Journal articles on the topic 'Hull, David L'

Dans cette étude où narratologie médiatique, concepts-clés des Game Studies et théorie barthienne du jeu contribuent à approfondir un questionnement relevant des Disability Studies, nous nous intéressons à l’expérience VR Notes on Blindness (Audiogaming, 2016­), inspirée du journal intime de l’universitaire et théologien aveugle John Martin Hull, pour montrer que la réalité virtuelle ouvre un espace radicalement neuf pour penser et contempler la cécité. À mi-chemin entre court métrage et jeu vidéo, Notes on Blindness VR crée un espace audiovisuel d’exploration de la cécité à la fois fictif et autobiographique, à l’auctorialité multiple. À l’opposé de la prothèse narrative telle que la définissent les théoriciens des discours du handicap David. T. Mitchell et Sharon L. Snyder, ce programme de réalité virtuelle, qui configure un partage des subjectivités aveugle et voyante, s’avère être une prothèse numérique interactive féconde pour célébrer la cécité comme accroissement du vécu sensoriel du monde.

IRRIGAÇÃO AUTOMATIZADA COM PLATAFORMA DE DESENVOLVIMENTO ARDUINO NA HORTA DIDÁTICA DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEARÁ DAVID RIBEIRO LINO1; BENEDITO PEREIRA LIMA NETO2; LARISSA LIMA DE QUEIROZ1; PATRINI BARRETO FEITOSA3; AMNON AMOGLIA RODRIGUES1 E ADUNIAS DOS SANTOS TEIXEIRA1 1 Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Mister Hull, s/n – Campus do Pici, bloco 804, e-mail: rdavid.lino@gmail.com; larissa.queiroz13@hotmail.com; amnonrodrigues@gmail.com; adunias@ufc.br2 Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Mister Hull, s/n – Campus do Pici, bloco 805, e-mail: benepneto@gmail.com3 Departamento de Solos e Nutrição de Plantas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Mister Hull, s/n – Campus do Pici, bloco 807, e-mail: patrinebarretof@hotmail.com 1 RESUMO A atividade de irrigação de pequenas hortas, por muito tempo foi de forma simples e manual, entretanto em tempo contemporâneo existem meios de otimizar o processo de irrigação de modo que reduza o consumo de água, supra as necessidades das culturas e otimize o tempo do trabalhador. Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um sistema de irrigação inteligente para pequenas hortas. A automação foi montada e verificada no sistema de irrigação da horta didática da Universidade Federal do Ceará em um canteiro de 10 m2, onde foram cultivadas espécies olerícolas. Os dados referentes a umidade do solo foram obtidos por um Arduino através de sensores de umidade resistivos, utilizados no sistema de irrigação, cujo objetivo foi manter a umidade do canteiro. Através do monitoramento constante o sistema foi capaz de armazenar informações de umidade e acionamento da irrigação. Assim, comprovou-se a eficácia, a viabilidade e a aplicabilidade do sistema de controle, pois esse foi capaz de monitorar as variações de umidade do solo, acionando e desacionando a válvula no momento ideal além de armazenar a data, hora e umidade de quando a irrigação foi iniciada e concluída. Palavras-chave: Automação, irrigação de precisão, transferência de tecnologia. LINO, D. R.; LIMA NETO, B. P.; QUEIROZ, L. L.; FEITOSA, P. B.; RODRIGUES, A. A.; TEIXEIRA, A. S.AUTOMATED IRRIGATION WITH ARDUINO DEVELOPMENT PLATFORM IN THE DIDACTIC HORTA OF THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF CEARÁ 2 ABSTRACT The irrigation in small vegetable gardens, for a long time, was made in a simple and manual way, however, nowadays, there are ways to optimize the irrigation process in a way that reduces the water consumption, fulfill the crop needs and better use the time of the worker. This work aims at an intelligent irrigation system for small vegetable gardens. The automation was implemented and verified in the irrigation system of the didactic vegetable garden of the Federal University of Ceará, in a 10 m2 plot, where vegetable species were cultivated. The data concerning soil moisture were gathered using an Arduino platform through resistive humidity sensors, used in the irrigation system, whose objective was to maintain the garden humidity. By constantly monitoring the system was capable of storing moisture data and activating the irrigation system. Thus, the effectiveness, viability and application of the control system was confirmed, since it was able to monitor the soil moisture variations, activating and deactivating a valve when convenient, and also being capable of storing the date, time and humidity of the moment when the irrigation process was started and completed. Keywords: Automation, precision irrigation, technology transfer.

