Academic literature on the topic 'HRTF measurement'

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Journal articles on the topic "HRTF measurement"

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Li, Song, and Jürgen Peissig. "Measurement of Head-Related Transfer Functions: A Review." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 21, 2020): 5014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10145014.

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A head-related transfer function (HRTF) describes an acoustic transfer function between a point sound source in the free-field and a defined position in the listener’s ear canal, and plays an essential role in creating immersive virtual acoustic environments (VAEs) reproduced over headphones or loudspeakers. HRTFs are highly individual, and depend on directions and distances (near-field HRTFs). However, the measurement of high-density HRTF datasets is usually time-consuming, especially for human subjects. Over the years, various novel measurement setups and methods have been proposed for the fast acquisition of individual HRTFs while maintaining high measurement accuracy. This review paper provides an overview of various HRTF measurement systems and some insights into trends in individual HRTF measurements.
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Braren, Hark Simon, and Janina Fels. "Towards Child-Appropriate Virtual Acoustic Environments: A Database of High-Resolution HRTF Measurements and 3D-Scans of Children." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010324.

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Head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) play a significant role in modern acoustic experiment designs in the auralization of 3-dimensional virtual acoustic environments. This technique enables us to create close to real-life situations including room-acoustic effects, background noise and multiple sources in a controlled laboratory environment. While adult HRTF databases are widely available to the research community, datasets of children are not. To fill this gap, children aged 5–10 years old were recruited among 1st and 2nd year primary school children in Aachen, Germany. Their HRTFs were measured in the hemi-anechoic chamber with a 5-degree × 5-degree resolution. Special care was taken to reduce artifacts from motion during the measurements by means of fast measurement routines. To complement the HRTF measurements with the anthropometric data needed for individualization methods, a high-resolution 3D-scan of the head and upper torso of each participant was recorded. The HRTF measurement took around 3 min. The children’s head movement during that time was larger compared to adult participants in comparable experiments but was generally kept within 5 degrees of rotary and 1 cm of translatory motion. Adult participants only exhibit this range of motion in longer duration measurements. A comparison of the HRTF measurements to the KEMAR artificial head shows that it is not representative of an average child HRTF. Difference can be seen in both the spectrum and in the interaural time delay (ITD) with differences of 70 μs on average and a maximum difference of 138 μs. For both spectrum and ITD, the KEMAR more closely resembles the 95th percentile of range of children’s data. This warrants a closer look at using child specific HRTFs in the binaural presentation of virtual acoustic environments in the future.
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Kohnen, Michael, Florian Denk, Josep Llorca-Bofi, Birger Kollmeier, and Michael Vorländer. "Cross-site investigation on head-related and headphone transfer functions: variabilities in relation to loudness balancing." Acta Acustica 5 (2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/aacus/2021051.

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Headphone transfer function (HpTF) and head-related transfer function (HRTF) measurements are crucial in acoustic science and in binaural virtual acoustic applications. Yet, their measurement set-up, procedure or post-processing is different for nearly every lab, especially for the HRTF measurements. To compare findings between different labs, these measurement deviations have to be quantified alongside with their influence on perceptual aspects. In the scope of a cross-site investigation on loudness balancing between headphone and loudspeaker listening, a set of HpTFs with three different headphones (open, closed, insert earphones) and HRTF close to the eardrum were measured in 14 participants travelling to two different measurement sites at Aachen and Oldenburg. Though set-ups for measuring the HRTF are very different between sites, the gathered HRTFs are quite consistent across them. For the measured HpTFs, across sites the open headphones consistently yield a slightly lower variability in the range from 70 to 5000 Hz than the closed one while the insert earphones exhibit much higher variabilities and a limited range of reproducible results. The difference in loudness balancing across labs could well be predicted by site-specific systematic differences in HpTFs with the exception of 1 kHz narrowband stimulus. This clearly indicates the limits in comparability of HpTFs and loudness balancing across labs and the importance of using headphones with high repeatability like the open ones used in this investigation.
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Yao, Shu-Nung, and Li Jen Chen. "HRTF Adjustments with Audio Quality Assessments." Archives of Acoustics 38, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoa-2013-0007.

