Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hub-hub'

The project is for the central building of a community center used by the communities of Blacksburg and Christiansburg. The building is a space configured as a hub that uses axes to determine entering, exiting and vertical movement. The hub configuration of the building is in concentric rings around the atrium in both space and materials. As materials were brought into the building, they enhanced the strong axial configuration and emphasized the layers surrounding the central hub space of the atrium. There are two pairs of axes in the building. The entrance axes are perpendicular to the faces of the building and provide lines of sight through it. They also establish the paths of entering and exiting the building. The diagonal axes regulate the vertical movement throughout the building.
Master of Architecture

In this study, we propose a two-phase solution approach for approximating the efficient frontier of a bicriteria hub location problem. We develop an evolutionary algorithm to locate the hubs on the network as the first phase. In the second phase, we develop a bounding procedure based on dominance relations and using the determined bounds, we solve the allocation subproblem for each located hub set. The two-phase approach is tested on the Australian Post data set and it is observed that our approach approximates the entire efficient frontier well. In addition, we suggest an interactive procedure to find the solutions that are in the decision maker&rsquo
s preferred region of the solution space. In this procedure, we progressively incorporate the preferences of the decision maker and direct the search towards the preferred regions. Based on some computational experiments, it is observed that the interactive procedure converges to the preferred regions.

Al giorno d'oggi lavoriamo con quantità di dati impensabili fino a pochi anni fa. È possibile trovare i centri nevralgici di dati rappresentati sotto forma di un grafo pesato? Usando una recentissima teoria matematica che mira a slegare la persistenza dall'omologia persistente è possibile studiare i grafi pesati nel dominio della persistenza e individuarne i centri nevralgici. Tale teoria viene applicata in questo lavoro a grafi pesati estendendola con la definizione di particolari funzioni di persistenza che usiamo per analizzare tre reti. Dopo aver formalizzato l'idea intuitiva di hub in una rete definendo gli steady hub e i ranging hub, sperimentiamo la teoria descritta sulle seguenti reti: la rete dei collegamenti tra aeroporti degli Stati Uniti d'America, la rete delle relazioni tra i personaggi de Les Misérables e la rete delle lingue ufficiali dell'Unione Europea. Questi esempi che coprono campi estremamente differenti mirano a dare un'indicazione sulla generalità del metodo proposto.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-107).
This thesis introduces the Korean hub strategy and evaluates its viability. For benchmarking analysis, two best practices - the Netherlands and Singapore, are compared with Korea. Competition issues are also studied with two potential contenders - Hong Kong and China, in the Northeast Asian hub race. To mount the level of advanced countries and to cope with the explosive economic growth of China, the Korean government sets up an ambitious plan; being the most successful business hub in Northeast Asia. Its strategic scheme is divided into two categories - logistics hub and business center. For years, the Netherlands and Singapore have dominated as the regional hub with the unique role. The Netherlands focuses on the logistics in the Europe with solid regional economic cooperative system and strategic flexibility, while Singapore has had much attention to be the leading regional business hub in the Southeast Asia with strong government driven policy and the attractive national character - openness. With favorable regional economic environment and the China growth factors, in the Northeast Asian hub competition, Korea tries to grasp competitive advantage with relatively superior geographical location, technological advance and resourceful manpower. However, Hong Kong and China also have spurred their efforts to take advantage in the hub competition. With a pro-foreign environment and sound infrastructure, Hong Kong has already gained a leading position in the race. Meanwhile, China has an immense domestic demand and blazing speed of growth as strong merits to compete. To get a chance of success in the competition, Korea should overcome some critical barriers such as much entangled economic environment that might disturb regional economic cooperation, the weak level of competitive advantages in the various range of attributes that Korea possess, and currently risky political status in Korean peninsula that is caused by nuclear brinkmanship of North Korea. Unfortunately, considering overall competencies, Korea cannot offer any obvious credibility about their comprehensive capability to deal with those obstacles effectively and win the competition in the current frame of analysis. Therefore, the outlook of the Korean hub strategy is unclear and the viability of that also seems to be doubtful.
by Kiyoung Song.
S.M.

The dissertation investigates the design of a Youth Enterprise Hub on the east periphery of Mamelodi, east of the Pretoria s Central Business district. It aims to explore the potential for the restoration of social inequality within an emerging township economy in a context that has been historically deprived of any economic infrastructure. It suggests the integration of a train station, an informal community as well landfill through the proposal of an urban vision which investigates the possibility for the bridging of socio-economic exclusion through a new industrial ethos of innovation, information access, collaboration and skills development.
Mini Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2016
Architecture
MArch(Prof)
Unrestricted

Transportation systems such as mail, freight, passenger and even telecommunication systems most often employ a hub and spoke network structure since correctly designed they give a strong balance between high service quality and low costs resulting in an economically competitive operation. In addition, consumers are increasingly demanding fast and reliable transportation services, with services such as next day deliveries and fast business and pleasure trips becoming highly sought after. This makes finding an efficient design of a hub and spoke network of the utmost importance for any competing transportation company. However real life situations are complicated, dynamic and often require responses to many different fixed and random events. Therefore modeling the question of what is an optimal hub and spoke network structure and finding an optimal solution is very difficult. Due to this, many researchers and practitioners alike make several assumptions and simplifications on the behavior of such systems to allow mathematical models to be formulated and solved optimally or near optimally within a practical timeframe. Some assumptions and simplifications can however result in practically poor network design solutions being found. This thesis contributes to the research of hub and spoke networks by introducing new stochastic models and fast solution algorithms to help bridge the gap between theoretical solutions and designs that are useful in practice. Three main contributions are made in the thesis. First, in Chapter 2, a new formulation and solution algorithms are proposed to find exact solutions to a stochastic p-hub center problem. The stochastic p-hub center problem is about finding a network structure, where travel times on links are stochastic, which minimizes the longest path in the network to give fast delivery guarantees which will hold for some given probability. Second, in Chapter 3, the stochastic p-hub center problem is looked at using a new methodological approach which gives more realistic solutions to the network structures when applied to real life situations. In addition a new service model is proposed where volume of flow is also accounted for when considering the stochastic nature of travel times on links. Third, in Chapter 4, stochastic volume is considered to account for capacity constraints at hubs and, de facto, reduce the costs embedded in excessive hub volumes. Numerical experiments and results are conducted and reported for all models in all chapters which demonstrate the efficiency of the new proposed approaches.

