Journal articles on the topic 'Human anatomy – history – 16th century'
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1
Natale, Gianfranco, Paola Soldani, Marco Gesi, and Emanuele Armocida. "Flaminio Rota: Fame and Glory of a 16th Century Anatomist without Scientific Publications." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 8772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168772.
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Academic activity is intrinsically composed of two aspects: teaching and research. Since the 20th century, the aphorism “publish or perish” has overwhelmingly established itself in the academic field. Research activity has absorbed more attention from the professors who have neglected teaching activity. In anatomical sciences, research has focused mainly on ultrastructural anatomy and biochemical aspects, far removed from the topics addressed to medical students. Will today’s anatomists be rewarded by their choice? To generate a forecast, we should entrust what history has already taught us. For this analysis, an example was taken, concerning the fate that history reserved for the anatomy teachers of the University of Bologna in the second half of the 16th century. Thanks to Vesalius (1514–1564), experimentation on the human body replaced the old dogmatic knowledge, and didactic innovation was one with research. Some figures were highly praised despite their poor scientific production. The present article focuses on the figure of Flaminio Rota, who was highly esteemed by his colleagues in spite of no significant scientific activity. Reasons for this paradox are examined. Then, history also whispers to us: publish, but without perishing in the oblivion of students.
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ATHANASSOPOULOU (Φ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), F. "The history of development of medicine through time: a repeated case." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 60, no. 2 (November 20, 2017): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14921.
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At all times, man was interested in the therapy of diseases in any possible way. In the Hellenic world, that is generally regarded as the spiritual predecessor of recent Europe, two distinct traditions existed: the first had a true sacred origin and was practiced from a corporation or guild of healers/priests named zsAsklipiades. Asklipios, son of Apollo, was considered by them as their generic leader. The second, practiced by Vakhes, comes from indigenous populations of Eastern Aegean area approx. at 2000 B.C. During its practice patients went into a sacred mania ie., with dancing, music, or body exertion went into an extended consciousness from which, when they recovered, they showed a peaceful state and a new identity again due to moral comprehension. The first liberation from sacred ceremonies occurs in ancient Greece from Hippocrates and thus the first step towards scientific medicine occurs and it is practiced by cosmic healers. To Hippokrates we owe the meaning of "method" for the observation and development of the disease and its symptoms (there is a distinction between them). He believed in "the self healing capability of nature" that had to be taken into account, because medicine comes from the disruption of the balance between man and environment. After Hippocrates there is a gap of approx. 7 eons (till 3rd century D.C.) during which period important developments occur that will determine later the path of medicine: 1. During the 1st century B.C., Dioscouridis from Alexandria and in the 2ndcentury D.C. Asklipiadis and the great healer and surgeon from Pergamos, Galinos, transplanted the "absolute medical orthodoxy" in Rome where it remained as a dogma until the 16th century D.C. This is similar to Arab and recent European medicine. Hippocrates and Galinos beliefs have a lot in common with the growth of medicine in China and India. 2.Arab philosophers and healers reconnect medicine with politics and their base is the healthy society. 3. In Christianity, in the Middle Ages, the human body is discarded as not * worthy and surgery and anatomy are prohibited. In 1130 D.C. the practice of medicine by monks isprohibited and this is passed on to "cosmic clergy" from where the first schools of medicine and recent Universities originate (Paris, Oxford, Bologna, Montpellier). With Renaissance starts the questioning of the Galino's theory. The main archetype of the healer of this period was undoubtedly Paracelsus. He brings back the correlations of symptoms and moral attitude and his whole comprehension was "ecosystematic" and "psychosomatic". The healing ideas and practices of the Middle Ages and Eastern world are various and come from different origins without being an identical philosophical model, but they have the following similar points changed eventually by the "scientific medicine" born after the Cartesian debate: a) there is a bond between body and psyche, b) there is a bond of interaction between the human body and the environment, c) there is a mutual bond of equality and trust between the patient and the healer. The important developments between the 17th - 18th centuries (discovery of the microscope, growth of laboratories and clinics) will give a tremendous push to this scientific medicine and will allow to discard the patient as a whole person for the favour of the diagnosis and the manipulation of "diseases and syndromes". Another disruption from this course of scientific medicine occurs with the emergence of biology as a distinct science, which brought the uprising of the usual vitalistic beliefs that during in the 18th century did not totally stop to exist (G. Stahl-anima, S. Hahneman- homeopathy). However, due to the positivistic direction that the great physiologist of the 19th century, C. Bernard (who established in medicine the quantification according to the prototype of positive Sciences) and finally L. Pasteur established with the discovery of the bacterial role, strengthened again the self confidence of the classical/ scientific medicine. In 20th century, medicine gains also powers and is connected socially also with the growing pharmaceutical, but still is unable to heal satisfactory the mental / psychological illnesses; meantime, the recent specialization opened up a new horizon of medical applications (molecular biology, neurochemistry, clear understanding of the immunological-nervous-endocrinological mechanism) that are, however, part of the same mechanical model. The malpractice of this model involved attachment of medicine and politics in a programme that experimentally was performed in the Nazis camps. Again, three subsequent currents of developments questioned the medical orthodox theory during most of 20th century: S. Freud and psychoanalysis, the phenomenological medicine of E. Husserl and modern alternative medicines (homeopathy, acupuncture).
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Yi, Xinyue. "Science and Art in The Creation of Adam." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 11 (April 20, 2023): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v11i.7541.
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The Renaissance was an intellectual and cultural movement that took place in Europe from the mid-14th century to the 16th century, and profoundly influenced European intellectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy and spreading to the rest of Europe in the 16th century, its influence is reflected in art, architecture, philosophy, literature, music, anatomy, etc. The Creation of Adam is one of the important works of this period. Michelangelo's rigorous judgment of the body on the basis of anatomy, coupled with the use of clairvoyance skills, paints a unique human beauty with a sense of power. Renaissance scholars adopted a humanistic approach in their studies and looked for realism and human emotions in art. Based on The Creation of Adam, this article provides a case study and literature analysis of the connection between art and science, especially the embodiment of anatomy in The Creation of Adam. This article offers contemporary historians and artists some thoughts on the visual language of science, including how to understand science as a craft or even as an art, understand which works are both scientific and artistic, and how to develop a new visual language for science.
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Milosavljević, Angelina. "Early Modern Art and Science: Simulation of Dissections in the 16th Century Fugitive Sheets." AM Journal of Art and Media Studies, no. 32 (October 15, 2023): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25038/am.v0i28.578.
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During the 15th century the study of anatomy became a part of art education. With the rise of anatomy as a branch of medicine, artists began to play an important role in the process of anatomical research, creating graphic representations that served as powerful transmitters of knowledge. Among these, the most exquisite were anatomical fugitive sheets, the volumetric, three-dimensional representations of human anatomy. The layering, overlapping, of human organs, enabling one to manipulate them according to need, serves as simulation of the strategies of opening of human body during anatomical dissections. The artists-illustrators of these processes introduced new didactic interactive methods into acquisition and transfer of knowledge. In close cooperation with scientists, they found ways to translate information into recognizable and accessible models, endowing them with cognitive structure, as in anatomical atlases by Andrea Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica (1543), and Johann Remmelin, Catoptri Microcosmici (1609).