SiGe/Si/SiGe heterostructure serves as one of the ideal semiconductor material system to build large scale electron spin qubits[1]. To further push the scalability and extend the coherence times of qubits built on SiGe/Si/SiGe heterostructures, there are several factors to improve, one of that is the lattice homogeneity of strained Si. One source of lattice homogeneity break down are dislocations. Due to the difficulties of high quality SiGe bulk crystal growth [2-3], relaxed SiGe is commonly grown on Si substrates by epitaxy. Viewing the SiGe/Si/SiGe heterostructure on native Si substrate, dislocations half loops form unavoidably because of the misfit between SiGe and the Si substrate. These dislocation half loops consist of threading segments extending through the whole heterostructure (figure 1 (a) and (c)) [4]. Due to the stress caused by the strained Si quantum well layer, the threading dislocations can be driven to glide, resulting in additional misfit segments in the lower interface of strained Si layer when the critical thickness is exceeded (figure 1 (b)) [5]. The extension of these misfit segments is blocked when they meet other perpendicular dislocations (figure 1 (d)) [6]. These misfit dislocations destroy strain uniformity and cause tilt inside the Si layer, resulting in a distortion of the valley splitting and ultimately, reducing the coherence time of qubits [7-8]. In this work, we present the observation of dislocations in SiGe/Si/SiGe heterostructures for qubit application by plan-view TEM (Figure 1 (right)). Here, the experimental observations agree with dislocation theory that threading dislocations (some are marked by (b)) will glide and elongate to have misfit segments (some are marked by (c)) in the interface when two requirements are fulfilled: misfit exists between epitaxial layer and substrate; critical thickness is exceeded. When the misfit dislocations meet perpendicular misfit dislocation line, they are blocked since the thickness is not enough to glide over it [6]. This is the case in figure 1 right marked by (d). Due to the misfit segment generation and blocking effects, the misfit dislocation spacing is proportional to the threading dislocation density both theoretically and experimentally. These misfit dislocations bring local strain field around them [9], which disturb the desired homogeneous strain field by misfit. Therefore, misfit dislocation generation needs to be suppressed if one wants to achieve homogeneous strain in Si thin layer in large scale. According to Matthews-Blakeslee theory, one can avoid the formation of misfit dislocations in the Si interface by controlling the strained layer within the critical thickness. The critical thickness of Si on Si0.7Ge0.3 is calculated as 8.5 nm. The Electron channeling contrast images of Si with difference thickness 10 nm and 5 nm grown on high threading dislocation relaxed Si0.7Ge0.3 buffer at 700°C by reduced pressure chemical vapor deposition in Figure 2 are collaborating with theory: obviously misfit dislocation appear in 10 nm Si on relaxed Si0.7Ge0.3 (Figure 2 (left)) and no misfit dislocation are presented in 5 nm Si on Si0.7Ge0.3 (Figure 2 (right)). Our results show that dislocation generation and movement needs to be taken into consideration to further develop SiGe heterostructure based qubits. References [1] Friesen, Mark, et al. Physical Review B 67.12 (2003): 121301. [2] Abrosimov, N. V., et al. Journal of Crystal Growth 166.1-4 (1996): 657-662. [3] Abrosimov, N. V., et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A 234 (1997): 735-738. [4] Mooney, P. M. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 17.3 (1996): 105-146. [5] Matthews, J. W., and A. E. Blakeslee. Journal of Crystal growth 27 (1974): 118-125. [6] Freund, L. B. Journal of Applied Physics 68.5 (1990): 2073-2080. [7] Ayers, J. E., S. K. Ghandhi, an d L. J. Schowalter. Journal of crystal growth 113.3-4 (1991): 430-440. [8] Goswami, Srijit, et al. Nature Physics 3.1 (2007): 41-45. [9] Hull, Derek, and David J. Bacon. Introduction to dislocations. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001. Figure 1

Recently, our group has reported a novel Li-ion battery cathode, ‘LT-LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2’, where LT refers to its relatively low synthesis temperature (400 °C). By collecting high energy X-ray diffraction and high-angle, annular-dark-field (HAADF) scanning-transmission electron microscopy (STEM) data, we confirm that the LT-LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 features a unique partially disordered rock salt structure with predominant lithiated-spinel-like character. The electrochemical data indicates that the Li/LT-LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 cells shows good cycle stability when operate between 2.5-5.0V. The 1st cycle specific discharge capacity was determined to be 225mAh/g. Two distinct voltage plateaus can be identified at approximately at ~4.6 V and ~3.5 V during discharge. The ~1 voltage separation of the plateaus is caused by the octahedral and tetrahedral site energy difference during lithium extraction and insertion.1 The discovery of LT-LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 not only expand the compositional space for the known lithated-spinel family but also provide a practical way to increase the operational capacity of traditional spinels such like LiMn2O4 and LiMn1.5Ni0.5O2.2-5 It is well known that when synthesized at 900°C, LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 features a layered structure.6 The existence of lithated-spinel like LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 at low temperature (400°C) immediately raise another question: How does the synthesis temperature affect the structure and electrochemical performance of LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2? We synthesized a series of different temperature of LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 powders. By collecting high energy X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) data, we confirm that, the LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 exhibits a lithated spinel → disordered layered → ordered layered structure transformation as temperature increase from 400-900 °C. The Rietveld refinements results also reveals a gradual decrease of the Li/Ni exchange ratio accompanied by the synthesis temperature changes. The evolution of specific discharge capacity for different temperature LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 shows a parabola-like curve behavior with the lowest discharge capacity at 700 °C. This unique behavior is likely to be related to the diffusion channels reconstruction along with the structure changes. 