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Journal articles on the topic 'HRT'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Sestak, Ivana, Roseann Kealy, Robert Edwards, John Forbes, and Jack Cuzick. "Influence of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Tamoxifen-Induced Vasomotor Symptoms." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 24 (August 20, 2006): 3991–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.04.3745.

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Purpose Tamoxifen is an effective drug, but its role in prevention is limited by its adverse effect profile. Non–life-threatening adverse effects, such as vasomotor symptoms, have an important influence in its use for prevention. Vasomotor symptoms were evaluated according to follow-up time, severity, and use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in a retrospective analysis. Patients and Methods In the International Breast Cancer Intervention Study-I study, 7,154 women at increased risk of breast cancer were randomly assigned to either tamoxifen 20 mg/d or placebo for 5 years. Women gave detailed information on any vasomotor symptoms at each 6-month follow-up visit. Results Hot flushes were reported more often in the tamoxifen group than in the placebo group (70.6% v 57.1%, respectively; odds ratio, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.63 to 1.99). Severe hot flushes were more strongly related to tamoxifen. In the tamoxifen arm, more women taking HRT at entry experienced hot flushes in the first 6 months than those who did not take HRT (60.8% v 49.2%, respectively; P = .09). In contrast, women on placebo taking HRT at entry experienced fewer hot flushes than women who stopped HRT (22.9% v 34.3%, respectively; P = .03). Furthermore, for women who first began HRT in the first 6 months of the trial compared with women who did not begin HRT, HRT seemed to be much more effective in controlling hot flushes in months 6 to 12 in the placebo arm (47.9% v 20.4%, respectively) than in the tamoxifen arm (51.4% v 39.0%, respectively). Conclusion HRT use at entry or during the trial was not effective in alleviating hot flushes for women in the tamoxifen arm. Our retrospective study suggests that estrogen-based HRT has limited effectiveness among women receiving tamoxifen.

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Zhou, Jue, Fan Qu, Xisheng Sang, Xiaotong Wang, and Rui Nan. "Acupuncture and Auricular Acupressure in Relieving Menopausal Hot Flashes of Bilaterally Ovariectomized Chinese Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep001.

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The objective of this study is to explore the effects of acupuncture and auricular acupressure in relieving menopausal hot flashes of bilaterally ovariectomized Chinese women. Between May 2006 and March 2008, 46 bilaterally ovariectomized Chinese women were randomized into an acupuncture and auricular acupressure group (n= 21) and a hormone replacement therapy (HRT) group (Tibolone,n= 25). Each patient was given a standard daily log and was required to record the frequency and severity of hot flashes and side effects of the treatment felt daily, from 1 week before the treatment started to the fourth week after the treatment ended. The serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), LH and E2were detected before and after the treatment. After the treatment and the follow-up, both the severity and frequency of hot flashes in the two groups were relieved significantly when compared with pre-treatment (P< .05). There was no significant difference in the severity of hot flashes between them after treatment (P> .05), while after the follow-up, the severity of hot flashes in the HRT group was alleviated more. After the treatment and the follow-up, the frequency of menopausal hot flashes in the HRT group was reduced more (P< .05). After treatment, the levels of FSH decreased significantly and the levels of E2increased significantly in both groups (P< .05), and they changed more in the HRT group (P< .05). Acupuncture and auricular acupressure can be used as alternative treatments to relieve menopausal hot flashes for those bilaterally ovariectomized women who are unable or unwilling to receive HRT.

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3

Taylor, Abi. "Non-hormonal treatments of menopausal symptoms." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 12, no. 12 (September 16, 2019): 703–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738019874829.

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Many women with menopausal symptoms will consult their GP for help and advice. These symptoms can be varied and include vasomotor symptoms (hot flushes and night sweats), urogenital dryness or irritation, muscle aches, poor sleep and low mood. For some women, explanation and reassurance may be all that is required; others may request treatment with hormone-replacement therapy (HRT). However, some women requesting treatment will not be able to take HRT, due to co-existing medical problems such as breast cancer or may wish to avoid hormones for other reasons. This article will describe some of the non-HRT treatments that may be offered either instead of or alongside systemic HRT.

