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Journal articles on the topic 'Hub gear'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Wu, Yi-Chang, and Tze-Cheng Wu. "EMBODIMENT DESIGN OF NOVEL 5-SPEED REAR DRIVE HUBS FOR BICYCLES." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 39, no. 3 (September 2015): 431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2015-0032.

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This paper presents embodiment design of 5-speed rear drive hubs for bicycles. A 7-link, 2-degrees of freedom (DOF) compound planetary gear train as the main body of a rear drive hub is introduced. The relationship between the number of coaxial links of a planetary gear train and the number of gear stages that a drive hub can provide with is discussed. By means of kinematic analysis, four speed ratios of the planetary gear train are derived, which represents four forward gears of the rear drive hub. By adding a direct-drive gear, five forward gears can be provided and two feasible clutching sequence tables are synthesized. Manual translational-type gear-shifting mechanisms are further designed to incorporate with the planetary gear train for appropriately controlling the gear stage. The power-flow path at each gear stage is checked to verify the feasibility of the proposed design. Finally, two novel 5-speed bicycle rear drive hubs are presented.

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2

Wu, Yi-Chang, and Che-Wei Chang. "DEVELOPMENT OF 3-SPEED REAR HUB BICYCLE TRANSMISSIONS WITH GEAR-SHIFTING MECHANISMS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 39, no. 3 (September 2015): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2015-0030.

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Rear hub bicycle transmissions require less maintenance and are more reliable than rear derailleurs. This study proposes a systematic design process for the conceptual design of 3-speed rear hub bicycle transmissions. By analyzing the kinematics of a basic epicyclic gear mechanism using the fundamental circuit method, the gear sequence and clutching sequence arrangements for 3-speed rear hub transmissions can be obtained. The numbers of gear-teeth for all gear elements resulting in a minimum installation space and satisfying the required speed ratio at each gear stage are determined. A gear-shifting mechanism is constructed to sequentially control the power-flow path within the epicyclic gear mechanism so as to provide three forward gears. An atlas of 3-speed rear hub bicycle transmissions is listed, where three devices are new design concepts and are suitable for further embodiment design. The results of this study will lead to the creation of new multi-speed rear hub bicycle transmissions.

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3

Wu, Yi-Chang, and Chin-Tsung Chan. "A novel bicycle rear hub transmission with a magnetic gear mechanism." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 7 (July 2018): 168781401878482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018784825.

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This article proposes a new magnetic rear hub transmission for bicycles, which consists of a coaxial magnetic gear mechanism to serve as the speed-changing device and a speed control mechanism to govern the gear stage. A 3-speed magnetic hub transmission, including a low-speed gear, a direct-drive gear, and a high-speed gear, is designed and installed in the rear hub of a bicycle, which allows the rider to select different gears to adjust the pedaling force. For a new kind of rear hub transmission, kinematic analysis and power-flow path analysis are essential to validate the speed ratio and the power-flow path at each gear stage. They are also the fundamentals for the mechanical efficiency analysis. Here, a system’s kinematic equation, which is an analytical approach and analogous to the kinematics of a basic planetary gear train, for the presented coaxial magnetic gear mechanism is derived without considering the complex space harmonics of the magnetic flux density distribution presented in previous studies. Hence, the speed ratio at each gear stage of the magnetic hub transmission can be easily calculated.

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4

Wu, Yi Chang, Ming Yuan Chen, and Che Wei Chang. "Power-Flow Path Analysis of an Existing 8-Speed Bicycle Drive Hub." Applied Mechanics and Materials 764-765 (May 2015): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.764-765.334.

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This paper presents kinematic analysis and power-flow analysis of an existing 8-speed bicycle drive hub by using the fundamental circuit method. First, a planetary gear mechanism, which consists of three basic planetary gear trains connected in series, and its clutching sequence table are introduced. Based on the fundamental circuits, six kinematic equations of the drive hub are derived. Then, the power-flow diagrams at related gears are illustrated based on the clutching sequence table, and the power-flow paths of the bicycle drive hub can be identified. The results of this study are beneficial to the development of multi-speed drive hubs for bicycles.

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5

Wu, Yi Chang, and Shi Liang Lin. "Conceptual Design of a 16-Speed Bicycle Drive Hub." Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54 (March 2011): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.52-54.279.

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This paper presents a design approach for the conceptual design of a novel 16-speed bicycle drive hub. First, a distributed-flow type planetary gear train, which consists of two parallel- connected transmission units and one differential unit, for the power transmission mechanism of a bicycle drive hub is proposed. Based on the kinematic analysis of the presented gear mechanism, a feasible clutching sequence is synthesized to provide 16 forward speeds. Then, the numbers of teeth of all gears are determined according to the desired velocity ratio of each speed. As a result, a schematic diagram of the embodiment of the proposed 16-speed drive hub is presented.

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6

Hsieh, Long Chang, and Hsiu Chen Tang. "The Kinematics of Eight-Speed Planetary Gear Hubs for Bicycles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 232 (November 2012): 955–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.232.955.

