduct a case study of 11 M.Ed. graduates to track their career trajectories to see where this prestigious qualification has taken them. The researcher traces a general group of M.Ed graduates from the class of 1999 from the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits). The main idea of this study is to ascertain exactly what it is that the sample M.Ed graduates have accomplished in their professional lives. It was found that the colour of one‟s skin, background, contextual factors, opportunities, social networking and career aspirations have played a pivotal role in the career progression of the M.Ed. graduates.
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Sing, Chandika. "Choice and reality in career development : a tracer study of the class of 2002 Master of Education of the University of the Witwatersrand." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/10132.
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More and more people are attempting to increase their human capital by increasing their qualifications. Post-graduate studies, according to many, is the way forward as it will enhance one‟s personal and professional prospects. This research project is intended to make a contribution to the field of education by looking at how a Masters degree affects the life values (the meaning and status attached to one‟s life) and prospects of individuals taking up post-graduate studies. It uses the tracer study methodology to create an impact in determining how the WITS Masters Programme has affected the post-graduate student in terms of life values. It specifically targets the Masters in Education degree at the University of the Witwatersrand (WITS) by tracing the lives of six graduates from the year 2002. The research is a qualitative tracer study that aims at establishing a relationship between what is studied and the effects this has on the lives of the graduates
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Νικολάτου, Ειρήνη Κωνσταντίνα. "Η αγορά εργασίας των κατόχων διδακτορικού διπλώματος στην Ελλάδα." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/8801.
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Η ζήτηση για την απόκτηση διδακτορικού διπλώματος στην Ελλάδα κατά την τελευταία τριακονταετία αυξάνεται με εντυπωσιακούς ρυθμούς. Το εν λόγω ερευνητικό έργο διερευνεί την ελληνική αγορά εργασίας των κατόχων διδακτορικού διπλώματος και τις συνθήκες απασχόλησης τους. Ειδικότερα, με τη χρήση πρωτογενών δεδομένων όπως η Απογραφή της Ελλάδος του έτους 2001, η Έρευνα Εργατικού Δυναμικού 1998-2013, οι Κοινοτικές Στατιστικές για το Εισόδημα και τις Συνθήκες Διαβίωσης 2003-2008 καθώς και η Στατιστική της Εκπαίδευσης 1981-2010, διερευνήθηκαν:1)Οι προσδιοριστικοί παράγοντες της απασχόλησης ανά κλάδο οικονομικής δραστηριότητας, η επαγγελματική επιλογή, η απασχόληση στον ακαδημαϊκό τομέα και ο προσδιορισμός των αμοιβών για τους κατόχους διδακτορικού διπλώματος, 2)Οι διακρίσεις και οι διαφοροποιήσεις στην αγορά εργασίας ανά φύλο, εργασιακή εμπειρία, απασχόληση στον ακαδημαϊκό και μη ακαδημαϊκό τομέα, ιδιωτικό και δημόσιο τομέα, καθώς και ο προσδιορισμός των πηγών διάκρισης και 3)Οι προσδιοριστικοί παράγοντες της αντιστοίχησης αντικείμενου σπουδών και ασκούμενου επαγγέλματος, καθώς και οι προσδιοριστικοί παράγοντες που επηρεάζουν τη ζήτηση για διδακτορικά διπλώματα, όπως η επίδραση θεσμικών παρεμβάσεων και η πρόσβαση σε ερευνητικούς πόρους.The number of Ph.D. graduates in Greece has been growing continuously over the last thirty years. The objective of this research is to investigate the labour market of Ph.D. holders in Greece. Using data of Greek Census 2001, LFS 1998-2013 and EU-SILC 2003-2008, as well as the Statistics of Education 1981-2010, we investigate: 1) the factors influencing the employment in industry, the occupational choice, the employment in academia, and the factors affecting earnings for Ph.D. holders in Greece, 2) wage discrimination by gender, experience, employment in academic and non-academic sector, as well as by employment in private and public sector, and 3) the factors influencing the education and job matching, as well as the factors influencing the demand for Ph.D.s.
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KOUPALOVÁ, Marie. "Vzdělávání a rozvoj zaměstnanců ve vybrané firmě." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-173800.
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The diploma thesis investigates the current issues of the education structure and the company education system. The main object of the thesis is analysing the education and development process in the selected company, further to characterize and assess the existing processes and give a suggestion for options to improve the present situation.
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Jouzová, Dana. "Dlouhodobá nezaměstnanost osob 18-24 let v okrese Sokolov." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-298326.
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This thesis deals with the problem of unemployed people aged 18 to 24 in the district of Sokolov. This group of people represents the highest amount of unemployed people in the district of Sokolov. The essential sources of data include the available statistics of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, the Czech Statistical Office, the Municipal Office of Sokolov and the Labour Office of Sokolov. To make the problem clear it was very important to find out whether also other subjects than the Labour Office of Sokolov participate on finding a solution to unemployment of young people. An integral part of my thesis is an analysis of the labour market in the district of Sokolov. The consecutive analysis of the instrumets used in the active employment-politics in the district of Sokolov gives answer to the question whether all the available instrumets for the active employment-politics are used in the district of Sokolov. To get the whole picture of the problem, employees of the Labour Office of Sokolov and of the Department of Social Help in Material Need of the Municipal Office of Sokolov were questioned. The allegations of the people from the reference group of people aged 18 - 24 in the district of Sokolov are of high importance. There was a survey in the form of a questionnaire. The experience...
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Leontiyeva, Yana. "Mozky nebo svaly: Srovnání vzdělanostního a zaměstnaneckého statusu pracovních migrantů ze zemí mimo EU." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-306312.
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The main aim of this thesis is to examine the educational and occupational structure of non-EU labour migration to the Czech Republic. Using insights from human capital theory and the sociology of migration this thesis explores the extent to which there is an educational-occupational mismatch among non-EU migrant workers in the Czech Republic. This thesis uses currently available statistical data and evidence from qualitative and quantitative sociological studies. The dissertation exploits data from two unique surveys conducted by the Institute of Sociology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic in 2006 and 2010.