The conventional way of transporting personnel from shore to offshore platforms is done by helicopter. For large distances of transportation this results in high costs due to the limitations in the maximum number of persons each helicopter can transport per trip and due to the high prices on helicopter fuel. In this thesis is an alternative solution to this conventional transportation proposed by the utilization of a logistical HUB. The concept is based ferries doing the transportation of personnel from shore to the HUB and helicopters doing the remaining, relatively short, transfer from the HUB to the respective platforms. The HUB evaluated is based on the characteristic Sevan 650 design, having a cylindrical shape with diameter D=78m in the waterline.The models that have been analyzed in this thesis were modeled in GeniE, the hydrodynamic analyses were done in Wadam and the post processing was performed using Postresp.Models of a platform with a single tunnel cut out with varying tunnel length L have been evaluated, and the motions of these models as well as the surface elevation inside the tunnel were studied in detail. It was recorded a two peaked response in heave for the models with tunnel lengths ranging from 30m<L<40m. This unexpected behavior was found to be due to diverging values for the added mass in heave for increasing tunnel lengths for models with intact tunnel bottoms. This was adjusted for by removing the bottom of the tunnel to add damping to the system, resulting in the usual one peaked response in heave being retrieved. The reason the two peaked response in heave occurred was concluded to be due to Wadam neglecting viscous effects including the viscous damping. This leads to the system having little or no damping and the added mass to diverge towards negative infinity giving unphysical motion representations.Since critical situations for the platform-ferry interaction will occur during loading and unloading of personnel from the ferry to the platform and during entry of a ferry into a tunnel, the wave pattern inside and on the immediate outside of this tunnel have been studied and evaluated. A total of 4 different designs for the layout of the tunnels have been proposed and evaluated to find the design that results in the least surface elevation inside the tunnel and at the tunnel entrance. A window of acceptance for the incoming wave headings were established with the intention of minimizing the surface elevation. The designs were also evaluated regarding their ability to resist large motion for a variety of incoming wave periods. It was concluded that a three tunnel solution with the tunnels being shifted 120 degrees relative each other would result in the smallest platform motions for wave periods smaller than 18s. A design consisting of 4 tunnels, where three of the tunnels are shifted 30 degrees relative each other and the last tunnel being located opposite of these three would result in the smallest surface elevations. An operability study was done for all 4 designs proposed based on the elevations inside and at the tunnel entrance. It was found that the 4 tunnel design described above would result in the largest operability for the platform. It was also found that this 4 tunnel solution would be unstable in roll due to an unsatisfactory low transverse metacentric height. This low metacentric height could be adjusted for by installing a vertical wall in the waterline in the transverse direction of the tunnels orientation.

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Middle East, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010.
Thesis Advisor(s): Looney, Robert; Second Reader: McNab, Robert. "June 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 14, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Turkey, Energy, Energy Hub, Energy Policy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-110). Also available in print.

Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 27).
The current designs of wind turbine hubs contain many faults. The slew ring bearing that connects the blade to the hub takes on a large bending moment that in many cases causes the joints to fail and the blade to break off. The design of the hub is very large, heavy, and expensive to machine. The objective of this research is to reappraise the existing design of wind turbine hub and to suggest an alternative design, which does not have the design faults that are currently found. Drawings and sketches are presented along with all necessary calculations for the current and new wind turbine hub. The proposed redesign of the hub will have a bearing pack that will distribute the load of the blade and a new hub which is lighter, less complex, and simple to machine. This new design will be much safer than the current design and will produce more reliable wind turbines.
by Bridget I. Hunter-Jones.
S.B.