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Recently, bicycles are used as exercising machines and traffic vehicles. Planetary gear trains can be used as the transmission systems with multi-speed for bicycles. The purpose of this work is to propose a design methodology for the design of eight-speed internal gear hubs with planetary gear trains for bicycles. First, we propose a design concept for the design of eight-speed planetary gear hub. Then, based on this design concept and train value equation of planetary gear train, the kinematic design of eight-speed planetary gear hub is accomplished. One eight-speed planetary gear hub is synthesized to illustrate the design methodology. Based on the proposed design methodology, many eight-speed internal gear hubs with planetary gear trains can be synthesized.

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7

Guilbault, Raynald. "Tooth Influence on Flexural and Torsional Flexibility, and Model Tooth Number Prediction for Optimum Dynamic Simulation of Wide-Faced Spur Gears." Journal of Mechanical Design 128, no. 3 (August 4, 2005): 626–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2180808.

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Refined dynamic analyses of gear pairs, including precise tooth contact description, often lead to unreasonable simulation requirements. Therefore, numerous models employ simplifications, such as two-dimensional deflection of the engaged gear set, which is inappropriate for wide-faced wheels. Other models propose three-dimensional (3D) representation of one tooth on a complete hub. This approach introduces the torsional and flexural deflection of the gear body, but underestimates the corresponding stiffness. Since forthcoming improvements of gear analysis should offer efficient 3D dynamic simulation of wide-faced gear sets, this paper primarily quantifies the flexibility error levels implied with 3D one tooth full hub spur gear models. Subsequently, a procedure is developed to determine the number of teeth required for a 3D model so that it will include the torsional and flexural flexibility of the spur gear body, within acceptable error levels. This procedure offers an efficient approach to optimize the (precision)/(simulation time) ratio. The method deals with gears of any diametral pitch, and covers the common face width and tooth number ranges.

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8

Wu, Yi-Chang, and Li-An Chen. "A GEAR-SHIFTING MECHANISM WITH A ROTARY CONFIGURATION FOR APPLICATIONS IN A 16-SPEED BICYCLE TRANSMISSION HUB." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 40, no. 4 (November 2016): 597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2016-0047.

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A multi-speed bicycle transmission hub includes a geared speed-changing mechanism for providing different speed ratios and a gear-shifting mechanism for controlling the gear stage. This paper focuses on the embodiment design of a mechanical gear-shifting mechanism with a rotary configuration used in a 16-speed transmission hub for bicycles. A 16-link, five-degrees of freedom (DOF) split-power epicyclic gear mechanism, which consists of a gear differential and four sets of parallel-connected basic planetary gear trains, is introduced. Based on the clutching sequence table, a systematic design process is developed to come up with the embodiment design of the gear-shifting mechanism. A feasible and compact 16-speed rear transmission hub for bicycles is presented.

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9

Baek, Seung Yub, Jung Shik Kong, and Hyung Seop Kim. "FEM Simulation of Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) with Built in Gear Hub Type for Bicycles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54 (March 2011): 1836–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.52-54.1836.

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The two kinds of bicycles of the power transmission types are derailleur type and built in gear hub type. Derailleur type is a simple structure but it is vulnerable to external contamination and impact. And it is impossible to shift from the quiescent state. Built in gear hub type is very strong about the external contamination and impact because working part did not expose to the outside. In this paper, a new design of a continuously variable transmission with built in gear hub type for bicycles was developed and simulated. Stress and displacement analysis in built in gear hub by using finite element method were performed in order to develop improved structure of CVT.

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10

Wu, Yi-Chang, and Zi-Heng Sun. "Design and Analysis of a Novel Speed-Changing Wheel Hub with an Integrated Electric Motor for Electric Bicycles." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/369504.

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The aim of this paper is to present an innovative electromechanical device which integrates a brushless DC (BLDC) hub motor with a speed-changing wheel hub stored on the rear wheel of an electric bicycle. It combines a power source and a speed-changing mechanism to simultaneously provide functions of power generation and transmission for electric bicycles. As part of the proposed integrated device, the wheel hub consists of a basic planetary gear train providing three forward speeds including a low-speed gear, a direct drive, and a high-speed gear. Each gear is manually controlled by the shift control sleeve to selectively engage or disengage four pawl-and-ratchet clutches based on its clutching sequence table. The number of gear teeth of each gear element of the wheel hub is synthesized. The BLDC hub motor is an exterior-rotor-type permanent-magnet synchronous motor. Two-dimensional finite-element analysis (FEA) software is employed to facilitate the motor design and performance analysis. An analysis of the power transmission path at each gear is provided to verify the validity of the proposed design. The results of this work are beneficial to the embodiment, design, and development of novel electromechanical devices for the power and transmission systems of electric bicycles.

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11

Wu, Yi Chang, Pei Wun Ren, and Li An Chen. "Kinematic Analysis of an 8-Speed Bicycle Transmission Hub." Applied Mechanics and Materials 479-480 (December 2013): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.479-480.234.

