Academic literature on the topic 'HTL reaction conditions'
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Journal articles on the topic "HTL reaction conditions"
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Jatoi, Abdul Sattar, Ayaz Ali Shah, Jawad Ahmed, Shamimur Rehman, Syed Hasseb Sultan, Abdul Karim Shah, Aamir Raza, et al. "Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignocellulosic and Protein-Containing Biomass: A Comprehensive Review." Catalysts 12, no. 12 (December 9, 2022): 1621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12121621.
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Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermochemical depolymerization technology, also known as hydrous pyrolysis, that transforms wet biomass into biocrude and valuable chemicals at a moderate temperature (usually 200–400 °C) and high pressure (typically 10–25 MPa). In HTL, water acts as a key reactant in HTL activities. Several properties of water are substantially altered as the reaction state gets closer to the critical point of water, which can result in quick, uniform, and effective reactions. The current review covers the HTL of various feedstocks, especially lignocellulosic and high protein-containing feeds with their in-depth information of the chemical reaction mechanisms involved in the HTL. Further, this review gives insight and knowledge about the influencing factors such as biomass pretreatment, process mode, process conditions, etc., which could affect the efficiency of the hydrothermal process and biocrude productivity. In addition, the latest trends, and emerging challenges to HTL are discussed with suitable recommendations.
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Nonchana, Thanakrit, and Kulachate Pianthong. "Bio-oil synthesis from cassava pulp via hydrothermal liquefaction: Effects of catalysts and operating conditions." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 9, no. 3 (May 30, 2020): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.9.3.329-337.
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The influence of catalysts and operating conditions on the conversion and yield of bio-crude oil from CP via the hydrothermal liquefaction technique (HTL) were studied. HTL is commonly used to convert CP to bio-crude oil (BCO). Three independent factors—reaction temperatures (250–350 °C), reaction times (30–90 min), and CP concentrations (5–20 wt.%)—were investigated. Proximate analysis showed that CP comprises 84.61% volatile matter and 13.59% fixed carbon. The ultimate analysis demonstrated that CP has carbon and oxygen levels of 44.86% and 46.91%, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that CP begins to decompose at temperatures between 250–350 °C. The results show that KOH is the most suitable catalyst because it provides the highest BCO yield when compared to other catalysts under the same operating conditions. We found that the ideal operating conditions for maximizing BCO performance are 250 °C, pressure of 17.0 MPa, 90 min, 5 wt.%. Under these conditions, Fourier transforms infrared analysis showed that the most abundant chemical bonds found in BCO were CH3-O, CH3-C, and CH3. The findings of the CHNS analysis showed that BCO has an H/C ratio of 2.25, similar to that of petroleum and bio-diesel. Results from a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer indicate that a fatty acid group is the main component of BCO. ©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved
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Han, Yang, Kent Hoekman, Umakanta Jena, and Probir Das. "Use of Co-Solvents in Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) of Microalgae." Energies 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010124.
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This study reviewed and summarized the literature regarding the use of alcohols during hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of algal biomass feedstocks. The use of both pure alcohols and alcohol-water co-solvents were considered. Based upon this review, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the impacts of different alcohol co-solvents (ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, and glycerol) on the HTL treatment of a specific saltwater microalga (Tetraselmis sp.) at two temperatures: 300 °C and 350 °C. Based on their performance, two co-solvents, isopropanol and ethylene glycol, were selected to explore the effects of varying solvent concentrations and reaction temperatures on product yields and biocrude properties. The type and amount of added alcohol did not significantly affect the biocrude yield or composition. Biocrude yields were in the range of 30–35%, while a nearly constant yield of 21% insoluble products was observed, largely resulting from ash constituents within the algal feedstock. The benefits of using alcohol co-solvents (especially isopropanol) were the reduced viscosity of the biocrude products and reduced rates of viscosity increase with biocrude aging. These effects were attributed mainly to the physical properties of the co-solvent mixtures (solubility, polarity, density, etc.) rather than chemical processes. Under the reaction conditions used, there was no evidence that the co-solvents participated in biocrude production by means of hydrogen donation or other chemical processes. Recovery and recycling of the co-solvent present various challenges, depending upon the type and amount of the co-solvent that is used. For example, glycol solvents are recovered nearly completely within the aqueous product stream, whereas simple alcohols are partitioned between the biocrude and aqueous product streams. In commercial applications, the slight benefits provided by the use of co-solvents must be balanced by the challenges of co-solvent recovery and recycling.
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Wei, Xuan, and Dengfei Jie. "Optimization to Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Low Lipid Content Microalgae Spirulina sp. Using Response Surface Methodology." Journal of Chemistry 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2041812.