Ce travail de doctorat a été mené dans le cadre du concept Human Intranet (HI), qui propose une infrastructure déployée sur le corps humain, permettant à différents types de nœuds de communiquer. La réalisation d'une telle plate-forme est complexe, notamment en termes de transmission du signal (ondes atténuées par le corps humain), de mouvements corporels, de débit maximum suffisant, d'architecture réseau fiable et de mécanisme de communication flexible, maximisant l'efficacité globale. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, une combinaison d'un mode de communication sans fil, compatible avec le corps humain et une stratégie de mise en réseau dédiée sont nécessaires. Ce manuscrit de thèse, propose d’utiliser une technique de communication utilisant le corps humain comme moyen de propagation. Le choix a mené à une caractérisation détaillée du canal, confirmée par les résultats expérimentaux. Il s’en est suivi une analyse de l'architecture du réseau, menant à une topologie hybride, en étoiles maillées. Finalement une synchronisation, basée sur les pulsations cardiaques et un protocole MAC, ont été proposés, bénéficiant du déploiement du réseau sur le corps.Plusieurs options de communication ont été étudiées et leur efficacité, dans le cadre de Human Intranet, analysée. Nous avons étudié certaines communications RF, ainsi que celles couplées au corps humain (BCC). Parmi les mécanismes de propagation BCC possibles, le couplage capacitif (C-BCC) était l'option la plus prometteuse, compte tenu des exigences de Human Intranet. Utiliser le corps humain comme moyen de communication offre de nombreuses caractéristiques intéressantes : sécurité, sûreté et efficacité énergétique. Cependant, le mécanisme de propagation et l'atténuation attendue n'étaient pas établis. Une caractérisation du canal a été menée, avec une étude théorique, des simulations électromagnétiques et des mesures sur le corps. Finalement, un prototype, alimenté sur batterie, a été mis en œuvre, confirmant les résultats de la caractérisation. Enfin, une fréquence de fonctionnement de 450 MHz a été choisie, pour son mécanisme dominant de propagation des ondes de surface, offrant un compromis entre l'atténuation, la sensibilité de l'environnement et la largeur de bande.Une architecture de réseau hybride en étoiles maillées, sur deux niveaux, a été proposée. Les types de nœuds composant le réseau, feuilles (couche inférieure) ou hubs (nœuds principaux), sont basés sur leurs capacités de calcul, leur statut dans le réseau, l'accès à l'énergie et la quantité de données générées. Alors que les hubs sont connectés de façon maillée (ou partiellement maillée), assurant robustesse et fiabilité, les feuilles sont liées à un hub unique, en tant que topologie locale en étoiles, ce qui réduit la complexité et améliore leur consommation d'énergie. Un schéma de communication « à perforation », permettant aux nœuds à faible trafic d'interrompre les échanges principaux de données en cours au sein du réseau proposé, a été envisagé.Un protocole MAC, associant un schéma de synchronisation basé sur le rythme cardiaque, avec le mécanisme de perforation, a été imaginé et permet la synchronisation des nœuds, en détectant le signal biologique, pour établir une structure à base de superframe. Son principe a été détaillé et son architecture matérielle, au niveau du système, a été présentée. Des modèles mathématiques, basés sur des équations ont été établis, y compris les éléments constitutifs des non-idéalités. Des simulations, au niveau du système, ont été effectuées et les résultats ont été comparés à une architecture radio-cyclique commune, selon trois paramètres majeurs : la latence, la disponibilité des canaux et la consommation d'énergie du système. Une amélioration de la consommation d'énergie jusqu'à 47% et un contrôle strict de la latence, ont été démontrés, sans frais sur la disponibilité des canaux
This Ph.D. research work has bee conducted within the framework of the Human Intranet (HI) concept, which creates a human-dedicated infrastructure allowing a wide span of IoT nodes and wearable peripherals to communicate. The realization of such a platform is challenging in terms of signal transmission due to body shadowing and body dynamics, achievable communication throughput for demanding applications, network architecture for reliability, and a flexible communication scheme maximizing the global efficiency. To fulfill these objectives, a combination of a human-compatible wireless communication modality with an associated networking strategy is required. This thesis manuscript proposes a Body-Coupled Communication scheme. The choice is motivated by a detailed channel characterization confirmed by experimental results. It is followed by a network architecture analysis leading to a custom mesh-of-star hybrid topology. Ultimately, a heartbeat-based synchronization and MAC protocol have been proposed, benefiting from the on-body network deployment.Multiple communication options have been studied and their efficiency toward the HI project analyzed. We covered some RF possibilities as well as Body Couple Communication (BCC). Following the State-of-the-Art analysis, among all possible BCC propagation mechanisms, Capacitive coupling (C-BCC) was the most promising option given the HI requirements, the compatibility with existing solutions, and the room for improvement. Using the human body as a communication medium offers numerous interesting characteristics: security, safety, and energy efficiency. However, the propagation mechanism and the expected attenuation were unclear. A channel characterization has been conducted from theory through FEM simulations to on-body and on-phantom measurements. Ultimately a battery-powered prototype (with off-the-shelve components) has been implemented, confirming the initial characterization results. Finally, a frequency of operation of 450 MHz, was chosen for its dominant surface-wave propagation mechanism, offering a trade-off between attenuation, environment sensitivity, and bandwidth. Additionally, lower attenuation per unit of distance than other existing RF solutions has been demonstrated to the cost of higher insertion losses.A two-layer mesh-of-stars hybrid network architecture has been proposed. The types of nodes composing the network, leaves (lower layer) or hubs (main nodes), are based on their computing capabilities, status in the network, access to energy, and the amount of data generated. While the hubs are connected in a mesh (or partial mesh) ensuring robustness and reliability, the leaves are linked to a unique hub as a local star topology, lowering the complexity and improving their power consumption. A puncturing communication scheme, allowing low traffic nodes to interrupt the main on-going data exchange within the proposed network has been envisioned. This approach combines the non-applicable existing communication standards' concepts with the characterized single-channel and Body Coupled Communication mechanism.A MAC layer, pairing a heartbeat-based synchronization scheme with the puncturing mechanism has been imagined. It enables the node synchronization by sensing the bio-signal of interest to define a superframe-based structure. Its principle has been detailed and its system-level hardware architecture introduced. Equation-based mathematical models have been established, including the building blocks non-idealities. System-level simulations have been performed, and the results compared with a common duty-cycled radio architecture according to three major metrics: latency, channel availability, and system power consumption. Improvement in power consumption up to 47% and tight latency control have been demonstrated at no cost on the channel availability

MBA Professional Report
Globalization has urged many big corporations to operate in foreign countries in order to access world markets and produce at lower costs. Many countries and cities compete with each other for becoming business hubs in their regions in order to benefit from huge FDI inflows. In this study we used the Value Net analysis to uncover Istanbul's position by the means of attracting foreign investors, and the SWOT (Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats) analysis to examine Istanbul's capabilities, advantages, weaknesses, threats and opportunities on its way to become a regional business hub. We found that Istanbul has a great potential and many advantages to become a regional business hub for MNCs that want access to huge markets in Europe, Caucasia and the Middle East as well as the emerging market in Turkey itself. However, Istanbul also possesses several weaknesses and faces some threats causing the inward FDI flows remain at much lower than the desired levels. Political and economic stability is the biggest obstacle facing Turkey (and Istanbul) in terms of attracting foreign investors. We recommend that the governments should avoid populist policies and focus more on structural and economic reforms.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering, 1985.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING.
Bibliography: p. 186-188.
by Mo-Hwa Wang.
Ph.D.