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A transmission hub is a speed changing mechanism which is an important device in the transmission system of bicycles. This paper presents the kinematic analysis of an 8-speed bicycle transmission hub by using the fundamental circuit method. First, a distributed-flow type planetary gear mechanism, which consists of two parallel-connected transmission units and one differential unit, and the corresponding clutch sequence table of an 8-speed transmission hub are introduced. Based on the fundamental circuits, four kinematic equations of the transmission hub are derived. Then, the speed ratio of each speed is formulated, which is a function of gear ratios of external and internal gear pairs. By submitting the numbers of gear teeth into these formulas, the value of speed ratio at each speed can be calculated. Finally, the power-flow diagrams at related speeds are presented to illustrate the power-flow paths of the transmission hub.

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12

Kelemen, Laszlo, and Jozsef Szente. "Two Mathematical Models for Generation of Crowned Tooth Surface." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/641091.

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Gear couplings are mechanical components to connect shaft ends and eliminate the misalignments. The most important element of the gear coupling is the hub which is an external gear having crowned teeth. The crowned teeth on the hub are typically produced by hobbing. The resulting tooth surface depends on several parameters. It is influenced by the size of the hob and the feed. In this paper two mathematical models of the crowned tooth surface are introduced for the generation of the idealized tooth surfaces. These are the profile-shifting and the two-parameter enveloping methods. Our aim is to compare the obtained crowned tooth profiles for the two examined models and to investigate the results. From our numerical results, it was found that the two profiles show indistinguishable differences.

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13

Wieczorek, Bartosz, Mateusz Kukla, and Romuald Wieczorek. "Multi-gear hub prototype for manual wheelchairs - design and operation." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 12 (December 31, 2018): 825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.506.

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The article discusses the construction of a multi-speed gear hub for manual wheelchairs. This device enriches the manual string drive by three gears. The article describes the construction of a functional prototype of a patented technical solution. On the basis of the proto-type, the functionality of the device was tested and on this basis the corrections necessary to be introduced in the final product were defined.

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14

Wu, Yi Chang, Li An Chen, and Tze Cheng Wu. "Design of 3-Speed Bicycle Transmission Hubs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 764-765 (May 2015): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.764-765.228.

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This paper presents the embodiment designs of 3-speed transmission hubs which consist of basic planetary gear mechanisms and gear-shifting control mechanisms. Two feasible clutching sequence tables are synthesized by analyzing the kinematic structure of the gear mechanism. A mechanical control mechanism is used to control the engagement or disengagement of each clutch to guide the power flow from the rear sprocket via the gear mechanism to the hub shell. The power transmission path at each gear stage is further checked to verify the validity of the transmission hub. The embodiment designs of two 3-speed transmission hubs are presented.

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15

Hsieh, Long Chang, and Tzu Hsia Chen. "The Systematic Design of Multi-Speed Internal Gear Hub for a Bicycle." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.431.

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The bicycle is invented so far more than 200 years. Now, bicycles are used as exercising equipments and traffic vehicles. Planetary gear trains can be used as the transmission systems with multi-speed for bicycles. The purpose of this work is to propose a design methodology for the design of multi-speed internal gear hubs with planetary gear trains for bicycles. Based on the concept of train value equation and the kinematic relationship of the members between the train circuit, we propose a design methodology for the kinematic design of multi-speed gear hubs. One multi-speed internal gear hubs is designed to illustrate the design methodology. Based on the proposed methodology, all multi-speed gear hubs with planetary gear trains can be synthesized.

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16

Gupta, Ankit. "Design of three speed planetary gear hub system with gear shifting mechanism." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 810 (May 5, 2020): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/810/1/012011.

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17

Wu, Yi Chang, and Pei Wun Ren. "Mechanical Efficiency Analysis of a 16-Speed Bicycle Transmission Hub." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 810–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.810.

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This paper proposes an analytical method to evaluate the mechanical efficiency of the bicycle transmission hub. A 16-speed transmission hub, which consists of two transmission units and one differential unit, is presented first. By applying the concept of fundamental circuits, a step by step analysis process is then described to numerically calculate the angular speed, ideal torque and power flow, and actual torque and power flow by considering the gear-mesh loss of each link of the planetary gear train. Based on the power flow diagram, the mechanical efficiency at each speed of the transmission hub can be estimated.

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18

Zhang, Yilei, Zhili Hu, Jin Li, and Mingliang Dai. "Exploring Filling Law of Small Fillet of Dual Clutch Hub." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 36, no. 3 (June 2018): 464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20183630464.

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In extruding the dual clutch hub with small fillet gear, the filling of small fillet gear is not complete due to the large forming resistance. A method of preforming the blank into a concave shape is proposed. The mechanical analysis and finite element simulation are used to analyze the principle that the blank of concave shape can promote the filling of small fillet gear, stamping and extruding are both used to form the dual clutch hub and the preform is used to simulate the fillet gear’s extruding to analyze the influence of the geometric parameters of the preform on the forming quality. The mapping relationship between the geometric parameters of the preform and the size of unfilled fillet gear is established by using the BP neural network. The multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to optimize the geometric parameters of the preform. From the results we can see that the frictional resistance decreases due to reduced contact area between the blank and the mold when the section shape of the blank is concave, and at the same time, the tangential thrust is generated on the blank, so the filling of small fillet gear is better; BP neural network combined with genetic algorithm can reliably optimize the geometric parameters of the preform. The filling performance of the fillet gear is better under the optimal preform, and the forming quality of the dual clutch hub is improved. The experimental result verified the feasibility of the method and the accuracy of the simulation.

