Relevant bibliographies by topics / Human body model (HBM)

Academic literature on the topic 'Human body model (HBM)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Human body model (HBM)"

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Park, Hang-Soo, Rishi Man Chugh, Amro Elsharoud, Mara Ulin, Sahar Esfandyari, Alshimaa Aboalsoud, Lale Bakir, and Ayman Al-Hendy. "Safety of Intraovarian Injection of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Premature Ovarian Insufficiency Mouse Model." Cell Transplantation 30 (January 1, 2021): 096368972098850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963689720988502.

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Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), a condition in which there is a loss of ovarian function before the age of 40 years, leads to amenorrhea and infertility. In our previously published studies, we demonstrated recovery of POI, correction of serum sex hormone levels, increase in the granulosa cell population, and restoration of fertility in a chemotherapy-induced POI mouse model after intraovarian transplantation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs). While hBM-MSC may be a promising cell source for treatment of POI, there are few reports on the safety of stem cell-based therapy for POI. For future clinical applications, the safety of allogenic hBM-MSCs for the treatment of POI through intraovarian engraftment needs to be addressed and verified in appropriate preclinical models. In this study, we induced POI in C57/BL6 mice using chemotherapy, then treated the mice with hBM-MSCs (500,000 cells/ovary) by intraovarian injection. After hBM-MSC treatment, we analyzed the migration of engrafted cells by genomic DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a human-specific ALU repeat and by whole-body sectioning on a cryo-imaging system. We examined the possibility of transfer of human DNA from the hBM-MSCs to the resulting offspring, and compared the growth rate of offspring to that of normal mice and hBM-MSC-treated mice. We found that engrafted hBM-MSCs were detected only in mouse ovaries and did not migrate into any other major organs including the heart, lungs, and liver. Further, we found that no human DNA was transferred into the fetus. Interestingly, the engrafted cells gradually decreased in number and had mostly disappeared after 4 weeks. Our study demonstrates that intraovarian transplantation of hBM-MSCs could be a safe stem cell-based therapy to restore fertility in POI patients.
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SUWANNATA, NATTAWOOT, and APIRAT SIRITARATIWAT. "ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE EFFECTS ON GMR RECORDING HEADS USING A WAVELET TRANSFORM APPROACH." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 17 (July 10, 2009): 3567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209062980.

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Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) effects have been identified as one of the most dangerous causes of giant magnetoresistive (GMR) recording head damage. These phenomena have been studied at all levels of hard-disk drive manufacturing 1. The head gimbal assembly (HGA) is mainly studied because of its exposure to the environment. The standard models are typically based on the human body model (HBM), the machine model (MM) and the charged device model (CDM) where research and practical tests are incompatible. In production, one or more ESD models are normally effective while the other is undergone under a separate model. In addition, tests in the time domain are more accurate than those in the frequency domain. However, picosecond measurements are taken with difficulty where the frequency domain measurement provides non-real time results. Therefore, this is the first report of serial ESD detection using the new technique of wavelet transform. It has been found that the glitch occurs when the ESD level of HBM – MM and HBM – CDM serial ESD on GMR heads are in the ranges of 1.2-2.6 V and 12-15 V respectively.
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Song, Biruo, Zhiguo Li, Xin Wang, Xiang Fu, Fei Liu, Lei Jin, and Zongliang Huo. "Analysis of HBM Failure in 3D NAND Flash Memory." Electronics 11, no. 6 (March 18, 2022): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11060944.

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Electrostatic discharge (ESD) events are the main factors impacting the reliability of NAND Flash memory. The behavior of human body model (HBM) failure and the corresponding physical mechanism of 3D NAND Flash memory are investigated in this paper. A catastrophic burn-out failure during HBM zapping is first presented. Analysis shows that NMOS fingers’ local heating induced by inhomogeneous substrate resistance Rsub and local heating induced by the drain contact and 3D stacked IC (SIC) structure lead to the failure. Therefore, a new approach is proposed to reduce local heat generation. Finally, by increasing N+ length (NPL) and introducing a novel contact strip, the silicon result shows enhanced ESD robustness.
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Jutong, N., D. Sompongse, P. Rakpongsiri, and Apirat Siritaratiwat. "Dependence of Flex on Suspension Capacitance on Human-Body-Model-Electrostatic-Discharge Affected TMR Head." Solid State Phenomena 152-153 (April 2009): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.152-153.439.

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Electrostatic discharge (ESD) effects on GMR recording heads have been reported as the major cause of head failure. Since the information density in hard-disk drives has dramatically increased, the GMR head will be no longer used. The tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) read heads are initially introduced for a 100 Gbit/in2 density or more. Although the failure mechanism of ESD in GMR recording head has not been explicitly understood in detail, study to protect from this effect has to be undergone. As the TMR head has been commercially started, the ESD effect is closely watched. This is the first time report of the TMR equivalent circuit in order to evaluate the ESD effect. A standard human body model (HBM) is discharged across R+ and R- where the capacitance of flex on suspension (FOS) is varied. It is intriguingly found that the electrical characteristic of the TMR head during discharge period depends on discharge position. This may be explained in terms of asymmetry impedance of TMR by using adapted Thevenin’s theory. The effect of FOS component on TMR recording head is also discussed.
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Kremen, Thomas J., Tina Stefanovic, Wafa Tawackoli, Khosrowdad Salehi, Pablo Avalos, Derek Reichel, Manuel J. Perez, Juliane D. Glaeser, and Dmitriy Sheyn. "A Translational Porcine Model for Human Cell–Based Therapies in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury." American Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. 12 (September 14, 2020): 3002–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546520952353.

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Background: There is a high incidence of posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, and these injuries represent an enormous health care economic burden. In an effort to address this unmet clinical need, there has been increasing interest in cell-based therapies. Purpose: To establish a translational large animal model of PTOA and demonstrate the feasibility of intra-articular human cell–based interventions. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Nine Yucatan mini-pigs underwent unilateral ACL transection and were monitored for up to 12 weeks after injury. Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) levels and collagen breakdown were evaluated longitudinally using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of synovial fluid, serum, and urine. Animals were euthanized at 4 weeks (n = 3) or 12 weeks (n = 3) after injury, and injured and uninjured limbs underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histologic analysis. At 2 days after ACL injury, an additional 3 animals received an intra-articular injection of 107 human bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) combined with a fibrin carrier. These cells were labeled with the luciferase reporter gene (hBM-MSCs-Luc) as well as fluorescent markers and intracellular iron nanoparticles. These animals were euthanized on day 0 (n = 1) or day 14 (n = 2) after injection. hBM-MSC-Luc viability and localization were assessed using ex vivo bioluminescence imaging, fluorescence imaging, and MRI. Results: PTOA was detected as early as 4 weeks after injury. At 12 weeks after injury, osteoarthritis could be detected grossly as well as on histologic analysis. Synovial fluid analysis showed elevation of IL-1β shortly after ACL injury, with subsequent resolution by 2 weeks after injury. Collagen type II protein fragments were elevated in the synovial fluid and serum after injury. hBM-MSCs-Luc were detected immediately after injection and at 2 weeks after injection using fluorescence imaging, MRI, and bioluminescence imaging. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the feasibility of reproducing the chondral changes, intra-articular cytokine alterations, and body fluid biomarker findings consistent with PTOA after ACL injury in a large animal model. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the ability of hBM-MSCs to survive and express transgene within the knee joint of porcine hosts without immunosuppression for at least 2 weeks. Clinical Relevance: This model holds great potential to significantly contribute to investigations focused on the development of cell-based therapies for human ACL injury–associated PTOA in the future (see Appendix Figure A1 , available online).
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Chen, Shen Li, and Chien Chin Tseng. "The SCR Protection Circuit Evaluation in HV DEMOS Devices." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 2923–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.2923.