Neuartige Materialien spielen eine entscheidende Rolle in Innovationsprozessen und sind die Voraussetzung für eine Vielzahl neuer Produkte. Der Standort Dresden stellt mit der Exzellenz-Universität TU Dresden und einer Vielzahl an außeruniversitären Einrichtungen ein bedeutendes europäisches Zentrum auf dem Gebiet der Materialforschung dar. Das breite wissenschaftliche und technologische Spektrum sowie die enorme Forschungsdichte in Kombination mit einer hohen fachlichen Vernetzung führen einerseits zu Synergieeffekten unter den Wissenschaftlern und verschaffen andererseits der Wirtschaft einen enormen Standortvorteil. Sollen diese Vorteile voll ausgenutzt werden, bedarf es eines vereinheitlichten, intuitiven Informationszugangs. Aktuell werden Materialdaten jedoch typischerweise auf einer Vielzahl separierter, teilweise eingeschränkt zugänglicher Datenbestände gehalten und sind nach heterogenen Schemas und in variierendem Detailgrad beschrieben. Zwar existieren bereits Rechercheportale, diese sind jedoch domänenspezifisch, kostenpflichtig oder bieten nur auf spezielle Zielgruppen zugeschnittene Bedienoberflächen, die für andere Nutzer kaum bedienbar sind. Verteilte Recherchen über mehrere Datenquellen und Portale sind zeitaufwändig und mühsam. Abhilfe soll die hier vorgestellte integrierte Material-Recherche-Plattform Material Hub schaffen. Sie muss den Anforderungen von Herstellern und Zulieferern, deren Daten sie enthält ebenso entsprechen wie den Anforderungen der Anwender aus Forschung, Industrie und Handwerk. Diese den Wissenschaftsraum Dresden integrierende Plattform soll weitere erstklassige Forschungs- und Innovationsleistungen stimulieren, Kooperationen begünstigen und die Vermarktung innovativer Ideen und Lösungen wesentlich erleichtern. Außerdem soll Material Hub die Sichtbarkeit und Reichweite der Dresdner Materialforschung erhöhen und so die bereits vorhandene Leistungsfähigkeit signifikant stärken. Gegenstand dieses Artikels ist das technische Grundkonzept des Material Hub. Ein wesentlicher Aspekt besteht dabei in der Zusammenführung verschiedener Datenquellen in einem zentralen Rechercheportal. Integriert werden Forschungsdaten, Herstellerinformationen und Anwendungsbeispiele, die sowohl hinsichtlich Domäne als auch hinsichtlich Detailgrad und 1 gefördert aus Mitteln der Europäischen Union und des Europäischen Fonds für regionale Entwicklung zugrundeliegendem Schema heterogen sind. Dazu wird in Abstimmung mit Werkstoffwissenschaftlern ein Schema zur Materialbeschreibung sowie eine semantische Wissensbasis konzipiert, die z. B. Synonyme und inhaltliche Zusammenhänge modelliert. Basierend darauf werden die Datenbestände indexiert und für die Recherche zugänglich gemacht. Die Benutzeroberfläche unterstützt mehrere Suchmasken, von der klassischen Stichwortsuche über die facettierte Suche bis hin zu stärker geführten Ansätzen, um zielgruppenspezifischen Anwendungsfällen durch geeignete UI-Konzepte gerecht zu werden. Neben konzeptionellen Ansätzen behandelt dieser Artikel erste Implementierungs- und Evaluationsergebnisse.

The main goal of this thesis was to analyse the amount of beta glucans in selected mushroom species. The overall characterization of the composition and content of bioactive compounds in mushrooms was studied too. The theoretical part was focused on description of Fungi, especially the Basidiomycota phyla. The overview of fungal morphology and chemical composition was elaborated. Further, theoretical basis of analytical methods used was introduced. In the experimental part, extracts from selected species of mushrooms (shiitake, oyster mushroom, white champignon, brown champignon and jew’s ear) were prepared. Overall group parameters such as polyphenols, flavonoids, antioxidant activity were determined by spectrophotometry. The amount of beta-glucans in the fungi was measured after enzyme hydrolysis using commercial kit. The content and composition of fatty acids was measured by gas spectrometry. Using emission spectrometry (ICP/OES) the presence of heavy metals was analysed in fungal extracts. Cytotoxicity was tested by MTT test on human cell lines. In the last part the antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacterium Micrococcus luteus, Gram-negative Serratia marcescens and yeast Candida labrata was tested. In the thesis, a complex characterization of composition and biological effect of some mushrooms was given.

In this thesis is handled the problem of mushroom detection and recognition in natural environment. Convolutional neural networks are used. The beginning of this thesis is dedicated to the theory of neural networks. Further is solved the problem of object detection and classification. Using neural network trained for classification is solved also the task of localization. Results of trained CNNs are analised.

Proyecto Integrador (IM)--FCEFN-UNC, 2017
Prepara un plan de mejora en el proceso del producto denominado Hub Toyota de la empresa Metalúrgica Roma, donde se detectó una gran pérdida de tiempo en el cambio de herramienta cuando se requiere el mismo, generando costos elevados a causa de la pérdida en la capacidad de producción. En los últimos meses, según el índice de productividad GAE utilizado en el proceso de fabricación, las pérdidas sobrepasan los valores objetivos de 15%, y analizando las planillas de producción, se debn principalmente a las paradas para cambio de herramienta.

Cette recherche questionne les usages des interfaces graphiques et tactiles d’un hub Apple conduisant à l’interférence de deux espaces de communication: le premier part d’un dispositif WIMP (d’un Mac, de son système d’exploitation Mac OS X et d’une application tierce) et le second d’un dispositif post-WIMP (d’un iPad, de son système iOS et d’une application intégrée au support). La question porte sur les effets de cette interférence sur les pratiques d’usage. La recherche s’appuie en parallèle et de manière complémentaire sur l’analyse écranique et tactile de ce qui est modélisé et prescrit par les médiatisateurs, et sur l’étude de la manière dont des usagers instrumentent ou non ce qui leur est proposé, en usant d’une certaine marge de liberté et créativité. L’articulation de ces deux niveaux conduit à reconsidérer la question de la médiatisation de schèmes organisateurs d’actions, et de leur régulation en termes de normes d’actions communicationnelles aux niveaux industriels, culturels, comme au niveau plus fondamental de la cognition qui en est à l’origine. La dimension communicationnelle de la recherche tient aux enseignements qu’elle tire de la manière dont, au croisement des approches ergonomiques, psychologiques et cognitives, se déploie la dimension relationnelle des échanges et interactions entre différents acteurs
AThis research calls into question the use of the graphical and the tactile interfaces of an Apple hub, in the sense that this hub leads to interference between two areas of communication. The first starts from a WIMP device (a Mac, its exploitation system Mac OS X, and a third party application). The second starts from a post-WIMP device (an iPad, its iOS system, and a built-in application). The question at issue bears on the effects of this interference on user practices. In parallel and complementary fashion, the research is based on the analysis of the model, both screen and tactile, envisioned and prescribed by the designers of the devices, as well as on an analysis of the manner in which users actually employ in instrumental fashion (or not) what is offered to them, while using a certain margin of freedom and creativity. The articulation of these two levels leads to a reconsideration of the question of how the designers initially conceived organizing patterns (specific schemas) and its regulation in terms of action norms for communication, on the industrial and cultural level, as well as on the more fundamental level of cognition from which they originate.The communicational dimension of the research is concerned with the insights which can be drawn from the manner in which, at the crossroads of ergonomic, psychological and cognitive approaches, a relational dimension develops in the exchanges and interactions of the various actors