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Abstract There are an increasing number of binaural systems embedded with head-related transfer functions (HRTFs), so listeners can experience virtual environments via conventional stereo loudspeakers or head- phones. As HRTFs vary from person to person, it is difficult to select appropriated HRTFs from already existing databases for users. Once the HRTFs in a binaural audio device hardly match the real ones of the users, poor localization happens especially on the cone of confusion. The most accurate way to obtain personalized HRTFs might be doing practical measurements. It is, however, expensive and time consuming. Modifying non-individualized HRTFs may be an effort-saving way, though the modifications are always accompanied by undesired audio distortion. This paper proposes a flexible HRTF adjustment system for users to define their own HRTFs. Also, the system can keep sounds from suffering intolerable distortion based on an objective measurement tool for evaluating the quality of processed audio.
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Aoki, Shigeaki, Michael Cohen, and Nobuo Koizumi. "Design and Control of Shared Conferencing Environments for Audio Telecommunication Using Individually Measured HRTFs." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 3, no. 1 (January 1994): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres.1994.3.1.60.

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A technique is presented for dynamically invoking a set of head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) and scaling gain, driven by a dynamic map in a graphic window. With such an interface, users may configure a virtual conferencing environment, manipulating virtual positions of teleconferees. The design of a personal headphone teleconferencing prototype is proposed, integrating spatialized sound presentation with individualized HRTF measurement using a bifunctional transducer. According to judgment tests, the use of individualized HRTFs instead of dummy-head HRTFs can reduce front-back sound image confusion.
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Andreopoulou, Areti, Durand R. Begault, and Brian F. G. Katz. "Inter-Laboratory Round Robin HRTF Measurement Comparison." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing 9, no. 5 (August 2015): 895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2015.2400417.

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Armstrong, Cal, Lewis Thresh, Damian Murphy, and Gavin Kearney. "A Perceptual Evaluation of Individual and Non-Individual HRTFs: A Case Study of the SADIE II Database." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (October 23, 2018): 2029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112029.

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As binaural audio continues to permeate immersive technologies, it is vital to develop a detailed understanding of the perceptual relevance of HRTFs. Previous research has explored the benefit of individual HRTFs with respect to localisation. However, localisation is only one metric with which it is possible to rate spatial audio. This paper evaluates the perceived timbral and spatial characteristics of both individual and non-individual HRTFs and compares the results to overall preference. To that end, the measurement and evaluation of a high-resolution multi-environment binaural Impulse Response database is presented for 20 subjects, including the KU100 and KEMAR binaural mannequins. Post-processing techniques, including low frequency compensation and diffuse field equalisation are discussed in relation to the 8802 unique HRTFs measured for each mannequin and 2818/2114 HRTFs measured for each human. Listening test results indicate that particular HRTF sets are preferred more generally by subjects over their own individual measurements.
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Lee, Yun-Jae, Young-Jin Park, and Youn-Sik Park. "Newly Designed HRTF Measurement System and its Analysis." Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5302/j.icros.2010.16.2.202.

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Sumner, Eric M., Morris Riedel, and Rúnar Unnþórsson. "Design and manufacture of synthetic pinnæ for studying head-related transfer functions." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A220—A221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0011115.

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The study of head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) is hampered by an inability to isolate the effects of individual anthropometric properties in an experimental setting. The authors propose to address this issue by studying the HRTFs of synthetic pinnæ which are designed to specification. The design, manufacture, and measurement of these synthetic pinnæ are detailed: A mold for each pinna is printed with a finite-deposition 3D printer and then cast in silicone with appropriate acoustic properties. These castings are then installed on a KEMAR mannequin whose HRTF is measured in an anechoic chamber. Additionally, comparative results are presented between commercially produced pinnæ inserts and copies produced via the proposed method.
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Ben-Hur, Zamir, David L. Alon, Boaz Rafaely, and Ravish Mehra. "Localization and externalization in binaural reproduction with sparse HRTF measurement grids." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 143, no. 3 (March 2018): 1830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5036007.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "HRTF measurement"

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Stanley, Raymond M. "Measurement and validation of bone-conduction adjustment functions in virtual 3D audio displays." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29754.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.
Committee Chair: Walker, Bruce N.; Committee Member: Corballis, Paul M.; Committee Member: Corso, Gregory M.; Committee Member: Folds, Dennis J.; Committee Member: Houtsma, Adrianus J. M. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Zhang, Mengqiu. "Experimental guided spherical harmonics based head-related transfer function modeling." Phd thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/9796.