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Ribeiro, Elayne Cristina de Oliveira, Erlene Roberta Ribeiro dos Santos, Rita de Cássia Ferreira Valença Mota, and Marcelo Moraes Valença. "Anatomy, modern histology, and their mentors." Avanços em Medicina 2, no. 1 (July 18, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.52329/avanmed.46.
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Anatomy is a secular science that had contributions from great anatomists, mainly doctors. In the 16th century, modern anatomy emerged, and the studies of the physician and anatomist Andreas Vesalius, "father of modern anatomy", corrected the errors of his predecessors through human dissection and revolutionized the writing of anatomy with his work. Almost 200 years later, Marie François Xavier Bichat is "father of histology", contributed significantly to the description of tissues, expanding the studies of macroscopic anatomy to microscopic. In this article, the authors revisit the findings of anatomists notorious and their significant preliminary contributions to the current planning of surgical interventions.
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Kärkkäinen, Pekka. "On the Semantics of 'Human Being' and 'Animal' in Early 16th Century Erfurt." Vivarium 42, no. 2 (2004): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568534043084720.
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Di Ieva, Antonio, Paolo Gaetani, Christian Matula, Camillo Sherif, Manfred Skopec, and Manfred Tschabitscher. "Berengario da Carpi: a pioneer in neurotraumatology." Journal of Neurosurgery 114, no. 5 (May 2011): 1461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.10.jns101331.
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Berengario da Carpi was one of the most famous physicians of the 16th century, a recognized master of anatomy and surgery, an emblematic “Renaissance man” who combined his medical experience and engineering knowledge to design new surgical instruments, and effectively used the arts of writing and drawing to describe state-of-the-art medicine and provide illustrations of anatomical structures. His greatest contribution to medicine was to write the most important work on craniocerebral surgery of the 16th century, the Tractatus de Fractura Calvae sive Cranei (Treatise on Fractures of the Calvaria or Cranium), in which he described an entire set of surgical instruments to be used for cranial operations to treat head traumas that became a reference for later generations of physicians. This was a systematic treatise covering the mechanisms, classification, and medical and surgical treatment of head traumas, and can be considered a milestone in the history of neurotraumatology.
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Kisielienė, Dalia, Ieva Masiulienė, Linas Daugnora, Miglė Stančikaitė, Jonas Mažeika, Giedrė Vaikutienė, and Rimantas Petrošius. "History of the Environment and Population of the Old Town of Klaipėda, Western Lithuania: Multidisciplinary Approach to the Last Millennium." Radiocarbon 54, no. 3-4 (2012): 1003–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200047639.
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Progressive stages in the development of the Old Town region of the city of Klaipėda (in German, Memel) were ascertained by analyzing archaeological and historical data combined with an analysis of pollen, diatom, plant macrofossil, and osteological findings as cross-referenced with radiocarbon measurements. The port city of Klaipėda, located on the eastern part of the Baltic Sea, was an important political, economic, and religious center during the last millennium. In addition to its environmental history, the character of human activity and urbanization of the area during the 16th–17th centuries AD were examined. The chronology of these records is based on archaeological, historical, and 14C data. The results obtained indicate the predominance of a wet boggy environment and the presence of a pond in the investigated territory of Klaipėda during the late 15th and early 16th centuries AD. The formation of a new Danė River channel created an island town, resulting in a defensible residual area for the town inhabitants. An ongoing deposition of a cultural layer began in the mid-16th century AD. Rich zooarchaeological data found in this layer provided new details on human diet and exposed a predominance of domestic animals, especially cattle. Due to intensive amelioration of this area, layers of sandy and clayey deposits were formed during the second half of the 16th century AD. A significant presence of cultivars, ruderals, and weeds were recorded, indicating substantial human activity and increasing urbanization of the landscape. According to the paleobotanical, archaeological, and historical data, the culmination of this process took place at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries AD, when residential areas were established.
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Belov, Nikita V. "The Battle of Sudbishchi in June 1555 in the appraisals of Russian chroniclers and historians of the 16th–17th centuries." Golden Horde Review 10, no. 3 (September 29, 2022): 653–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.653-671.
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Research objectives: An analysis of Russian narrative sources in the 16th–17th centuries about the Battle of Sudbishchi; the identification and explanation of different assessments of the results of the battle in chronicles, publications, and other historical works of the Moscow State in the era. Research materials: Official, regional, and private chronicles of the 16th–17th centuries, publications (works of Ivan the Terrible and Andrei Kurbsky), and later historical compilations of the Old Russian tradition. Results and novelty of the research: In the Russian narrative sources of the 16th–17th centuries, the results of the battle between the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray I and the Tsar’s voivode, Ivan Bolshoy Sheremetev, at Sudbishchi received different appraisals. In the second half of the 16th century, the official governmental discourse considered this event to be an total, though costly, victory of Russian arms. The unofficial compositions of this period, in contrast, contained information about significant human losses and in general about the defeat of the Russian army. This was due not so much to the activity of state propaganda as to the inability of regional scribes to assess the global strategic consequences of the battle that were known to court chroniclers. Predominantly, the compilative character of the 17th century chronicles contributed to the affirmation of the governmental view of the battle among the Russian scribes. The first Russian historians of 18th–19th centuries accepted it, and through their mediation, a number of our contemporary researchers likewise shared their view. The Appendix of the article contains publications of three previously unknown accounts about the Battle of Sudbishchi from unpublished chronicles.
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Longrigg, James. "Anatomy in Alexandria in the Third Century B.C." British Journal for the History of Science 21, no. 4 (December 1988): 455–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000708740002536x.
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The most striking advances in the knowledge of human anatomy and physiology that the world had ever known—or was to know until the seventeenth century A.D.—took place in Hellenistic Alexandria. The city was founded in 331 B.C. by Alexander the Great. After the tatter's death in 323 B.C. and the subsequent dissolution of his empire, it became the capital of one of his generals, Ptolemy, son of Lagus, who established the Ptolemaic dynasty there. The first Ptolemy, subsequently named Soter (the Saviour), and his son Ptolemy Philadelphus (who succeeded him in 285 B.C.), became immensely enriched by their exploitation of Egypt and raised the city to a position of great wealth and magnificence. Anxious to enhance both their own reputation and the prestige of the kingdom, they sought to rival the cultural and scientific achievements not only of other Hellenistic rulers but even of Athens herself. Their patronage of the arts and sciences, coupled with their establishment of the Museum (an institute for literary studies and scientific research as well as a temple of the Muses), together with the Library, made the city the centre of Hellenistic culture. Philosophers, mathematicians, astronomers, artists, poets and physicians were all encouraged to come and work there.
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Sakai, Tatsuo, and Yuh Morimoto. "The History of Infectious Diseases and Medicine." Pathogens 11, no. 10 (October 4, 2022): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101147.