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The electrostatic discharge (ESD) failure of power drain-extended MOS (DEMOS) devices, the protection circuit SCR, and a DEMOS with SCR protection circuit will be investigated in this paper. The ESD immunity of the DEMOS was very poor under the human-body model (HBM) testing. Here we discuss how to design an ESD good SCR device. Eventually, the ESD immunity of DEMOS test sample with an SCR circuit can significantly improve device ESD performance.
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Chen, Shen Li, and Chien Chin Tseng. "The SCR Protection Circuit Evaluation in HV DEMOS Devices." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 1438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.1438.

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The electrostatic discharge (ESD) failure of power drain-extended MOS (DEMOS) devices, the protection circuit SCR, and a DEMOS with SCR protection circuit will be investigated in this paper. The ESD immunity of the DEMOS was very poor under the human-body model (HBM) testing. Here we discuss how to design an ESD good SCR device. Eventually, the ESD immunity of DEMOS test sample with an SCR circuit can significantly improve device ESD performance.
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Putra, I. Putu A., Johan Iraeus, Fusako Sato, Mats Y. Svensson, Astrid Linder, and Robert Thomson. "Optimization of Female Head–Neck Model with Active Reflexive Cervical Muscles in Low Severity Rear Impact Collisions." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 49, no. 1 (April 24, 2020): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-020-02512-1.

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AbstractViVA Open Human Body Model (HBM) is an open-source human body model that was developed to fill the gap of currently available models that lacked the average female size. In this study, the head–neck model of ViVA OpenHBM was further developed by adding active muscle controllers for the cervical muscles to represent the human neck muscle reflex system as studies have shown that cervical muscles influence head–neck kinematics during impacts. The muscle controller was calibrated by conducting optimization-based parameter identification of published-volunteer data. The effects of different calibration objectives to head–neck kinematics were analyzed and compared. In general, a model with active neck muscles improved the head–neck kinematics agreement with volunteer responses. The current study highlights the importance of including active muscle response to mimic the volunteer’s kinematics. A simple PD controller has found to be able to represent the behavior of the neck muscle reflex system. The optimum gains that defined the muscle controllers in the present study were able to be identified using optimizations. The present study provides a basis for describing an active muscle controller that can be used in future studies to investigate whiplash injuries in rear impacts
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Franell, E., S. Drueen, H. Gossner, and D. Schmitt-Landsiedel. "ESD full chip simulation: HBM and CDM requirements and simulation approach." Advances in Radio Science 6 (May 26, 2008): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-6-245-2008.

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Abstract. Verification of ESD safety on full chip level is a major challenge for IC design. Especially phenomena with their origin in the overall product setup are posing a hurdle on the way to ESD safe products. For stress according to the Charged Device Model (CDM), a stumbling stone for a simulation based analysis is the complex current distribution among a huge number of internal nodes leading to hardly predictable voltage drops inside the circuits. This paper describes an methodology for Human Body Model (HBM) simulations with an improved ESD-failure coverage and a novel methodology to replace capacitive nodes within a resistive network by current sources for CDM simulation. This enables a highly efficient DC simulation clearly marking CDM relevant design weaknesses allowing for application of this software both during product development and for product verification.
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Unnikrishnan, Kavita, Avireni Srinivasulu, and Surada Musala. "Power Rail ESD Protection Design Methodology Using Voltage-Gain Inverter Based Feedback Technology." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 19385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.19385ecst.

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In power rail, electrostatic discharge (ESD) is one of the assured issues to be faced. This paper intended to have a voltage gain inverter-based response technology for power rail ESD protection. This paper proposes a power MOSFET to discharge ESD current with 10 ns RC time constant for triggering and transmission gate based clamp is to keep it on until ESD event, which is 28% more efficient than the conventional clamp. The proposed clamp can endure 4500V of HBM (Human Body Model) pulse and also suitable for Charged-Device Model (CDM) protection. Here, LTspice software is used to check out the ESD performance of the transmission gate-based clamp.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Human body model (HBM)"

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El-Mobader, Sarah Hassan. "Effect of Lap Belt Position on Kinematics & Injuries by using 6YO PIPER child HBM : in Frontal Crash Simulations." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-68709.