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19

Wu, Yi-Chang, and Chia-Ho Cheng. "Computing the power flow and mechanical efficiency of in-hub bicycle transmissions." Engineering Computations 31, no. 2 (February 25, 2014): 267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-01-2013-0015.

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Purpose – The analysis of power flow and mechanical efficiency constitutes an important phase in the design and analysis of gear mechanisms. The aim of this paper is to present a systematic procedure for the determination of power flow and mechanical efficiency of epicyclic-type transmission mechanisms. Design/methodology/approach – A novel epicyclic-type in-hub bicycle transmission, which is a split-power type transmission composed of two transmission units and one differential unit, and its clutching sequence table are introduced first. By using the concept of fundamental circuits, the procedure for calculating the angular speed of each link, the ideal torque and power flow of each link, the actual torque and power flow of each link determined by considering gear-mesh losses, and the mechanical efficiency of the transmission mechanism is proposed in a simple, straightforward manner. The mechanical efficiency analysis of epicyclic-type gear mechanisms is largely simplified to overcome tedious and complicated processes of traditionally methods. Findings – An analysis of the mechanical efficiency of a four-speed automotive automatic transmission completed by Hsu and Huang is used as an example to illustrate the utility and validity of the proposed procedure. The power flow and mechanical efficiency of the presented 16-speed in-hub bicycle transmission are computed, and the power recirculation inside the transmission mechanism at each speed is detected based on the power flow diagram. When power recirculation occurs, the mechanical efficiency of the gear mechanism at the related speed reduces. The mechanical efficiency of this in-hub bicycle transmission is more than 96 percent for each speed. Such an in-hub bicycle transmission possesses reasonable kinematics and high mechanical efficiency and is therefore suitable for further embodiment design and detail design. Originality/value – The proposed approach is suitable for the mechanical efficiency analysis of all kinds of complicated epicyclic-type transmissions with any number of degrees of freedom and facilitates a less-tedious process of determining mechanical efficiency. It is a useful tool for mechanical engineering designers to evaluate the efficiency performance of the gear mechanism before actually fabricating a prototype as well as measuring the numerical data. It also helps engineering designers to cautiously select feasible gear mechanisms to avoid those configurations with power recirculation in the preliminary design stage which may significantly reduce the time for developing novel in-hub bicycle transmissions.

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20

Zhang, Han, Xuefeng Chen, Wei Chen, and Zhixian Shen. "Collaborative sparse classification for aero-engine’s gear hub crack diagnosis." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 141 (July 2020): 106426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2019.106426.

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21

Siddiqui, Nauman A., M. Zubair Khan, Azhar Munir, K. M. Deen, and M. Aftab Amin. "Failure investigation of wheel gear hub assembly of an aircraft." Engineering Failure Analysis 22 (June 2012): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2012.01.004.

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22

Li, Rong Hao, and Jue Yang. "The Gear Tooth Profile Form of the Mining Truck Wheel Edges Reducer Based on RomaxDesigner." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.229.

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When the wheel of the wheel edges reducer working, single tooth meshing and bidentate meshing alternately, Gear meshing dislocation, mutation load, speed fluctuations, engaging-in and engaging-out impact will inevitably appear. This paper take the wheel hub reducer based on 60t AC drive articulated dump truck as the research object, use romaxdesigner model and motion simulation analyze the wheel edges reducer. through the analysis obtain the stress and the longevity of gear. According to the simulation results correct the gear for the purpose of improving the bearing capacity of the gear and reducing meshing noise.

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23

Fatourehchi, Ehsan, Mahdi Mohammadpour, Paul D. King, Homer Rahnejat, Gareth Trimmer, Alan Williams, and Robert Womersley. "Effect of mesh phasing on the transmission efficiency and dynamic performance of wheel hub planetary gear sets." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, no. 19 (October 17, 2017): 3469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217737327.

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Transmission efficiency and refinement of planetary wheel hub gearing system are key design attributes for heavy and off-highway vehicles. Reduction of power loss, directly leading to the development of new generation ECO-axles requires analysis of gear contacting conditions for lubricated conjunctions to determine frictional performance. This is also affected by gear dynamics, which is a prerequisite for assessment of noise, vibration and harshness performance. Therefore, a combined tribo-dynamic analysis is essential. There is a dearth of such holistic analysis, particularly for the case of wheel hub planetary systems. The paper presents such an analysis, which has not hitherto been reported in literature. The inexorable interplay of transmission efficiency and noise, vibration and harshness refinement is demonstrated. The key attributes of noise, vibration and harshness refinement and transmission efficiency can pose contrary requirements and near-optimal conditions can be highlighted by mesh phasing of gearing contacts, thus alleviating the need for more complex gear teeth modifications entailing prohibitive manufacturing costs.

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24

Wu, Yi-Chang, and Bo-Wei Lin. "Design of a six-speed transmission hub with an integrated brushless permanent-magnet motor used for electric bicycles." Engineering Computations 31, no. 2 (February 25, 2014): 160–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-01-2013-0017.