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The production and nature of the biocrude obtained from Spirulina sp. by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) technology is focused in this investigation. Our aim is to evaluate the interaction of different factors on the bio-oil production through HTL using microalgae that contains relatively low lipid content and high protein. Optimization of three key parameters—concentration (mass of algae per mass of solvent), reaction temperature, and holding time—was carried out by response surface methodology (RSM). In this work, we used central composite design to conduct the experiment process. Graphical response surface and contour plots were used to locate the optimum point. The final results showed that the optimum concentration, temperature, and holding time were 10.5%, 357°C, and 37 min, respectively. Under the optimum conditions established, yield of the biocrude (41.6 ± 2.2%) was experimentally obtained using the fresh microalgae. This study showed the potential of bio-oil production of Spirulina sp. by HTL technology, but it still needs more improvement of the biocrude for utilization.
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Halleraker, Hilde V., Solmaz Ghoreishi, and Tanja Barth. "Investigating reaction pathways for formic acid and lignin at HTL conditions using 13C-labeled formic acid and 13C NMR." Results in Chemistry 2 (January 2020): 100019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2019.100019.
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Ong, Mei Yin, and Saifuddin Nomanbhay. "Optimization Study on Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Malaysian Macroalgae Chaetomorpha sp. for Phenolic-Rich Bio-Oil Production." Energies 15, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 3974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15113974.
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There are several methods of biomass conversion, including hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). The implementation of microwave technology in the HTL process is still new, especially on the conversion of marine biomass into bio-crude. In this work, the macroalgae Chaetomorpha sp. was used as the biomass feedstock to produce phenolic-rich bio-oil through microwave-assisted HTL. Chaetomorpha sp. was abundantly found in Malaysia, creating a green tides issue. By utilizing these algae, the green tide issue can be solved and value-added bio-oil is obtained. However, bio-oil from macroalgae has a relatively low heating value, restricting its fuel application. Therefore, it is suggested to be used for bio-polymer synthesis, including bio-based phenol formaldehyde. In this study, the effect of different parameters, such as reaction temperature, preloaded pressure, water-to-algal biomass ratio, and holding time, on both the bio-oil yield and phenolic yield was evaluated. Folin–Ciocalteu method was introduced as the phenolic determination method and the optimal conditions were located by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). As a results, an optimal biodiesel yield and phenolic yield of 21.47 wt% and 19.22 wt% Gallic Acid Equivalent was obtained at a reaction temperature of 226 °C, 42 bar preloaded pressure and 30:1 water-to-algal biomass ratio after 79 min. Sensitivity analysis also concluded that the water-to-algal biomass ratio is the most influential factor, followed by the preloaded pressure. The FTIR spectrum of the bio-oil produced indicated the presence of different functional group of compounds. In short, Chaetomorpha sp. has been successfully converted into valuable bio-oil through microwave-assisted HTL.
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Eladnani, Ikram, Maria Paola Bracciale, Martina Damizia, Seyedmohammad Mousavi, Paolo De Filippis, Rajae Lakhmiri, and Benedetta de Caprariis. "Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Brachychiton populneus Biomass for the Production of High-Value Bio-Crude." Processes 11, no. 2 (January 19, 2023): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11020324.
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The current study focused on the heterogenous catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Brachychiton populneus biomass seed, using Ni as hydrogenation catalyst and Fe as active hydrogen producer. The activity of Ni metal and of Ni/Al2O3 in the HTL of seed (BS) and of a mixture of seed and shell (BM) was studied. To establish the best operating process conditions, the influence of variation of temperature and reaction time on the product yields was also examined. The highest bio-crude yields of 57.18% and 48.23% for BS and BM, respectively, were obtained at 330 °C and 10 min of reaction time, in the presence of Ni/Al2O3 as catalyst and Fe as hydrogen donor. Elemental analysis results showed that at these operative conditions, an increase of the higher heating value (HHV) from 25.14 MJ/kg to 38.04 MJ/kg and from 17.71 MJ/kg to 31.72 MJ/kg was obtained for BS and BM biomass, respectively, when the combination of Fe and Ni/Al2O3 was used. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), used to determine the oils’ chemical compositions, showed that the combined presence of Fe and Ni/Al2O3 favored the hydrodeoxygenation of the fatty acids into hydrocarbons, indeed their amount increased to ≈20% for both biomasses used. These results demonstrate that the obtained bio-crude has the capacity to be a source of synthetic fuels and chemical feedstock.
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Rizzo, Andrea Maria, and David Chiaramonti. "Blending of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Biocrude with Residual Marine Fuel: An Experimental Assessment." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020450.
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As with all transport modes, the maritime sector is undergoing a drastic transition towards net zero, similar to the path in which Aviation is already engaged through global decarbonization programs such as CORSIA for the International Civil Aviation Organization, or the Emission trading Scheme of the European Union). Maritime indeed shares with Aviation a common element: the difficulty of shifting to electric in the short to medium term. Therefore, the use of sustainable fuels represents the main and only relevant option in this timeframe. As sustainable biofuels will be used as blend components in the case of large-scale deployment, it is necessary to investigate the behavior of bio- and fossil-based fuels when mixed in various percentages, in particular for low quality products such as HTL (HydroThermal Liquefaction) and fast pyrolysis oils from lignocellulosic biomass and waste. Biocrude from subcritical hydrothermal liquefaction of undigested sewage sludge, produced at reaction conditions of 350 °C and 200 bar in a continuous HTL pilot scale unit, was manually mixed at 70 °C with residual marine fuel (low-sulphur type F-RMG-380 per ISO 8217) at two different nominal biocrude shares, respectively 10 wt.% and 20 wt.% in the mixture. While the former blend resulted in the technically complete dissolution of biocrude in the fossil component, the latter sample formed biocrude agglomerates and only partial dissolution of the biocrude aliquot in marine fuel could be achieved (calculated between 14–16 wt.%). The blend with 10 wt.% of SS biocrude in the mixture resulted in compliance with limits of total acid number (TAN), inorganics (in particular vanadium, sodium, silicon and aluminum) and sulphur content, while only the ash content was slightly above the limit.