Starka utvecklingstrender för tunga vägtransporter är elektrifiering, automation och autonomi. De stora moment- och effektbehoven vid tunga vägtransporter medför stora svårigheter vid elektrifiering av lastbilar. Och autonoma fordon medför stora säkerhets- och tillförlitlighetsutmaningar.  Det här examensarbetet i maskinkonstruktion genomfördes under vårterminen 2020 på KTH och syftar till att ta fram ett koncept för en elektrisk drivlina av typen central drive. Vi har valt att fokusera på att ta fram en uppsättning sensorer som kan möjliggöra autonoma vägtransporter, samt ta fram en modell för ett mekaniskt skydd till en av dessa sensorer.  För att avgöra vilka typer av, hur många, samt vart sensorerna ska placeras, identifieras först de tillstånd som behöver övervakas för autonomi. En kravspecifikation över vad sensorerna måste klara av upprättas, därefter utvärderas fem sensoruppsättningar mot varandra.  En modell av ett skyddshölje och en kraschbåge tas fram för att skydda uppsättningens dyraste komponent.
A big trend in the trucking industry is to move towards electrification, automation and autonomy. The massive torque and power requirements in heavy duty transportation are causing major issues when constructing an electric truck. On the other hand, with autonomus vehicles comes major safety- and reliability challenges.  This report in mechanical design was completed during the spring semester 2020 at KTH. The purpose of the report is to produce a conceptual design of a central drive powertrain to a BEV. Our focus is to decide on a sensor network that enables autonomous transports, our focus also aims to produce a model of a mechanical casing to one of the sensors.  To decide on which type, how many and where to place the sensors, the states which have to be monitored to enable autonomy first needs to be identified. A requirement specification of the sensors is decided upon, then five sensor networks are evaluated next to one another.  A model of a casing and a roll cage is developed to protect the most expensive component of the system.

The demand for natural gas has been growing much faster than the demand for other primary resources and it is expected that the European Union (EU)&
#8217
s dependency on natural gas will continue to grow. For this reason gas supply security policy has been more important lately than before on the European political agenda in securing a smooth supply of gas. According to the EU external policy directives, EU natural gas energy security can be enhanced by diversifying geographical origin as well as transit routes. Turkey in that concept was assumed as one of the important transit hub countries to reach the new sources in the Azerbaijan and Central Asia region as well as in the Middle East. However, the transportation of gas from this region to Europe through the new route via Turkey has become very complex issue in terms of technical and political point of view arising from suppliers within their export policy and from the U.S&
#8217
s bilateral sanctions. This dissertation argues that under the present circumstances especially due to the difficulties in the supplier side being a major transit gas hub country will be very difficult for Turkey combined with the increasing internal gas demand in the next decade.

Robust network design (RND) applies the concept of robustness from optimization with uncertainty to the area of network design. Primary motivations stem from applications in telecommunication networks. The main presupposition is that demands across the networks are variable or unpredictable. They originate from a predefined demand set, called a demand universe. Moreover, practical impediments of network design enforce the routing of the demands to be oblivious, or fixed in advance, and to not depend on a particular instantiation from the demand universe. Additional restrictions, referred to as a routing model, are often enforced on the routing's structure. Shortest paths (SP) and hub (HUB) routing models have received particular attention, both on the theoretical and practical level. In this work, we introduce a new routing model, called the hierarchical hub routing model (HH), as a generalization to HUB. We study the theoretical properties of RND restricted to HH (RNDHH). Namely, we show its APX-hardness and provide a O(log n)-approximation algorithm. We then show how RNDHH is tractable when the problem is constrained to a particular demand universe based on demands routable on a tree. We also compare the costs of optimal solutions to RND using HH and other important oblivious routing models. Finally, we leverage HH in a practical study of a new demand universe called the capped hose model, which is a blend of the hose and the pipe model, two widely used demand universes. We use the capped hose model to shed light on which demand universes favour more a SP-like as opposed to a HH-like routing. To do so, we develop a heuristic algorithm for RNDHH, and benchmark our approach against SP using representative carrier networks and a variety of capped hose demands, parametrized by their similitude to a hose or pipe model. This study reveals conditions under which multi-hub routings, that is HH, gives improvements over single-hub and shortest path routings.
Le design de réseaux robustes (RND) est celui qui applique le concept de robustesse, issu de l'optimisation avec incertitude, au domaine de la conception de réseaux. Les principales motivations derrière cette application découlent de demandes provenant des réseaux de télécommunication. La prémisse principale est que les demandes à travers les réseaux sont variables ou imprévisibles. Toutefois, nous savons que ces demandes proviennent d'un ensemble prédéfini appelé univers de demandes. De plus, des contraintes pratiques du design de réseaux requiert que le routage des demandes soit inconscient, ou fixé d'avance, et qu'il ne dépende pas d'une instanciation particulière de l'univers de demandes. Des contraintes additionnelles, connues sous le nom de modèle de routage, s'appliquent souvent à la structure du routage. Les routages par chemins les plus courts (SP) et par moyeu unique (HUB) ont reçu une attention importante, tant au niveau théorique que pratique. Dans cette thèse, nous introduisons un nouveau modèle de routage appelé routage hiérarchique par moyeux (HH), qui est une généralisation de HUB. Nous étudions les propriétés théoriques de RND restreint à HH (RNDHH). Plus particulièrement, nous démontrons son caractère APX-difficile et fournissons un algorithme O(log n)-approché. Par la suite, nous montrons comment RNDHH devient facilement soluble lorsque restreint à un univers de demandes particulier, basé sur des demandes qui peuvent être routées sur un arbre donné. Nous comparons également le coût des solutions optimales lorsque RND utilise HH ainsi que d'autres modèles de routage inconscients importants. Finalement, nous exploitons HH dans une étude pratique sur un nouvel univers de demandes, appelé modèle par tuyaux restreints, qui est un mélange de deux univers de demandes largement utilisés soit le modèle par tuyaux et le modèle par conduits. Nous utilisons le modèle par tuyaux restreints pour caractériser quel univers de demandes favorise un routage similaire à SP contrairement à un routage HH. Pour ce faire, nous développons un algorithme heuristique pour RNDHH et évaluons notre approche par rapport à SP à l'aide de réseaux d'opérateur ainsi que plusieurs types de demandes du modèle par tuyaux restreints, ceux-ci ayant été paramétrés par leur similitude à un modèle par tuyaux ou un modèle par conduits. Cette étude révèle les conditions à travers lesquelles le routage par multiples moyeux, c'est-à-dire HH, surpasse celui par HUB et SP.