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From ancient times to the present, mankind has experienced many infectious diseases, which have mutually affected the development of society and medicine. In this paper, we review various historical and current infectious diseases in a five-period scheme of medical history newly proposed in this paper: (1) Classical Western medicine pioneered by Hippocrates and Galen without the concept of infectious diseases (ancient times to 15th century); (2) traditional Western medicine expanded by the publication of printed medical books and organized medical education (16th to 18th century); (3) early modern medicine transformed by scientific research, including the discovery of pathogenic bacteria (19th century); (4) late modern medicine, suppressing bacterial infectious diseases by antibiotics and elucidating DNA structure as a basis of genetics and molecular biology (20th century, prior to the 1980s); and (5) exact medicine saving human life by in vivo visualization and scientifically verified measures (after the 1990s). The historical perspectives that these five periods provide help us to appreciate ongoing medical issues, such as the present COVID-19 pandemic in particular, and remind us of the tremendous development that medicine and medical treatment have undergone over the years.
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Freese, Jan. "The Computerization of Society." Israel Law Review 21, no. 1 (1986): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700008888.
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From the first, when human beings started to communicate with each other, information carried a message. The Information Society was born as soon as the first human creatures exchanged information.Over history, information, like everything else, has developed and changed character. Information still carried a message, but rather quickly it must have also become power. When Francis Bacon coined the expression “Knowledge is power”, at the end of the 16th century, it had already been a truth for millions of years. Knowledge postulates information.
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Evans, Darrell J. R., and Samantha Fossey. "Perspectives on anatomical donation and holding services of thanksgiving." Clinical Ethics 6, no. 4 (December 2011): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ce.2011.011043.
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The value of human bodies for the teaching of anatomy has been recognized since the 16th century. Many medical students are exposed to the process of body donation as human dissection continues to play a fundamental role in many medical courses. The opportunity of dissection not only provides students with an educational approach to learning human structure but also exposes them to the emotions surrounding death and dying and the role of the anatomical donor in their journey. This paper explores the subject of body donation in relation to anatomical examination, the relationship the donor has to the medical student experience and the purpose of thanksgiving services. The paper concludes with a brief description of a study carried out at a UK medical school to seek the views of first- and second-year medical students on the purpose, place and value of thanksgiving services.
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Romano, Antonella, and Stéphane Van Damme. "Science and World Cities: Thinking Urban Knowledge and Science at Large (16th-18th century)." Itinerario 33, no. 1 (March 2009): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300002722.
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Through its focus on the question of circulation, world history attained a central position amongst the historical configurations in the last decade. Indicative of our fundamentally changing world, the past thereby reveals itself to have been shaped by commercial, human and intellectual flows of global dimension. The history of science has been particularly receptive to such methodological developments, especially with regard to works influenced by a markedly social approach to science and knowledge, which has focused for some time on the analysis of intellectual networks. From the French provincial Enlightenment to Athansius Kircher's circles—including the relationships of patronage of mathematicians and court philosophers—social, intellectual and epistemological configurations have been designed, allowing us to consider different scales in the circulation of knowledge.
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Martini, Mariano, Alessandra Parodi, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Emiliano Beri, Luca Lo Basso, and Emanuele Armocida. "The History of Syphilis in The XVI Century and The Pivotal Role of Luigi Luigini in the Renaissance." Acta medico-historica Adriatica 18, no. 2 (2021): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31952/amha.18.2.9.
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Syphilis is the prime example of a “new disease” which triggered a transnational (European) discussion among physicians. It appeared between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern Times (at the beginning of the sixteenth century), a time in which medicine was changing from a dogmatic to an experimental discipline. The main changes were in the field of anatomy: in 1543, the same year of the astronomy-disrupting work by Nicolas Copernicus, the new less dogmatic and more empirical approach to anatomy by Andreas Vesalius was published. Nevertheless, in the Renaissance, medicine remains a tradition-bound discipline, proud of its millennial history and its superiority over the empirical, non-academic healers. When syphilis appeared in Europe, several explanations were elaborated. In the mid-16th century, an Italian doctor Luigi Luigini (born in 1526) published in Venice a collection of all the works on syphilis that appeared until 1566. He wanted to entrust to colleagues, contemporary and future, a compendium of all that was known about the “new” disease (the Latin term Novus means both “new” and “strange”). According to the most authors of the collection, the disease is in fact “new” and “strange”. Some authors of the collection find it impossible that authorities like Hippocrates and Galen overlooked it. Luigini’s work shows the authors’ effort to absorb syphilis in the corpus of academic medicine and affirm the authority of academic physicians against the empirical healers.
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Manzoli, Lucia, Stefano Ratti, and Lucio Cocco. "Anatomy and Ceroplastic School in Bologna: a heritage with unexpected perspective." Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology 126, no. 1 (September 21, 2022): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/ijae-13733.
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Ceroplastic, the art of wax modelling, is a depiction mode that has been used widely throughout time for artistic, religious and social purposes. During the 16th Century, ceroplastic became also an essential tool for medical education thanks to the creation of the first anatomical wax models. For centuries, anatomists have worked with artists with the aim of producing faithful and long-lasting wax artefacts that reproduce physiological and/or pathological conditions. Important figures such as Ercole Lelli and Anna Morandi Manzolini refined the techniques of the anatomical wax modelling and created works that are to date preciously conserved. The scientific and didactic value of these works was indisputable, for wax anatomical models have deeply facilitated the education of medical students in that time. Nowadays, a similar impact on medical education is given by new technologies such as augmented reality, that allows the addition of virtual contents to tangible anatomical 3D models. Under this light, anatomical wax models and augmented reality can be compared as two innovative tools that have changed the history of anatomical teaching.
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Splavski, Bruno. "A Brief Review of the History of Global and Croatian Neurosurgery." Journal of applied health sciences 9, no. 1 (March 22, 2023): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24141/1/9/1/7.
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Neurosurgery is the oldest, but also the youngest medical discipline. Namely, archaeological findings confirm the existence of cranial bone trepanations in the Late Stone Age, while neurosurgery as a separate discipline was founded only at the beginning of the 20th century. Descriptions of head/spinal injuries, and trepanations, date back to ancient Egypt (Edwin Smith papyrus) and physicians like Hippocrates, the Alexandrian school, and Galen, who described his classification of cranial fractures, perfected trepanation and contributed to neuroanatomy and physiology. Unfortunately, with his disappearance, the study of the central nervous system ceased during the next millennium. Medieval contribution to neurosurgery is due to the work of Arab and Persian physicians (Albucasis, Avicenna), who collected, preserved, and improved the medical knowledge of ancient times, including neuroscience. With the arrival of the Renaissance in the early 16th century, significant advances in anatomy, medicine, surgery, and neuroscience began. Berengario da Carpi, Andreas Vesalius, and Ambroise Paré stood out as progenitors of this era. During the 19th century, at a time of progress in medicine and surgery, preconditions were created for more extensive and long-lasting neurosurgical procedures, while the era of modern neurosurgery began in the early 20th century with the pioneering activities of MacEwan, Horsley, Cushing, Elsberg, Dandy and many others. Further progress in neurosurgery was made through the use of an operating microscope, which from 1965 marked the era of modern microneurosurgery, founded by Yaşargil. The beginnings of neurosurgical activity in Croatia date back to the end of the 19th century when Theodor Wickerhauser published a record of the first craniotomy done in our country in 1886. In conclusion, modern neurosurgery as one of the most advanced medical professions is based on the achievements of its historical leaders, and on the cutting-edge diagnostic and surgical armamentaria, together with the superior neurosurgical service organization.