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In this thesis we investigate the experimental guided spherical harmonics based Head-Related Transfer Function (HRTF) modeling where HRTFs are parameterized as frequency and source location. We focus on efficiently representing the HRTF variations in sufficient detail by mathematical modeling and the experimental measurements. The goal of this work is towards an optimal functional HRTF modeling taking into account the demands of decreasing the computational cost and alleviating the HRTF interpolation and/or extrapolation in the headphone based binaural systems. To represent HRTF by models, we firstly consider the high variability of HRTFs among individuals caused by the differentiation of the scattering effects of the individual bodies on the sound waves. We conduct a series of statistical analyses on an experimental HRTF database of human subjects to reveal the correlation between the physical features of human beings, especially pinna, head, and torso, and the corresponding HRTFs. The strategy enables us to identify a minimal set of physical features which strongly influence the HRTFs in a direct physical way. We next consider the continuity of the HRTF representation in both spatial and frequency domain. We define a functional HRTF model class in which the HRTF spatial representation has been justified to be well approximated by a finite number of spherical harmonics while HRTF frequency representation remains the focus of this thesis. In order to seek an efficient representation for HRTF frequency portion, we derive a metric that is able to numerically evaluate the efficiency of different complete orthonormal bases. We show that the complex exponentials form the most efficient basis. Given the identified basis, we then provide a solution to determine the dimensionality of the representation. To represent HRTF by measurements, we firstly consider the required angular resolution and the most suitable sampling scheme taking into account the two dimensional angular direction and the wide audio frequency range. We review the spherical harmonic analysis of the HRTF from which the least required number of spatial samples for HRTF measurement is derived. Considering how the HRTF data should be sampled on the sphere, we propose a list of requirements for the determination of the HRTF measurement grid. In addition to explaining how to measure the HRTF over sphere according to the identified scheme, we propose a fast spherical harmonic transform algorithm. We next consider the feasible experimental setup for a non-anechoic situation, that is, the measurements can be made when there is some reverberation. We emphasize on the design of the test signal and the post-processing to extract HRTFs.
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Chiang, Yueh-hua, and 江岳樺. "Improving the Classification of Samples and Measurement of Angle to Enhance the Synthesis of Personalized HRTF." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29418804116919907623.

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碩士
大同大學
資訊工程學系(所)
100
In recent years, the 3D audio effect is widely used in many applications. To produce 3D audio effect as real, the localization of sound source must be discussed. Because person's exterior is different to others, for example the torso, the shoulder, the head, and the auricle. These differences accomplish each person's unique HRTF (Head Related Transfer Function). Although there are many ways to personalize the HRTF, in this paper it is expected to find a easy and fast way to obtain the suitable personalized HRTF. That is a way to listen and synthesize the personalized HRTF. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed to synthesize the personalized HRTF by improving the classification of samples and the measurement of location angle. At first, classify the HRTF of samples from CIPIC, use signal characteristics of classified database, and find the representation frequency of each of angle. Then, the characteristic frequency is used to filter samples. The filtered samples are synthesized a HRTF that is used to evaluate by listening tests. The algorithm of this paper is different from previous researches that is needed to listen to many samples to find personalized HRTF. Therefore, the times of the listening test can be reduced. To verify the personalized HRTF, the angle of localized sound source is measured by sensor in this paper. The error due to human interpretation can be avoid to improve the accuracy of the measured angle. Compared with previous research, the time is shortened by approximately 31%, the angle of error is reduced by about 32%, and the standard deviation is also decreased by approximately 38%. Therefore, improving the classification of samples and measurement of angle can have a significant effect.
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Zhang, Wen. "Measurement and modelling of head-related transfer function for spatial audio synthesis." Phd thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/9825.