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Traffic accidents are the second leading cause of child fatality among children younger than 15 years of age. In the course of 10 years, the implementation of child restraint systems has decreased child fatality in traffic accidents with 50%, for children younger than 15 years. To gain an understanding of the kinematics and injury mechanisms of children in cars, finite element based human body models, representing higher biofidelity compared to crash test dummies, are developed. An FP7 European project, PIPER, developed a child HBM with an associated framework for scaling, morphing and positioning. The PIPER child HBM is scalable between the ages of 1.5-6YO, with scalable anthropometrics. This makes the PIPER child HBM, a powerful tool for analyzing children in vehicles.  There are insufficient analyses conducted with the PIPER child HBM, due to its recent release. The purpose is thus to study the robustness of the HBM and its sensitivity to variation of lap belts by conducting a parametric study. Injury analysis and its sensitivity to lap belt variations were in addition studied in terms of kinematics by the study of submarining, the pelvic interaction with the lap belt, and the study of injuries related to the skull, brain, kidneys and liver. A full frontal crash simulation of a 6YO PIPER child HBM, with anthropometrics, covering the 50th percentile, have been investigated. The 6YO PIPER child HBM was seated with no booster, Volvo booster cushion and Volvo highback booster, with variations of the lap belt. The hip interactions and the submarining response of the 6YO PIPER child HBM were studied, by the study of the lap belt interactions with the pelvis and abdominal organs. The abdominal organs were related to the liver and kidneys, and compared to published threshold values.  This study showed that the overall robustness of the model was questionable. With respect to kinematics, the model indicated higher robustness, however, when conducted the crash simulations with the 6YO PIPER child HBM, it was concluded that the robustness was low due to repeated premature terminations. The 6YO PIPER child HBM revealed repeated errors such as, mesh distortions, negative volume and shooting nodes. When studying the sensitivity of the 6YO PIPER child HBM, when varying the lap belt angles, as well as changing the type of boosters in addition to vehicle anchorage positions, it could be seen that the 6YO PIPER child HBM was able to capture variations with respect to lap belt positioning. Hence, the model seems to be capable of providing relevant information regarding sensitivity for lap belt variations from the kinematic perspective, in terms of being able to capture kinematic o↵set, submarining and pelvis interaction with the lap belt. However, with respect to predicted abdominal injuries and head injuries, the sensitivity was not as distinct. Some limitations were observed in which the 6YO PIPER child HBM indicated unrealistic predicted injuries related to the head, which was associated with excessive movement of the 6YO PIPER child HBM.
Trafikolyckor är den näst vanligaste orsaken till barndödlighet i världen bland barn yngre än 15 år. Inom loppet av 10 år har användning av bilbarnstolar i fordon minskat barndödligheten med 50% hos barn under 15 år. För att få en ökad förståelse om barn i bilar framtogs finita element humanmodeller som har en detaljerad anatomi samt responser liknande till människan. Ett FP7 finansierat europeiskt projekt, PIPER, skapade en barnhumanmodell med en tillhörande programvara som används för skalning, förvandling, och positionering av barnhumanmodellen. Humanmodellen är skalbar för åldrarna 1.5 år upp till 6 år, med olika antropometriska värden. Detta gör att PIPER barnhumanmodellen är ett kraftfullt verktyg att använda sig av för att studera barn i bilar. Då PIPER barnhumanmodell lanserades nyligen, finns det i dagsläget bristfällig information om humanmodellen och programmet. Syftet var därmed att undersöka hur robust modellen var samt hur dess känslighet var mot variationer av höftbältet genom en parameterstudie. Skadors känslighet studerades dessutom mot variationer av höftbältet genom att studera kinematiken i form av underglidning och höftens interaktion med höftbältet. Dessutom studerades känsligheten på skador relaterade till skallen, levern och njurarna. I denna studie har en frontalkrock med en 6 årig PIPER barnhumanmodell med antropometriska värden, som innefattar 50:e percentilen, undersökts. Den 6åriga PIPER barnhumanmodellen var placerad utan bilbarnstol, på en Volvo bälteskudde och på en Volvo bältesstol, där höftbältet sedan varierades. Höftens interaktion och PIPER barnhumanmodellens respons för variationer i höftbälte studerades. Interaktionerna med höften och bukorganen var relaterade till skador på levern och njurarna genom att jämföra med publicerad data. Denna studie påvisade att den generella robustheten av modellen kunde ifrågasättas. Modellen hade ändock högre robusthet med hänsyn på kinematiken, men på grund av de upprepande felen vid simuleringarna, kunde man konstatera att robustheten på den 6åriga PIPER barnhumanmodellen var låg. När höftbältet varierades, både när bilbarnstol varierades såväl som vinkel på höftbälte, kunde man konstatera att den 6åriga PIPER barnhumanmodellen kunde fånga skillnaderna med hänsyn på höftbältets vinkel. Modellen var dessutom kapabel till att fånga känsligheten från det kinematiska perspektivet i form av kinematisk förskjutning, underglidningen samt höftens interaktion med höftbältet. Modellen påvisade däremot ingen distinkt känslighet med hänsyn på skador relaterade till bukorganen samt huvudet. Några begränsningar observerades där den 6åriga PIPER barnhumanmodellen indikerade orealistiska skador på huvudet, som var relaterade till modellens överrörlighet.
FFI, Assessment of Passenger Safety in Future Cars
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Muthukrishnan, Swaminathan. "ESD Protected SiGe HBT RFIC Power Amplifiers." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31705.

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Over the last few decades, the susceptibility of integrated circuits to electrostatic discharge (ESD) induced damages has justified the use of dedicated on-chip protection circuits. Design of robust protection circuits remains a challenging task because ESD failure mechanisms have become more acute as device dimensions continue to shrink. A lack of understanding of the ESD phenomena coupled with the increased sensitivity of smaller devices and time-to-market demands has led to a trial-and-error approach to ESD-protected circuit design. Improved analysis capabilities and a systematic design approach are essential to accomplish the challenging task of providing adequate protection to core circuit(s). The design of ESD protection circuitry for RFIC's has been relatively slow to evolve, compared to their digital counterparts, and is now emerging as a new design challenge in RF and high-speed mixed-signal IC development. Sub-circuits which are not embedded in a single System-on-Chip (SOC), such as RF Power amplifiers (PAs), are of particular concern as they are more susceptible to the various ESD events. This thesis presents the development of integrated ESD protection circuitry for two RFIC Power Amplifier designs. A prototype PA for 2.4 GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications was redesigned to provide protection to the RF input and the PA Control pins. A relatively new technique known as the L-C tank approach was used to protect the RFinput while a standard diode ring approach was used to protect the control line. The protection techniques studied were subsequently extended to a completely protected three-stage PA targeting 1.9 GHz Digitally Enhanced Cordless Telephone (DECT) applications. An on-chip shunt-L-series-C input matching network was used to provide ESD protection to the input pin of the DECT PA. A much more area efficient (as compared to the diode ring technique) Zener diode approach was used to protect the control and signal lines. The PA's RF performance was virtually unaffected by the addition of the protection circuits. Both PAs were designed in a commercially available 0.5 ìm SiGe-HBT process. The partially protected WLAN PA was fabricated and packaged in a 3mm x 3mm Fine Pitch Quad Flat Package FQFP-N 12 Lead package and had a measured ESD protection rating of ± 1kV standard Human Body Model (HBM) ESD test. The simulated DECT PA demonstrated +1.5kV/-4kV HBM performance.
Master of Science
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Xu, Jia Cheng. "Evaluation of Thoracic Injury Risk of Heavy Goods Vehicle Occupants during Steering Wheel Rim Impacts to Different Rib Levels." Thesis, KTH, Medicinteknik och hälsosystem, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-266357.