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Xu, Yidan. "The Scientific of Renaissance Artworks - Based on Dürer and Leonardo da Vinci's Work." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 11 (April 20, 2023): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v11i.7505.
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From the second half of the 14th century to the end of the 16th century, Western and Central European countries witnessed a revolutionary movement in cultural thought, the Renaissance, which was guided by humanism and a human-centred world view. The works of art were transformed by this humanist ideology, and the achievements of science were combined with the use of scientific theories such as perspective, mathematics and anatomy to make their works more relevant to their time. The use of scientific theories underpinned the development of Renaissance painting as a whole. The relationship between Renaissance works and science is explored through an analysis of typical Renaissance works by Dürer and Leonardo da Vinci. This paper will discuss Dürer and Leonardo da Vinci’s work and its connection to science. It will discuss how Dürer used the golden ratio in Adam and Eve and how Dürer linked the human body to geometry to demonstrate his profound study of mathematics in his book The Four Books of Human Proportions. At the same time, this paper will discuss how Leonardo da Vinci applied his study of human proportions and perspective to painting. The study finds that the study of the golden ratio in these works has implications for the creation of today's graphic design students.
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Totomanova-Paneva, Maria. "Vocabulary for Human Anatomy in the Earliest Slavonic Translation of Books of Samuel and Kings." Palaeobulgarica 48, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.59076/2603-2899.2024.1.05.
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The present study aims at exploring the metaphrastic practices of the early Slavonic scribes when faced with the task of translating texts containing lexemes from the field of human anatomy and the related cultural imagery that was often hard to convey in the still young Old Bulgarian literary language. Primarily based on material from the Slavonic translation of the Books of Samuel and Kings, which occurred around the verge of the 10th century, the study also draws on examples from other relevant Old Bulgarian literary sources of the same period, such as the Old Bulgarian translation of the Erotapokriseis of Pseudo-Caesarius. The examples from the Books of Samuel and Kings are taken from the chronographic redaction of the Old Testament book as presented in the Chronograph of the Archive (Jewish Chronicle or Chronographia Judaica), a large chronographic compilation of Bulgarian origin, surviving in a 15th century Russian copy.
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Bir, Shyamal C., Sudheer Ambekar, Sunil Kukreja, and Anil Nanda. "Julius Caesar Arantius (Giulio Cesare Aranzi, 1530–1589) and the hippocampus of the human brain: history behind the discovery." Journal of Neurosurgery 122, no. 4 (April 2015): 971–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.11.jns132402.
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Julius Caesar Arantius is one of the pioneer anatomists and surgeons of the 16th century who discovered the different anatomical structures of the human body. One of his prominent discoveries is the hippocampus. At that time, Arantius originated the term hippocampus, from the Greek word for seahorse (hippos [“horse”] and kampos [“sea monster”]). Arantius published his description of the hippocampus in 1587, in the first chapter of his work titled De Humano Foetu Liber. Numerous nomenclatures of this structure, including “white silkworm,” “Ammon's horn,” and “ram's horn” were proposed by different scholars at that time. However, the term hippocampus has become the most widely used in the literature.
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Galia, Tomáš, and Václav Škarpich. "Morphological response of channels to long-term human interventions in mountain basins on the example of the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts (Czechia)." Geografie 122, no. 2 (2017): 213–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2017122020213.
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The paper summarizes the history of human interactions with mountain streams on the example of the flysch Western Carpathians, Czechia. These are represented by indirect impacts since the 16th century, mainly corresponding to extensive changes in land use and species composition of forests, and by direct human interventions as timber floating with the removal of instream wood (since the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century) and check-dam constructions (since 1906). Mountain streams are very sensitive to changes in sediment supply, hydrological regime or direct interventions and produce a fast morphological response. Thus, hydromorphological assessments and management of mountain streams should take into consideration the contemporary land use at the basin scale in historical perspective, sediment connectivity and the occurrence of instream wood as important elements of stream habitat.
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Nguyen Thi, Bich. "History of women: research on the uniqual legal location of American women in modern history (XVI - XIX century)." Journal of Science Social Science 66, no. 2 (May 2021): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1067.2021-0037.
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Today, the values of human rights, civil rights and especially the issue of gender equality (men and women equal rights) have become an urgent and decisive requirement for social progress. However, throughout the centuries, women's legal discrimination has been a historically common phenomenon on a global scale. Even in a country as proud of its democratic traditions as the United States, women are considered “second-class” citizens and their contributions seem to “disappear” in history. It was not until the 1960s - 1970s, under the influence of the Civil Rights Revolution, that the study of American women's history as an independent field attracted the attention of scholars. Within the scope of the article, the author focuses on analyzing two main issues: understanding the “second-class” status of American women in legal terms and trying to explain what causes inequality to exist. world in such a persistent way throughout the modern period (16th - 19th centuries) in the history of this country. From there, it helps readers to systematically and objectively view the efforts of American women in the struggle for their legal citizenship later.
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Motuzaitė Matuzevičiūtė, Giedrė, and Rimvydas Laužikas. "A Brief History of Broomcorn Millet Cultivation in Lithuania." Agronomy 13, no. 8 (August 18, 2023): 2171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082171.
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The eastern Baltic region represents the world’s most northerly limit of successful broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) (hereafter, millet) cultivation in the past, yet this crop has been almost forgotten today. The earliest millet in the eastern Baltic region has been identified from macrobotanical remains which were directly dated to ca 1000 BCE. Between 800 and 500 BCE, millet was one of the major staple foods in the territory of modern-day Lithuania. Millet continued to play an important role in past agriculture up until the 15th century, with its use significantly declining during the following centuries. This paper analyses both the archaeobotanical records and written sources on broomcorn millet cultivation in Lithuania from its first arrival all the way through to the 19th century. The manuscript reviews the evidence of millet cultivation in the past as documented by archaeobotanical remains and historical accounts. In light of fluctuating records of millet cultivation through time, we present the hypothetical reasons for the decline in millet use as human food. The paper hypothesizes that the significant decrease in broomcorn millet cultivation in Lithuania from the 15th century onwards was likely influenced by several factors, which include climate change (the Little Ice Age) and the agricultural reforms of the 16th century. However, more detailed research is required to link past fluctuations in millet cultivation with climatic and historical sources, thus better understanding the roots of collapsing crop biodiversity in the past.
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SUN, Jiang. "Preface: Transcultural Turn of Conceptual History Research." Cultura 15, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/cul.2018.02.01.