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Purpose – The electric motor and multi-speed transmission hub are essential components for an electric bicycle. Traditionally, these two devices have been designed and manufactured independently. The purpose of this study is to propose a novel electromechanical device that artfully integrates an exterior-rotor brushless permanent-magnet (BLPM) motor into a transmission hub to become a compact structural assembly. Design/methodology/approach – A novel design that integrates a three-phase, 20-pole/18-slot exterior-rotor BLPM motor with a multi-speed transmission hub composed of a six-link, two-degrees-of-freedom (2-DOF) compound planetary gear train (PGT) is presented in this study to overcome inherent drawbacks of existing designs. An analytical approach, based on fundamental circuits, is developed to synthesize the clutching sequences and numbers of teeth of all gears of the PGT. Findings – The integrated device provides six forward speeds, including two underdrives, two direct drives, and two overdrives, as well as two drive modes: the motor-drive mode and the human-drive mode, for electric bicycles. The main feature of the proposed design is the spur gear teeth merged with the pole shoes of the stator to dramatically minimize the detent torque, which is an oscillatory torque that always induces vibration and acoustic noise of the BLPM motor. Originality/value – The gear teeth on the pole shoes of the stator provide functions not only for transmission, but also act as dummy slots for adjusting the magnetostatic field of the BLPM motor to effectively reduce the detent torque. The peak value of the detent torque of the integrated design is only 9 percent of the original BLPM motor with identical magnet properties and motor dimensions. Such a feature is contributive in suppressing the vibration and acoustic noise of the electric bicycle's BLPM motor. A BLPM motor rated at 310 W and 250 r/min for the integrated device is presented and analyzed by using the commercial finite-element package Ansoft/Maxwell 2D Field Simulator.

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25

Lv, Chang, Yu Yang, and Wenxiang Zhao. "Gear Modification of Hub Drive Reducer Based on Load Spectrum Test." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1965, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 012137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1965/1/012137.

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26

Langston, Lee S. "Gears Steer New Engine Designs." Mechanical Engineering 139, no. 09 (September 1, 2017): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2017-sep-7.

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This article reviews the development of geared turbofan (GTF) engines. GTF engines have a hub-mounted epicyclic gearbox that drives the front-mounted fan at lower rotational speeds than the engine turbine section that powers the fan. The turbine driving the fan is most efficient at high-rotational speeds. The fan operates most efficiently and creates less noise at lower rpm. The operating gear reduction ratio also permits increasing the engine’s bypass ratio with larger fans. Gear trains are one of the oldest known machines, and none is more closely identified by the general public with the profession of mechanical engineering. Pratt & Whitney is in production of their first generation of GTF engines in the 18,000–30,000 lbt range, which power twin engine single-aisle, narrow body 70–200 passenger aircraft. The GTF combines existing jet engine technology with the well-established mechanical engineering technology of gears.

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27

Lias, Mohd Rizal, Mokhtar Awang, and T. V. V. L. N. Rao. "A Numerical FEM Solution of Gear Root Stress in Offset Axial Mesh Misalignment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 393 (September 2013): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.393.375.

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Gear offsets mesh in axial misalignment always leads to unevenness of load transferred contributing the impact of stress value and distribution along important critical path of the tooth root. Its happening due to overpress fitting when the gear is mounted onto the shaft as an interference hub fit. Current design methodology based on empirical model provide solution by approximation load factor fail to attributes in detailed regarding this phenomenon This paper determined to focus on this phenomenon in term of methodology to the stress distribution at the critical contact region of the tooth root of the gears. Pair of spur gear with real geometrical construction and condition was constructed with offset parameter. A moving load quasi-static model with a numerical FEM solution using ANSYS is presented with modification in loading variation. For verification, the stress value at the critical path of the tooth root is compared between standard high point single tooth contacts (HPSTC) loading to moving load model. As the result, a numerical FEM methodology to calculate the stress distribution of the gear tooth root in offset axial misalignment with moving load model approach is determined. The proposed method is also found reliable as an alternative solution to define an accurate load factor calculation compared to the approximation provided by the standard empirical procedure.

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28

Truman, C. E., and J. D. Booker. "Analysis of a shrink-fit failure on a gear hub/shaft assembly." Engineering Failure Analysis 14, no. 4 (June 2007): 557–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2006.03.008.

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29

Jia, Yangyang, Shuqing Kou, and Yifan Yan. "Numerical Simulation Study on Progressive Extrusion Forming Process of Clutch Hub Gear." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 440 (March 19, 2020): 022065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/440/2/022065.

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30

Chen, Li-An, Pei-Wun Ren, and Yi-Chang Wu. "Design of a Gear-Shifting Control Mechanism for 8-Speed Bicycle Drive Hub." Smart Science 1, no. 2 (January 2013): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23080477.2013.11665593.

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31

Wang, Meng, David Angland, and Xin Zhang. "The noise generated by a landing gear wheel with hub and rim cavities." Journal of Sound and Vibration 392 (March 2017): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2016.12.045.

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32

Ou, Zhuxiang, Chaosheng Song, Caichao Zhu, and Xingyu Yang. "Dynamic Response Analysis for NW Planetary Gear Transmission Used in Electric Wheel Hub." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 111879–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2931292.