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4

Huang, Marilyn, Charlotte C. Sun, Shannon Neville Westin, and Diane C. Bodurka. "Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) prescribing patterns among gynecologic oncologists." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): e20637-e20637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e20637.

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e20637 Background: Gynecologic cancer survivors have indicated inadequate treatment of their menopausal symptoms; and while HRT can significantly improve quality of life (QOL) its safety is still debated. Our objective was to evaluate HRT practice patterns and identify potential barriers to prescribing HRT among gynecologic oncologists (GO). Methods: SGO members with active electronic mail (n=823) were queried with single answer and Likert-style questions using an internet-based program. Email reminders were sent at 3, 6, and 9 weeks. Results: Of 207 respondents (25%), 123 (59%) were male and 84 (41%) female. Providers identified personal history of blood clot (81.5%) or breast cancer (75.6%) as contraindications to prescribing HRT. More women than men cited breast cancer and personal history of a blood clot (p=0.038, p=0.08) as contraindications. HRT candidates were women with vasomotor symptoms (sx)(96.1%), those at risk for osteoporosis (55.1%), and postmenopausal women (47.8%). Sx considered amenable to HRT were hot flashes (98.5%), vaginal atrophy (89.3%) and osteoporosis (60%). Fewer women than men (p=0.02) thought HRT was acceptable treatment for vaginal atrophy. Most practitioners would recommend HRT for sexual dysfunction (61.5%). Physicians indicated that they would prescribe HRT for ovarian (55.1%) and endometrial (58.7%) cancer survivors in surveillance. Compared to females, males were more likely to prescribe HRT to ovarian cancer patients who were newly diagnosed (p=0.005), disease-free after adjuvant chemotherapy (p=0.004), on surveillance (p<0.001), or with recurrent disease (p=0.008). Similar trends occurred with endometrial cancer patients. 75% of physicians would prescribe HRT for women with cervical, vaginal, or vulvar cancer following definitive treatment. There was no consensus regarding the duration of HRT once initiated for any cancer. Interestingly, 56-71% of respondents cited evidence- based medicine as the basis for their recommendations. Conclusions: Our survey demonstrated a wide spectrum in HRT prescribing patterns of GO. As more emphasis is placed on QOL and survivorship, rigorous study of the outcomes of HRT use in our patients is of paramount importance.

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5

Moore, Anne. "After HRT." Nursing 33 (June 2003): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200306001-00006.

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6

Cotard, Sylvain, Audrey Queudet, Jean-Luc Béchennec, Sébastien Faucou, and Yvon Trinquet. "STM-HRT." ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 14, no. 4 (December 8, 2015): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2786979.

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7

Aschenbrenner, Diane S. "HRT Reconsidered." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 104, no. 6 (June 2004): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-200406000-00031.

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8

Ushiroyama, Takahisa, Atsushi Ikeda, Kou Sakuma, and Minoru Ueki. "Comparing the Effects of Estrogen and an Herbal Medicine on Peripheral Blood Flow in Post-menopausal Women with Hot Flashes: Hormone Replacement Therapy and Gui-Zhi-Fu-Ling-Wan, a Kampo Medicine." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 33, no. 02 (January 2005): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x05002813.

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We investigated the association between blood flow in the extremities and hot flashes, and compared change in blood flow following hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and Gui-zhi-fu-ling-wan (Keishi-bukuryo-gan), a herbal therapy in post-menopausal women with hot flashes. Three hundred and fifty-two post-menopausal women aged 46–58 years (mean: 53.4±3.6 years) with climacteric complaints participated in the study. One hundred and thirty-one patients with hot flashes were treated with HRT (64 cases) or herbal therapy (67 cases). Blood flow was measured with laser doppler fluxmetry under the jaw, in the middle finger and in the third toe. Post-menopausal women with hot flashes (129 cases) showed significantly higher blood flow under the jaw (13.6±4.13) than women without hot flashes (166 cases) (5.48±0.84) ( p <0.0001). Blood flow at this site decreased significantly with either therapy ( p <0.0001). On the other hand, the administration of Gui-zhi-fu-ling-wan significantly increased ( p =0.002) the blood flow in the lower extremities, whereas HRT decreased the blood flow. Thus, we have demonstrated that Gui-zhi-fu-ling-wan did not affect the activity of vasodilator neuropeptides on sensory neurons of systemic peripheral vessels uniformly. Therefore, Gui-zhi-fu-ling-wan, rather than HRT, is suggested as an appropriate therapy for treatment of hot flashes in the face and upper body with concomitant coldness in the lower body, which is one of the symptoms of menopause.