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There has been a growing interest in spatial sound generation arising from the development of new communications and media technologies. Binaural spatial sound systems are capable of encoding and rendering sound sources accurately in three dimensional space using only two recording/playback channels. This is based on the concept of the Head-Related Transfer Function (HRTF), which is a set of acoustic filters from the sound source to a listener's eardrums and contains all the listening cues used by the hearing mechanism for decoding spatial information encoded in binaural signals. The HRTF is usually obtained from acoustic measurements on different persons. In the case of discrete data and sets of measurements corresponding to different human subjects, it is desirable to have a continuous functional representation of the HRTF for efficiently rendering moving sounds in the virtual spatial audio systems; further this representation should be well-suited for customization to an individual listener. In this thesis, modal analysis is applied to examine the HRTF data structure, that is to employ the wave equation solutions to expand the HRTF with separable basis functions. This leads to a general representation of the HRTF into separated spatial and spectral components, where the spatial basis functions modes account for the HRTF spatial variations and the remaining HRTF spectral components provide a new means to examine the human body scattering behavior. The general model is further developed into the HRTF continuous functional representations. We use the normalized spatial modes to link near-field and far-field HRTFs directly, which provides a way to obtain the HRTFs at different ranges from measurements conducted at only a single range. The spatially invariant HRTF spectral components are represented continuously using an orthogonal series. Both spatial and spectral basis functions are well known functions, thus the developed analytical model can be used to easily examine the HRTF data feature-individualization. An important finding of this thesis is that the HRTF decomposition with the spatial basis functions can be well approximated by a finite number, which is defined as the HRTF spatial dimensionality. The dimensionality determines the least number of the HRTF measurements in space. We perform high resolution HRTF measurements on a KEMAR mannequin in a semi-anechoic acoustic chamber. Both signal processing aspects to extract HRTFs from the raw measurements and a practical high resolution spatial sampling scheme have been given in this thesis.
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Wersényi, György [Verfasser]. "HRTFs in human localization : measurement, spectral evaluation and practical use in virtual audio environment / vorgelegt von György Wersényi." 2002. http://d-nb.info/96563048X/34.

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Book chapters on the topic "HRTF measurement"

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Iida, Kazuhiro. "Measurement Method for HRTF." In Head-Related Transfer Function and Acoustic Virtual Reality, 149–56. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9745-5_9.

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Fogelman, I., and A. Rodin. "The Measurement of Bone Density." In HRT and Osteoporosis, 119–33. London: Springer London, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1799-5_11.

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Shi, Guowei, Xiaochao Guo, Dewen Cheng, Xianjun Li, Duanqin Xiong, and Yu Bai. "Research of 3D Virtual Sounds in Cockpit: Calculation, Measurement, and Individuation Customization in Aviators’ HRTFs." In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Man-Machine-Environment System Engineering, 257–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38968-9_29.

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Pollack, Katharina, Wolfgang Kreuzer, and Piotr Majdak. "Modern Acquisition of Personalised Head-Related Transfer Functions: An Overview." In Advances in Fundamental and Applied Research on Spatial Audio [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102908.

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Head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) describe the spatial filtering of acoustic signals by a listener’s anatomy. With the increase of computational power, HRTFs are nowadays more and more used for the spatialised headphone playback of 3D sounds, thus enabling personalised binaural audio playback. HRTFs are traditionally measured acoustically and various measurement systems have been set up worldwide. Despite the trend to develop more user-friendly systems and as an alternative to the most expensive and rather elaborate measurements, HRTFs can also be numerically calculated, provided an accurate representation of the 3D geometry of head and ears exists. While under optimal conditions, it is possible to generate said 3D geometries even from 2D photos of a listener, the geometry acquisition is still a subject of research. In this chapter, we review the requirements and state-of-the-art methods for obtaining personalised HRTFs, focusing on the recent advances in numerical HRTF calculation.
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Conference papers on the topic "HRTF measurement"

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Rund, Frantisek, and Filip Saturka. "Alternatives to HRTF measurement." In 2012 35th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2012.6256377.

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Fan, Ziqi, Yunhao Wan, and Kyla McMullen. "Quantitatively Validating Subjectively Selected HRTFs for Elevation and Front-Back Distinction." In The 22nd International Conference on Auditory Display. Arlington, Virginia: The International Community for Auditory Display, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21785/icad2016.028.

