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1
Zhong hua zang jia. Beijing Shi: Zhongguo lin ye chu ban she, 2012.
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2
Zhongguo lan hua ming pin zhen pin jian shang tu dian. Fuzhou Shi: Fujian ke xue ji shu chu ban she, 2003.
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3
Shu wen hua jiu jiang. Taiyuan Shi: San Jin chu ban she, 2012.
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4
Zhong zi zhi wu hua fen dian jing tu zhi. Kunming Shi: Yunnan ke ji chu ban she, 2003.
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5
Zhongguo Yunnan Hengduan Shan ye sheng hua hui: The wild flowers in Hengduan Mountains in Yunnan. Kunming Shi: Yunnan ren min chu ban she, 1993.
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6
author, Guo Zhilong 1989, ed. Xin xi shi dai fan zui ding liang biao zhun de ti xi hua gou jian: XINXI SHIDAI FANZUI DINGLIANG BIAOZHUN DE TIXIHUA GOUJIAN. Beijing: Zhongguo fa zhi chu ban she, 2013.
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7
Tyttl, František. Historický atlas hub: Obrazy Františka Tyttla = Historischer Atlas der Pilze : Bilder von František Tyttl = A historical atlas of fungi : pictures by František Tyttl. Praha: Academia, 2008.
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8
Han yu ci lei de ren zhi yan jiu he mo hu hua fen: A cognitive investigation and fuzzy classification of word-class in mandarin Chinese. Shanghai: Shanghai jiao yu chu ban she, 2010.
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9
Chen, Xinqi. Zhongguo lan hua. Xin hua shu dian Beijing fa xing suo fa xing, 1998.
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10
Yin erh mu ho hua erh mu. Pei-ching: Kʻo hsüeh chʻu pan she, 1992.
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11
Herring, Jonathan. 2. Actus Reus: The Conduct Element. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811817.003.0002.
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The actus reus is a central aspect of criminal law that defines the harm done to the victim and the wrong performed by the defendant. In many cases this involves proof that the defendant caused a particular result. This chapter begins by distinguishing the component elements of a crime. It then discusses the voluntary act ‘requirement’; causation; classification of offences; the need for a voluntary act; omissions; and seeking a coherent approach to causation.
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MacKenzie, Judith-Anne. 2. Interests in land. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198748373.003.0002.
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Course-focused and comprehensive, the Textbook on series provide an accessible overview of the key areas on the law curriculum. This chapter explains how one person may have rights over land owned by another. It identifies the people who may have rights over Trant House—rights that could be enforced not only against Vernon, the fee simple owner, but also against anyone who acquires the property from him. The discussions cover interests in land; legal interests; equitable interests; legal and equitable interests compared; the multiplicity of rights; and the classification of property.
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Hannibal, Martin, and Lisa Mountford. 1. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198823216.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter briefly sets out the volume’s purpose, which is to explain the legal, procedural and evidential rules governing how cases are dealt with by the criminal justice system. It then explains the philosophy of the text and its unique features; introduces the key personnel and organisations within the criminal justice system; introduces the Criminal Procedure Rules; explains the classification of offences according to their trial venue; summarizes the jurisdiction of the criminal courts; stresses the importance of the pervasive issue of human rights; and highlights professional conduct considerations in the context of criminal litigation.
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Hannibal, Martin, and Lisa Mountford. 1. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198765905.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter briefly sets out the volume’s purpose, which is to explain the legal, procedural and evidential rules governing how cases are dealt with by the criminal justice system. It then explains the philosophy of the text and its unique features; introduces the key personnel and organisations within the criminal justice system; introduces the Criminal Procedure Rules; explains the classification of offences according to their trial venue; summarizes the jurisdiction of the criminal courts; stresses the importance of the pervasive issue of human rights; and highlights professional conduct considerations in the context of criminal litigation.