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The interior of heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) differs from passenger cars. Both the steering wheel and the occupant are positioned differently in a HGV and increases the risk of steering wheel rim impacts. Such impact scenarios are relatively unexplored compared to passenger car safety studies that are more prevalent within the field of injury biomechanics. The idea with using human body models (HBMs) is to complement current crash test dummies with biomechanical data. Furthermore, the biofidelity of a crash dummy for loading similar to a steering wheel rimimpact is relatively unstudied and especially to different rib levels. Therefore, the aim with this thesis was to evaluate HGV occupant thoracic response between THUMS v4.0 and Hybrid III (H3) during steering wheel rim impacts with respect to different rib levels (level 1-2, 3-4, 6-7, 7-8, 9-10) with regards to ribs, aorta, liver, and spleen. To the author’s best knowledge, use of local injury risk functions for thoracic injuries is fairly rare compared to the predominant usage of global injury criteria that mainly predicts the most commonthoracic injury risk, i.e. rib fractures. Therefore, local injury criteria using experimental test datahave been developed for the ribs and the organs. The measured parameters were chest deflectionand steering wheel to thorax contact force on a global level, whilst 1st principal Green-Lagrangestrains was assessed for the rib and the organ injury risk. The material models for the liver and the spleen were remodelled using an Ogden material model based on experimental stress-strain data to account for hyperelasticity. Rate-dependency was included by iteration of viscoelastic parameters. The contact modelling of the organs was changed from a sliding contact to a tied contact to minimize unrealistic contact separations during impact. The results support previous findings that H3 needs additional instrumentation to accurately register chest deflection for rib levels beyond its current range, namely at ribs 1-2, 7-8, and 9-10. For THUMS, the chest deflection were within reasonable values for the applied velocities, but there were no definite injury risk. Fact is, the global injury criteria might overpredict the AIS3 injury risk (rib fractures) for rib level 1-2, 7-8, and 9-10. The rib strains could not be correlated with the measured chest deflections. This was explained by the unique localized loading characterized by pure steering wheel rim impact that mainly affected the sternum and the rib cartilage while minimizing rib deformation. The organ strains indicate some risk of rupture where the spleen deforms the most at rib levels 3-4 and 6-7, and the liver and the aorta at rib levels 6-7 and 7-8. This study provides a framework for complementing H3 with THUMS for HGV occupant safety with emphasis on the importance of using local injury criteria for functional injury prediction, i.e. prediction of injury risk using parameters directly related to rib fracture or organ rupture. Local injury criteria are thus a powerful safety assessment tool as it is independent on exterior loading such as airbag, steering wheel hub, or seat belt loading. It was noticed that global injury criteria with very localized impacts such as rim impacts have not been studied and will affect rib fracture risk differently than what has been studied using airbag or seat belt restraints. However, improvements are needed to accurately predict thoracic injury risk at a material level by finding more data for the local injury risk functions. Conclusively, it is clear that Hybrid III has insufficient instrumentation and is in need of upgrades to register chest deflections at multiple rib levels. Furthermore, the following are needed: better understanding of global injury criteria specific for HGV occupant safety evaluation, more data for age-dependent (ribs) and rate-dependent (organs) injury risk functions, a tiebreak contact with tangential sliding for better organ kinematics during impacts, and improving the biofidelity of the material models using data from tissue level experiments.
Förarmiljön i lastbilar gentemot personbilar är annorlunda, i detta kontext med avseende på främst ratt- och förarposition som ökar risken för islag med rattkransen för lastbilsförare. Sådana islag är relativt outforskat jämfört med passiv säkerhet för personbilar inom skadebiomekaniken. Tanken bakom användning av humanmodeller är att komplettera nuvarande krockdockor med biomekanisk information. Dessutom är biofideliteten hos en krockdocka vid rattislag relativt okänt, speciellt vid olika revbensnivåer. Därför är målet med detta examensarbete att undersöka thoraxresponsen hos en lastbilsförare genom att använda THUMS v4.0 och Hybrid III (H3) under rattislag med avseende på revbensnivåer (nivå 1-2, 3-4, 6-7, 7-8, och 9-10) och revben, aorta, lever, och mjälte. Enligt författaren verkar användning av lokala riskfunktioner för thoraxskador relativt ostuderat jämfört med den övervägande användningen av globala riskfunktioner som huvudsakligen förutser den mest vanligt förekommande thoraxskadan, nämligen revbensfrakturer. Därför har lokala riskfunktioner skapats för revben och organ, baserat på experimentell data. Uppmätta parametrar var bröstinträngning och kontaktkraft mellan ratt och thorax på global nivå, medan första Green-Lagrange huvudtöjningen användes för att evaluera skaderisken för revben och organ. Materialmodeller för lever och mjälte ommodellerades baserat på experimentell spänning-töjningsdata med Ogdens materialmodell för att ta hänsyn till hyperelasticitet. Töjningshastighetsberoendet inkluderades genom att iterera fram viskoelastiska parametrar. Kontaktmodellering av organ gjordes genom att ändra från glidande kontakt till en låsande kontakt för att minimera orealistisk kontaktseparation under islagsfallen. Resultaten stödjer tidigare studier där H3 visat sig behöva ytterligare givare för att noggrannt kunna registrera bröstinträngning vid olika revbensnivåer bortom dess nuvarande räckvidd, nämligen vid revben 1-2, 7-8, och 9-10. Uppmätt bröstinträngning i THUMS var rimliga för hastighetsfallen men gav inte någon definitiv risk för skada. Faktum är att de globala riskfunktionerna kan överskatta AIS3 risken vid revben 1-2, 7-8, och 9-10. Revbenstöjningarna kunde inte korreleras med bröstinträngningarna. Detta kunde förklaras genom de unika lastfallen som karakteriseras av rena rattislag som främst påverkar sternum och revbensbrosk som i sin tur minimerar deformation av revben. Organtöjningarna indikerar på någon risk för ruptur där mjälten deformerar som mest vid revben 3-4 och 6-7, medan för både levern och aortan sker det vid revben 6-7 och 7-8. Denna studie presenterar ett sätt att komplettera H3 med THUMS inom passiv säkerhet för lastbilsförare med fokus på lokala riskfunktioner för funktionell skadeprediktering dvs. prediktering av skaderisken med hjälp av parametrar som är direkt relaterat till revbensfraktur eller organruptur. Lokala riskfunktioner utgör en kraftfull säkerhetsbedömning som är oberoende av externa lastfall som t.ex. airbag, rattcentrum, eller bälteslast. I denna studie noterades det att de globala riskkriterierna inte har undersökts med väldigt lokala islag som rattislagen utgör och kommer därför att påverka risken för revbensfraktur annorlunda gentemot vad som har studerat, t.ex. airbag eller bältelast. Däremot behövs det mer data för de lokala riskkriterierna för att kunna prediktera thoraxskaderisken med ökad noggrannhet. Avslutningsvis, det är tydligt att Hybrid III har otillräckligt med givare och behöver förbättras för att kunna registrera bröstinträngning vid flera revbensnivåer. Vidare behövs följande: bättre förståelse för globala riskfunktioner anpassat inom passiv säkerhet för lastbilsförare, mer data för åldersberoende (revben) och töjningshastighetsberoende (organ) riskfunktioner, en ”tiebreak” kontakt med tangientiell glidning för bättre organkinematik, och ökad biofidelitet av materialmodeller genom att använda data från vävnadsexperiment.
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Wåhlin, Peter. "Enhanching the Human-Team Awareness of a Robot." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-16371.

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The use of autonomous robots in our society is increasing every day and a robot is no longer seen as a tool but as a team member. The robots are now working side by side with us and provide assistance during dangerous operations where humans otherwise are at risk. This development has in turn increased the need of robots with more human-awareness. Therefore, this master thesis aims at contributing to the enhancement of human-aware robotics. Specifically, we are investigating the possibilities of equipping autonomous robots with the capability of assessing and detecting activities in human teams. This capability could, for instance, be used in the robot's reasoning and planning components to create better plans that ultimately would result in improved human-robot teamwork performance. we propose to improve existing teamwork activity recognizers by adding intangible features, such as stress, motivation and focus, originating from human behavior models. Hidden markov models have earlier been proven very efficient for activity recognition and have therefore been utilized in this work as a method for classification of behaviors. In order for a robot to provide effective assistance to a human team it must not only consider spatio-temporal parameters for team members but also the psychological.To assess psychological parameters this master thesis suggests to use the body signals of team members. Body signals such as heart rate and skin conductance. Combined with the body signals we investigate the possibility of using System Dynamics models to interpret the current psychological states of the human team members, thus enhancing the human-awareness of a robot.
Användningen av autonoma robotar i vårt samhälle ökar varje dag och en robot ses inte längre som ett verktyg utan som en gruppmedlem. Robotarna arbetar nu sida vid sida med oss och ger oss stöd under farliga arbeten där människor annars är utsatta för risker. Denna utveckling har i sin tur ökat behovet av robotar med mer människo-medvetenhet. Därför är målet med detta examensarbete att bidra till en stärkt människo-medvetenhet hos robotar. Specifikt undersöker vi möjligheterna att utrusta autonoma robotar med förmågan att bedöma och upptäcka olika beteenden hos mänskliga lag. Denna förmåga skulle till exempel kunna användas i robotens resonemang och planering för att ta beslut och i sin tur förbättra samarbetet mellan människa och robot. Vi föreslår att förbättra befintliga aktivitetsidentifierare genom att tillföra förmågan att tolka immateriella beteenden hos människan, såsom stress, motivation och fokus. Att kunna urskilja lagaktiviteter inom ett mänskligt lag är grundläggande för en robot som ska vara till stöd för laget. Dolda markovmodeller har tidigare visat sig vara mycket effektiva för just aktivitetsidentifiering och har därför använts i detta arbete. För att en robot ska kunna ha möjlighet att ge ett effektivt stöd till ett mänskligtlag måste den inte bara ta hänsyn till rumsliga parametrar hos lagmedlemmarna utan även de psykologiska. För att tyda psykologiska parametrar hos människor förespråkar denna masteravhandling utnyttjandet av mänskliga kroppssignaler. Signaler så som hjärtfrekvens och hudkonduktans. Kombinerat med kroppenssignalerar påvisar vi möjligheten att använda systemdynamiksmodeller för att tolka immateriella beteenden, vilket i sin tur kan stärka människo-medvetenheten hos en robot.