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As 3D audio becomes more common place to enhance auditory environments, designers are faced with the challenge of choosing HRTFs for listeners that provide proper audio cues. Subjective selection is a low-cost alternative to expensive HRTF measurement, however little is known concerning whether the preferred HRTFs are similar or if users exhibit random behavior in this task. In addition, PCA (principal component analysis) can be used to decompose HRTFs in representative features, however little is known concerning whether the features have a relevant perceptual basis. 12 listeners completed a subjective selection experiment in which they judged the perceptual quality of 14 HRTFs in terms of elevation, and front-back distinction. PCA was used to decompose the HRTFs and create an HRTF similarity metric. The preferred HRTFs were significantly more similar to each other, the preferred and non-preferred HRTFs were significantly less similar to each other, and in the case of front-back distinction the non-preferred HRTFs were significantly more similar to each other.
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Liebich, Stefan, Jan-Gerrit Richter, Johannes Fabry, Christopher Durand, Janina Fels, and Peter Jax. "Direction-of-Arrival Dependency of Active Noise Cancellation Headphones." In ASME 2018 Noise Control and Acoustics Division Session presented at INTERNOISE 2018. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ncad2018-6120.

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The evolving field of ear-mounted hearing devices manifests in more people wearing headphones, hearing aids or hearables in daily life. One of their purposes is to reduce the increasing burden of ambient noise. Their passive attenuation of noise can be supplemented by using Active Noise Cancellation (ANC). It uses acoustic anti-phase compensation. The occurring ambient noises in daily life can have a highly time-variant nature, e.g. with varying direction of arrival. In this contribution, we investigate the direction-dependency of ANC systems based on acoustic device-specific head related transfer functions (DHRTF). The DHRTF were measured with a fast measurement system for HRTF. We focus on in-ear headphones as the acoustic front-end. The headphones comprise two microphones; an outer microphone for ambient sounds and an inner microphone, which faces the eardrum. The transfer function between these two microphones is called the primary path. For the ANC system, we investigate optimal time-invariant feedforward filtering that depends on the primary path. Therefore, changes in the primary path due to varying directions of arrival may degrade the performance. The DHRTF measurements reveal differences in magnitude and phase of the primary path. Evaluations show that the attenuation performance depends on the direction of arrival.
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Enzner, Gerald, Martin Krawczyk, Falk-Martin Hoffmann, and Michael Weinert. "3D reconstruction of HRTF-fields from 1D continuous measurements." In 2011 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (WASPAA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aspaa.2011.6082278.

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Vidal, Adrien, Philippe Herzog, Christophe Lambourg, and Jacques Chatron. "HRTF measurements of five dummy heads at two distances." In 2021 Immersive and 3D Audio: from Architecture to Automotive (I3DA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i3da48870.2021.9610914.

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Fantini, Davide, Federico Avanzini, Stavros Ntalampiras, and Giorgio Presti. "HRTF Individualization Based on Anthropometric Measurements Extracted from 3D Head Meshes." In 2021 Immersive and 3D Audio: from Architecture to Automotive (I3DA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i3da48870.2021.9610904.

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Kabzinski, Tobias, and Peter Jax. "Towards Faster Continuous Multi-Channel HRTF Measurements Based On Learning System Models." In ICASSP 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp43922.2022.9746559.

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Barumerli, Roberto, Michele Geronazzo, and Federico Avanzini. "Round Robin Comparison of Inter-Laboratory HRTF Measurements – Assessment with an auditory model for elevation." In 2018 IEEE 4th VR Workshop on Sonic Interactions for Virtual Environments (SIVE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sive.2018.8577091.

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Pec, Michal, Michal Bujacz, Pawel Strumillo, and Andrzej Materka. "Individual HRTF measurements for accurate obstacle sonification in an electronic travel aid for the blind." In 2008 International Conference on Signals and Electronic Systems. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icses.2008.4673402.

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Zhang, Mengfan, Xihong Wu, and Tianshu Qu. "Individual Distance-Dependent HRTFS Modeling Through A Few Anthropometric Measurements." In ICASSP 2020 - 2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp40776.2020.9052928.

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