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9

H�ring, R., H. Hamelmann, C. M�ller, F. Harder, R. Pichlmayr, and J. R. Siewert. "Der problematische Bauchdeckenverschlu� ?? was hat sich bew�hrt?" Langenbecks Archiv f�r Chirurgie 365, no. 1 (March 1985): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01261214.

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10

Mugada, Vinodkumar, Raj Kiran Kolakota, Sujana Bhargavi Jadda, Urmila Kotapadu, and Mounika Veesam. "Does hormone replacement therapy benefit post-menopausal women? – a scoping review." Medical Science Pulse 13, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1367.

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Post-menopausal women experience symptoms such as irregular periods, lower fertility, vaginal dryness, hot flashes and night sweats. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) relieves menopausal symptoms. The aim of this review was to assess the benefits and risks of HRT in post-menopausal women. A scoping review was conducted for original peer-reviewed English language papers using the electronic databases of PUBMED, JAMA, BMC and TRIP. The papers were subjected to a three-stage screening process. The type of study, year of study, age, participants, type of therapy and the aim of the study defined the inclusion and exclusion criteria. HRT was associated with reduced risk and prevalence of end-stage kidney disease, gastric esophageal reflex disease (GORD) symptoms, periodontal disease and associated with the increased risk of overall cancers. The benefits of HRT depend on the duration of therapy, formulation, route of administration, time of initiating therapy (age <60 years) and type of therapy. Post-menopausal symptomatic women mostly benefited with hormone replacement therapy. To reduce risks of adverse events, HRT should be initiated with appropriate monitoring.

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11

Balasubramanian, Madhusudhanan, Christopher Bowd, Robert N. Weinreb, and Linda M. Zangwill. "Agreement between the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) Stereometric Parameters Estimated Using HRT-I and HRT-II." Optometry and Vision Science 88, no. 1 (January 2011): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/opx.0b013e3181fc3467.

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12

Punay, N., and J. W. W. Studd. "HRT and depression." Gynecological Endocrinology 10, sup4 (January 1996): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09513599609116169.

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13

&NA;. "Long-term HRT." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1129 (March 1998): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199811290-00026.

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&NA;. "HRT + etidronic acid." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1137 (May 1998): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199811370-00034.

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15

Lynch, Elizabeth. "HRT: the risks." Nursing Standard 17, no. 50 (August 27, 2003): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.17.50.12.s23.

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&NA;. "Risks of HRT." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1636 (May 2008): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200816360-00057.

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&NA;. "Risks of HRT." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1200 (May 2008): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200812000-00012.

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18

Shaheen, Shugufta, Anila Mahmood, Farzana Kadri, and Ana Mehreen Rajput. "MENOPAUSE AND HRT." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 07 (July 10, 2015): 904–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.07.1180.

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Objective: To find out awareness about menopause and HRT in thepostmenopausal women. Study Design: Cross sectional and observational study. Setting:Gynaecological Department of Al Tibiri Medical College Isra University, Karachi Campus andLady Dufferin Hospital Karachi. Period: May 2013 to December 2013. Method: Total 150women were selected in the study. All the cases were undergone interviewed after takingconsent form. All the data regarding residential status and awareness about menopause andHRT, along socioeconomic characteristics were entered on Performa. Results: The meanage of respondents was 52.6 ± 8.5 years.Mostly women were belongs with rural areas 68%,with poor socioeconomic condition 63%and uneducated 51%.In the majority 65% caseswere documented without awareness regardingmenopause and HRT. Conclusions: In theconclusion of this study mostly women lacked awareness regarding menopause and hormonereplacement therapy. Mostly ideasof the women concerning menopause are such as; it isnatural thing and without medical association.