The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on September 16, 2009). Thesis advisor: Dr. Wooseung Jang. Includes bibliographical references.

Improvements in stage isentropic efficiency and reductions in stage total pressure loss are sought in a 1.5 stage axial turbine. This is representative of power generation equipment used in thermal power cycles, in a cryogenic plants, and in aeroderivative engines. The performance of cryogenic installations and of power plants can be enhanced by using turbines with a higher isentropic efficiency, by reducing the secondary flow losses. Secondary flow loss reduction is achieved by designing a non-axisymmetric end-wall for the turbine inlet stator hub. The approach is to use a novel guide groove to direct the pressure side branch of the horseshoe vortex away from the blade suction side, using a novel parametric end-wall hub surface definition. This delays the onset of the passage vortex and reduces its associated loss. The performance of the novel hub profile is compared with that from contouring the hub using representative industry best practice. For this, a three-dimensional steady RANS model with an axisymmetric hub is first validated against reference experimental measurements from RWTH Aachen. A Kriging surrogate model from the Alstom Process and Optimisation Workbench (APOW) is used to optimise the hub surface. Comparative CFD predictions with an optimised non-axisymmetric hub show a decrease in the stage total pressure loss coefficient and an increase in the stage isentropic efficiency at design and off-design. The potential benefits to a representative Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) cryogenic cycle is assessed by thermodynamic cycle analysis. A 1.60 % increase in the axial turbine stage isentropic efficiency is predicted by using a hub contoured by the optimised guide groove compared to a 0.19 % increase by using the industry best practice. The higher turbine stage isentropic efficiency is predicted to enhance the performance of the LNG cryogenic plant by a 3.15 % rise in the Coefficient Of Performance.

Le problème de localisation de hubs et tournées combinées (Hub Location-Routing Problem, HLRP), concerne la conception d’un réseau de transport performant entre de nombreuses origines (fournisseurs) et destinations (clients). Ce système est basé sur la localisation de plates formes (hubs) permettant de concentrer les flux et l’organisation de tournées pour la collecte des marchandises des fournisseurs et la distribution vers les clients. Nous étudions le cas spécifique du HLRP à capacités et allocations uniques (CSAHLRP) et de processus de tournées de collecte et distribution séparés. Nous proposons un modèle de programmation linéaire mixte (MILP) et un Algorithme Mémétique (MA) pour ce problème en vue de la minimisation du coût total du réseau de transport. De plus, nous étendons le modèle MILP pour le cas bi-objectif afin de minimiser à la fois le coût total et les émissions de CO2 du transport. Notre algorithme Mémétique (MA) et adapté et combiné à un algorithme génétique de tri non-dominé élitiste rapide (NSGAII) afin de déterminer des approximations du front de Pareto. Enfin, nous proposons une procédure en deux phases pour résoudre le HLRP mono objectif, comportant la résolution du problème de localisation des hubs (HLP) suivi pour chaque hub de la résolution de deux problèmes de tournées relatifs à la collecte et la livraison. Notre modèle MILP mono objectif est décomposé et notre MA est adapté pour résoudre le problème suivant ces deux étapes. Un ensemble d’instances de différents tailles et caractéristiques a été développée afin de conduire des expérimentations et de valider nos approches de résolution de ces différents problèmes
We study the Hub Location-Routing Problem (HLRP) aiming at the design of an efficient freight transportation network for LTL (less-than-truck) transport between many origins (suppliers) and destinations (clients). Such a network relies on the location of consolidation hubs, the organization of routings for the collection/distribution of freight from suppliers to hubs and from hubs to clients, as well as direct shipment of consolidated freight between hubs. We focus on the Capacitated Single Allocation Hub Location-Routing Problem (CSAHLRP) in the case of distinct collection and delivery processes. We propose mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model and a Memetic Algorithm (MA) to solve the problem for minimizing the total cost of the network. Then we extend the model into a bi-objective model for minimizing both the total cost and CO2 emissions of transport. A modified memetic algorithm (MA) combined with a fast elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGAII) is developed to capture the trade-off between minimizing total cost and CO2 emissions and exhibit approximations of the Pareto front. At last, a two step procedure is proposed to solve the single-objective HLRP based on a hub location problem (HLP) and two distinct vehicle routing problems for suppliers and clients allocated to each hub by the first step. Our single objective MILP model is decomposed accordingly and our MA is adapted to solve the HLRP following these two steps. A data base of instances of different sizes and characteristics has been developed in order to conduct extensive experiments for solving all these problems using the different solution techniques and validate our approaches

Thesis: S.M. in Management Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 44-46).
Natural gas demand is expected to grow rapidly in China in the coming decade with the policy target of increasing the natural gas contribution to the energy supply from less than 6% in 2014 to 10% in 2020. Ensuing the 2013 national pricing reform, China started to launch more fundamental market reform in the natural gas industry and proposed to set up a gas hub in Shanghai. At the same time, there are also heated discussions for Asia to set up a benchmark gas hub with the growing needs for gas-to-gas pricing. This study discusses how China can successfully develop the Shanghai benchmark hub with deep analysis of both the unique features of the China's gas market and the development of the successful hubs in the US and Europe. By identifying the critical physical and market conditions of a successful hub such as sufficient infrastructures, the open access to the network and a more competitive market structure, the study summarizes the key takeaways of the international experiences that are most relevant to China's current situation. Then the author proposes the detailed pathway for the development of the Shanghai gas hub. The preliminary proposal argues that the reform should first start from LNG by distributing the costs of the large take-or-pay contracts which were signed at high prices. Then more substantial reform should be implemented with setting up an Independent System Operator (ISO) in charge of the operation and the investment of pipelines, LNG terminals and other infrastructures, yet still leaving the ownership of the assets to the three big oil companies. Such unbundling should start from the national level with the conditions that big consumers should be permitted direct connection to the trunk pipelines. Additionally, a new mechanism incentivized the ISO to efficiently expand and connect the network should be designed.
by Zhao Zhu.
S.M. in Management Studies