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Hannibal, Martin, and Lisa Mountford. 1. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198787679.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter briefly sets out the volume’s purpose, which is to explain the legal, procedural and evidential rules governing how cases are dealt with by the criminal justice system. It then explains the philosophy of the text and its unique features; introduces the key personnel and organisations within the criminal justice system; introduces the Criminal Procedure Rules; explains the classification of offences according to their trial venue; summarizes the jurisdiction of the criminal courts; stresses the importance of the pervasive issue of human rights; and highlights professional conduct considerations in the context of criminal litigation.
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Monaghan, Nicola. 1. Introduction to criminal law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811824.003.0001.
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Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams, and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. This chapter begins by addressing the question: What is a crime? It then discusses the difference between criminal law, the law of tort, and contract law; the function of criminal law; sources of criminal law; the classification of offences; the criminal justice process; the hierarchy of the criminal courts; the burden and standard of proof; and the elements of an offence.
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Gray, Kevin, and Susan Francis Gray. 7. Beneficial ownership. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199603794.003.0007.
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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter, which explores the nature and operation of beneficial ownership under various kinds of trust device relating to land, describes the respective roles of trustees and beneficiaries under a trust of land, and how a disposition by trustees can overreach (or clear off) the beneficial interests that exist behind the trust. It focuses on the following: the constitution and classification of beneficial interests in land; express trusts; resulting trusts; constructive trusts; co-ownership; trusts of land; and successive interests.
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Schmidt, Dieter, and Simon Shorvon. What is Epilepsy? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725909.003.0001.
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The definition of disease is not straightforward. Whilst an epileptic seizure—a symptom—can be considered as an electrochemical cerebral phenomenon, defining epilepsy is more difficult. It is more than just a strictly medical and mechanical brain disorder, but has signification that extends beyond the individual, and has societal and cultural connotation. Disease is sometimes considered to be defined by causation, but deciding what is cause in epilepsy is also a complicated question. The distinction between disability and disease can also be blurred. If definition is difficult, so inevitably is classification. John Hughlings Jackson made the famous distinction between the classification of a gardener and a botanist and the lessons he drew still apply today. The sometimes baffling controversies in this area are dissected, within the context of their historical evolution since the time of Jackson.
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Atkins, Ruth. Koffman, Macdonald & Atkins' Law of Contract. 10th ed. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198860907.001.0001.
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Koffman, Macdonald & Atkins’ Law of Contract provides a clear, academically rigorous, account of the contract law which is written in a style which makes it highly accessible to university students new to legal study. It works from extensive consideration of the significant cases, to provide students with a firm grounding in the way the common law functions. There are chapters on formation, certainty, consideration, promissory estoppel, intention to create legal relations, express and implied terms, classification of terms, exemption clauses, the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, unfair terms in consumer contracts, mistake, misrepresentation, duress and undue influence, illegality, unconscionability, privity, performance and breach, frustration, damages, and specific enforcement, as well as companion website chapters on capacity and an outline of the law of restitution. Recent cases which are of particular note in this, the tenth edition, include the Supreme Court cases of: Wells v Devani (2019) on interpretation and implied terms, Pakistan International Airlines Corporation v Times Travel (UK) Limited (2021) on lawful act economic duress, Morris- Garner v One-Step (Support) Ltd (2019) and Triple Point Technology Inc v PTT Public Company Ltd (2021) on the law of damages, and Tillman v Egon Zehnder (2019) on illegality and severance, re-affirmed in the Court of Appeal ruling in Quantum Actuarial LLP v Quantum Advisory Ltd (2021). Further important Court of Appeal decisions include: TRW v Panasonic (2021) on ‘battle of the forms’, Ark Shipping v Silverburn Shipping (2019) on classification of terms, FSHC Holdings v GLAS Trust (2019) on the equitable remedy of rectification, considered within the chapter on the doctrine of mistake, and Classic Maritime Inc v Limbungan Makmur (2019) on the interpretation of force majeure clauses and the scope of the doctrine of frustration, issues which rapidly elevated in significance leading up to Brexit and upon the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. Notable first instance decisions which have tested frustration in light of these events include Canary Wharf (BP4) T1 Ltd and others v European Medicines Agency (2019) in the context of Brexit, and Salam Air SAOC v Latam Airlines Group SA (2020) on the impact of Covid-19. Additional High Court rulings considered within this edition include Sheikh Tahnoon Bin Saeed Bin Shakhboot Al Nehayan v Ioannis Kent (2018) and Bates v Post Office Ltd (2019) on good faith, and Neocleous v Rees (2019) on electronic signatures coupled with the findings of the Law Commission Report on Electronic Execution of Documents (2019) Law Com No 386.