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19

&NA;. "New HRT formulation." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 889 (May 1993): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199308890-00049.

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20

Sturdee, David W. "Newer HRT regimens." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 104, no. 10 (October 1997): 1109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1997.tb10932.x.

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21

Peet, Danielle. "Menopause and HRT." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 2, no. 1 (January 2009): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/innovait/inn168.

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22

Glenville, M. "Alternatives to HRT." Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 3, no. 4 (June 14, 2010): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7166.1998.tb00924.x.

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23

Caswell, Amanda. "Hooked on HRT." Medical Journal of Australia 157, no. 5 (September 1992): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137193.x.

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Rees, Margaret. "Alternatives to HRT." Medicine 34, no. 1 (January 2006): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.2006.34.1.43.

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25

Compston, J. E. "HRT and osteoporosis." British Medical Bulletin 48, no. 2 (1992): 309–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072549.

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26

Leyland, Sarah. "Osteoporosis and HRT." Practice Nursing 11, no. 15 (October 2000): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2000.11.15.4482.

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Cust, M. P. "Menopause and HRT." Current Obstetrics & Gynaecology 7, no. 4 (December 1997): 246–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0957-5847(97)80042-x.

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28

Simkin, Sandra. "HRT results questioned." Lancet 356, no. 9242 (November 2000): 1690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)70402-5.

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29

Barlow, David H. "HRT and osteoporosis." Baillière's Clinical Rheumatology 7, no. 3 (October 1993): 535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0950-3579(05)80077-9.

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Römer, Thomas. "Blutungsstörungen unter HRT." Journal für Gynäkologische Endokrinologie/Schweiz 23, no. 2 (May 12, 2020): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41975-020-00140-5.

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31

Mueck, Alfred O. "Hypertension and HRT." International Congress Series 1229 (February 2002): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0531-5131(01)00460-5.

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32

Chakrabortti, D. K. "HRT following hysterectomy." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 70 (2000): C31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(00)81510-6.

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33

Wolfman, W. L. "HRT and antidepressants." Canadian Medical Association Journal 173, no. 3 (August 2, 2005): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1050022.

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Symon, K. "HRT and antidepressants." Canadian Medical Association Journal 173, no. 3 (August 2, 2005): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1050024.

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35

Lee, Deborah J. "Cerazette and HRT." Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 33, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1783/147118907781004967.

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36

Mellor, S., A. Stirling, V. Ramsden, G. Thomas, and E. Bennett. "Guidelines for HRT." British Menopause Society Journal 1, no. 1 (March 1995): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136218079500100114.

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37

Kanis, John. "Bones and HRT." British Menopause Society Journal 1, no. 2 (October 1995): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136218079500100213.

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38

LONG, CAROL O. "The HRT Puzzle." Home Healthcare Nurse: The Journal for the Home Care and Hospice Professional 23, no. 4 (April 2005): 263–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004045-200504000-00016.

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Liu, P., Q. Yu, W. P. Bai, F. F. He, W. Shi, Y. Y. Wu, D. J. He, J. H. Xiao, Y. Zheng, and Q. P. Liao. "P.1.232 Menopausal depression: Comparing HRT and HRT plus fluoxetine." European Neuropsychopharmacology 13 (October 2003): S273—S274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(03)91942-0.

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Abernethy, Kathy. "HRT shortages: the real reason women were left without HRT?" Practice Nursing 31, no. 4 (April 2, 2020): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2020.31.4.173.

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Fowble, Barbara, Alexandra Hanlon, Gary Freedman, Art Patchefsky, Howard Kessler, Nicos Nicolaou, John Hoffman, Elin Sigurdson, Marcia Boraas, and Lori Goldstein. "Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy: Effect on Diagnosis and Outcome in Early-Stage Invasive Breast Cancer Treated With Conservative Surgery and Radiation." Journal of Clinical Oncology 17, no. 6 (June 1999): 1680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1999.17.6.1680.