3D diffusion channels are incorporated with 2D diffusion channels at low temperature (400°C) for lithated-spinel LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2. Within the middle temperature range (500°C-700°C), the 3D channels destroy rapidly while 2D diffusion channels are not well established due to the highly disorder ratio resulting in a decrease of capacity. At higher temperature (800-900°C), the 2D diffusion channels are more well established enabling an increase of the capacity. Shi, B.; Gim, J.; Li, L.; Wang, C.; Vu, A.; Croy, J. R.; Thackeray, M. M.; Lee, E., LT-LiMn 0.5 Ni 0.5 O 2: a unique co-free cathode for high energy Li-ion cells. Chemical Communications 2021, 57 (84), 11009-11012. Thackeray, M. M.; Lee, E.; Shi, B.; Croy, J. R., Review–From LiMn2O4 to Partially-Disordered Li2MnNiO4: The Evolution of Lithiated-Spinel Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2022, 169 (2), 020535. Gummow, R.; Thackeray, M.; David, W.; Hull, S., Structure and electrochemistry of lithium cobalt oxide synthesised at 400 C. Materials research bulletin 1992, 27 (3), 327-337. Lee, E.; Blauwkamp, J.; Castro, F. C.; Wu, J.; Dravid, V. P.; Yan, P.; Wang, C.; Kim, S.; Wolverton, C.; Benedek, R., Exploring lithium-cobalt-nickel oxide spinel electrodes for≥ 3.5 V Li-ion cells. ACS applied materials & interfaces 2016, 8 (41), 27720-27729. Lee, E.; Kwon, B. J.; Dogan, F.; Ren, Y.; Croy, J. R.; Thackeray, M. M., Lithiated Spinel LiCo1–x Al x O2 as a Stable Zero-Strain Cathode. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2019, 2 (9), 6170-6175. Yang, X.-Q.; McBreen, J.; Yoon, W.-S.; Grey, C. P., Crystal structure changes of LiMn0. 5Ni0. 5O2 cathode materials during charge and discharge studied by synchrotron based in situ XRD. Electrochemistry communications 2002, 4 (8), 649-654

The study reports the effects of four sowing densities (40 × 10, 40 × 20, 60 × 10 and 60 × 20 cm) on the agronomic characteristics of Isatis tinctoria and I. constricta under the rainfed conditions of South Eastern Anatolia. Wide row spacings of 60 × 10 or 60 × 20 cm were effective in obtaining maximum number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, stem diameter, fruit length, 1000 fruit weight and 1000-seed weight. However, narrow row spacing (40 × 10 or 40 × 20 cm) led to maximum values of fresh and dry leaf yield 10 m −2 , plant height, fruit yield and fruit length, minimum hull content, and the highest indican percentage and indican yield m −2 . This information will be helpful for the economical cultivation of these plants under the rainfed conditions of South Eastern Anatolia.

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BJHS, 22, pp. 460–462. In two reviews of the following books, Philosophy of Biology Today by Michael Ruse, and Science as a Process: An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science by David L. Hull, both of which were reviewed by Keith Vernon, a column has been misplaced. The left-hand column on p. 462 should appear before the left-hand column on p. 461. The publisher apologizes for this mistake and regrets any inconvenience caused by it.

06–475Al-Ali, Mohammed N. (Jordan U of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan), Genre-pragmatic strategies in English letter-of-application writing of Jordanian Arabic–English bilinguals. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 9.1 (2006), 119–139.06–476Anderson, Bill (Massey U College of Education, New Zealand; w.g.anderson@massey.ac.nz), Writing power into online discussion. Computers and Composition (Elsevier) 23.1 (2006), 108–124.06–477Blaır, Kristine & Cheryl Hoy (Bowling Green State U, USA; kblair@bgnet.bgsu.edu), Paying attention to adult learners online: The pedagogy and politics of community. Computers and Composition (Elsevier) 23.1 (2006), 32–48.06–478Blakelock, Jane & Tracy E. Smith (Wright State U, USA; jane.blakelock@wright.edu) Distance learning: From multiple snapshots, a composite portrait. Computers and Composition (Elsevier) 23.1 (2006), 139–161.06–479Bulley, Míchael, Wasthatnecessary?English Today (Cambridge University Press) 22.2 (2006), 47–49.06–480Chi-Fen, Emily Chen (National Kaohsiung First U of Science and Technology, Taiwan; emchen@ccms.nkfust.edu.tw), The development of email literacy: From writing to peers to writing to authority figures.Language Learning & Technology (http://llt.msu.edu) 10.2 (2006), 35–55.06–481Chikamatsu, Nobuko (DePaul U, Chicago, USA; nchikama@condor.depaul.edu), Developmental word recognition: A study of L1 English readers of L2 Japanese. The Modern Language Journal (Blackwell) 90.1 (2006), 67–85.06–482DePew, Kevin Eric (Old Dominion U, USA; Kdepew@odu.edu), T. A. Fishman, Julia E. Romberger & Bridget Fahey Ruetenik, Designing efficiencies: The parallel narratives of distance education and composition studies. Computers and Composition (Elsevier) 23.1 (2006), 49–67.06–483Dix, Stephanie (Hamilton, New Zealand; stephd@waikato.ac.nz), ‘What did I change and why did I do it?’ Young writers' revision practices. Literacy (Blackwell) 40.1 (2006), 3–10.06–484Donohue, James P. (London, UK; jdonohue@hillcroft.ac.uk), How to support a one-handed economist: The role of modalisation in economic forecasting. English for Specific Purposes (Elsevier) 25.2 (2006), 200–216.06–485Eisenhart, Christopher (U Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA), The Humanist scholar as public expert. Written Communication (Sage) 23.2 (2006), 150–172.06–486Foy, Judith G. & Virginia Mann (Loyola Marymount U, USA; jfoy@lmu.edu), Changes in letter sound knowledge are associated with development of phonological awareness in pre-school children. Journal of Research in Reading (Blackwell) 29.2 (2006), 143–161.06–487Gruba, Paul (U Melbourne, Australia), Playing the videotext: A media literacy perspective on video-mediated L2 listening. Language Learning & Technology (http://llt.msu.edu) 10.2 (2006), 77–92.06–488Halliday, Lorna F. (MRC Institute of Hearing Research, Nottingham, UK) & Dorothy V. M. Bishop, Auditory frequency discrimination in children with dyslexia. Journal of Research in Reading (Blackwell) 29.2 (2006), 213–228.06–489Hayes, John R. (Carnegie Mellon U, USA) & N. Ann Chenoweth, Is working memory involved in the transcribing and editing of texts?Written Communication (Sage) 23.2 (2006), 135–149.06–490Hewett, Beth L. (Forest Hill, MD, USA; beth.hewett@comcast.net), Synchronous online conference-based instruction: A study of whiteboard interactions and student writing. Computers and Composition (Elsevier) 23.1 (2006), 4–31.06–491Hilton, Mary (U Cambridge, UK; mhiltonhom@aol.com), Damaging confusions in England's KS2 reading tests: A response to Anne Kispal. Literacy (Blackwell) 40.1 (2006), 36–41.06–492Hock Seng, Goh (U Pendikikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia) & Fatimah Hashim, Use of L1 in L2 reading comprehension among tertiary ESL learners. Reading in a Foreign Language (http://www.nflrc.hawaii.edu) 18.1 (2006), 26 pp.06–493Khuwaileh, Abdullah A. (Abu Dhabi, Al-ain, United Arab Emirates), Medical rhetoric: A contrastive study of Arabic and English in the UAE. English Today (Cambridge University Press) 22.2 (2006), 38–44.06–494Kondo-Brown, Kimi (U Hawaii at Manoa, USA), Affective variables and Japanese L2 reading ability. Reading in a Foreign Language (http://www.nflrc.hawaii.edu) 18.1 (2006), 17 pp.06–495Lee, Jin Sook (U California, USA), Exploring the relationship between electronic literacy and heritage language maintenance. Language Learning & Technology (http://llt.msu.edu) 10.2 (2006), 93–113.06–496Macaruso, Paul (Community College of Rhode Island, USA; pmacaruso@ccri.edu), Pamela E. Hook & Robert McCabe, The efficacy of computer-based supplementary phonics programs for advancing reading skills in at-risk elementary students. Journal of Research in Reading (Blackwell) 29.2 (2006), 162–172.06–497Magnet, Anne (U Burgundy, France; anne.magnet@u-bourgogne.fr) & Didier Carnet, Letters to the editor: Still vigorous after all these years? A presentation of the discursive and linguistic features of the genre. English for Specific Purposes (Elsevier) 25.2 (2006), 173–199.06–498Miller-Cochran, Susan K. & Rochelle L. Rodrigo (Mesa Community College, USA; susan.miller@mail.mc.maricopa.edu), Determining effective distance learning designs through usability testing. Computers and Composition (Elsevier) 23.1 (2006), 91–107.06–499Nelson, Mark Evan (U California, USA; menelson@berkeley.edu), Mode, meaning, and synaestesia in multimedia L2 writing. Language Learning & Technology (http://llt.msu.edu) 10.2 (2006), 55–76.06–500Nikolov, Marianne (U Pécs, Hungary; nikolov@nostromo.pte.hu), Test-taking strategies of 12- and 13-year-old Hungarian learners of EFL: Why whales have migraines. Language Learning (Blackwell) 56.1 (2006), 1–51.06–501Parks, Susan, Diane Huot, Josiane Hamers & France H.-Lemonnier (U Laval, Canada; susan.parks@lli.ulaval.ca), ‘History of theatre’ web sites: A brief history of the writing process in a high school ESL language arts class. Journal of Second Language Writing (Elsevier) 14.4 (2005), 233–258.06–502Pigada, Maria & Norbert Schmitt (U Nottingham, UK), Vocabulary acquisition from extensive reading: a case study. Reading in a Foreign Language (http://www.nflrc.hawaii.edu) 18.1 (2006), 28 pp.06–503Powell, Daisy (Institute of Education, U London, UK; d.powell@ioe.ac.uk), David Plaut & Elaine Funnell, Does the PMSP connectionist model of single word reading learn to read in the same way as a child?Journal of Research in Reading (Blackwell) 29.2 (2006), 229–250.06–504Reichelt, Melinda (U Toledo, USA; melinda.reichelt@utoledo.edu), English-language writing instruction in Poland. Journal of Second Language Writing (Elsevier) 14.4 (2005), 215–232.06–505Reilly, Colleen A. & Joseph John Williams (U North Carolina, USA; reillyc@uncw.edu), The price of free software: Labor, ethics, and context in distance education. Computers and Composition (Elsevier) 23.1 (2006), 68–90.06–506Reimer, Jason F. (California State U, USA; jreimer@csusb.edu), Developmental changes in the allocation of semantic feedback during visual word recognition. Journal of Research in Reading (Blackwell) 29.2 (2006), 194–212.06–507Richter, Tobias (U Cologne, Germany), What is wrong with ANOVA and Multiple Regression? Analyzing sentence reading times with hierarchical linear models. Discourse Processes (Erlbaum) 41.3 (2006), 221–250.06–508Roca De Larios, Julio (U of Murcia, Spain; jrl@um.es), Rosa M. Manchón & Liz Murphy, Generating text in native and foreign language writing: a temporal analysis of problem-solving formulation processes. The Modern Language Journal (Blackwell) 90.1 (2006), 100–114.06–509Spencer, Ken (U Hull, UK; k.a.spencer@hull.ac.uk), Phonics self-teaching materials for foundation literacy. Literacy (Blackwell) 40.1 (2006), 42–50.06–510Spooner, Alice L. R. (U Central Lancashire, UK; aspooner@uclan.ac.uk), Susan E. Gathercole & Alan D. Baddeley, Does weak reading comprehension reflect an integration deficit?Journal of Research in Reading (Blackwell) 29.2 (2006), 173–193.06–511Swarts, Jason (North Carolina State U, USA), Coherent fragments: The problem of mobility and genred information. Written Communication (Sage) 23.2 (2006), 173–201.06–512Walsh, Maureen, The ‘textual shift’: examining the reading process with print, visual and multimodal texts. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy (Australian Literacy Educators' Association) 29.1 (2006), 24–37.06–513Wilson, Andrew (Lancaster U, UK; eiaaw@exchange.lancs.ac.uk), Development and application of a content analysis dictionary for body boundary research. Literary and Linguistic Computing (Oxford University Press) 21.1 (2006), 105–110.06–514Yusun Kang, Jennifer (Harvard U Graduate School of Education, USA; jennifer_kang@post.harvard.edu), Written narratives as an index of L2 competence in Korean EFL learners. Journal of Second Language Writing (Elsevier) 14.4 (2005), 259–279.

In the 2019 documentary Chasing Happiness, recording artist/musician Joe Jonas tells audiences that the band was “living the dream”. Similarly, in the 2012 documentary Artifact, lead singer Jared Leto remarks that at the height of Thirty Seconds to Mars’s success, they “were living the dream”. However, for both the Jonas Brothers and Thirty Seconds to Mars, their experiences of the music industry (much like other commercially successful recording artists) soon transformed into nightmares. Similar to other commercially successful recording artists, the Jonas Brothers and Thirty Seconds to Mars, came up against the constraints of the industry which inevitably led to a forfeiting of authenticity, a loss of creative control, increased exploitation, and unequal remuneration. This work will consider how working in the music industry is not always a dream come true and can instead be viewed as a proverbial nightmare. Living the DreamIn his book Dreams, Carl Gustav Jung discusses how that which is experienced in sleep, speaks of a person’s wishes: that which might be desired in reality but may not actually happen. In his earlier work, The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud argued that the dream is representative of fulfilling a repressed wish. However, the creative industries suggest that a dream need not be a repressed wish; it can become a reality. Jon Bon Jovi believes that his success in the music industry has surpassed his wildest dreams (Atkinson). Jennifer Lopez considers the fact that she held big dreams, had a focussed passion, and strong aspirations the reason why she pursued a creative career that took her out of the Bronx (Thomas). In a Twitter post from 23 April 2018, Bruno Mars declared that he “use [sic] to dream of this shit,” in referring to a picture of him performing for a sold out arena, while in 2019 Shawn Mendes informed his 24.4 million Twitter followers that his “life is a dream”. These are but a few examples of successful music industry artists who are seeing their ‘wishes’ come true and living the American Dream.Endemic to the American culture (and a characteristic of the identity of the country) is the “American Dream”. It centres on “a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for every man, with opportunity for each according to his ability and achievement” (Adams, 404). Although initially used to describe having a nice house, money, stability and a reasonable standard of living, the American Dream has since evolved to what the scholar Florida believes is the new ‘aspiration of people’: doing work that is enjoyable and relies on human creativity. At its core, the original American Dream required striving to meet individual goals, and was promoted as possible for anyone regardless of their cultural, socio-economic and political background (Samuel), because it encourages the celebrating of the self and personal uniqueness (Gamson). Florida’s conceptualisation of the New American dream, however, tends to emphasise obtaining success, fame and fortune in what Neff, Wissinger, and Zukin (310) consider “hot”, “creative” industries where “the jobs are cool”.Whether old or new, the American Dream has perpetuated and reinforced celebrity culture, with many of the young generation reporting that fame and fortune were their priorities, as they sought to emulate the success of their famous role models (Florida). The rag to riches stories of iconic recording artists can inevitably glorify and make appealing the struggle that permits achieving one’s dream, with celebrities offering young, aspiring creative people a means of identification for helping them to aspire to meet their dreams (Florida; Samuel). For example, a young Demi Lovato spoke of how she idolised and looked up to singer Beyonce Knowles, describing Knowles as a role model because of the way she carries herself (Tishgart). Similarly, American Idol winner Kelly Clarkson cited Aretha Franklin as her musical inspiration and the reason that she sings from a place deep within (Nilles). It is unsurprising then, that popular media has tended to portray artists working in the creative industries and being paid to follow their passions as “a much-vaunted career dream” (Duffy and Wissinger, 4656). Movies such as A Star Is Born (2018), The Coal Miner’s Daughter (1980), Dreamgirls (2006), Begin Again (2013) and La La Land (2016) exalt the perception that creativity, talent, sacrifice and determination will mean dreams come true (Nicolaou). In concert with the American dream is the drive among creative people pursuing creative success to achieve their dreams because of the perceived autonomy they will gain, the chance of self-actualisation and social rewards, and the opportunity to fulfil intrinsic motivations (Amabile; Auger and Woodman; Cohen). For these workers, the love of creation and the happiness that accompanies new discoveries (Csikszentmihalyi) can offset the tight budgets and