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33

Li, Shen Long, Jiang Li Pan, and Xin Yuan Zhao. "Coupling Effect between Gear Backlash of Friction Plate and Axial Separation Gap in Multi-Friction Pairs." Key Engineering Materials 572 (September 2013): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.572.471.

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Multi-plate friction pairs are important components in the gearbox of tracked vehicle. When the multi-friction pairs are in separation state, the uniform separation gaps of friction pairs are key factors affecting their operating performance. Most current research focuses on investigation of the failure modes of friction plate, such as, wear. However, the literatures on the vibration excitations from the inner and outer hub which affect the uniform separation gaps of the friction pairs are rare. This paper developed a rigid-flexible coupling dynamic model with different gear backlashes. The vibration characteristics of manipulate components and the separation gap of the friction pairs are studied. The results show that the model can be utilized to investigate the effects of the gear backlashes for manipulation components on the separation gaps of multi-friction pairs and it can be used to study the failure modes of friction plate in brakes. The developed model is expected to be the foundation for further optimization of the gear backlash. Keywords: Multi Friction Pairs; Separation gap; Gear Backlash; Rigid-flexible Coupling Dynamics Model

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Lyashenko, M. V., A. P. Chebanenko, and P. V. Potapov. "Analysis of Stresses in Elements of Hub Reduction Gear of TREKOL-39041Off-road Vehicle." Procedia Engineering 206 (2017): 1564–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.678.

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Wu, Yi-Chang. "Design of an 8-speed internal gear hub with a rotary control mechanism for bicycles." Tehnicki vjesnik-Technical Gazette 22, no. 4 (August 8, 2015): 865–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17559/tv-20131225075135.

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Xu, Lan Ying, Yong Mao, and Qiang Wu. "Analysis of Bearing Mechanics Characteristic of Wind Turbine." Key Engineering Materials 621 (August 2014): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.621.188.

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The transmission gear, bearing and hub and important component of wind field prone to fatigue failure under thermal load and alternating stress. The core component of MW class wind turbine gear box is bearing parts, according to the Betz principle bearing dynamic characteristic is analyzed including deduction and calculation of axial force and radial force, this paper simulates contact stress under the typical conditions of cylindrical roller bearing by finite element method, meanwhile analyzes the stress variation of the rolling body and a holding frame, the simulation results show that bearings bear a greater impact load in the starting process, retainer and rolling body produce large instantaneous stress value in the process, while the stress value is relatively small in the smooth operation and at braking speed, The simulation results has some practical value in engineering of optimization design.

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Wu, Yi-Chang, and Che-Wei Chang. "An eight-speed rear transmission hub with a novel cam-type gear-shifting mechanism for bicycles." Smart Science 4, no. 2 (April 2, 2016): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23080477.2016.1188256.

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Mohamadwasel, Noorulden Basil, and Mohammed Ahmed Abdala. "Design of WiMAX Network for Istanbul Universities With OPNET." Informatica : Journal of Applied Machines Electrical Electronics Computer Science and Communication Systems 01, no. 01 (December 1, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.47812/ijamecs2010101.

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WiMAX- Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access-is an innovation standard for long-separation extend remote systems that incorporate both portable WiMAX 802.16e and fixed WiMAX 802.16d associations. WiMAX hardware exists in two essential structures base stations, WiMAX base station can give an inclusion region to an exceptionally enormous zone up to a span of 6 miles, WiMAX Receiver is likewise called client premise gear like a collector hub in Antenna. Right now, Istanbul colleges are associated with utilizing WiMAX innovation that improves the system bit rate and inclusion zone. Explicit qualities for WiMAX parameters have been picked that improve the greater part of the WiMAX organize parameters, for example, the general system delay, Packet End-to-End Delay, Throughput, Load, Traffic handset, and Packet Delay Variation. In Istanbul, specialized college hub has explicit parameters, for example, in cell sweep 3km and bearer recurrence 3 GHz and Channel Bandwidth 4.5 MHZ and the quantity of subcarriers 1024 and different colleges that not quite the same as college to college this relying upon the number of parameters which every college is diverse in parameters however it has a similar receiving wire increase and transmission power.

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Bushuev, D. A., E. B. Karikov, V. G. Rubanov, and S. V. Alekseevsky. "Simulation the dynamics of hub-motors of an automatic guided vehicle in occurrence of planetary gear tooth defects." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1661 (November 2020): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1661/1/012025.

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Hawryluk, Marek, Marcin Rychlik, Mateusz Więcław, and Paweł Jabłoński. "Analysis of the Industrial Process of Producing a Hub Forging Used in Motorcar Power Transmission Systems—A Case Study." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 5, no. 2 (April 9, 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp5020032.