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PURPOSE: To compare the pretreatment characteristics and outcome of postmenopausal women with stage I-II breast cancer treated with conservative surgery and radiation who had a history of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with those who had never received HRT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1979 to 1993, 485 postmenopausal women underwent excisional biopsy, axillary dissection, and radiation for stage I-II breast cancer. The median follow-up was 5.9 years. One hundred forty-one patients reported a history of HRT. The median length of use was 5 years. Three hundred forty-four patients reported no history of HRT. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences between the two groups were observed for median age (HRT 60 years v no HRT 64 years; P = .0009), median weight (HRT 142 lbs v no HRT 152 lbs; P = .004), clinical tumor size ≤ 2 cm (HRT 77% v no HRT 66%; P = .02), and the use of re-excision (HRT 62% v no HRT 49%; P = .01). The method of detection by mammogram only (HRT 52% v no HRT 42%; P = .06) was of borderline statistical significance. The HRT patients had a statistically significant increased cumulative incidence of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (8% v 2%; P = .02), a statistically significant decreased cumulative incidence of distant metastases (HRT 6% v no HRT 17%; P = .01), and a borderline statistically significant improvement in cause-specific survival at 10 years (HRT 92% v no HRT 86%; P = .07). Postmenopausal women with a history of HRT did not have an increased risk of contralateral breast cancer or second non–breast cancer malignancy. CONCLUSION: This study failed to identify an adverse effect of HRT on breast cancer mortality in patients with stage I-II disease treated with conservative surgery and radiation.

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Ahn, Kwangho, Jaehwan Ahn, I.-Tae Kim, Seoggu Kim, Sungwon Kang, Eunzoo Park, and Youngsup Lee. "Characteristics of Micro-Particle Separation according to HRT Changes." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 35, no. 12 (December 30, 2013): 937–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2013.35.12.937.

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L’Hermite, M. "HRT optimization, using transdermal estradiol plus micronized progesterone, a safer HRT." Climacteric 16, sup1 (July 15, 2013): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2013.808563.

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Ji, Eunjeong, Kidong Kim, Banghyun Lee, Sung Ook Hwang, Hee Joong Lee, Kyungjin Lee, Minkyung Lee, and Yong Beom Kim. "Postoperative Hormone Replacement Therapy and Survival in Women with Ovarian Cancer." Cancers 14, no. 13 (June 23, 2022): 3090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14133090.

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The effect of postoperative hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on survival in women with ovarian cancer remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact of postoperative HRT on survival in women with ovarian cancer using the nationwide cohort study. Women aged ≤60 and diagnosed with ovarian cancer that received primary surgery were followed-up for 5.6 ± 2.9 years. Mean ages of women administered HRT (the HRT group; n = 263) or not administered HRT (the control group; n = 1521) were 41.5 ± 8.5 and 41.0 ± 11.4 years, respectively. After adjustment for covariables, OS was significantly greater in the HRT group (HR 0.618; 95% CI 0.414–0.922; p = 0.018). Kaplan–Meier curve analysis showed OS was significantly higher in the HRT group (85.3% vs. 76.6%; p = 0.016). The ratio of women with HRT to women without HRT increased significantly with time (restricted mean survival times for OS, p < 0.001). In addition, OS was significantly greater for those that received HRT for >5 years than for those that received HRT for ≤0.5 years (HR 0.234; 95% CI 0.059–0.936; p = 0.040). Postoperative HRT improved survival among women with ovarian cancer. The impact of HRT on survival increased with time and treatment duration.

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45

Moreau, Kerrie L., Anthony J. Donato, Douglas R. Seals, Frank A. Dinenno, Sharon D. Blackett, Greta L. Hoetzer, Christopher A. Desouza, and Hirofumi Tanaka. "Arterial intima-media thickness: site-specific associations with HRT and habitual exercise." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 283, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): H1409—H1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00035.2002.