timelines, precarious labour (Blair, Grey, and Randle; Hesmondhalgh and Baker), uncertain demand (Caves; Shultz), sacrifice of personal relationships (Eikhof and Haunschild), the demand for high quality products (Gil & Spiller), and the tense relationships with administrators (Bilton) which are known to plague these industries. In some cases, young, up and coming creative people overlook these pitfalls, instead romanticising creative careers as ideal and worthwhile. They willingly take on roles and cede control to big corporations to “realize their passions [and] uncover their personal talent” (Bill, 50). Of course, as Ursell argues in discussing television employees, such idealisation can mean creatives, especially those who are young and unfamiliar with the constraints of the industry, end up immersed in and victims of the “vampiric” industry that exploits workers (816). They are socialised towards believing, in this case, that the record label is a necessary component to obtain fame and fortune and whether willing or unwilling, creative workers become complicit in their own exploitation (Cohen). Loss of Control and No CompensationThe music industry itself has been considered by some to typify the cultural industries (Chambers). Popular music has potency in that it is perceived as speaking a universal language (Burnett), engaging the emotions and thoughts of listeners, and assisting in their identity construction (Burnett; Gardikiotis and Baltzis). Given the place of music within society, it is not surprising that in 2018, the global music industry was worth US$19.1billion (IFPI). The music industry is necessarily underpinned by a commercial agenda. At present, six major recording companies exist and between them, they own between 70-80 per cent of the recordings produced globally (Konsor). They also act as gatekeepers, setting trends by defining what and who is worth following and listening to (Csikszentmihalyi; Jones, Anand, and Alvarez). In essence, to be successful in the music industry is to be affiliated with a record label. This is because the highly competitive nature and cluttered environment makes it harder to gain traction in the market without worthwhile representation (Moiso and Rockman). In the 2012 documentary about Thirty Seconds to Mars, Artifact, front man Jared Leto even questions whether it is possible to have “success without a label”. The recording company, he determines, “deal with the crappy jobs”. In a financially uncertain industry that makes money from subjective or experience-based goods (Caves), having a label affords an artist access to “economic capital for production and promotion” that enables “wider recognition” of creative work (Scott, 239). With the support of a record label, creative entrepreneurs are given the chance to be promoted and distributed in the creative marketplace (Scott; Shultz). To have a record label, then, is to be perceived as legitimate and credible (Shultz).However, the commercial music industry is just that, commercial. Accordingly, the desire to make money can see the intrinsic desires of musicians forfeited in favour of standardised products and a lack of remuneration for artists (Negus). To see this standardisation in practice, one need not look further than those contestants appearing on shows such as American Idol or The Voice. Nowhere is the standardisation of the music industry more evident than in Holmes’s 2004 article on Pop Idol. Pop Idol first aired in Britain from 2001-2003 and paved the way for a slew of similar shows around the world such as Australia’s Popstars Live in 2004 and the global Idol phenomena. According to Holmes, audiences are divested of the illusion of talent and stardom when they witness the obvious manufacturing of musical talent. The contestants receive training, are dressed according to a prescribed image, and the show emphasises those melodramatic moments that are commercially enticing to audiences. Her sentiments suggest these shows emphasise the artifice of the music industry by undermining artistic authenticity in favour of generating celebrities. The standardisation is typified in the post Idol careers of Kelly Clarkson and Adam Lambert. Kelly Clarkson parted with the recording company RCA when her manager and producer Clive Davis told her that her album My December (2007) was “not commercial enough” and that Clarkson, who had written most of the songs, was a “shitty writer… who should just shut up and sing” (Nied). Adam Lambert left RCA because they wanted him to make a full length 80s album comprised of covers. Lambert commented that, “while there are lots of great songs from that decade, my heart is simply not in doing a covers album” (Lee). In these instances, winning the show and signing contracts led to both Clarkson and Lambert forfeiting a degree of creative control over their work in favour of formulaic songs that ultimately left both artists unsatisfied. The standardisation and lack of remuneration is notable when signing recording artists to 360° contracts. These 360° contracts have become commonplace in the music industry (Gulchardaz, Bach, and Penin) and see both the material and immaterial labour (such as personal identities) of recording artists become controlled by record labels (Stahl and Meier). These labels determine the aesthetics of the musicians as well as where and how frequently they tour. Furthermore, the labels become owners of any intellectual property generated by an artist during the tenure of the contract (Sanders; Stahl and Meier). For example, in their documentary Show Em What You’re Made Of (2015), the Backstreet Boys lament their affiliation with manager Lou Pearlman. Not only did Pearlman manufacture the group in a way that prevented creative exploration by the members (Sanders), but he withheld profits to the point that the Backstreet Boys had to sue Pearlman in order to gain access to money they deserved. In 