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Mani, Devendra, Ricardo Pérez de Tudela, Raffael Schwan, Nitish Pal, Saskia Körning, Harald Forbert, Britta Redlich, et al. "Acid solvation versus dissociation at “stardust conditions”: Reaction sequence matters." Science Advances 5, no. 6 (June 2019): eaav8179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav8179.
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Chemical reactions at ultralow temperatures are of fundamental importance to primordial molecular evolution as it occurs on icy mantles of dust nanoparticles or on ultracold water clusters in dense interstellar clouds. As we show, studying reactions in a stepwise manner in ultracold helium nanodroplets by mass-selective infrared (IR) spectroscopy provides an avenue to mimic these “stardust conditions” in the laboratory. In our joint experimental/theoretical study, in which we successively add H2O molecules to HCl, we disclose a unique IR fingerprint at 1337 cm−1 that heralds hydronium (H3O+) formation and, thus, acid dissociation generating solvated protons. In stark contrast, no reaction is observed when reversing the sequence by allowing HCl to interact with preformed small embryonic ice-like clusters. Our ab initio simulations demonstrate that not only reaction stoichiometry but also the reaction sequence needs to be explicitly considered to rationalize ultracold chemistry.
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Arunan, E., R. Rengarajan, and D. W. Setser. "Infrared chemiluminescence studies of the reactions of H atoms with CCl3, CF2Cl, and CH2CH2Cl radicals at 300 and 475 K: recombination–elimination vs. abstraction mechanisms." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 72, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v94-080.
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The reactions of H atoms with CCl3, CF2Cl, and CH2CH2Cl radicals have been studied in a flow reactor at 300 and 475 K by observation of the infrared emission from the HCl and HF products. These reactions were observed as secondary reactions from the H + CCl3Br, CF2ClBr, and CH2Cl–CH2I chemical systems. The conditions in the flow reactor were controlled so that the nascent vibrational distributions of HCl and HF were recorded. The pattern of vibrational energy disposal to HCl was used to differentiate between Cl atom abstraction and recombination–elimination mechanisms. The H atom reactions with CCl3 and CF2Cl radicals occur only via a recombination–elimination mechanism and give HCl(υ) or HF(υ) in a unimolecular step. Thus, the Cl atom abstraction reactions must have ≥3.0 kcal mol−1 higher activation energy than the recombination reaction. From observation of the ratio of the HCl and HF products from CHF2Cl*, the difference in threshold energies for HF and HCl elimination was determined to be ∼13 kcal mol−1. On the other hand, Cl atom abstraction does compete with recombination–elimination in the H + CH2CH2Cl reaction, the branching fraction is ∼0.3 at 300 K and ∼0.6 at 475 K.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "HTL reaction conditions"
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Al-juboori, Jasim Mohammed Jasim. "Hydrothermal liquefaction of biosolids." Thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2440/134158.