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We determined the site-specific relations of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and habitual exercise status with intima-media thickness (IMT) in both elastic (carotid) and muscular (femoral) arteries in 77 healthy postmenopausal women: 43 women were sedentary (20 no-HRT and 23 HRT users) and 34 women were endurance trained (14 no-HRT and 20 HRT users). Femoral IMT was not different among the sedentary HRT and endurance-trained no-HRT and HRT groups, but was lower ( P < 0.005) in these three groups than in the sedentary no-HRT women. There were no significant group differences in carotid IMT. However, in older women (≥65 yrs) carotid IMT was smaller ( P < 0.05) in HRT compared with no-HRT women. We conclude that both endurance training and HRT status are independently associated with a smaller IMT and these effects are evident primarily in muscular arteries. These results suggest that HRT and habitual exercise may protect postmenopausal women against cardiovascular disease through influences on IMT. The site-specific relations may be due to a greater number of smooth muscle cells and plasticity of muscular arteries compared with elastic arteries and/or differences in heterogeneous influences such as metabolic requirements and hydrostatic pressures.

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46

Meyer, Casey J., J. Craig Garrison, and John E. Conway. "Baseball Players With an Ulnar Collateral Ligament Tear Display Increased Nondominant Arm Humeral Torsion Compared With Healthy Baseball Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 45, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546516664718.

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Background: Previous work has suggested that an increase in the amount of developmentally acquired, dominant arm humeral retrotorsion (D HRT) in the thrower’s shoulder may be a potentially protective mechanism. Although the relationship between HRT and shoulder injuries has been reported, the relationship between HRT and ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) tears in baseball players is not known. Purpose: To determine whether D HRT and nondominant arm HRT (ND HRT) measurements in baseball players with a UCL tear differ statistically from a matched healthy cohort. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: D HRT and ND HRT were measured in 112 male competitive high school and collegiate baseball players seen over an 18-month period from 2013 to 2015. A total of 56 participants with a clinical and magnetic resonance imaging–confirmed diagnosis of a throwing-arm UCL tear (UCLInj group) were compared with 56 healthy baseball players with no history of an elbow injury who were matched for age, experience, and position (NUCLInj group). The mean ages in the UCLInj and NUCLInj groups were 17.9 ± 2.2 and 17.6 ± 2.8 years, respectively. Using a previously validated ultrasound method, D HRT and ND HRT were measured in the supine position, and the HRT side-to-side difference (D HRT – ND HRT) was calculated. A 1-way multivariate analysis of variance was used to determine the mean statistical differences between groups ( P < .05). Results: Baseball players with a UCL tear displayed significantly more humeral torsion (ie, less retrotorsion) in their nondominant arm compared with healthy baseball players (UCLInj = 33.27° ± 10.27°, NUCLInj = 27.82° ± 10.88°; P = .007). Baseball players with a UCL tear did not display any differences in D HRT compared with healthy baseball players (UCLInj = 18.67° ± 9.41°, NUCLInj = 17.09° ± 9.92°; P = .391). Significant side-to-side differences in HRT existed between groups (UCLInj = −14.60° ± 6.72°, NUCLInj = −10.72° ± 6.88°; P = .003). Conclusion: There was a significant increase in mean nondominant arm humeral torsion (ie, less retrotorsion) in the UCL tear group, but there was no significant difference in the mean D HRT between the injured and uninjured groups. A greater HRT side-to-side difference was displayed in the UCL tear group. The extent to which a thrower has developmentally acquired both D HRT and ND HRT may affect elbow UCL tear risk. Furthermore, it is possible that the extent of genetically predisposed ND HRT may influence the throwing-related increase in D HRT.

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Kohrt, Wendy M., Ali A. Ehsani, and Stanley J. Birge. "HRT preserves increases in bone mineral density and reductions in body fat after a supervised exercise program." Journal of Applied Physiology 84, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 1506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.84.5.1506.