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Schodde, R., and IJ Mason. Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines. CSIRO Publishing, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100862.
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Recent classifications of Australian birds have been limited to lists of "species" which are inadequate as biodiversity indicators. The Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines fills a huge gap in ornithological knowledge by separating out and listing not only 340 species of song-birds but also the 720 distinct regional forms.
Covering about half the national bird fauna, the Directory provides science and the community with baseline information about what bird it is and where it lives in an Australia-wide context. Identity is taken down to the level of distinct regional population. No other compendium on Australian birds does this.
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Macdonald, Elizabeth, and Ruth Atkins. Koffman & Macdonald's Law of Contract. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198752844.001.0001.
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Koffman & Macdonald’s Law of Contract provides a clear, academically rigorous, account of the contract law which is written in a style which makes it highly accessible to university students new to legal study. It works from extensive consideration of the significant cases, to provide students with a firm grounding in the way the common law functions. There are chapters on formation, certainty, consideration, promissory estoppel, intention to create legal relations, express and implied terms, classification of terms, the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts, mistake, misrepresentation, duress and undue influence, illegality, unconscionability, privity, performance and breach, frustration, damages, and specific enforcement, as well as companion website chapters on capacity and an outline of the law of restitution. Many new cases and legislative developments are covered in the ninth edition, such as Armchair Answercall Ltd v People in Mind Ltd, Blue v Ashley, Cavendish Square Holding BV v Talal El Makdessi, ParkingEye Ltd v Beavis,Globalia Business Travel S.A.U. (formerly TravelPlan S.A.U.) of Spain v Fulton Shipping Inc of Panama, Marks and Spencer plc v BNP Paribas Securities Services Trust Company (Jersey) Ltd,MWB Business Exchange Centres Ltd v Rock Advertising Ltd, Patel v Mirza, Phones 4U Ltd (In Administration) v EE Ltd. This edition has been updated to include major legislative developments including the Consumer Rights Act 2015, which now encompasses, and makes some changes to, the unfair terms regime, which was previously provided by the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999, as well as removing, and taking on board, the consumer elements of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977.
22
Bakan, Michael B. Dotan Nitzberg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190855833.003.0006.
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Dotan Nitzberg’s hands fly across the piano keyboard at lightning speed, bringing to life a musical work that he believes captures the essence of his Asperger’s mind. “Liszt’s etude, ‘Dance of the Gnomes,’ ” he explains, “is a fast paced piece. It is very mercurial and sparkling. It correlates since my brain is so mercurial . . . . [Z]illions of thoughts are traveling at the speed of light and sometimes it causes confusion . . . . [T]he absorption is quick but the classification process is slower, [and] this gap is hampering.” At the piano, however, Dotan is not hampered in the least. There, he is fully in his element, and this too, he says, is a product of his Asperger’s mind: “[A]t the moment Aspergers tackle a piece they recognize the character and ‘emotion’ right away. It’s instilled there, [but] only people with [a] sixth sense—that is, endowed with sensitivity beyond the average—can catch it.”
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Carvalho, Régis de. A voz de cabeça na voz de barítono. Editora ARtemis, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37572/edart_100522538.
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This book has a very specific target audience: singers and teachers in the vocal field. As a result of his experience as a singing teacher and researcher, he presents readers with an alternative vocal training model aimed at working the high region of male medium voices. To follow this path, we approached issues such as the main common technical difficulties encountered by baritones, aspects of vocal classification, aspirated vocal parameters and vocal physiology. Finally, we discussed possible signs of effectiveness of using a vocalize model that works with falsetto emission to facilitate access to head register notes in male middle voices.