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Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising thermochemical conversion process to convert biosolids into renewable crude oil. HTL process can be achieved at temperatures between 200 to 350°C, pressures between 50 to 250 bar, and residence time between 1 and 60 minutes. The HTL produces four phases: renewable crude oil, aqueous, gaseous and solid phases. For the process to be upgraded to an industrial scale, it is needed to gain a better understanding of the HTL of biosolids. However, there is limited information to validate the effects of the interactions between the biosolid content under HTL reaction conditions on the yield and the composition of the produced renewable crude oil. The primary objective of this research is to provide a better understanding of the HTL of biosolids, which was achieved through the following detailed objectives. The first objective is to quantify the variability in the biosolids composition to determine the chemical compositions of biosolids. The second objective is to understand how this variable biosolids feedstock behaves through HTL, especially to measure the effects of organic compounds of biosolids: lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lignins on the HTL yields. The third objective is to provide a new understating of the characterisation of HTL products from biosolids by identifying the effects of biosolid components and the HTL conditions on both the distributions of the HTL products’ yields and on the qualities of renewable crude oil. The fourth objective is to assess the use of biosolids with dominant organic fraction via different reaction temperatures and residence times on the composition and fractions of the produced renewable crude oil. From the results of the experiments, biosolids have different characters that affect the yield and quality of renewable crude oil. Applying a Van Krevelen diagram to compare biosolids with other biomass indicated that only some biosolids samples have similar characteristics to that of biomass. The difference in the characteristic of the organic content of biosolid samples could depend on several reasons, such as the sources of the biosolids and the treatment process. The effects of the biosolids’ composition on the HTL yield show that lipids and proteins have positive impacts on the renewable crude oil yield, while carbohydrates and insoluble lignin led to an increase in the solid residue. The renewable crude oil contained a high amount of high-boiling point materials in comparison with low-boiling point materials for all biosolids samples used in this study. The effect of the operating conditions, such as temperature was significant. The renewable crude yield usually increases with an increase in temperature until a specific temperature is reached, at which point the renewable crude yield starts to decrease. Various residence times also affected renewable crude oil yields significantly. The optimal residence times depended on the biosolids content and temperature. The HTL of biosolids with different organic fractions resulted in different renewable crude oil compositions, which contained a complex mixture of >300 major compounds that were identified using Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analyser. The predominant components identified from the lipid, protein, carbohydrate and lignin constituents were cyclic terpanes and terpenes, along with nitrogenous, oxygenated, and phenolic components. Based on the boiling point of the produced compounds, high gasoline and naphtha-like and high diesel-like yields were produced from biosolid samples with high lipid and protein content, while the kerosene-like best yield was generated from a high lipid sample. A significant gas oil-like yield was produced from the high lipid and carbohydrate biosolid samples, while a high yield of wax, lubricating oil and vacuum gas oil-like contents were generated from the high lignin sample. In summary, the results of the outcomes of this work and the methods used to analyse the chemical compositions of biosolids can form a significant facet of future industrial development of HTL of biosolids, particularly in commercial plants design and management. Finally, it is hoped that the methods presented here, especially the methods used to analyse the chemical compositions of biosolids and the outcomes of this work, especially regarding the composition of the produced renewable crude oil, can form a significant facet of future industrial development of the HTL of biosolids.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, 2021
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Fort, Jason R. "Physical performance of granular iron reactive barriers under aerobic and anoxic conditions." 2000. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/44779825.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2000.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-87).
Book chapters on the topic "HTL reaction conditions"
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Vogler, D., G. Schmittat, and S. Ohrndorf. "Rheumatism and wIRA Therapy." In Water-filtered Infrared A (wIRA) Irradiation, 225–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92880-3_19.
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AbstractRheumatologic disorders comprise various conditions having different etiologies and pathogenesis, the leading clinical symptoms of which are chronic joint pain and musculoskeletal impairment. In the context of a multimodal therapy concept, the use of hyperthermia (HT) is a classical and developing adjuvant symptomatic treatment option. wIRA is an effective and well-established variant of thermal therapy in different rheumatologic disorders. This article summarizes the current state of research into locally applied wIRA in the field of rheumatism and rheumatological diseases.Local and serially applied wIRA significantly relieves pain in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), osteoarthritis (OA) and fibromyalgia (FM), which, at least reduces the requirement for analgesics and has positive effects on well-being, functional status or disease activity. wIRA has been shown to reduce levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα). Given its safety and tolerability, wIRA is highly amenable in combination with standard therapies.Currently, wIRA effects are assessed in OA patients, non-inflammatory arthralgia and recent-onset arthritis of the hands. Preliminary data on effects on pain, global disease burden and functional status are promising. The potential value of wIRA, for e.g., Raynaud’s phenomena and sclerotic skin changes, need further evaluation.
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Bergsträßer, U., and J. Hartung. "Reaction with Dioxygen under Basic Conditions." In Peroxides, Inorganic Esters (RO-X, X=Hal, S, Se, Te, N), 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-038-00106.
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Hartung, J., and H. Heydt. "By Reaction with Hydrogen Peroxide under Acidic Conditions." In Peroxides, Inorganic Esters (RO-X, X=Hal, S, Se, Te, N), 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-038-00144.
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Lykakis, I. N., and M. Stratakis. "Reaction of Allylic Bromides with Alkyl Hydroperoxides under Basic Conditions." In Peroxides, Inorganic Esters (RO-X, X=Hal, S, Se, Te, N), 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-038-00249.
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Lykakis, I. N., and M. Stratakis. "Reaction of Allylic Alcohols with -Butyl Hydroperoxide under Acidic Conditions." In Peroxides, Inorganic Esters (RO-X, X=Hal, S, Se, Te, N), 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-038-00253.
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Lykakis, I. N., and M. Stratakis. "Reaction of Alkyl Hydroperoxides and Tertiary Alkyl Trichloroacetimidates under Acidic Conditions." In Peroxides, Inorganic Esters (RO-X, X=Hal, S, Se, Te, N), 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-038-00255.
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Trauner, D. "Reaction with Carbon Electrophiles under Neutral or Acidic Conditions." In X-Ene-X (X=F, Cl, Br, I, O, S, Se, Te, N, P), Ene-Hal, and Ene-O Compounds, 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-032-00581.