The thesis work was conducted in Stockholm, Kista at the department of Informatics and Aero System at Swedish Defence Research Agency.

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Hidayatulloh, Poempida Urip Priyopurnomo. "Multi-resolution modelling of human body parts." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322738.

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Chang, Ka Kit. "Human model reconstruction from image sequence /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MECH%202003%20CHANG.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-134). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Yıldırım, Eda Didem Özerdem Barış. "A mathematical model of the human thermal system/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2005. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/makinamuh/T000421.pdf.

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Mikić, Ivana. "Human body model acquisition and tracking using multi-camera voxel data /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3036991.

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Nishizawa, Shinichiro. "Induced current density in human body models caused by inhomogeneous magnetic fields of electrical appliances." Berlin Logos-Verl, 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2672479&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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Hutchinson, Erin B. "Estimation of kinetics using a three-dimensional model of the human body." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33499.

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Books on the topic "Human body model (HBM)"

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Institute, American National Standards. ESD Association standard test method for electrostatic discharge sensitivity testing: Human body model (HBM) component level. Rome, NY: Electrostatic Discharge Association, 2007.

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Colombo, Luann. The human body: Book and see-through model. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Pub., 1997.

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Colombo, Luann. The human body: Book and see-through model. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Pub., 1997.

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Stewart, Nigel Henry. Power of/over body: Dramaturgy as a model of self. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2000.

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Bediz, Mehmet. A computer simulation study of a single rigid body dynamic model for biped postural control. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1997.

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The Human Body (Action Book/Book and Model). Running Press Book Publishers, 1995.

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Becker & Mayer Ltd. and Luann Colombo. The Human Body Book nd See-Through Model. Andrews McMeel Publishing, 1997.

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Gendlin, Eugene, and Robert A. Parker. Process Model. Northwestern University Press, 2017.

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Lé, Dan. Naked Christ: An Atonement Model for a Body-Obsessed Culture. Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2012.

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Lé, Dan. Naked Christ: An Atonement Model for a Body-Obsessed Culture. Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Human body model (HBM)"

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Oldroyd, Brian, Peter N. Bramley, Sheena P. Stewart, Margaret Simpson, John G. Truscott, Monty S. Losowsky, and Michael A. Smith. "A Four-Compartment Model to Determine Body Composition in Liver Cirrhosis." In Human Body Composition, 221–24. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1268-8_51.

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Lalova, Teodora, Anastassia Negrouk, Laurent Dollé, Sofie Bekaert, Annelies Debucquoy, Jean-Jacques Derèze, Peggy Valcke, Els J. Kindt, and Isabelle Huys. "An Overview of Belgian Legislation Applicable to Biobank Research and Its Interplay with Data Protection Rules." In GDPR and Biobanking, 187–213. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49388-2_10.

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AbstractThis contribution aims to present in a clear and concise manner the intricate legal framework for biobank research in Belgium. In Part 1, we describe the Belgian biobank infrastructure, with a focus on the concept of biobank. In Part 2, we provide an overview of the applicable legal framework, namely the Act of 19 December 2008 on Human Body Material (HBM), and its amendments. Attention is given to an essential piece of self-regulation, namely the Compendium on biobanks issued by the Federal Agency on Medicine Products and Health (FAMPH). Furthermore, we delineate the interplay with relevant data protection rules. Part 3 is dedicated to the main research oversight bodies in the field of biobanking. In Part 4, we provides several examples of the ‘law in context’. In particular, we discuss issues pertaining to presumed consent, processing of personal data associated with HBM, and information provided to the donor of HBM. Finally, Part 5 and 6 addresses the impact of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), suggests lines for further research, and outline the future possibilities for biobanking in Belgium.
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Wu, Xiaomao, Lizhuang Ma, Ke-Sen Huang, Yan Gao, and Zhihua Chen. "Generic-Model Based Human-Body Modeling." In Entertainment Computing - ICEC 2005, 203–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11558651_20.

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Konstantinov, Vasiliy M., Vladimir L. Rozaliev, Yulia A. Orlova, and Alla V. Zaboleeva-Zotova. "Development of 3D Human Body Model." In Proceedings of the First International Scientific Conference “Intelligent Information Technologies for Industry” (IITI’16), 143–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33816-3_15.

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Wang, Zi-mian, Ruimei Ma, Richard N. Pierson, and Steven B. Heymsfield. "Five-Level Model: Reconstruction of Body Weight at Atomic, Molecular, Cellular, and Tissue-System Levels from Neutron Activation Analysis." In Human Body Composition, 125–28. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1268-8_28.

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Tateishi, Tetsuya, and Takashi Ushida. "Cell Adhesion Strength to Bioceramics and its Mathematical Model." In Bioceramics and the Human Body, 510–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2896-4_71.

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Larsson, Jan Eric. "Model-Based Diagnosis of the Human Body." In Intelligent Systems Third Golden West International Conference, 405–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7108-3_41.

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Sixiang, Peng, Chan Chee-kooi, W. H. Ip, and Ameersing Luximon. "3D Parametric Body Model Based on Chinese Female Anhtropometric Analysis." In Digital Human Modeling, 22–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21799-9_3.

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Le Tran, Anh, Gregory Noetscher, Sara Louie, Alexander Prokop, Ara Nazarian, and Sergey Makarov. "FEM Human Body Model with Embedded Respiratory Cycles for Antenna and E&M Simulations." In Brain and Human Body Modeling, 329–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21293-3_18.

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Fujimoto, Kyoko, Leonardo M. Angelone, Sunder S. Rajan, and Maria Ida Iacono. "Simplifying the Numerical Human Model with k-means Clustering Method." In Brain and Human Body Modeling 2020, 261–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45623-8_15.