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Abstract If we do not shrink from making rough generalizations and adopt a broad, conventional approach, then what we call modernity refers to the process whereby a state of heterogeneity progresses toward homogeneity in time, space, human collectives, social order, and other areas. In his book The Cheese and the Worms, Carlo Ginzburg discusses a late-16th century incident of heterodoxy that cannot be classified into previously existing standard categories. As new knowledge was disseminated thanks to the invention of the Gutenberg printing press, old and new knowledge came into conflict in the mind of a heterodox figure by the name of Menocchio. He attacked the church, saying that it was more important to love one’s neighbor than to love God (Ginzburg, 1992: 38). Through these small, humble manifestations of change, Ginzburg was able to reveal the juncture when European modern knowledge first emerged from a muddled, undifferentiated state into one of clarity, whereby over the course of about a century of fermentation, its contours eventually became clearly evident around the year 1800. This process has been termed by the pioneer of conceptual history Otto Brunner as the “threshold era” (Schwellenzeit) (Blänkner, 2012: 107), and by Reinhart Koselleck as the beginning of the “saddle era” (Sattelzeit) (Koselleck and Richter, 2011: 9).
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Page-Jones, Kimberley. "From Buffon to Coleridge: Sociability and Humanity in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Comparative Anatomy." Literature & History 32, no. 2 (November 2023): 110–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03061973231211441.
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This article investigates the redefinition of human and animal sociabilities in the light of comparative anatomy. Linnaeus's classification questioned and redrew the frontiers of humanity, raising new debates on what makes a being human, who or what is entitled to humanity, what corrupts humanity, and why some beings degenerate. Enlightenment anthropology, as a new science accommodating itself to philosophical inquiry, became an ideological battleground on which two representations of man's degeneracy were fought out. Was human depravity the consequences of consumption, luxury, and social needs that increasingly characterised European cultures in the eighteenth century, or was it to be understood as a result of physical degeneration, that is, alienation from the civilised world? The natural man, whether as an imaginary state or embodied in ‘wild' creatures, crystallised the anxiety about degeneration and natural forces acting upon bodies and organisms. To ring-fence humanity and distinguish it from the lower orders of nature, typically human attributes were constructed in comparative anatomy discourses. Reason, language and sociality came to characterise human behaviours while animals were deprived of any ‘social’ faculties. Through analogy, the human social group was often compared to insect communities or animal herds, clusters or shoals, yet these animal or insect assemblages were systematically studied from an anthropocentric perspective. The article weaves seemingly disparate discourses - the writings of the Comte de Buffon, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Lord Monboddo, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, William Lawrence and Samuel Taylor Coleridge - into a dialogue and debate that decisively defined the nature of human and animal sociabilities.
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Matava, R. J. "A Sketch of the Controversy de auxiliis." Journal of Jesuit Studies 7, no. 3 (April 11, 2020): 417–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00703004.
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In the 16th century, the Dominicans and the Jesuits engaged in a polarized theological debate about how God can move the human will in a way that neither compromises human free choice nor makes God the author of moral evil. This debate, called the “controversy de auxiliis,” was never resolved. In 1607, Pope Paul v decreed that neither side was heretical and forbade further publishing on the issue without his explicit permission. This article explains the main theological points of the various Dominican and Jesuit actors, the human factors that contributed to the debate, and the reasons why this is still an important issue today. It concludes that both positions were based on important theological insights that would need to be taken into account if any resolution were to be found, that a resolution of this debate would benefit the Church in a number of ways, and that Jesuit and Dominican tribalism and polemics have contributed to keeping this issue unresolved.
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Mažeika, J., P. Blaževičius, M. Stančikaitė, and D. Kisielienė. "Dating of the Cultural Layers from Vilnius Lower Castle, East Lithuania: Implications for Chronological Attribution and Environmental History." Radiocarbon 51, no. 2 (2009): 515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200055892.
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Complex interdisciplinary studies carried out in the territory of the Vilnius Lower Castle, E Lithuania, were used to construct a chronological framework based on radiocarbon data and archaeological information. Bulk samples (wood and sediment) were collected from an approximately 3-m core that crossed cultural layers and underlying strata. 14C dates indicate that the underlying bed possibly formed during the 6th century AD, although no archaeological finds were discovered there. Paleobotanical (pollen and plant macrofossil) investigations reveal evidence of agriculture that points to the existence of a permanent settlement in the area at that time. The chronological data indicates a sedimentation hiatus before the onset of the deposition of the cultural layer in the studied area. The 14C dates showed that the formation of the cultural bed began during the late 13th–early 14th centuries AD, that is, earlier than expected according to the archaeological record. The ongoing deposition of the cultural beds continued throughout the middle to latter half of the 14th century AD as revealed by the archaeological records and confirmed by well-correlated 14C results. After some decline in human activity in the middle of the 14th century AD, a subsequent ongoing development of the open landscape, along with intensive agriculture, points to an increase in human activity during the second half of the 14th century AD. The first half of the 15th century AD was marked by intensive exploitation of the territory, indicating a period of economic and cultural prosperity. The chronological framework indicates that the investigated cultural beds continued forming until the first half of the 16th century AD.
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Leoussi, Athena S. "Pheidias and 'l'esprit moderne' : The Study of Human Anatomy in Nineteenth-Century English and French Art Education." European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire 7, no. 2 (August 2000): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713666745.
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Adler, Kraig. "The Development of Systematic Reviews of the Turtles of the World." Vertebrate Zoology 57, no. 2 (October 31, 2007): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.57.e30894.
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Turtles are one of nature’s most immediately recognizable life forms. They are an ancient group of vertebrateswith a rich fossil history whose natural limits have long been recognized by naturalists. Indeed, the monophylyof this order has never been seriously questioned. The use of turtles and their eggs as food and for medicinaland ceremonial purposes has made them of importance to mankind since prehistoric times. As such, cheloniansfigured prominently in the earliest museum collections, all of them privately owned, including that of the Ital-ian physician and encyclopedist of nature, Ulisse Aldrovandi of Bologna, in the late 16th century and the collec-tions amassed in Amsterdam by the wealthy pharmacist and amateur naturalist, Albertus Seba, early in the 18thcentury. The first books devoted exclusively to turtles were on their anatomy. Giovanni Caldesi, physician tothe last grand duke of Tuscany, and Christoph Gottwald, a physician and collector of natural history curiositiesin Danzig, published their treatises on chelonian morphology in 1687 and 1781, respectively, the latter beingissued eight decades after Gottwald’s death. Neither author, however, provided a comprehensive review of theworld’s turtles.
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Didouan, Amandine Victoria. "“To Draw a Body, Human or Beast, One Must Study Anatomy”." Nuncius 38, no. 2 (June 13, 2023): 225–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-bja10058.
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Abstract Contributing to the merging fields of art history, visual culture, and history of science, this article brings forward Carlo Ruini’s (1530–1598) equine anatomical treatise Dell’Anotomia et dell’Infermità del Cavallo (1598). The introduction of Ruini’s epistemic imagery, specifically a flayed horse depicted in what has been termed the “foreshortened-frontalized-equestrian” pose, offers a new perspective to existing art historical scholarship, hypothesising on the role of anatomy in depictive choices within early modern equestrian portraiture. The anatomical poses and postures originally found in Dell’Anotomia reappear in portraits of equine subjects by Rubens and his followers thus challenging currently held academic theories concerning their source of inspiration. The application of elements from Ruini’s Dell’Anotomia within a seventeenth-century practical guide for artists further underscores anatomy’s influence on equestrian portraiture, thus evidencing a deliberate response to the relationship between science, early modern equestrian culture, and art.