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Scarso, A., and G. Strukul. "Reaction of 1-Substituted 1-Sulfonylhydrazines with Molecular Oxygen under Basic Conditions." In Peroxides, Inorganic Esters (RO-X, X=Hal, S, Se, Te, N), 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-038-00023.
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Vassilikogiannakis, G., and T. Montagnon. "Reaction of Alkyl Hydroperoxides with Alkyl Bromides or Methanesulfonates under Basic Conditions." In Peroxides, Inorganic Esters (RO-X, X=Hal, S, Se, Te, N), 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-038-00225.
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Weller, Peter F. "Eosinophilia." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Chris Hatton and Deborah Hay, 5254–58. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0520.
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Eosinophilia (eosinophil count >0.45 × 109/litre) is associated with some infections, some allergic diseases, and a variety of other conditions, sometimes neoplastic. Parasitic diseases—eosinophilia is a characteristic feature of infection by multicellular helminth parasites (e.g. Strongyloides stercoralis) with diagnosis typically based on geographical/dietary history, serological tests, and examination of stool or tissues for parasite forms. Other diseases—eosinophilia can be caused by the fungal disease coccidioidomycosis, and modest eosinophilia may accompany retroviral infections such as HIV and HTLV-1. Common allergic diseases—asthma, rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis are associated with modest eosinophilia. Drug reactions—these are a frequent cause of eosinophilia, at times in reactions characterized by rashes and pyrexia. More severe reactions may also manifest with (1) pulmonary eosinophilia and lung infiltrates; (2) interstitial nephritis; (3) hepatitis; (4) myocarditis; (5) drug-induced hypersensitivity vasculitis; (6) gastroenterocolitis; and (7) DRESS syndrome. Other conditions—these include (1) eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis; (2) hyper-IgE syndromes; (3) chronic myeloid leukaemia, acute myeloid leukaemia, and lymphoma; (4) a variety of pulmonary, skin, gastrointestinal, and endocrine diseases. Hypereosinophilic syndromes are defined by (1) eosinophilia (>1.5 × 109/litre) sustained over a month, (2) lack of an identifiable cause precipitating a secondary eosinophilia, and (3) symptoms and signs of organ involvement. About 30% of patients will have either a myeloproliferative condition (chronic eosinophilic leukaemia) or hypereosinophilia mediated by clonal expansion of specific T cells producing interleukin-5 (IL-5). Treatment—patients without organ damage do not require treatment. Aside from supportive care, chronic eosinophilic leukaemia may respond to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g. imatinib), and nonmyeloproliferative hypereosinophilic syndrome may respond to high-dose corticosteroids, with hydroxyurea, interferon-α or anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody used in refractory cases.
Conference papers on the topic "HTL reaction conditions"
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Vahedi, Nasser, and Alparslan Oztekin. "Experimental Analysis of Kinetics and Cyclic Performance of Cobalt Oxide Powder As Redox Reactant Agent for High-Temperature Thermochemical Energy Storage." In ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2019-3681.
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Abstract For continuous operation of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Plants it is necessary to integrate thermal energy storage module. High-density energy storage system at a high temperature is required for the new generation of large scale CSP plants. The Thermochemical Energy Storage (TCES) systems use the enthalpy of formation of a reversible chemical reaction for energy storage and release. Gas/solid reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions of solid metal oxides using air as heat transfer fluid (HTF) can be directly integrated with air operated CSP plants, and there is no need for HTF storage and any intermediate heat exchanger. A new generation of large scale CSP plants uses high-temperature solar collectors to increase power cycle efficiency. Such operating conditions require the development of suitable high-temperature TCES systems. The selection of suitable metal oxide reactant is very critical in the design of such high-temperature storage systems and requires a detailed study of the physics of reaction within the reactor. Cobalt oxide (Co3O4/CoO) has been verified to have a high reaction temperature, high enthalpy of reaction together with reasonable cyclic and thermal stability. Unique features of cobalt oxide require more fundamental study of the physics behind the redox reaction and its cyclic performance. Study of the physics of materials during the storage/release cycle is necessary for the design and improvement of the reactor and can be used as a benchmark for comparison of any implemented changes. A high precision, true differential TGA/DSC instrument is used for simultaneous measurement of weightchange (TGA) and true differential heat flow (DSC) for pure cobalt oxide (Co3O4) powder. Storage cycle (charge/discharge) was conducted for five cycles. Complete re-oxidation was achieved within reasonable times by performing the two reactions at close temperatures and controlling heating/cooling rates. Basic performance parameters were derived as a benchmark for future references. Single-cycle controlling parameters such as heating/cooling rate, dwelling time, and purge gas rate were investigated. System response for few initial cycles was studied. It was shown that pure cobalt oxide could regain weight and complete re-oxidation with reasonable stability. A transition for heat flow was detected after a few initial cycles which reduced discharge heat and decreased overall performance.
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Ranjha, Qasim A., Nasser Vahedi, and Alparslan Oztekin. "High Temperature Thermochemical Energy Storage Using Packed Beds." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65912.