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Schlichte, Klaus. Policing Africa. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676636.003.0002.
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From a well-informed vantage point of a historical sociology of the police and a broad comparative perspective, this chapter argues that policing in Africa should be situated in a globally connected history. Specific policing practices and organisational models were exported from Europe and then creatively adapted; other practices and models emerged in different places simultaneously and were re-connected through ex-post classification (as under the label ‘community policing’). The central question he evokes is: if the global history of policing is indeed a connected history, of what do these connections consist and how do they change over time?
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Shorter, Edward, and Max Fink. Karl Kahlbaum. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190881191.003.0003.
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In 1874, Karl Kahlbaum, a German psychiatrist in an obscure private hospital, pulled various symptom pictures together into a single diagnosis: “catatonia.” Kahlbaum had earlier pioneered the modern classification of illness with his concepts of course and outcome as demarcating the various disease entities. He thought that, similar to neurosyphilis, catatonia had a common cause and common clinical course but, unlike neurosyphilis, often a relatively benign outcome. He believed the illness progressed in fixed stages. At the same time, Kahlbaum’s associate, Ewald Hecker, described madness in young people (“hebephrenia”), which became the forbearer of “schizophrenia.” Kahlbaum’s ideas were not immediately accepted: there was a core of true believers, but many psychiatrists in the Atlantic community did not readily take up the diagnosis and remained skeptical that Kahlbaum had done anything other than repackage familiar symptoms in a new and unfamiliar box.
26
Gao, Hui. "Zhongguo tu shu guan tu shu fen lei fa" "Zhongguo tu shu zi liao fen lei fa (di 3 ban) gui fan hua yan jiu. Xinjiang da xue chu ban she, 1994.
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27
Dupré, John. Processes, Organisms, Kinds, and the Inevitability of Pluralism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636814.003.0002.
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One view of ontology has dominated Western philosophy since the Greeks: the most basic furnishings of the world are things or, in more technical philosophical terms, substances. These are thought of as integrated, persisting through time, not dependent on anything external for their existence, and as the bearers of properties. They are also the subjects of change. This chapter begins with the proposal that we should treat organisms not, as is traditional, as a kind of thing or substance, but as a kind of process. The author begins by explaining this idea a bit further and outlining some of the reasons in its favor. He then considers some of the implications for this position on how we should understand the classification of organisms. Finally the author shows how these considerations provide a deeper ground for the classificatory pluralism that he has advocated for many years.
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Atkins, Richard Kenneth. The Kantian Insight. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190887179.003.0002.
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Kant bases a table of metaphysical categories on a table of the forms of judgments. Peirce regards Kant’s initial table of the forms of judgments as superficial and hasty. He criticizes it on four grounds. First, Kant has failed to recognize that by his own lights his table calls for a second set of categories. Second, Kant ought to have regarded his table as a table of propositions rather than of judgments. Third, Kant has failed to reduce the table to the fewest predicables possible. Fourth, Kant has peculiarly attempted to derive his set of metaphysical categories from a set of syncategorematic terms. Moreover, as Peirce develops a more mature classification of the sciences, he concludes that the categories ought to be found first in mathematics, a part of which is formal logic, and then traced through phenomenology, normative science (including logic as semiotics), and metaphysics.
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Brazier, John, Julie Ratcliffe, Joshua A. Salomon, and Aki Tsuchiya. Methods for obtaining health state utility values: generic preference-based measures of health. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725923.003.0007.
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This chapter describes the six most widely used generic preference-based measures of health (GPBMs) (also known as multiattribute utility scales): EQ-5D, SF-6D, HUI, AQoL, 15D, and QWB. GPBMs have become the most widely used method for obtaining health state utility values. They contain a health state classification with multilevel dimensions that together describe a universe of health states and a set of values (where full health = 1 and dead = 0) for each health state obtained by eliciting the preferences (typically) of members of the general population. These measures are reviewed in terms of their content, methods of valuation, the scores they generate, and the possible reasons for the differences found. Their performance is reviewed using published evidence on their validity across conditions, and the implications for their use in policy making discussed. The chapter also reviews the generic measures available for use in populations of children and adolescents.