2002 the members of the Backstreet Boys had stated that “it wasn’t our destinies that we had to worry about in the past, it was our souls” (Sanders, 541). They were not writing their own music, which came across in the documentary Show Em What You’re Made Of when singer Howie Dorough demanded that if they were to collaborate as a group again in 2013, that everything was to be produced, managed and created by the five group members. Such a demand speaks to creative individuals being tied to their work both personally and emotionally (Bain). The angst encountered by music artists also signals the identity dissonance and conflict felt when they are betraying their true or authentic creative selves (Ashforth and Mael; Ashforth and Humphrey). Performing and abiding by the rules and regulations of others led to frustration because the members felt they were “being passed off as something we aren’t” (Sanders 539). The Backstreet Boys were not the only musicians who were intensely controlled and not adequately compensated by Pearlman. In the documentary The Boy Band Con: The Lou Pearlman Story 2019, Lance Bass of N*Sync and recording artist Aaron Carter admitted that the experience of working with Pearlman became a nightmare when they too, were receiving cheques that were so small that Bass describes them as making his heart sink. For these groups, the dream of making music was undone by contracts that stifled creativity and paid a pittance.In a similar vein, Thirty Seconds to Mars sought to cut ties with their record label when they felt that they were not being adequately compensated for their work. In retaliation EMI issued Mars with a US$30 million lawsuit for breach of contract. The tense renegotiations that followed took a toll on the creative drive of the group. At one point in the documentary Artifact (2012), Leto claims “I can’t sing it right now… You couldn’t pay me all the money in the world to sing this song the way it needs to be sung right now. I’m not ready”. The contract subordination (Phillips; Stahl and Meier) that had led to the need to renegotiate financial terms came at not only a financial cost to the band, but also a physical and emotional one. The negativity impacted the development of the songs for the new album. To make music requires evoking necessary and appropriate emotions in the recording studio (Wood, Duffy, and Smith), so Leto being unable to deliver the song proved problematic. Essentially, the stress of the lawsuit and negotiations damaged the motivation of the band (Amabile; Elsbach and Hargadon; Hallowell) and interfered with their creative approach, which could have produced standardised and poor quality work (Farr and Ford). The dream of making music was almost lost because of the EMI lawsuit. Young creatives often lack bargaining power when entering into contracts with corporations, which can prove disadvantaging when it comes to retaining control over their lives (Phillips; Stahl and Meier). Singer Demi Lovato’s big break came in the 2008 Disney film Camp Rock. As her then manager Phil McIntyre states in the documentary Simply Complicated (2017), Camp Rock was “perceived as the vehicle to becoming a superstar … overnight she became a household name”. However, as “authentic and believable” as Lovato’s edginess appeared, the speed with which her success came took a toll on Lovato. The pressure she experienced having to tour, write songs that were approved by others, star in Disney channel shows and movies, and look a certain way, became too much and to compensate, Lovato engaged in regular drug use to feel free. Accordingly, she developed a hybrid identity to ensure that the squeaky clean image required by the moral clauses of her contract, was not tarnished by her out-of-control lifestyle. The nightmare came from becoming famous at a young age and not being able to handle the expectations that accompanied it, coupled with a stringent contract that exploited her creative talent. Lovato’s is not a unique story. Research has found that musicians are more inclined than those in other workforces to use psychotherapy and psychotropic drugs (Vaag, Bjørngaard, and Bjerkeset) and that fame and money can provide musicians more opportunities to take risks, including drug-use that leads to mortality (Bellis, Hughes, Sharples, Hennell, and Hardcastle). For Lovato, living the dream at a young age ultimately became overwhelming with drugs her only means of escape. AuthenticityThe challenges then for music artists is that the dream of pursuing music can come at the cost of a musician’s authentic self. According to Hughes, “to be authentic is to be in some sense real and true to something ... It is not simply an imitation, but it is sincere, real, true, and original expression of its creator, and is believable or credible representations or example of what it appears to be” (190). For Nick Jonas of the Jonas Brothers, being in the spotlight and abiding by the demands of Disney was “non-stop” and prevented his personal and musical growth (Chasing Happiness). As Kevin Jonas put it, Nick “wanted the Jonas Brothers to be no more”. The extensive promotion that accompanies success and fame, which is designed to drive celebrity culture and financial motivations (Currid-Halkett and Scott; King), can lead to cynical performances and dissatisfaction (Hughes) if the identity work of the creative creates a disjoin between their perceived self and aspirational self (Beech, Gilmore, Cochrane, and Greig). Promoting the band (and having to film a television show and movies he was not invested in all because of contractual obligations) impacted on Nick’s authentic self to the point that the Jonas Brothers made him feel deeply upset and anxious. For Nick, being stifled creatively led to feeling inauthentic, thereby resulting in the demise of the band as his only recourse.In her documentary Gaga: Five Foot Two (2017), Lady Gaga