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Galassi, Francesco M., and Raffaella Bianucci. "Special Monographic Issue on the History of Human Anatomy and the Anatomical Bases of Palaeopathology." Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology 126, no. 1 (September 20, 2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/ijae-13918.
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It is our distinguished pleasure to introduce this special monographic issue of the Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology dedicated to the topics of the history of the anatomical sciences and the morphological bases of palaeopathological studies. These two branches of human anatomy, though deemed interesting and relevant to the field by a large number of scholars worldwide, are too often neglected or not developed into a self-standing, productive field of research and teaching, especially in Italy. This is particularly sad and detrimental if one considers that human anatomy was reborn in Italy after centuries of intellectual stagnation first at Bologna thanks to the teaching of the Mediaeval scholar Mondino de’ Liuzzi and later, during the Renaissance, owing to the interest showed by artists in the correct representation of human morphology and bodily proportions.
This shows how rediscovering the discipline’s history inevitably leads its students to the realisation of the existence of an interplay between the figurative arts and the study of the human body, a bond which until the late 19th century was perceived as evident, self-explanatory and indissoluble. Moreover, it was precisely in that century that, from the anatomical discipline and its sub-branch osteology, stemmed biological anthropology, a subject which, now greatly enriched by biomolecular studies and by the assessment of mummified human remains, can help us discover the antiquity of humankind, its evolution as much as that of the diseases that characterised its historical path, a field traditionally called “palaeopathology”.
In this collection of contributions encompassing all of the aforementioned areas of research and anatomical knowledge, we aim to stimulate our colleagues and students to rediscover the importance of these topics and to develop them into a higher research platform capable of bridging the so-called hard biomedical sciences and the humanities.
Finally, we would like to express our deepest gratitude to Professor Domenico Ribatti, the journal’s editorial board and the Società Italiana di Anatomia e Istologia for kindly accepting our proposal and for the invaluable support they gave us throughout the editorial process. In addition, we would like to thank all the contributors and anonymous reviewers who have made this issue possible.
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Tenaillon, Nicolas. "Justice et utopie chez Thomas More." Moreana 50 (Number 193-, no. 3-4 (December 2013): 54–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/more.2013.50.3-4.6.
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As a renowned jurist first and then as a top politician, Thomas More has never given up researching about a judicial system where all the fields of justice would be harmonized around a comprehensive logic. From criminal law to divine providence, Utopia, despite its eccentricities, proposes a coherent model of Christian-inspired collective living, based on a concern for social justice, something that was terribly neglected during the early 16th century English monarchy. Not only did History prove many of More’s intuitions right, but above all, it gave legitimacy to the utopian genre in its task of imagining the future progress of human justice and of contributing to its coming.
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Kubicki, Janusz. "The history of greatest anatomical discoveries." Medical Science Pulse 9, no. 1 (March 30, 2015): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0003.3191.
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21st century medicine is an empirical and best developing study in each of its fields. Based on the experience and discoveries conducted by researchers throughout its rich history, contemporary medicine relies on pure facts. Hippocrates was the father of human anatomy and medical backgrounds. He described the body fluids, the heart and some other internal organs. One of the most prominent researchers in the field of anatomy was also a Roman physician – Galen. He described the heart anatomy and the cardiovascular system in details. However, the biggest contribution to the heart examination was done by a medical specialist from London – William Harvey. It was him, who discovered the pumping work of the organ, not the sucking one, as it was previously believed. Simultaneously, the examinations on anatomy and physiology of reproductive organs were carried out, which can be found in the Egyptian papyrus from Kahun and the Ebers papyrus. Not only Hippocrates was engaged in the studies, but the greatest ancient obstetrician Soranus of Ephezus, as well. Further anatomical discoveries included the description of the role of oviducts (Fallopian tubes) by Gabrielle Falloppio, the ovarian follicle by Graaf and the bone structure of the pelvis, which was considered to be the most essential during labour (William Smellie, Gustaw Michaelis, Theodor Litzmann).
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Tellkamp, Joerg Alejandro. "Natural and human law in the Atlantic context: Alonso de la Veracruz and Tomás de Mercado/Ley natural y humana en el contexto atlántico: Alonso de la Veracruz and Tomás de Mercado." Araucaria, no. 54 (2023): 567–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/araucaria.2023.i54.27.
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In this paper on the early Mexican thinkers Alonso de la Veracruz and Tomás de Mercado, a scarcely explored topic will be pursued: the foundational role of natural law and its interpretability through human law. It will be shown that both authors, based on the Salamancan traditions of the 16th century, introduce a method that would affirm the validity of natural law and, at the same time, allow diverse applications of the normative parameters of human law. As Veracruz argues in his critique of tithing for indigenous peoples, the natural law can be reinterpreted based on concrete social facts. In the case of Mercado, even when human law is congruent with natural law, it can be disregarded to avoid personal or public harm mainly in commercial transactions.
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Thompson, Victor D. "Considering Urbanism at Mound Key (Caalus), the capital of the Calusa in the 16th Century, Southwest Florida, USA." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 72 (December 2023): 101546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2023.101546.
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Kiselev, Mikhail A. "THE RISE AND FALL OF THE TERM “POLITICHNYY” IN 18TH CENTURY RUSSIA: TOWARDS THE PREHISTORY OF THE CONCEPT OF CIVILIZATION." Ural Historical Journal 76, no. 3 (2022): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-84-92.
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The article is devoted to the prehistory of the emergence in the Russian political language of such an important concept for the European culture of the Modern times as civilization. In view of the historiography, the article focuses on the adjective politichnyy. In the language of Muscovy in the 16th–17th centuries, the notion of barbarians was mainly used to mean “non-Christian peoples” for whom Christians were contrasted. In the second half of the 17th century, ideas according to which barbarism was associated with a lack of knowledge and science, as well as manners, were introduced to Russia and later adopted by the elite. From this position, Russia was seen, above all, as a barbarous country. With the successes of Peter the Great reforms and the advances in the European knowledge, Russia’s status as a politichnyy nation began to be recognized, which was officially proclaimed in 1721. By the first quarter of the 19th century, the adjective politichnyy stopped being used to describe the stage of a nation’s development which opposed to barbarism. Politichnyy was used to mean “courteous”. This was due to the fact that the politichnyy stage, perceived as external assimilation of manners and knowledge, was absorbed by the idea of enlightenment, which implied interiorization of assimilated knowledge and a corresponding change in human behavior.
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Monteiro, Jesus Alexandre Tavares, and Danilo Ferreira Soares. "Each toada represents a missing: a brief history about the use of caipira music in the study of human and social sciences in new high school." Revista Tempos e Espaços em Educação 15, no. 34 (December 14, 2022): e17862. http://dx.doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v15i34.17862.
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This article aims to present a brief history of country music, through qualitative bibliographic research and exhibitions of musical excerpts to offer teachers and other interested parties a path of educational intervention. Music associated with education promotes dynamism in the learning and teaching process. Specifically, country music contextualizes the social relationships of students in rural regions and also in large urban centers. From the Brazilian colonial period, in the mid-16th century to the present day, this musical style adapts and characterizes the historical and chronological times through which it passes. Each country song represents a historical context permeated with culture and sensibility. It is an investigation that explains the didactic and educational potential of the use of country music in the study of human and social sciences within the new high school.