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Shorter, Edward, and Max Fink. Emil Kraepelin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190881191.003.0004.
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Emil Kraepelin, professor of psychiatry first in Heidelberg then Munich, originated modern psychiatric diagnosis. So it was a fateful error when, in 1899, Kraepelin made catatonia a “subtype” of schizophrenia (which Kraepelin called “dementia praecox”). He did so on the basis of what Kraepelin considered a downhill course and outcome. Catatonia thus disappeared into the schizophrenia tent and ceased to be an independent disease entity. There it remained for the next century. It was because of Kraepelin’s immense prestige that his disease classification has survived virtually until the present. Kraepelin thus saved catatonia from extinction as a diagnosis, but at the cost of ensuring that it would be diagnosed only in “schizophrenics.” Clinicians who did not think their patients had schizophrenia would miss the catatonia diagnosis.
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Jockers, Matthew L. Style. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037528.003.0006.
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This chapter shows how stylistic signals can be derived from high-frequency features and how the usage, or nonusage, of those features was susceptible to influences that are external to the so-called “authorial style,” external influences such as genre, time, and gender. These aspects of style were explored using a controlled corpus of 106 British novels where genre was a key point of analysis. The chapter first provides an overview of statistical or quantitative authorship attribution before discussing the author's project, in which he analyzed the degree to which novelistic genres express a distinguishable stylistic signal by focusing on the distribution of novels in a corpus based on their genres and decades of publication. Through a series of experiments, he demonstrates the use of the classification methodology as a way of measuring the extent to which factors beyond an individual author's personal style may play a role in determining the linguistic usage and style of the resulting text.
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Geaves, Ron. The Significance of Abdullah Quilliam’s Literary Output. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190688349.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses the significance of Abdullah Quilliam by primarily focusing on the writings through which he framed his conversion to Islam and wrote as a lens for Victorian society to revisit Islam. A classification of the types of writing undertaken and their role in the promotion of Islam within Britain and internationally in the late Victorian and Edwardian period is explored. Quilliam wrote extensively on the crisis facing Victorian Christianity and was intensely aware of the burning political issues of his time, especially those concerning British foreign policy. However, above all else, he was a Muslim of conviction, and the leader of British Muslims, and his unique status lies in his promotion of Islam in the West as a religious worldview disconnected from ethnicity or "otherness." This examination of his writings explores his vision of Islam and demonstrates that Quilliam’s concerns in his writings remain the essential themes drawn upon by young contemporary British Muslim activists and converts to the religion.
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Beckford, William. Vathek. Edited by Thomas Keymer. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199576951.001.0001.
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Woe to the rash mortal who seeks to know that of which he should remain ignorant; and to undertake that which surpasseth his power!’ The Caliph Vathek is dissolute and debauched, and hungry for knowledge. When the mysterious Giaour offers him boundless treasure and unrivalled power he is willing to sacrifice his god, the lives of innocent children, and his own soul to satisfy his obsession. Vathek’s extraordinary journey to the subterranean palace of Eblis, and the terrifying fate that there awaits him, is a captivating tale of magic and oriental fantasy, sudden violence and corrupted love, whose mix of moral fable, grotesque comedy, and evocative beauty defies classification. Originally written by Beckford in French at the age of only 21, its dreamlike qualities have influenced writers from Byron to H. P. Lovecraft. This new edition reprints Beckford’s authorized English text of 1816 with its elaborate and entertaining notes. In his new introduction Thomas Keymer examines the novel’s relations to a range of literary genres and cultural contexts.
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Zirnbauer, Martin R. Symmetry classes. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.3.
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This article examines the notion of ‘symmetry class’, which expresses the relevance of symmetries as an organizational principle. In his 1962 paper The threefold way: algebraic structure of symmetry groups and ensembles in quantum mechanics, Dyson introduced the prime classification of random matrix ensembles based on a quantum mechanical setting with symmetries. He described three types of independent irreducible ensembles: complex Hermitian, real symmetric, and quaternion self-dual. This article first reviews Dyson’s threefold way from a modern perspective before considering a minimal extension of his setting to incorporate the physics of chiral Dirac fermions and disordered superconductors. In this minimally extended setting, Hilbert space is replaced by Fock space equipped with the anti-unitary operation of particle-hole conjugation, and symmetry classes are in one-to-one correspondence with the large families of Riemannian symmetric spaces.