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Thermal energy storage units are vital for development of the efficient solar power generation systems due to fluctuating nature of daily and seasonal solar radiations. Two available efficient and practical options to store and release solar energy at high temperatures are latent heat storage and thermochemical storage. Latent heat storage can operate only at single phase change temperature. This problem can be avoided by some of the thermochemical storage systems in which solar energy can be stored and released over a range of high temperature by endothermic and exothermic reactions. One such reaction system is reversible reaction involving dehydration of Ca(OH)2 and hydration of CaO. This system is considered in the present study to model a circular fixed bed reactor for storage and release of heat at high temperatures. Air is used as heat transfer fluid (HTF) flowing in an annular shell outside the bed for charging and discharging the bed. The bed is filled with CaO/Ca(OH)2 powders with particles diameter of the order 5μm. Three dimensional transient model has been developed and simulations are performed using finite elements based COMSOL Multiphysics. Conservation of mass and energy equations, coupled with reaction kinetics equations, are solved in the three dimensional porous bed and the heat transfer fluid channel. Parametric study is performed by varying HTF parameters, bed dimensions and process conditions. The results are verified through a qualitative comparison with experimental and simulation results in the literature for similar geometric configurations.
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Cai, D., L. L. Zheng, and H. Zhang. "Modeling of Multi-Species Transfer During Aluminum Nitride Vapor Growth." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56394.
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AlN has attracted much attention in the past few years as a highly promising material for electronic and opto-electronic device applications. A halide vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) system has been designed to grow high quality aluminum nitride layers at the growth rate up to 60 μm/h with the deposition temperature of 1000–1100°C and the pressure ranging of 5.5–760 Torr [1]. A 3-D numerical model that is capable of describing multi-component fluid flow, surface chemistry, conjugate heat transfer, and species transport has been developed to help in design and optimization of the epitaxy growth system. The effects of reactor pressure on heat transfer and reactive mixing process are studied. The effects of carrier gas (N2+H2) and reacting gas (AlCl3+NH3) flow rates on species mixing process and deposition uniformity have also been investigated. To achieve a uniform reactive species distribution above the substrate under a high carrier and reacting gases flow rate, a baffle is added in between the adduct boat and the substrate. Different baffle sizes, shapes and locations are tested to examine the optional conditions for the best uniformity.
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Wang, Rong, and Ronghui Ma. "Computational Study of Reactive Flow in Halide Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon Carbide Epitaxial Film." In ASME 2008 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the Fluids Engineering, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2008-56313.
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In this study, a comprehensive transport model is developed for Halide Chemical Vapor Deposition (HCVD) system which includes gas dynamics, heat and mass transfer, gas-phase and surface chemistry, and radio-frequency induction heating. This model addresses transport of multiple chemical species in high temperature environment with large temperature difference and complex chemical reactions in gas-phase and on the deposition surface. Numerical modeling of the deposition process in a horizontal hot-wall reactor using SiCl4/C3H8/H2 as precursors has been performed over a wide range of operational parameters to quantify the effects of processing parameters on the film growth. The simulations of the deposition process provide detailed information on the gas-phase composition as well as the distributions of gas velocity and temperature in the reactor. The deposition rate on the substrate surface is also predicted. The results illustrate that deposition temperature and the flow rate of carrier gas play an important role in determining the processing conditions and deposition rate. A high concentration of HCl exists in the growth chamber and the etching of the SiC films by HCl has significant effect on the deposition rate. The modeling approach can be further used to improve reactor design and optimization of processing conditions.
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Klimenko, A. Y., Andrew P. Wandel, and Nigel S. A. Smith. "Stochastic Modelling of Scalar Transport in Turbulent Flows Based on Conditional Moment Closure." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/htd-24127.
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Abstract The difficulties of modelling transport of scalar properties (such as temperature and concentrations) in physical space are well-known. It is conventional to call the turbulent scalar transport as turbulent diffusion. However, if a strict mathematical definition of the term “diffusion” is to be used, this stochastic process is not a diffusion process since its characteristic time is quite long. That is why the gradient-based approximations of the turbulent fluxes, which are precise for the diffusion transport, may have some difficulties when dealing with a turbulent flow. In the present work, we investigated an alternative formulation of the turbulent scalar transport: the transport of one scalar with respect to another scalar. Using DNS data, we demonstrated that this transport can be much better approximated by a diffusion process than the turbulent scalar transport in physical space. This property is effectively used in Conditional Moment Closure (CMC) which deals with turbulent transport of reactive scalers (i.e. scalars participating in chemical reactions) with respect to the conserved scalar. The similarity with diffusion processes can be used to numerically simulate this process by stochastic differential equations. Although solving such equations would be much easier than using DNS to predict characteristics of the turbulent scalar transport, the idea needs a proper theoretical analysis due to the complicated structure of CMC equations which have, in their conserved form, both forward and inverse parabolic terms. In the present work, we also demonstrated how the CMC equations can be properly represented by a stochastic model.
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Seliger, Hannah, Michael Stöhr, Zhiyao Yin, Andreas Huber, and Manfred Aigner. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of FLOX®-Based Combustor for a 3kW Micro Gas Turbine Under Atmospheric Conditions." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-63317.