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AbstractCurrently, the safety assessment of radio-frequency (RF) heating using computational modeling is limited by the available numerical models which are not patient specific. However, RF-induced heating depends on the physical characteristics of the patient. The numerical model generation is difficult due to the highly time-consuming segmentation process. Therefore, having fewer types of segmented structures simplifies the generation of numerical models and reduces computational burden as a result. In this study, we used the k-means clustering method to reduce the number of dielectric properties of an existing numerical model and investigated the resulting difference in specific absorption rate (SAR) with respect to the number of clusters.
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Conference papers on the topic "Human body model (HBM)"

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Weaver, Caitlin M., Anna N. Miller, and Joel D. Stitzel. "Pelvic Injury Survival Analysis for a Finite Element Human Body Model Using Multiple Data Sets." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88447.

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Finite element (FE) computational human body models (HBMs) have gained popularity over the past several decades as human surrogates for use in blunt injury research. FE HBMs are critical for the analysis of local injury mechanisms. These metrics are challenging to measure experimentally and demonstrate an important advantage of HBMs. The objective of this study is to evaluate the injury risk predictive power of localized metrics to predict the risk of pelvic fracture in a FE HBM. The Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) 50th percentile detailed male model (v4.3) was used for this study. Cross-sectional and cortical bone surface instrumentation was implemented in the GHBMC pelvis. Lateral impact FE simulations were performed using input data from tests performed on post mortem human subjects (PMHS). Predictive power of the FE force and strain outputs on localized fracture risk was evaluated using the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The ROC curve analysis showed moderate predictive power for the superior pubic ramus and sacrum. Additionally, cross-sectional force was compared to a range of percentile outputs of maximum principal, minimum principal, and effective cortical element strains. From this analysis it was determined that cross-sectional force was the best predictor of localized pelvic fracture.
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Fliesler, Michael, and Ian H. Morgan. "Evaluation of On-Chip ESD Supply Clamp Robustness by In-Situ Floating Power Bus Monitoring." In ISTFA 2000. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2000p0195.

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Abstract Continuous improvements over time to a CMOS Flash Memory technology resulted in significant improvement in Human Body Model (HBM) ESD immunity for “I/O’s” to Vcc power supply and Vss ground pins. Remaining low level failure modes in the die core included elevated standby current that in some cases could not be localized even with extensive chip de-processing. In addition an apparent functional failure upon post stress ATE test was isolated for certain part revisions. Routine separation of Vss/Vcc supply pin combinations from “all other pins” during HBM ESD test allowed identification of the several failures occurring in the die core. Failure analysis and corrective action is described. Additional diagnostic testing using separate polarity HBM pulses aided in tracing the conduction path causing the apparent functional failure and prompted investigation of HBM tester dynamic properties. It was determined that the magnitude of the “second” HBM pulse in certain testers was sufficient to cause a false powerup condition which results in apparent functional failure upon subsequent ATE test. In-situ monitoring of the Floating Power Bus response (in this case Vss) during application of HBM stress to the Input-pad to Vcc-pin combination revealed a transient caused by the “second” pulse that allowed such apparent failures to be invalidated. Further more, monitoring the in-situ floating Vss bus response to the HBM allowed conclusions to be drawn as to the utility of different power bus and Vss/Vcc supply clamp layouts, thereby allowing improvements to die layout to be implemented.
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Sun, Jiahui, Zheyang Zheng, Li Zhang, and Kevin J. Chen. "Correlation between Pulse I-V and Human Body Model (HBM) Tests for Drain Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Robustness Evaluation of GaN Power HEMTs." In 2022 IEEE 34th International Symposium on Power Semiconductor Devices and ICs (ISPSD). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ispsd49238.2022.9813597.

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Khosropour, Fred, Colin Hatchard, Ian Morgan, and Leo G. Henry. "Comparison of Failure for HBM ESD Testers Meeting ANSI/ESD S-5.1 or the New ESDA Standard Test Method and JEDEC Standard." In ISTFA 1998. ASM International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa1998p0377.

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Abstract The ESD Association standard ANSI/ESDA S-5.1 1993 for testing sensitivity to the Human Body Model (HBM) 1 forms the basis around which the majority of automated HBM ESD simulators have been constructed. As device pin counts increase it is unlikely that new larger simulators for > 512 pins will be capable of meeting this standard 2, since increased parasitics will increase the effective socket (stray) capacitance. However, such larger HBM simulators are expected to meet both the JEDEC Standard JESD-22-114A, 1997 3 and the newly issued ESDA Standard Test Method, ESD STM 5.1, 19984. This paper begins to evaluate the several questions regarding the correlation of HBM Withstand Voltage when used to characterize state-of-the-art semiconductor IC's, between simulators meeting the (NEW) standards JESD 22, ESD STM- 5.1 and those existing simulators presently in daily use, which typically meet the (OLD) ESDA S-5.1. This paper for the first time investigates the impact of "effective" socket capacitance in the same tester; i.e., with the same discharge model and the same pin selection mechanism. The experimental investigation was based on stressing three different sub-micron CMOS technology products; firstly on a simulator meeting the OLD standard and then on a modified version of this simulator meeting the NEW standards. Electrical properties of damaged pins and physical analysis was used to establish common Failure Signatures5 for the two mother boards.
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Wakai, N., M. TsuTsumi, and T. Setoya. "The Study of ESD Destructive Mechanism for PN-Junction." In ISTFA 1996. ASM International, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa1996p0345.

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Abstract Mechanism of destruction caused by electrostatic discharge of PN junction was examined from two viewpoints; classification of destruction mode with consideration to destructive energy density, and comparison of destruction shape. Destructive energy density of PN junction was calculated based on Speakman model, and destruction mode was classified by Wunsch-Bell plot. As a result of Wunsch-Bell plot, electric discharge which occur at low resistance, for example machine model (MM: C∙R = 200pF ∙ 0Ω), resulted in adiabatic destruction that does not involve thermal diffusion. With electric discharge at high resistance, for example human body model (HBM: C∙R = 100pF ∙ 1500Ω), excessive destruction in intermediate region that involves thermal diffusion, and depending on the device, destruction at equilibrium region were proven to be reproducible. In case of MM, (adiabatic region destruction) destruction was confirmed in a wide extent of the joint part, but in case of HBM (intermediate region destruction) destruction was confirmed near the center of the joint part. From this fact, it was found that by verifying the places of destruction and their shapes, although in special cases, it is possible to know the destruction mode when destruction occurs.
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Donaire, Mario Perez, Genis Mensa, Giuseppe Cordua, and Michael Jänsch. "AEROFLEX PROJECT: Pedestrian protection for 16+ Ton Trucks." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2020-pif-023.