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Van Der Poel, Marc, Michael Edwards, and James J. Murphy, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Quintilian. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713784.001.0001.
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M. Fabius Quintilianus was a prominent orator, declaimer, and teacher of eloquence in the first century ce. After his retirement he wrote the Institutio oratoria, a unique treatise in Antiquity because it is a handbook of rhetoric and an educational treatise in one. Quintilian’s fame and influence are not only based on the Institutio, but also on the two collections of Declamations which were attributed to him in late Antiquity. The Oxford Handbook of Quintilian aims to present Quintilian’s Institutio as a key treatise in the history of Graeco-Roman rhetoric and its influence on the theory and practice of rhetoric and education, from late Antiquity until the present day. It contains chapters on Quintilian’s educational programme, his concepts and classifications of rhetoric, his discussion of the five canons of rhetoric, his style, his views on literary criticism, declamation, and the relationship between rhetoric and law, and the importance of the visual and performing arts in his work. His huge legacy is presented in successive chapters devoted to Quintilian in late Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance, Northern Europe during the Renaissance, Europe from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century, and the United States of America. There are also chapters devoted to the biographical tradition, the history of printed editions, and modern assessments of Quintilian. The twenty-one authors of the chapters represent a wide range of expertise and scholarly traditions and thus offer a unique mixture of current approaches to Quintilian from a multidisciplinary perspective.
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Graber, Jennifer. Religion and Racial Violence in the Nineteenth Century. Edited by Paul Harvey and Kathryn Gin Lum. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190221171.013.24.
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This chapter considers the ways in which racial violence in the nineteenth century proved formative to developments in the religious lives of people raced outside of whiteness. It draws on borderlands scholar Luís León’s description of marginalized communities transforming existing religious concepts and practices, as well as creating new religious options, a process he calls religious poetics. It also suggests the critical importance of debating and enacting racial violence for members of communities raced white. These actors engaged in a poetics of racial violence, in which they sought to interpret and reconfigure their worlds in relation to the violence that perpetuated America’s racial order. The chapter surveys justifications for and condemnations of racial violence, as well as responses to racial violence, in an effort to explore how religion and violence intersected in the ongoing development of racial classifications and the circulation of social power in nineteenth-century America.
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Lund, Martin. Whiteness. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/13503.001.0001.
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The socially constructed phenomenon of whiteness: how it was created, how it changes, and how it protects and privileges people who are perceived as white. This volume in the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series examines the socially constructed phenomenon of whiteness, tracing its creation, its changing formation, and its power to privilege and protect people who are perceived as white. Whiteness, author Martin Lund explains, is not one single idea but a shifting, overarching category, a flexible cluster of historically, culturally, and geographically contingent ideals and standards that enable systems of hierarchical classification. Lund discusses words used to talk about whiteness, from white privilege to white fragility; the intersections of whiteness with race, class, and gender; whiteness in popular culture; and such ideas as “colorblindness” and “reverse racism,” which, he argues, actually uphold whiteness. Lund shows why it is important to keep talking and thinking about whiteness. The word “whiteness,” he writes, doesn't describe; it conjures something into being. Drawing on decades of critical whiteness studies and citing a range of examples (primarily from the United States and Sweden), Lund argues that whiteness is continually manufactured and sustained through language, laws, policies, science, and representations in media and popular culture. It is often positioned as normative, even universal. And despite its innocuous-seeming manifestations in sitcoms and superheroes, whiteness is always in the service of racial domination.
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Dicker, Georges. Locke on Knowledge and Reality. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662196.001.0001.