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Milosavljević, Angelina. "Neuroarthistory: Several Notes on Historical Sources." AM Journal of Art and Media Studies, no. 29 (October 15, 2022): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25038/am.v0i29.539.
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In his proposal for a new methodological approach to the history of art, neuroarthistory, art historian John Onians based his argument in philosophy and art theory ranging from Aristotle to Leonardo, and from Reynolds to Zeki, and neuroaesthetics. However, he omitted from his overview the late Renaissance and Baroque traditions in which one can easily find writings on human cognitive ability (on intellect, senses, and imagination) and its bearings on art. In this preliminary note, we point to several 16th-century humanists, such as Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola, Baldassare Castiglione, Benedetto Varchi, and artist and theorist Federico Zuccari, in whose treatments of human cognitive ability we find the application of Aristotelian tradition. Their writings further illuminate the rich and exciting insights into the nature, workings, and results of human cognition. Article received: May 21, 2022; Article accepted: July 15, 2022; Published online: October 15, 2022; Original scholarly paper
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Akhmetbek, G., and R. Zhusupov. "A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE MYTHOLOGY." Bulletin of the Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University 60, no. 1 (2022): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.52081/bkaku.2022.v60.i1.023.
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Chinese mythology is rich in characters invented by the boundless fantasy of the human race, there are more than a thousand of them. Mythological works are directly related to literature, therefore legends and fairy tales, where these characters appear, influenced the literature of China, and sometimes even intersect with its history.At the beginning of our era, interest in China was focused on all the unusual and strange phenomena and things that could arise as a reaction to the "dry" practice of the followers of Confucianism. Remnants of myths, folk legends and beliefs began to appear on paper. Even the titles of books of that time testify to the authors' interest in a strange and incomprehensible phenomenon: "A beautiful and amazing description", "Beautiful fairy tales", "A unique and amazing story." Some of these books were created to imitate the ancient "Book of Mountains and Seas", which is the main source of information for researchers of ancient Chinese mythology. These remarkable collections of historical records have provided researchers with a wealth of material. They also greatly influenced the development of Chinese stories, which received plots and motives from these collections. Many centuries later, in the 16th century, Xu Zhong-Lin wrote the epic novel "Ascension of the Spirits" based on myths, in which he developed the ancient imaginations of the ancients. Zhou Yu, who lived in the 17th century, tried to combine myths into epics, calling them "Legends of the creation of the world".
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Markert, Michael. "Ethical Aspects of Human Embryo Collections: A Historically Grounded Approach to the Blechschmidt Collection at the University of Göttingen." Cells Tissues Organs 209, no. 4-6 (2020): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000513176.
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Human body donation and tissue collections are nowadays grounded on a legal framework centered around the concept of informed consent in most countries. Comparable regulations did not exist prior to the second half of the 20th century, when several of the most important collections of human embryos were established. As a particularly prominent example, the Human Embryology Collection (“Blechschmidt Collection”) at the Center of Anatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany, is described here with regard to how to approach a human specimen collection from the perspective of both collection ethics and the history of science. The methods and concepts used as well as the outcome in terms of historical and ethical knowledge will be discussed as a model for future projects of similar scope at other collection sites. It it also shown that general ethical recommendations published by museum and collection experts are of value only if they are related to profound knowledge about the history of the particular collection in focus.
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Kâhya, Esin. "One of the Samples of the Influences of Avicenna on the Ottoman Medicine, Shams Al-Din Itaqi." Belleten 64, no. 239 (April 1, 2000): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2000.63.
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Anatomy was an important subject to solve human health problem. In Islam Avicenna (980-1037) was well known physician and he was also interested in anatomy and gave description on this subject in detail in his famous work, al-Qanun. Avicenna showed extensive influence on the physicians lived in the following the centuries, not only in the eastern countries, but also in the West. His work, al-Qanun was translated into different languages including in Latin. Its Latin version was published several times in different countries in Europe. Avicenna was also very influential in the Ottoman Empire. His work, al-Qanun was used extensively as a handbook among the physicians. One of the physicians who showed this influence obviously was Shams al-Din Itaqi in the Ottoman Empire in the seventeenth century. He wrote an illustrated anatomical work, named 'Treatise on Anatomy of Human Body'. 'Treatise on Anatomy of Human Body' was written in Turkish and gave description of the anatomical structures of the whole human body in detail including in several anatomical illustrations of some of the organs in colour. When we study Itaqi's work we can define the resemblance of his anatomical explanations witlı Avicenna did in his al-Qanun, as is seen in the classification of the organs as simple and compound organs. Itaqi also gave original description of some of the organs in his work. Among them can be mentioned the description of the cranial nerves.
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Nicolai, Alexander, Anna Moles, and Michael Dee. "Toevalsvondst: Een menselijke kies op een akker bij Noordhorn, gem. Westerkwartier (Gr.)." Paleo-aktueel, no. 33 (July 16, 2024): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/pa.33.57-64.
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Chance find: A human tooth from a field near Noordhorn, municipality of Westerkwartier (Gr.)This article describes the discovery of and research into a human tooth from a field just west of the village of Noordhorn (province of Groningen). On September 30, 1581, a battle took place on this site. The molar likely surfaced due to dredging or ploughing work in the field. The research into the molar focused on the question of whether the find had a link with the 16th-century battle. However, using 14C dating, we found that this tooth was in fact much older than expected. This discovery adds previously unknown layers of history to this area. In addition to providing information about the person to whom the molar belonged, the research also indicates that a burial ground likely lay in the area.
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Guerrini, Anita. "Power and Knowledge in Eighteenth-Century Collecting." Journal of Early Modern Studies 12, no. 1 (2023): 133–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jems20231215.
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Both The Ferment of Knowledge and Geoffrey Cantor’s essay review defined the “eighteenth-century problem” in terms of the lack of a totalizing vision. Forty years on, the problem has shifted to the appropriation of eighteenth-century science by both the political left and the right. As historians grapple with the legacies of slavery and colonialism, an emerging theme is material culture and its “entanglements.” The subject of this essay, collections and collecting, is central to this new historiography. Collections included antiquities, natural history, anatomy, and ethnographic objects. My focus will be on human skeletal collections. Historians who have considered skeletal collections have focused mainly on the later eighteenth century and on developing concepts of race and geological time. But their significance is much broader. Collecting entailed entanglements both of cultures and of genres. Such collections could be medical, geological, aesthetic, taxonomic, or all or none of these. Case studies of collections of human bones, skeletons, and skulls reveal a different eighteenth century from that which the historians of 1980 envisaged, and bring questions of value and values to the centre of our reading of history.
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Danna, Raffaele. "Figuring Out." Nuncius 36, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 5–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-bja10004.