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"The overall objective of the AEROFLEX (AEROdynamic and FLEXible Trucks for Next Generation of Long-Distance Road Transport) project is to develop and demonstrate new technologies, concepts and architectures for complete truck to make them more efficient, safe, comfortable, configurable and cost-effective. Furthermore, the project should ensure that the constantly changing needs of the customers are satisfied by being flexible and adaptable with respect to each of the operational conditions. These new configurable truck concept should meet the future logistics and co-modality needs of the different segments and markets. The project has involved the development of potential architectures for an innovative Front End Design which will improve safety and help to ensure survivability in crashes up to 30 km/h for Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) and 50km/h for truck-to-vehicle crash scenarios. Thus the work in this paper will be focused in the Pedestrian protection. As to the current vehicle pedestrian protection activities, the accident scenarios were assessed using accidentology data. Using all the data collection some generic assumptions were defined to study the most common VRU accidentology. VRU injury criteria and kinematics were analyzed by Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) simulations. Those simulations were preformed in both LS-DYNA and Madymo software. The first phase of the LS-DYNA simulations was to define and determine the Key Performance Indicators [KPI] with a Human Body Model (HBM). The front-end design was simulated in pedestrian impact conditions using Human Body Models (HBM). This simulation allowed an agreement of the fatal injuries KPI and the evaluation of the kinematic conditions in the moment of the impact between the truck and the human body. In second phase, the equivalence between the simulation procedure to be followed when using HBM and pedestrian protection impactors (head impactor and upper leg impactor) was identified. The objective of introducing these impactors was to increase the repeatability in the test and propose impact area as is the common use in the conventional vehicles. The third phase gave some general guidelines to improve the frontal part of the truck to make it less aggressive to pedestrians. Thus, further pedestrian protection simulations were run using head and pelvis impactors and evaluating the results as per current pedestrian protection protocols from the European Market. The simulation results made it possible to propose and validate some conceptual changes on the front-end design that remarkably improved the VRU protection level of the design."
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Teeter, Douglas, Kathy Muhonen, David Widay, and Mike Fresina. "GaAs HBT ESD Diode Layout and its Relationship to Human Body Model Rating." In 2006 Bipolar/BiCMOS Circuits and Technology Meeting. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bipol.2006.311139.

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Henry, Leo G., Jon Barth, John Richner, and Koen Verhaege. "Transmission Line Pulse Testing of the ESD Protection Structures in ICs – A Failure Analyst’s Perspective." In ISTFA 2000. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2000p0203.

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Abstract The IC industry continues to find ways to improve the ability to correlate the electrical failure signature of devices with the physical failure location using different techniques. The purpose of this work is to show that improved transmission line pulse (TLP) testing technique of ESD (ElectroStatic Discharge) protection structures can provide accurate identification of leakage current to better identify where ESD stress testing should stop and failure analysis should begin. Besides the traditional current and voltage measurements at the Device Under Test (DUT), this new TLP testing technique includes the ability to correct for the measurement system losses for improved accuracy. The pulse width of the TLP is chosen to provide the same current amplitude damage level (electrical) as is found in the Human Body Model (HBM) ESD stress testing. This allows a one to one correlation between the two methods and hence the means to correlate the electrical damage of the device and the physical location of the failure site. An SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) device is used as an example.
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Yang, Yizhang, Sadegh M. Sadeghipour, and Mehdi Asheghi. "Modeling of Temperature Rise in Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) Sensor During an Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Event." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47266.

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With the further miniaturization of the GMR heads, the electrostatic discharge (ESD) failure has become the primary reliability issue in manufacturing of these sensors. The Joule heating effect during the ESD events result in both thermal and magnetic damages in GMR heads. In this paper, the thermal response of the GMR read head to the excessive current/voltage during an ESD event is investigated numerically using a 3-D finite element analysis. Unlike the previous studies, the thermal properties of the GMR and Al2O3 gap layers used in the simulation are the experimentally measured values. The temperature-rise in GMR heads under human-body-model (HBM) source current is obtained for a range of GMR dimensions and thermal properties of its constituent materials. The simulation results show that temperature in the GMR element sharply increases as the GMR dimensions are reduced, indicating the future GMR heads are more susceptible to the ESD damages. In addition, thermal properties of the GMR and gap materials play key roles in accurate prediction of the temperature field in GMR head during ESD events.
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Park, Bu S., Sunder S. Rajan, and Leonardo M. Angelone. "A New Method to Concentrate Electromagnetic Field Within ROI Using a High Dielectric Material in 3T Body MRI." In ASME 2013 Conference on Frontiers in Medical Devices: Applications of Computer Modeling and Simulation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fmd2013-16135.

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We present numerical simulation results showing that high dielectric materials (HDMs) when placed between the human body model and the body coil significantly alter the electromagnetic field inside the body. The numerical simulation results show that the electromagnetic field (E, B, and SAR) within a region of interest (ROI) is concentrated (increased). In addition, the average electromagnetic fields decreased significantly outside the region of interest. The calculation results using a human body model and HDM of Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) show that the mean local SAR was decreased by about 56% (i.e., 18.7 vs. 8.2 W/kg) within the body model.
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Reports on the topic "Human body model (HBM)"

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Wray, W. O., and T. Aida. Deformable human body model development. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/672307.

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Tikuisis, Peter, Richard R. Gonzalez, and Kent B. Pandolf. Human Thermoregulatory Model for Whole Body Immersion in Water at 20 and 28 deg. C. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada185052.

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ji, yuqin, hao tian, qiang ye, zhuoyan ye, and zeyu zheng. Effectiveness of exercise intervention on improving fundamental motor skills in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0013.

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Review question / Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize available randomized controlled trial studies concerning the effects of exercise interventions on fundamental motor skills in children with autism spectrum disorder. Condition being studied: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complicated and highly prevalent neuro-developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. The CDC reported that the prevalence of ASD was estimated to be 1 in 59 in the United States by 2020. Along with typical symptoms, a couple of studies have indicated that individuals with ASD encounter a variety of challenges, including sleep disturbance, obesity, executive function deficits, physical inactivity, and motor dysfunctions. Fundamental motor skills (FMS) are the unnaturally occurring basic motor learning model of the human body, which are the building blocks for advanced specialized motor skills and for children and adolescents to participate in sports, games, or other context-specific physical activity.FMS falls into three different categories: (a) locomotor skills (e.g., running and hopping), (b) object control skills (e.g., catching and throwing), and balance or stability skills (e.g., balancing and twisting).
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Lehtimaki, Susanna, Kassim Nishtar, Aisling Reidy, Sara Darehshori, Andrew Painter, and Nina Schwalbe. Independent Review and Investigation Mechanisms to Prevent Future Pandemics: A Proposed Way Forward. United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/pb-f/2021/2.