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This book is essentially a commentary on John Locke’s masterwork, his An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which is the foundational work of classical Empiricism. It aims to be accessible to students who are reading Locke for the first time, to be a useful research tool for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students, and to make a contribution to Locke scholarship. It is designed to be read alongside the Essay, but does not presuppose familiarity with it. It expounds and critically discusses the main theses and arguments of each of the Essay’s four books, on the innatism that Locke opposes, the origin and classification of ideas, language and meaning, and knowledge, respectively. It analyzes Locke’s influential explorations of related topics, including primary and secondary qualities, substance, identity, personal identity, free will, nominal and real essence, and external-world skepticism, among others. It is written in an analytical style that strives for clarity and that offers step-by-step reconstructions of Locke’s arguments. It references and engages with relevant work of other major philosophers and Locke commentators, including, among others, Descartes, Leibniz, Berkeley, Hume, Kant, Thomas Reid, John Yolton, James Gibson, R. M. Chisholm, Michael Ayers, John Perry, John Mackie, Roger Woolhouse, Saul Kripke, Jonathan Bennett, E. J. Lowe, Vere Chappell, Samuel Rickless, Galen Strawson, Gideon Yaffe, and Matthew Stuart.
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Giacovazzo, Carmelo. Phasing in Crystallography. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199686995.001.0001.
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Modern crystallographic methods originate from the synergy of two main research streams, the small-molecule and the macro-molecular streams. The first stream was able to definitively solve the phase problem for molecules up to 200 atoms in the asymmetric unit. The achievements obtained by the macromolecular stream are also impressive. A huge number of protein structures have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank. The solution of them is no longer reserved to an elite group of scientists, but may be attained in a large number of laboratories around the world, even by young scientists. New probabilistic approaches have been tailored to deal with larger structures, errors in the experimental data, and modest data resolution. Traditional phasing techniques like ab initio, molecular replacement, isomorphous replacement, and anomalous dispersion techniques have been revisited. The new approaches have been implemented in robust phasing programs, which have been organized in automatic pipelines usable even by non-experts. Protein structures, which 50 years ago could take months or even years to solve, can now be solved in a matter of hours, partly also due to technological advances in computer science. This book describes all modern crystallographic phasing methods, and introduces a new rational classification of them. A didactic approach is used, with the techniques described simply and logically in the main text, and further mathematical details confined to the Appendices for motivated readers. Numerous figures and applicative details illustrate the text.
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Camper, Martin. Arguing over Texts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677121.001.0001.
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Arguing over Texts presents a rhetorical method for analyzing how people disagree over the meaning of texts and how they attempt to reconcile those disagreements through argument. The book recovers and adapts a classification of recurring types of disagreement over textual meaning, invented by ancient Greek and Roman teachers of rhetoric: the interpretive stases. Drawing on the rhetorical works of Aristotle, Cicero, Quintilian, and Hermogenes, the book devotes a chapter to each of the six interpretive stases, which classify issues concerning ambiguous words and phrases, definitions of terms, clashes between the text’s letter and its spirit, internal contradictions, applications of the text to novel cases, and the authority of the interpreter or the text itself. From the dispute over Phillis Wheatley’s allegedly self-racist poetry to the controversy over whether some of Abraham Lincoln’s letters provide evidence he was gay, the book offers examples from religion, politics, history, literary criticism, and law to illustrate that the interpretive stases can be employed to analyze debates over texts in virtually any sphere. In addition to its classical rhetorical foundation, the book draws on research from modern rhetorical theory and language science to elucidate the rhetorical, linguistic, and cognitive grounds for the argumentative construction of textual meaning. The method presented in this book thus advances scholars’ ability to examine the rhetorical dynamics of textual interpretation, to trace the evolution of textual meaning, and to explore how communities ground their beliefs and behaviors in texts.