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The article refers to an analysis of the multi-operation process of manufacturing a hub type forging used to transmit power in motorcar gear boxes, by way of die forging on a crank press. The investigations were performed in order to improve the currently realized production technology, mainly with the use of numerical simulations. Through the determination of the key parameters/quantities during forging, which are difficult to determine directly during the industrial process, an in-depth and complex analysis was performed by way of FE (Finite Element) modelling. A thermomechanical model of producing a hub forging with deformable tools was developed with the use of the Qform 9.0.9 software. For the elaboration and construction of the forging tool CAD (Computer Aided Design) models, the Catia V5R20 program was applied. The results of the performed numerical modelling made it possible to determine the material flow and the properness of the filling of impressions, as well as the temperature field distributions and plastic deformations in the forging; it was also possible to detect the forging defects often observed in the industrial process. On this basis, the changes in the process were determined, which enabled an improvement of the presently realized technology and the obtaining of proper forgings, both in respect of quality and dimensions and shape.

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Ballo, Federico, Francesco Comolli, Massimiliano Gobbi, and Giampiero Mastinu. "Motorcycle Structural Fatigue Monitoring Using Smart Wheels." Vehicles 2, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 648–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles2040037.

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The paper is devoted to the measurement and to the processing of load spectra of forces and moments acting at the wheel hub of a motorcycle. Smart wheels (SWs) have been specifically developed for the scope. Throughout the paper, the extreme case of a race motorcycle is considered. Accurate load spectra were measured in two race circuits. Standardized load spectra are derived by processing measured data. A way to easily generalize the measured load spectra is proposed for the first time for motorcycles. Several loading conditions, related to the motorcycle straight line motion, cornering, curb hit and gear shift, are identified and extracted from the experimental measures. For each loading condition, by means of simple semi-analytical models (SAMs), a relationship is found between the vertical force on the wheel, the tilt angle of the motorcycle and the remaining forces and moments acting at the wheel hub. Such relationships are nothing else than the standardized load spectra. Additionally, a simple and efficient method based on smart wheels for real-time structural monitoring is proposed. Standardized load spectra prove to provide consistent results even when compared to real-time structural monitoring data. By means of the presented smart wheels, advanced lightweight motorcycle construction is enabled by derivation of standardized load spectra or real time estimation of the damage of structural components.

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Sovilj-Nikić, Sandra, Bogdan Sovilj, Gyula Varga, Nicolae Ungureanu, and Vladimir Blanuša. "Analysis of the tool life of coated hob milling tools for gear cutting of cylindrical gear." MATEC Web of Conferences 184 (2018): 03011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818403011.

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The improvement of the gear cutting process by hob milling is also significant for the producers of gears as well as for the producers of hob milling tools. Due to the complexity of the process, the high values of the gears, and in particular the hob milling tool, the research of the bases for optimizing the process of gear cutting by hob milling requires significant financial resources and significant efforts of the researchers. In the modern production of gears there is a continuous demand for increasing the economy. In the gear cutting process improvements of the production equipment and materials for the cutting elements of the hob milling tools are necessary. In this paper an analysis of the tool life of coated hob milling tools for gear cutting of cylindrical gears is given. The experimental results have shown that the hob milling tools with inserted combs coated with TiAlN outperform the hob milling tools with inserted combs coated with TiN. They have higher resistance of 60.6 %.

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Chen, Y., V. Wickramasinghe, and D. G. Zimcik. "DEVELOPMENT OF SMART STRUCTURE SYSTEMS FOR HELICOPTER VIBRATION AND NOISE CONTROL." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 31, no. 1 (March 2007): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2007-0003.

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Helicopters are susceptible to high vibratory loads, excessive noise levels and poor flight stability compared to fixed-wing aircraft. The multidisciplinary nature of helicopter structures offers many opportunities for the innovative smart structure technology to improve helicopter performance. This paper provides a review of smart structures research at the National Research Council Canada for helicopter vibration and cabin noise control applications. The patented Smart Spring approach is developed to vary the blade impedance properties adaptively to reduce the vibratory hub loads transmitted to the fuselage by vibration reduction at the source. A smart gearbox strut and active structural acoustic control technologies are investigated to suppress the vibration and tonal gear meshing noise into the cabin either by modifying the vibration load transmission path, or weakening the coupling between exterior and cabin acoustic fields. Two adaptive seat mount concepts are proposed to reduce the vibration of the aircrew directly to improve ride quality of the vehicle.

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Radzevich, Stephen P. "A Way to Improve the Accuracy of Hobbed Involute Gears." Journal of Mechanical Design 129, no. 10 (October 19, 2006): 1076–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2761919.

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Involute gears are widely used in the design of machines and mechanisms. Performance of gear transmissions, e.g., performance of automobile transmissions, strongly depends upon the accuracy of gears of which the transmission is comprised. The higher the gear accuracy, the higher performance of the gear transmission observed. An increase of accuracy of involute gears reduces vibration of the transmission, and causes lower noise excitation. A significant amount of gears for the needs of the automotive industry is manufactured by hobbing. Reported in this paper is a way to improve the accuracy of hobbed involute gears that requires an appropriate alteration of design parameters of the hob to be applied. The required correction of design parameters of the hob can be computed on the premises of in-depth analysis of kinematic geometry of meshing of the hob and of the work gear, i.e., of design parameters of the hob, as well as an analysis of kinematics of meshing of the gear work and of the hob. An analytical approach for computation of the required alterations in design parameters of the involute hob is reported in the paper. Using commercial software MathCAD/Scientific, numerous computer codes are developed for performing the necessary computations. A numerical example of computation is presented. The reported results of research are ready to put into production.