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This paper presents an experimental and numerical study of the flow field and heat release (HRL) zone of a six-nozzle FLOX®-based combustor at atmospheric pressure. The combustor is suitable for the use in a micro gas turbine (MGT) based combined heat and power (CHP) system with an electrical power output of 3 kW. The velocity field was measured using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (PIV). The heat release zone was visualized by OH*-chemiluminescence (OH* CL) and the flame front by OH planar laser-induced fluorescence (OH PLIF). The results are compared with CFD simulations to evaluate the quality of the applied numerical turbulence and combustion models. The simulations were performed using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations in combination with the k-ω-SST-turbulence model. Since the FLOX®-based combustion is dominated by chemical kinetics, a reaction mechanism with detailed chemistry, including 22 species and 104 reactions (DRM22), has been chosen. To cover the turbulence-chemistry interaction, an assumed probability density function (PDF) approach for species and temperature was used. Except for minor discrapancies in the flow field, the results show that the applied models are suitable for the design process of the combustor. In terms of the location of the heat release zone, it is necessary to consider possible heat losses, especially at lean operating conditions with a distributed heat release zone.
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Kumar, Ashutosh, and Robin Marlar Rajendran. "Expediting Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes with Prediction of Chemical Reaction Yield Using Machine Learning." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211832-ms.
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Abstract Chemical enhanced oil recovery involves enormous combinations of chemicals, surfactants, etc. The reservoir properties such as temperature, capillary pressure, permeability keeps changing, making the process of identification of suitable chemicals even more challenging. Data driven modelling holds solutions for the complexity involved in identification of most suitable parameters for chemical enhanced oil recovery. Over the last decade, Artificial Intelligence has found its numerous applications in different branches of chemistry. From the selection of chemicals to the operating conditions during synthesis all can be estimated by the use of deep learning models. This paper presents yield prediction which is of high economic significance for chemical enhanced oil recovery, because they enable calculation of investment versus return. These models give us the conversion of reaction into products before performing the lab experiment. This will help chemists in selecting high performance chemicals for specific reservoirs without spending time on costly iterative chemical processes. These models require application of deep learning architectures like transformers and natural language processing techniques like tokenization for the prediction task. Encoder models like BERT are used for receiving the information on chemical reactions in text-based form for a reaction which is then combined with a regression extension layer to give us the desired reaction yield. We demonstrate our model on a HTE dataset with an excellent prediction score. Efforts are also made on the USPTO patent dataset which covers a wide variety of chemical reaction space. The USPTO patent dataset consists of almost every chemical reaction published since late 1970s till 2006. Diverse techniques starting with Multi Layer Perceptrons, Sequence to sequence modelling, Long short term memory models and finally transformers are employed for the improvement of accuracy of patent reactions. The paper presents detailed comparative results of predicting chemical reaction yield, and the enhancements that it will bring to Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery. Reaction yield prediction models receive very little attention in spite of their enormous potential of determining the reaction conversion rates and its contribution to chemical enhanced oil recovery processes . The paper introduces a novel approach of modelling chemical reaction yield with deep learning models to the petroleum community. Unprecedented result of accuracy beyond 90% in predicting chemical reactions yield and its significance in chemical enhanced oil recovery has been proposed in the paper.
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Vahedi, Nasser, Qasim A. Ranjha, and Alparslan Oztekin. "Numerical Study of High Temperature Thermochemical Energy Storage Using Co3O4/CoO." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86329.
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Large-scale solar power generation becomes feasible using concentrated solar power plants, as the received heat is collected at high temperatures compatible with power cycle operations. The main drawback of solar power generation is the intermittent nature of available solar irradiation, which results in a mismatch between collected heat and electrical demand. Thermal energy storage (TES) systems are the options to resolve this problem by storing excess heat during high solar irradiance and releasing at off-sun conditions. Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) systems have the potential to store the solar energy at high temperatures suitable for CSP plants’ operations because of the higher energy density of the TCES materials than those used for sensible and latent heat storage options. In TCES, the heat is stored in the form of thermo-chemical energy using an endothermic reaction and is released by carrying out the reverse exothermic reaction. TCES using cobalt oxide redox (reduction/oxidation) reaction is selected for this study because of its unique features suitable for high temperature thermal energy storage. A reactor with the cylindrical fixed bed is considered, in which air flows through the bed during charging and discharging modes. Air is used as heat transfer fluid (HTF) and as the reactant gas supplying oxygen. Transient mass and energy transport equations are solved along with reaction kinetics equations using finite element method. Charging and discharging processes are investigated. The effect of geometrical and operational parameters including the material properties on overall storage and retrieval process has been studied. It was shown that the bed porosity plays a dominant role in the reactor performance. The increase in the bed porosity improves the reactor performance for both charging and discharging mode.
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Jiang, Shengyao, Xingtuan Yang, and Youjie Zhang. "Description of Typical Flow Instabilities in the Natural Circulation System." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22037.