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Kennedy, J. Gerald, and Scott Peeples, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Edgar Allan Poe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190641870.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
No American author of the early 19th century enjoys a larger international audience than Edgar Allan Poe. Widely translated, read, and studied, he occupies an iconic place in global culture. Such acclaim would have gratified Poe, who deliberately wrote for “the world at large” and mocked the provincialism of strictly nationalistic themes. Partly for this reason, early literary historians cast Poe as an outsider, regarding his dark fantasies as extraneous to American life and experience. Only in the 20th century did Poe finally gain a prominent place in the national canon. Changing critical approaches have deepened our understanding of Poe’s complexity and revealed an author who defies easy classification. New models of interpretation have excited fresh debates about his essential genius, his subversive imagination, his cultural insight, and his ultimate impact, urging an expansive reconsideration of his literary achievement. Edited by leading experts J. Gerald Kennedy and Scott Peeples, this volume presents a sweeping reexamination of Poe’s work. Forty-five distinguished scholars address Poe’s troubled life and checkered career as a “magazinist,” his poetry and prose, and his reviews, essays, opinions, and marginalia. The chapters provide fresh insights into Poe’s lasting impact on subsequent literature, music, art, comics, and film and illuminate his radical conception of the universe, science, and the human mind. Wide-ranging and thought-provoking, this Handbook reveals a thoroughly modern Poe, whose timeless fables of peril and loss will continue to attract new generations of readers and scholars.
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LaZella, Andrew T. The Singular Voice of Being. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823284573.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The Singular Voice of Being: John Duns Scotus and Ultimate Difference reconsiders John Duns Scotus’s well-covered theory of the univocity of being in light of his less explored discussions of ultimate difference. Ultimate difference is a notion introduced by Aristotle and known by the Aristotelian tradition, but one that, the book argues, Scotus radically retrofits to buttress his doctrine of univocity. Ultimate difference for Aristotle meant the last difference in a line of specific differences whereby all the preceding differences would be united into a single substance rather than remain a heapish multiplicity. Scotus both broadens and deepens the term such that, in the end, it comes to resemble its Aristotelian ancestor more in name than in substance. This is because Scotus broadens ultimate difference to include not only specific differences, but also intrinsic modes of being (e.g., finite/infinite) and principles of individuation (i.e., haecceitates). Furthermore, he deepens it by divorcing it from anything with categorial classification, such as substantial form. Rather, by linking ultimate difference to primary diversity irreducible to opposition, privation, or contradiction, Scotus responds to the long-standing Parmenidean arguments against the division of being. Differentiation is not a fall from the perfect unity of being. Rather, ultimate difference divides being by perfective determination of this otherwise indifferent concept. The division of being culminates in individuation as the final degree of perfection, which constitutes indivisible (i.e., singular) degrees of being.
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Caputi, Jane. Call Your "Mutha". Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190902704.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The proposed new geological era, The Anthropocene (a.k.a. Age of Humans, Age of Man), marking human domination of the planet long called Mother Earth, is truly The Age of the Motherfucker. The ecocide of the Anthropocene is the responsibility of Man, the Western- and masculine-identified corporate, military, intellectual, and political class that masks itself as the exemplar of the civilized and the human. The word motherfucker was invented by the enslaved children of White slave masters to name their mothers’ rapist/owners. Man’s strategic motherfucking, from the personal to the planetary, is invasion, exploitation, spirit-breaking, extraction and toxic wasting of individuals, communities, and lands, for reasons of pleasure, plunder, and profit. Ecocide is attempted deicide of Mother Nature-Earth, reflecting Man’s goal to become the god he first made in his own image. The motivational word Motherfucker has a flip side, further revealing the Anthropocene as it signifies an outstanding, formidable, and inexorable force. Mother Nature-Earth is that “Mutha’ ”—one defying translation into heteropatriarchal classifications of gender, one capable of overwhelming Man, and not the other way around. Drawing upon Indigenous and African American scholarship; ecofeminism; ecowomanism; green activism; femme, queer, and gender non-binary philosophies; literature and arts; Afrofuturism; and popular culture, Call Your “Mutha’ ” contends that the Anthropocene is not evidence of Man’s supremacy over nature, but that Mother Nature-Earth, faced with disrespect, is going away. It is imperative now to call the “Mutha’ ” by decolonizing land, bodies, and minds, ending rapism, feeding the green, renewing sustaining patterns, and affirming devotion to Mother Nature-Earth.