discusses the extent she had to go to maintain a sense of authenticity in response to producer control. As she puts it, “when producers wanted me to be sexy, I always put some absurd spin on it, that made me feel like I was still in control”. Her words reaffirm the perception amongst scholars (Currid-Halkett and Scott; King; Meyers) that in playing the information game, industry leaders will construct an artist’s persona in ways that are most beneficial for, in this case, the record label. That will mean, for example, establishing a coherent life story for musicians that endears them to audiences and engaging recording artists in co-branding opportunities to raise their profile and to legitimise them in the marketplace. Such behaviour can potentially influence the preferences and purchases of audiences and fans, can create favourability, originality and clarity around artists (Loroz and Braig), and can establish competitive advantage that leads to producers being able to charge higher prices for the artists’ work (Hernando and Campo). But what impact does that have on the musician? Lady Gaga could not continue living someone else’s dream. She found herself needing to make changes in order to avoid quitting music altogether. As Gaga told a class of university students at the Emotion Revolution Summit hosted by Yale University:I don’t like being used to make people money. It feels sad when I am overworked and that I have just become a money-making machine and that my passion and creativity take a backseat. That makes me unhappy.According to Eikof and Haunschild, economic necessity can threaten creative motivation. Gaga’s reaction to the commercial demands of the music industry signal an identity conflict because her desire to create, clashed with the need to be commercial, with the outcome imposing “inconsistent demands upon” her (Ashforth and Mael, 29). Therefore, to reduce what could be considered feelings of dissonance and inconsistency (Ashforth and Mael; Ashforth and Humphrey) Gaga started saying “no” to prevent further loss of her identity and sense of authentic self. Taking back control could be seen as a means of reorienting her dream and overcoming what had become dissatisfaction with the commercial processes of the music industry. ConclusionsFor many creatives working in the creative industries – and specifically the music industry – is constructed as a dream come true; the working conditions and expectations experienced by recording artists are far from liberating and instead can become nightmares to which they want to escape. The case studies above, although likely ‘constructed’ retellings of the unfortunate circumstances encountered working in the music industry, nevertheless offer an inside account that contradicts the prevailing ideology that pursuing creative passions leads to a dream career (Florida; Samuel). If anything, the case studies explored above involving 30 Seconds to Mars, the Jonas Brothers, Lady Gaga, Kelly Clarkson, Adam Lambert and the Backstreet Boys, acknowledge what many scholars writing in the creative industries have already identified; that exploitation, subordination, identity conflict and loss of control are the unspoken or lesser known consequences of pursuing the creative dream. That said, the conundrum for creatives is that for success in the industry big “creative” businesses, such as recording labels, are still considered necessary in order to break into the market and to have prolonged success. This is simply because their resources far exceed those at the disposal of independent and up-and-coming creative entrepreneurs. Therefore, it can be argued that this friction of need between creative industry business versus artists will be on-going leading to more of these ‘dream to nightmare’ stories. The struggle will continue manifesting in the relationship between business and artist for long as the recording artists fight for greater equality, independence of creativity and respect for their work, image and identities. 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This single and critical case study evaluated a faith-based natural family planning program's salient features using a framework on implementation fidelity. Multiple focus group discussions were conducted, with three groups of stakeholders (n=100), to gather qualitative data on their knowledge and experience of the program. Overall, the findings showed that the program primarily adhered to the essential elements of implementation fidelity, such as content, frequency, duration, and coverage prescribed by its designers. Three lessons were drawn to address some issues that have influenced the degree of fidelity in which the program was implemented. The first is the need to secure adequate and sustained human and financial resources. The second is the need to strengthen its partnership with government and non-government organizations that have provided them with much-needed assistance. Finally, there is also the need to provide extensive training, materials, and support to its service providers to preserve their morale and interest. Other faith-based organizations may hold this case as an indicator of how and why an NFP program works and the extent to which the need for family planning can be met adapted to their local conditions and needs. References Arbuckle, Gerald A. Refounding the Church: Dissent for Leadership. Quezon City: Claretian Publications. 1993. Arevalo, Marcos. "Expanding the Availability and improving the delivery of natural family planning services and fertility awareness education: providers' perspectives. Adv Contracept. Jun-Sep 1997; 13(2-3):275-81. Arévalo, Marcos, Victoria Jennings, and Irit Sinai. "Efficacy of a new method of family planning: the Standard Days Method." Contraception 65, no. 5 (2002): 333-338.Arévalo, Marcos, Irit Sinai, and Victoria Jennings. 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