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Abstract The paper focusses on the spread of Hindu-Arabic arithmetic among European practitioners. The analysis is based on an original database recording detailed information on over 1200 practical arithmetic manuals, both manuscript and printed. This database provides the most detailed reconstruction available of the European tradition of practical arithmetic from the late 13th to the end of the 16th century. The paper argues that studying this spread makes it possible to open a perspective on a progressive transmission of ‘useful knowledge’ from the ‘commercial revolution’ to the ‘little divergence’. Focussing on the transmission of practical arithmetic allows to stress the role of skills and human capital in pre-modern European economic development. Moreover, it allows to reconstruct a progressive transmission, from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, of a ‘practical knowledge’ which eventually contributed to major developments in European ‘theoretical knowledge’.
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Piscos, James Lotero. "“Humanizing the Indios” Early Spanish missionaries’ struggles for natives’ dignity: Influences and impact in 16th Century Philippines." Bedan Research Journal 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 158–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.58870/berj.v7i1.36.
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Spanish conquest in the New World has two sides, evangelization, and colonization. The former was carried by the missionaries who were heavily influenced by Bartolome de Las Casa and Vitoria, while the latter by conquistadores, the defenders of the conquest. Early missionaries fought for the dignity of the Indios where they clashed with the motives of the conquistadores to exploit human resources. The problematic part was they have to work under the Spanish crown where their point of contact was also their area for friction. When they arrived in the Philippines, that social solidarity and dynamics of social relation continued where it became complex due to the involvement of various groups including the natives and their leaders, the religious orders, and most of all the Spanish Royal Court that had the history of having a heart for the Indians. King Philip II created a space for debates within his agenda of social conscience. Using Durkheim’s structuralist-functionalist approach, historical narratives about early missionaries’ struggles for natives’ dignity in the 16th century Philippines were examined. Durkheim’s social solidarity, dynamics of social relations, and his concepts of anomie as disruptions due to dramatic changes and conflicts were utilized as tools to analyze the quest for total well-being. The achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs) is authenticated in amplifying the value of human dignity, equality, and respect for each individual. With this, the 500 years of Christianity in the Philippines is worth the celebration.ReferencesAbella, G. (1971) From Indio to Filipino and some historical works. Philippine Historical Review. (Vol. 4).Arcilla, J. S. S.J. (1998). The Spanish conquest. Kasaysayan: The story of the Filipino people. (Vol. 3). C & C Offset Printing Co., Ltd.Bernal, R. (1965). “Introduction.” The colonization and conquest of the Philippines by Spain: Some contemporary source documents. Filipiniana Book Guild.Burkholder, M. (1996). “Sepulveda, Juan Gines de.” Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture. (Vol.5). Edited by Barbara A. Tenenbaum. Macmillan Library Reference.Burkholder, S. (1996). “Vitoria, Francisco de.” Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture. (Vol.5). Macmillan Library Reference.Tenenbaum, B. (ed). (1996). “Sepulveda Juan Gines de” in Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture (Vol. 5) Macmillan Library Reference.Cabezon, A. (1964) An introduction to church and state relations according to Francisco Vitoria. University of Sto. Tomas. Cathay Press Ltd. (1971). Spain in the Philippines: From conquest to the revolution.Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) (2020). 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Luesink, David. "Anatomy and the Reconfiguration of Life and Death in Republican China." Journal of Asian Studies 76, no. 4 (October 23, 2017): 1009–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911817000845.
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This article argues that the establishment of anatomo-power in China preceded and set the foundation for biopower. Anatomo-power is disciplinary power over live bodies in the military, schools, and hospitals, but also the power of the medical profession over dead bodies to investigate pathology through dissection. At the turn of the twentieth century, Chinese conceptions of political anatomy were used to advocate anatomical knowledge, and an anatomy law in 1913 made routinized dissection possible. Chinese society began to be transformed as old taboos were broken, and thousands of new terms allowed the scientific worldview to take root among professionals and the public. Anatomical researchers addressed both microscopic pathology to cure individuals and macroscopic questions that grouped individuals into a population to be managed, or that sought data to tell new narratives about the origins and future of humanity—a new political anatomy based on the practice of human dissection.
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Natochin, Yu V. "Physiology in natural sciences and in the history of the Russian Academy of Sciences." Вестник Российской академии наук 93, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869587323030088.
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The beginning of physiology studies at the Academy of Sciences and Arts in St. Petersburg dates back to 1725. The first studies were carried out at the Chair of Anatomy and Physiology; and in the 19th century, at the Physiological Laboratory. The 20th century saw the establishment of the first Institute of Physiology within the USSR Academy of Sciences. Natural sciences had been developing with the emergence of new research methods and new scientific fields, but the interest in understanding the mechanisms underlying functions of the human body and their regulation has remained unchanged. Adequate approaches to the nature of dysfunctions on the foundation of physiological functions lie at the core of every clinical discipline. Stemming from the methods of molecular biology, genetics, and bioinformatics, the outstanding achievements of the last decades of the 20th century and the first decades of the 21st century necessitate a transition to a new level through the interaction between different sciences in order to elucidate regulation mechanisms for creating a vision of the physiological activity of the body as an integral whole.
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James, Daniel, and Franz Knappik. "Introduction to Part 1 of the Themed Issue, ‘Racism and Colonialism in Hegel's Philosophy’: Rationale and Topics." Hegel Bulletin 45, no. 1 (April 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hgl.2024.14.
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It is increasingly realized today that Western modernity has not only promoted progressive ideals such as scientific thought, human rights and democratic political systems. Its history is also marked by a much darker side, one of brutal conquest, biological and cultural destruction, enslavement and exploitation of non-European peoples in the context of European colonialism. This dark side of Western modernity was legitimized by pro-colonial ideologies of property, war, civilization, progress and race. Such ideologies emerged in areas like jurisprudence and philosophy since the 16th century, often building on views from classical antiquity (Pagden 1995). They shaped academic paradigms such as ‘scientific racism’, colonial anthropology and Orientalism in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and in many ways continue to influence contemporary societies and their academic practices.
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Buchan, Bruce, and Linda Andersson Burnett. "Knowing savagery: Australia and the anatomy of race." History of the Human Sciences 32, no. 4 (July 28, 2019): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695119836587.
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When Australia was circumnavigated by Europeans in 1801–02, French and British natural historians were unsure how to describe the Indigenous peoples who inhabited the land they charted and catalogued. Ideas of race and of savagery were freely deployed by both British and French, but a discursive shift was underway. While the concept of savagery had long been understood to apply to categories of human populations deemed to be in want of more historically advanced ‘civilisation’, the application of this term in the late 18th and early 19th centuries was increasingly being correlated with the emerging terminology of racial characteristics. The terminology of race was still remarkably fluid, and did not always imply fixed physical or mental endowments or racial hierarchies. Nonetheless, by means of this concept, natural historians began to conceptualise humanity as subject not only to historical gradations, but also to the environmental and climatic variations thought to determine race. This in turn meant that the degree of savagery or civilisation of different peoples could be understood through new criteria that enabled physical classification, in particular by reference to skin colour, hair, facial characteristics, skull morphology, or physical stature: the archetypal criteria of race. While race did not replace the language of savagery, in the early years of the 19th century savagery was re-inscribed by race.
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Raphael, Renée J. "Picturing the Book of Nature: Image, Text, and Argument in Sixteenth-Century Human Anatomy and Medical Botany." Journal of Historical Geography 44 (April 2014): 152–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2014.02.017.
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