Keywords. Hub-to-hub network, bid-price control, certainty equivalent control, combinatorial optimization, structures, primal-dual, revenue management, airline network, monotone thresholds, supermodularity/submodularity, L♮ concavity, Lagrange dual.
The subject of this study is the revenue management problem in hub-to-hub airline networks. The network consists of two hubs and a connecting flight between them with spoke cities expanding outwards. The airline produces various itineraries within the network, and its flights compete with each other for limited flight capacities during a fixed booking period. Although stochastic dynamic network revenue management has been theoretically established, in reality its implementation is still heavily dependent on linear programming-based heuristics. Simpson (1989) and Williamson (1992) proposed bid price control, which is now widely adopted by major airlines. Bertsimas and de Boer (2003) proposed certainty equivalent control, which has been little studied by RM researchers. In this thesis, bid price control is first explained, and then the structural properties of the hub-to-hub network are investigated. Using the Lagrange dual-function and the primal-dual relationship, it is shown that the threshold values used in bid price control have some monotone properties in the network's capacity states. The certainty equivalent control is then applied to the hub-to-hub network. By linking the network revenue management problem with a maximum-weight circulation problem in network flow, the optimal value function is shown to be supermodular in certain capacity dimensions, and submodular in other dimensions. This leads to the monotonicity of CEC thresholds on some short-haul itineraries. The notion of L ♮ concavity developed by Murota and Shioura (2005) is applied to this work, and it is shown that even the CEC thresholds on some two-leg or three-leg long-haul itineraries are monotonically increasing or decreasing in certain legs' capacities. It is hoped that the new structural properties found in this thesis can lead to a reduction of the computational work in the implementation of both the bid price control and the certainty equivalent control in the hub-to-hub airline network.
He, Hongzhi.
Adviser: Zhang Shuzhong.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: B, page: .
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-118).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract also in Chinese.

Thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Architecture (Professional) to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Architecture and Planning, at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2017
This research report is to investigate the physical realm of online content creation as well as the effects content creation and social media has in a South African context. The objective of this research report is to identify the areas in which Architecture can better support the new generation of online content developers. With the fast paced development of the Internet and digital technology, Architecture needs to form new ideologies, typologies and tectonics in order to stay relevant. A space that’s is the pivoting point between two worlds: online and offline. The result of this study is to create a new typology to fit within the Internet industry within South Africa and to be able to leapfrog the country and it’s specific design site in Braamfontein, Johannesburg, into the Internet territory. A space is needed that will be the intersection of the physical and the online world, a space that becomes a connection node with a presence in both worlds. The Content Creator Hub, which is an architectural space that not only facilitates the creation of online content but also the sharing of skills, collaborative efforts, exposure to business practises, business people and business opportunities, access to tools and equipment as well as access to a conducive space. The formation of an actual place where a new form of creative artists exist and are able to create, learn, share, connect, collaborate and help innovate. Furthermore, there is an opportunity to take the philosophical ideas and approaches of The Content Creator Hub to implement them into an urban scheme and in a Southern African context. Architecture plays an important role not only by generating content but also by accelerating the action.
MT2017

Thesis (M.Urban Design)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2016.
The role of urban form in facilitating local entrepreneurial driven equitable economic development in a disparate university town in South Africa.The point of departure of this research report is the persistent economic disparity and inequality in South Africa. Twenty two years after the advent of democracy, much of the population continues to live in poverty with a limited ability to improve their lives, as the gap between rich and poor grows larger. [No abstract provided. Information taken from introduction].
GR2017

This dissertation explores the potential to reorganize currently fragmented urban islands into a quality, unified civic space by means of a much needed mass transit inter-modal facility within the Menlyn precinct. It is proposed that the mass transport node be positioned above the Lois Avenue road level, in between existing retail nodes. The transport interchange shall therefore provide an elegant solution whereby Lois Avenue may be crossed, thereby allowing access to the retail nodes located on either side, as the existing sidewalks are not adequately designed for the multitude of commuters utilizing this area. In theory, this dissertation explores the possibility of Menlyn Park Shopping centre and Menlyn Piazza being an infrastructure component of urbanism with the ability, as in architecture, to form a human experience within the urban environment. This dissertation can furthermore contribute to the activity needed to make a transport interchange successful. The recently completed Gautrain and Johannesburg Bus Rapid Transport projects were investigated whereby it was identified that public transport is currently focused on getting commuters from one destination to the next as quickly as possible, while neglecting to attend to the manner in which the commuter arrives and experiences the transport node. The Transport Interchange shall also attempt to reduce the existing traffic congestion in the area which is predicted to deteriorate within the next 10 to 15 years. In conclusion, the aim of the transport interchange is to become a catalyst for increasing commuter density, while allowing improved access to, and providing more retail opportunities for, the Menlyn node as a whole.
Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014
Architecture
MArch(Prof)
Unrestricted

Hub location problems deal with the location of a set of hub facilities and the design of the network so as to provide the most cost-effective way to route a set of commodities through the network. In this thesis we present the Modular Hub Location Problem (MHLP). The MHLP differs from classical hub location problems in the way the economies of scale are modeled. The MHLP considers a step-wise cost function to model the flow dependency of transportation costs at the links of the network. We propose four variants of the MHLP: single allocation and multiple allocation versions with the assumption of having direct connections or not for each case. Computational experiments are performed on benchmark instances in order to evaluate the efficiency and limitations of the considered models.