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Based on the proposal by the European Council, more than 25 heads of state and the World Health Organization (WHO) support development of an international treaty on pandemics, that planned to be negotiated under the auspices of WHO, will be presented to the World Health Assembly in May 2021. Given that the treaty alone is not enough to ensure compliance, triggers for a high-level political response is required. To this end, to inform the design of a support system, we explored institutional mechanismsi with a mandate to review compliance with key international agreements in their signatory countries and conduct independent country investigations in a manner that manages sovereign considerations. Based on our review, there is no single global mechanism that could serve as a model in its own right. There is, however, potential to combine aspects of existing mechanisms to support a strong, enforceable treaty. These aspects include: • Periodic review - based on the model of human rights treaties, with independent experts as the authorized monitoring body to ensure the independence. If made obligatory, the review could support compliance with the treaty. • On-site investigations - based on the model by the Committee on Prevention of Torture according to which visits cannot be blocked by state parties. • Non-negotiable design principles - including accountability; independence; transparency and data sharing; speed; emphasis on capabilities; and incentives. • Technical support - WHO can provide countries with technical assistance, tools, monitoring, and assessment to enhance emergency preparedness and response.
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Lehtimaki, Susanna, Aisling Reidy, Kassim Nishtar, Sara Darehschori, Andrew Painter, and Nina Schwalbe. Independent Review and Investigation Mechanisms to Prevent Future Pandemics: A Proposed Way Forward. United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/rr/2021/1.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has created enormous challenges for national economies, livelihoods, and public services, including health systems. In January 2021, the World Health Organization proposed an international treaty on pandemics to strengthen the political commitment towards global pandemic preparedness, control, and response. The plan is to present a draft treaty to the World Health Assembly in May 2021. To inform the design of a support system for this treaty, we explored existing mechanisms for periodic reviews conducted either by peers or an external group as well as mechanisms for in-country investigations, conducted with or without country consent. Based on our review, we summarized key design principles requisite for review and investigation mechanisms and explain how these could be applied to pandemics preparedness, control, and response in global health. While there is no single global mechanism that could serve as a model in its own right, there is potential to combine aspects of existing mechanisms. A Universal Periodic Review design based on the model of human rights treaties with independent experts as the authorized monitoring body, if made obligatory, could support compliance with a new pandemic treaty. In terms of on-site investigations, the model by the Committee on Prevention of Torture could lend itself to treaty monitoring and outbreak investigations on short notice or unannounced. These mechanisms need to be put in place in accordance with several core interlinked design principles: compliance; accountability; independence; transparency and data sharing; speed; emphasis on capabilities; and incentives. The World Health Organization can incentivize and complement these efforts. It has an essential role in providing countries with technical support and tools to strengthen emergency preparedness and response capacities, including technical support for creating surveillance structures, integrating non-traditional data sources, creating data governance and data sharing standards, and conducting regular monitoring and assessment of preparedness and response capacities.
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Gajera, Hardik, Srinivas S. Pulugurtha, and Sonu Mathew. Influence of Level 1 and Level 2 Automated Vehicles on Fatal Crashes and Fatal Crash Occurrence. Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2034.

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Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are expected to improve safety by gradually reducing human decisions while driving. However, there are still questions on their effectiveness as we transition from almost 0% CAVs to 100% CAVs with different levels of vehicle autonomy. This research focuses on synthesizing literature and identifying risk factors influencing fatal crashes involving level 1 and level 2 CAVs in the United States. Fatal crashes involving level 0 vehicles—ones that are not connected and automated—were compared to minimize unobserved heterogeneity and randomness associated with the influencing risk factors. The research team used the fatal crash data for the years 2016 to 2019 for the analysis. A partial proportionality odds model is developed using crash, road, and vehicle characteristics as the independent variables and the fatal crash involving a vehicle with a specific level of automation as the dependent variable. The results of this research indicate that level 1 and level 2 CAVs are less likely to be involved in a fatal crash at four-way intersections, on two-way routes with wide medians, at nighttime, and in poor lighting conditions when compared to level 0 vehicles. However, they are more likely than level 0 vehicles to be involved in a fatal crash with pedestrians and bicyclists. Comparative analysis between vehicles with smart features and other vehicles indicated that pedestrian automatic emergency braking (PAEB) and lane-keeping assistance (LKA) improve the safety by reducing possible collision with a pedestrian and roadside departure, respectively. Contrarily, vehicles with other smart features are still highly likely to be involved in fatal crashes. This research adds to the growing body of literature that will identify potential areas for improvement in the safety of vehicular technologies and road geometry.
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Splitter, Gary A., Menachem Banai, and Jerome S. Harms. Brucella second messenger coordinates stages of infection. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7699864.bard.

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Aim 1: To determine levels of this second messenger in: a) B. melitensiscyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate-regulating mutants (BMEI1448, BMEI1453, and BMEI1520), and b) B. melitensis16M (wild type) and mutant infections of macrophages and immune competent mice. (US lab primary) Aim 2: To determine proteomic differences between Brucelladeletion mutants BMEI1453 (high cyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate, chronic persistent state) and BMEI1520 (low cyclicdimericguanosinemonophosphate, acute virulent state) compared to wild type B. melitensisto identify the role of this second messenger in establishing the two polar states of brucellosis. (US lab primary with synergistic assistance from the Israel lab Aim 3: Determine the level of Brucellacyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate and transcriptional expression from naturally infected placenta. (Israel lab primary with synergistic assistance from the US lab). B. Background Brucellaspecies are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause brucellosis, the most prevalent zoonosis worldwide. Brucellosis is characterized by increased abortion, weak offspring, and decreased milk production in animals. Humans are infected with Brucellaby consuming contaminated milk products or via inhalation of aerosolized bacteria from occupational hazards. Chronic human infections can result in complications such as liver damage, orchitis, endocarditis, and arthritis. Brucellaspp. have the ability to infect both professional and non-professional phagocytes. Because of this, Brucellaencounter varied environments both throughout the body and within a cell and must adapt accordingly. To date, few virulence factors have been identified in B. melitensisand even less is known about how these virulence factors are regulated. Subsequently, little is known about how Brucellaadapt to its rapidly changing environments, and how it alternates between acute and chronic virulence. Our studies suggest that decreased concentrations of cyclic dimericguanosinemonophosphate (c-di-GMP) lead to an acute virulent state and increased concentrations of c-di-GMP lead to persistent, chronic state of B. melitensisin a mouse model of infection. We hypothesize that B. melitensisuses c-di-GMP to transition from the chronic state of an infected host to the acute, virulent stage of infection in the placenta where the bacteria prepare to infect a new host. Studies on environmental pathogens such as Vibrio choleraeand Pseudomonas aeruginosasupport a mechanism where changes in c-di-GMP levels cause the bacterium to alternate between virulent and chronic states. Little work exists on understanding the role of c-di-GMP in dangerous intracellular pathogens, like Brucellathat is a frequent pathogen in Israeli domestic animals and U.S. elk and bison. Brucellamust carefully regulate virulence factors during infection of a host to ensure proper expression at appropriate times in response to host cues. Recently, the novel secondary signaling molecule c-di-GMP has been identified as a major component of bacterial regulation and we have identified c-di-GMP as an important signaling factor in B. melitensishost adaptation. C. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements 1. The B. melitensis1453 deletion mutant has increased c-di-GMP, while the 1520 deletion mutant has decreased c-di-GMP. 2. Both mutants grow similarly in in vitro cultures; however, the 1453 mutant has a microcolony phenotype both in vitro and in vivo 3. The 1453 mutant has increased crystal violet staining suggesting biofilm formation. 4. Scanning electron microscopy revealed an abnormal coccus appearance with in increased cell area. 5. Proteomic analysis revealed the 1453 mutant possessed increased production of proteins involved in cell wall processes, cell division, and the Type IV secretion system, and a decrease in proteins involved in amino acid transport/metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid production, and iron acquisition suggesting less preparedness for intracellular survival. 6. RNAseq analysis of bone marrow derived macrophages infected with the mutants revealed the host immune response is greatly reduced with the 1453 mutant infection. These findings support that microlocalization of proteins involved in c-di-GMP homeostasis serve a second messenger to B. melitensisregulating functions of the bacteria during infection of the host.
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