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Wieczorek, Bartosz, Mateusz Kukla, and Łukasz Warguła. "Multi-speed gear hub prototype for manual wheelchairs - preliminary analysis of the dynamics of the trolley movement and biomechanics of the human body." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 20, no. 1-2 (February 28, 2019): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2019.078.

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The article analyzes the dynamic aspects of driving a wheelchair equipped with a manual drive. The focus was both on the dynamics of the entire anthropotechnical system as well as on the dynamics of the human body. Moreover, based on the obtained conclusions, two alternative technical solutions for manual wheelchair drives have been proposed.

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Liu, Zuofa, Jie Zhou, Wenjie Feng, and Yingying Chen. "Modeling, analysis, and multi-objective optimization of cold extrusion process of clutch outer gear hub using response surface method and meta-heuristic approaches." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 116, no. 1-2 (June 15, 2021): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07451-2.

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47

Radzevich, Stephen P. "About Hob Idle Distance in Gear Hobbing Operation." Journal of Mechanical Design 124, no. 4 (November 26, 2002): 772–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1517561.

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This study is focused on some features of geometry and kinematics of gear hobbing operation. The principal goal is to determine minimal hob idle distance required for complete generation of the gear teeth. This task is of importance in two aspects: to cut hobbing time and to reduce axial size of a hobbed cluster gear, gear with shoulder etc. The necessity of cutting hobbing time is evident. Reduction of axial size of a hobbed gear cluster leads to reduction of size and weight of the gear cluster itself and of the gear train housing, and therefore its necessity is also evident. Methods of analytical mechanics of gear are applied to determine an exact minimal length of the gear hob idle distance. The resultant formulas obtained have been derived based on graphical solution of the problem under consideration using methods of descriptive geometry. The results reported in the paper are applicable for manufacturing of spur and helical involute gears. Their application allows one to cut hobbing time and to reduce axial size and weight of gear train and gear train housing. Although the consideration below is focused on hobbing of involute gears, slightly modified results obtained are applicable for hobbing of spline, sprockets, ratchets, and other form tooth profiles. The results obtained are of prime importance for application of multi-start hobs of small diameter.

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S. Thakur, Y., and D. K. Sakravdia. "Quality of Service and Reliability Analysis of Wireless Networks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.36 (December 9, 2018): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.24235.

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Dependability is the fundamental worry in remote systems. Subsequently, assessing unwavering quality has turned out to be fundamental in frameworks. Many subsisting remote system steering conventions propose the accessibility of solid hubs. This, in any case, isn't a bona fide hypothesis given the elements of remote systems. Withal, because of continuous changes in topology, connect disappointments and hub disappointments are conceivable. Therefore, a credible technique is expected to assess the unwavering quality of remote systems in the event of such vulnerabilities. The unwavering quality of a remote system is constant by specific factors, for example, delay, throughput, dormancy, and overhead. For exploratory investigation, the system execution include that will be used in the test set up will be the throughput of the system. Throughput can be consigned as the volume or measure of information or activity that can saturate a system at a given time. Throughput can be habituated to evaluate arrange productivity and dependability. Very solid creations, gear, and foundation are required for a high gauge of unwavering quality.

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Mitome, K. "Inclining Work-Arbor Taper Hobbing of Conical Gear Using Cylindrical Hob." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 108, no. 1 (March 1, 1986): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3260776.

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The inclining work-arbor taper hobbing is considered one of the most practical methods to cut a conical gear. But an exact hobbing theory has not been made clear, and besides an ideal hobbing machine available inpractical use has not been developed so far. In this paper, an exact kinematic analysis of this taper hobbing is presented, and an imaginary generating rack is obtained. A gear generated by this rack is defined as an ideal gear. Practical hobbing of conical involute gears is discussed. A hobbing machine having an inclining rotary table is tested, and some test gears are cut and inspected. And it is confirmed that the ideal gear can be considered representative of the gear cut by this taper hobbing, and the hobbing machine with an inclining rotary table has a practical utility. Finally, grinding of the conical involute gear based on the principle of this taper hobbing is presented.

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Rong-feng, Shen, Zhang Xiaozhen, and Zhou Chengjun. "Study on Drive System of Hybrid Tree Harvester." Scientific World Journal 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8636204.

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Hybrid tree harvester with a 60 kW diesel engine combined with a battery pile could be a “green” forest harvesting and transportation system. With the new design, the diesel engine maintains a constant engine speed, keeping fuel consumption low while charging the batteries that drive the forwarder. As an additional energy saving method, the electric motors work as generators to charge the battery pile when the vehicle moves downhill. The vehicle is equipped with six large wheels providing high clearance over uneven terrain while reducing ground pressure. Each wheel is driven via a hub gear by its own alternating current motor, and each of the three wheel pairs can be steered independently. The combination of the diesel engine and six electric motors provides plenty of power for heavy lifting and pulling. The main component parameters of the drive system are calculated and optimized with a set of dynamics and simulated with AVL Cruise software. The results provide practical insights for the fuel tree harvester and are helpful to reduce the structure and size of the tree harvester. Advantage Environment provides information about existing and future products designed to reduce environmental impacts.

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