Anaerobic fungi inhabiting the digestive tract of large herbivores secrete a variety of hydrolytic enzymes, including cellulases, xylanases, mannases, esterases, glucosidases, and glucanases, which effectively hydrolyze plant biomass consisting mainly of cellulose and hemicellulose, the most abundant polysaccharides in the biosphere. The immense progress has been achieved in investigation of Neocallimastix, Piromyces, however other genera are less studied. This work therefore concentrated the effort to analyze the hydrolytic system of genera Anaeromyces, Orpinomyces, Caecomyces and fungus KF9 described as new type of fungus belonging to the genus Piromyces. The studied anaerobic fungi grown in batch culture on M10 medium with rumen fluid and microcrystalline cellulose as carbon source produced a broad range of enzymes requisite for degradation of plant structural and storage carbohydrates including cellulase, endoglucanase, xylanase, α-xylosidase, β-xylosidase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, mannosidase, cellobiohydrolase, amylase, laminarinase, pectinase and pectate lyase. These enzymes were detected in both the intra- and extra-cellular fractions, but production into the medium was prevalent with exception for intracellular β-xylosidase, chitinases, N-acetylglucosaminidase, and...

This thesis explores city making, specifically good public space. The City of Tshwane is envisaged “to become the leading international African capital city of excellence…” (TICDRS; 2005: 5). Public transport is identified as being one of the interventions for achieving this vision. The Tshwane Spatial Development Strategy 2010 and beyond state that “the ability to travel from one place to another is a basic requirement of a successful metropolitan area.” The inner city core and the Marabastad precinct represent the heart of the Inner City and its Capital City significance. The main feature defining Marabastad’s character today are the public transport systems contributing to the area as being an intermodal transport node (IUDFM; 2002: 253). This thesis develops a multi-nodal transport interchange hub in Marabastad at the Belle Ombre train station. The program of the building is made up of three parts: Firstly the building defines a new public square in front of the Belle Ombre train station that is also the termination point for the green strip running through Marabastad, as planned in the Integrated Urban Design Framework for Marabastad. This square also provides a spill-out point for all the commutors of the various transport facilties surrounding the square. Secondly to provide formal facilities for the proposed new Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and inner city distribution bus system, and thirdly to provide a connection for these new transit systems to the Belle Ombre train station. The building will have a mixed use character with programs such as informal market, offices and transitional housing units. “Transport interchanges have become the agora of the newly democratic state, the place of maximum commercial exchange and social interaction” (Deckler; 2006: 59). Copyright
Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Architecture
unrestricted

This Business Plan aims to study, analyse and conclude about the feasibility of HUB,S.A.'s intended strategy for the development of a hostel chain. In one side there is HUB, a brand associated to urban areas and characterized by having big units (between 125 and 200 beds) that targets not only groups of youth travellers but also the Student Housing segment. On the other side there is AKTION, a brand associated to rural areas where Active Tourism plays an important role and that functions in a franchise system basis; an idea that is still not developed in the Hostels Market.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
建築及都市設計研究所
99
Since we can get all the information from the CLOUD, the spaces in the library are no longer just for the collection of books. What else could these spaces contain instead? 　　It is so easy to get any information through the virtual World Wide Web. What attracts people to go to the library is not only the information they can get, but also the realistic interaction engendered by knowledge between people. Public libraries play a significant role in information, education, academics, culture and leisure. They can provide not only information and knowledge, but also spaces for social life. 　　By means of the layout and planning of Culture Map in the middle of Taiwan drawn up by Cultural Affairs Council of Taiwan, the various activities along the Green Corridor contribute to attract people into the library. With its rich public resources, the future library will be at the forefront of education and learning development for surrounding museums and educational institutions and redefined as a large event and information center and new century knowledge navigator.

The aim of my thesis was to monitor the natural occurrence of mycological pathogens, especially funghi of genus Fusarium in ecologically and conventionally grown systems. There was carried out small-parcelled experiments at two standpoints (Lukavec and České Budějovice) in the years 2006/2007, 2007/2008 and 2008/2009. The funghi of genus Fisarium attack the stalk, the leaves even the ear. If the ear is attacked, the production is decreased. The epidemical occurrence of this disease is supported by a large amount of cereals in the cropping pattern, nitrogen over-fertilization, thick grassland and bad agro technological proceeding, especially imperfectly nested plant remains. The genus Fisarium is very extensive in the nature. It often parasites at plants or live saprophyticly at production, post-production remains of plants in soil or at its surface. The mycelium furcates and forms cottonwoolen pinkish, red or yellowish film. Their malignity lies with the production of poisonous mycotoxins, which form as their secondary metabolites. They can cause the health problems at people and farm animals.

碩士
逢甲大學
工業工程與系統管理學研究所
98
This research deals with the uncapacitated hub location problem (UHLP). UHLP is one of the important topics in hub-and-spoke network. In hub networks, all hubs which act as switching points for internodal flows are interconnected and none of the non-hubs are directly connected (i.e., all flow must be routed through the hubs). It is assumed that the transportation costs on all inter-hub links are discounted by a factor to reflect a scale merit on the inter-hub links. Since hubs usually require additional facilities in order to service other nodes, it is more appropriate for practical situations to treat the number of hubs as a decision variable and to include the associated installation costs in the objective function. The key factors for designing a successful hub network are to determine the optimal number of hubs (if the number of hubs is not pre-determined), to locate the hubs, to allocate the non-hubs to the hubs, and to determine the path for each origin-destination pair, so that the total cost is minimized. The total cost includes (1) the collection cost incurred during the transportation from non-hubs to their allocated hubs; (2) the transfer cost incurred during the transportation between hubs; (3) the distribution cost incurred during the transportation from the allocated hubs to non-hubs; and (4) the costs for establishing hubs. This type of problems is NP-hard. It may not be possible to obtain the optimal solution in a reasonable time. In this research a hybrid heuristic, based on the simulated annealing method, tabu lists, and improvement procedures, is developed to determine the number of hubs, to properly locate the hubs, and to determine the path for each origin-destination pair. In order to test the robustness of the developed hybrid heuristics, the computational characteristics of the proposed hybrid heuristic are evaluated through extensive computational experiments using the revised CAB and AP data sets. Comparisons made with the optimal solutions and time obtained by Cplex and the solutions obtained by random descent algorithms. Computational results indicate that the presented heuristic is capable of obtaining optimal solutions for all small-scale problems and obtains better results than a random descent heuristic in solving the large-scale test problems.