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The experiments were performed on the test loop HRTL-5, which simulates geometry and system design of the 5-MW Nuclear Heating Reactor developed by the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology, Tsinghua University. Because of the difference of the geometry design and operating conditions between the heating reactor and the boiling water reactor, the flow behavior presents great differences too, some of which haven’t been deeply studied so far. Results show that in heating reactor, sub-cooled boiling, condensation and flashing play an important role on the flow instabilities of the natural circulation system. Correspondingly, geysering instability, flashing instability, and flow excursion are the very typical instabilities occurring in the primary loop of HRTL-5, which are different from those in boiling water reactor conditions. The compressibility of the steam space on the top of the primary loop has also great influence on the instability of the natural circulation system.
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Holowach, M. J., L. E. Hochreiter, F. B. Cheung, and D. L. Aumiller. "Critical Heat Flux During Reflood Transients in Small Hydraulic Diameter Geometries." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/htd-24185.
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Abstract Critical Heat Flux (CHF) at a low flow condition in a small hydraulic diameter duct is an important phenomenon for a MTR/ATR (Materials Test Reactor/Advanced Test Reactor) design under a number of accident conditions including reflood transients. Current CHF models in the literature, such as the Mishima/Nishihara and Oh/Englert CHF models, are based on macroscopic system parameters and not local thermal hydraulic conditions. These macroscopic parameter-based models cannot be readily used for analysis in transient best-estimate thermal hydraulic codes. This investigation focuses on developing a low flow rate CHF correlation, based on local conditions, that is amenable to implementation into a best-estimate transient thermal hydraulic code for a small hydraulic diameter channel. The model development proceeds with a means of correlating CHF data to local conditions parameters and then applying a correction factor to the resulting correlation, that permits accurate predictions over a range of pressures. An evaluation of the proposed local conditions-based CHF model is conducted by predicting independent sets of CHF experimental results over a range of flow rate, pressure, and sub cooling conditions. Conclusions on the viability of the proposed CHF model and suggestions for future efforts in improving the reflood heat transfer CHF models for small hydraulic diameter ducts are provided with an evaluation of the model results.
Reports on the topic "HTL reaction conditions"
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Kalman, Joseph, and Maryam Haddad. Wastewater-derived Ammonia for a Green Transportation Fuel. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2041.
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The energy-water nexus (i.e., availability of potable water and clean energy) is among the most important problems currently facing society. Ammonia is a carbon-free fuel that has the potential to reduce the carbon footprint in combustion related vehicles. However, ammonia production processes typically have their own carbon footprint and do not necessarily come from sustainable sources. This research examines wastewater filtration processes to harvest ammonia for transportation processes. The research team studied mock wastewater solutions and was able to achieve ammonia concentrations above 80%(nanofiltration) and 90% (reverse osmosis). The research team also investigated the influence of transmembrane pressure and flow rates. No degradation to the membrane integrity was observed during the process. This research used constant pressure combustion simulations to calculate the ignition delay times for NH3-air flames with expected impurities from the wastewater treatment processes. The influence of impurities, such as H2O, CO, CO2, and HCl, were studied under a range of thermodynamic conditions expected in compression ignition engines. The team observed carbon monoxide and water vapor to slightly decrease (at most 5%) ignition delay time, whereas HCl, in general, increased the ignition delay. The changes to the combustion chemistry and its influence of the reaction mechanism on the results are discussed. The experimental wastewater treatment study determined that reverse osmosis produced higher purity ammonia. The findings of the combustion work suggest that ignition delays will be similar to pure ammonia if HCl is filtered from the final product.
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Kalman, Joseph, and Maryam Haddad. Wastewater-derived Ammonia for a Green Transportation Fuel. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2041.
Full textAbstract:
The energy-water nexus (i.e., availability of potable water and clean energy) is among the most important problems currently facing society. Ammonia is a carbon-free fuel that has the potential to reduce the carbon footprint in combustion related vehicles. However, ammonia production processes typically have their own carbon footprint and do not necessarily come from sustainable sources. This research examines wastewater filtration processes to harvest ammonia for transportation processes. The research team studied mock wastewater solutions and was able to achieve ammonia concentrations above 80%(nanofiltration) and 90% (reverse osmosis). The research team also investigated the influence of transmembrane pressure and flow rates. No degradation to the membrane integrity was observed during the process. This research used constant pressure combustion simulations to calculate the ignition delay times for NH3-air flames with expected impurities from the wastewater treatment processes. The influence of impurities, such as H2O, CO, CO2, and HCl, were studied under a range of thermodynamic conditions expected in compression ignition engines. The team observed carbon monoxide and water vapor to slightly decrease (at most 5%) ignition delay time, whereas HCl, in general, increased the ignition delay. The changes to the combustion chemistry and its influence of the reaction mechanism on the results are discussed. The experimental wastewater treatment study determined that reverse osmosis produced higher purity ammonia. The findings of the combustion work suggest that ignition delays will be similar to pure ammonia if HCl is filtered from the final product.