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The aims of this study were to confirm our previous finding that hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) augments exercise-induced increases in bone mineral density (BMD) in older women and to determine whether HRT preserves the adaptations when exercise is reduced or discontinued. The study included an 11-mo treatment phase and a 6-mo follow-up phase. Participants, aged 66 ± 3 yr, were assigned to control (Con; n = 10), exercise (Ex; n = 18), HRT ( n = 10), and Ex+HRT ( n = 16) groups. HRT was continued during the follow-up. After the treatment phase, changes in total body BMD were −0.5 ± 1.7, 1.5 ± 1.4, 1.2 ± 0.8, and 2.7 ± 1.2% in Con, Ex, HRT, and Ex+HRT, respectively. Ex+HRT was more effective than HRT in increasing BMD of the total body and tended ( P = 0.08) to be more effective at the lumbar spine. Ex+HRT was more effective than Ex in increasing BMD of the total body, lumbar spine, and trochanter. Exercise-induced gains in BMD were preserved during the follow-up only in those individuals on HRT. HRT also attenuated fat accumulation, particularly in the abdominal region, after the exercise program. These findings suggest that HRT is an important adjunct to exercise for the prevention not only of osteoporosis but also of diseases related to abdominal obesity.

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Anderson, Pippa, Caroline O’Leary, Margaret Moffat, and Xuemei Luo. "Hormone replacement therapy use in UK general practice: Duration, discontinuation and women’s experience." Post Reproductive Health 22, no. 4 (December 2016): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053369116675712.

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Objective Investigate characteristics of women treated with combined estrogen and progestogen hormone replacement therapy (study-HRT); HRT patterns; reasons and outcomes associated with HRT discontinuation. Study design Retrospective observational study using The Health Improvement Network database examining women’s characteristics and treatment patterns (Database). Postal questionnaire exploring reasons and outcomes associated with HRT discontinuation (Survey). Main outcome measures Database: Demographic and clinical characteristics. HRT patterns, time from diagnosis to treatment, duration of treatment, type of treatment and change of treatment (switch, add-on, re-start and discontinuation). Survey: HRT therapy status, menopause rating scale and reasons for discontinuation. Results Database: 8968 women prescribed study-HRT between January 2006 and January 2010 were matched 1:1 on GP practice and age with women not prescribed HRT. Women prescribed study-HRT were more likely to be a current/past smoker ( p<0.05) and experienced higher levels of co-morbidities related to menopause ( p < 0.05) versus women not prescribed HRT. Treatment duration was approximately 14 months and 95% changed treatment during the study. Survey: 116 respondents. Women on HRT had lower MRS scores ( p < 0.05) than women who discontinued HRT. Main reasons for discontinuation were medical advice, side-effects/potential side-effects. Fear of breast cancer was also stated as a reason. Conclusions Duration of HRT was relatively short, with 95% of women changing treatment. HRT discontinuation was associated with more severe menopause symptoms. Medical advice and concerns about side-effects were major reasons for the discontinuation, suggesting that there was a need for a balanced dialogue with women about risks and benefits of HRT, as emphasised by NICE guidance.

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Abdullahi Idle, Salwa, and Haitham Hamoda. "Outcomes of endometrial assessment in women with unscheduled bleeding on hormone replacement therapy." Post Reproductive Health 25, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053369119830822.

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Objective This study correlates the transvaginal ultrasound findings with histopathology results in women who present with unscheduled bleeding on hormone replacement therapy. Study design Retrospective analysis of 469 consecutive cases with unscheduled bleeding on hormone replacement therapy (203 patients on sequential hormone replacement therapy (seq-HRT) and 266 patients on continuous combined hormone replacement therapy (con-HRT)). Main outcome measures Outcomes of endometrial assessment in women with unscheduled bleeding on hormone replacement therapy. Results Normal appearance of the endometrium on pelvic ultrasound was seen in 62% patients on seq-HRT and 43% of women on con-HRT. These women required no further assessment and were discharged. Histological assessment showed normal endometrial tissue in 22% of women on seq-HRT and 22% of con-HRT group. Benign endometrial polyps were noted in 8% of women on seq-HRT versus 18% of women on con-HRT. Hyperplasia without atypia was noted in 0.5% of woman on seq-HRT versus 0.4% of women on con-HRT while atypical hyperplasia/endometrial cancer was noted in 2% of women on seq-HRT versus 1% of women on con-HRT. Conclusion Women who present with unscheduled bleeding on hormone replacement therapy both on sequential and continuous combined regimens can be reassured that the risk of pathology is low.

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Mohammadyari, Fatemeh, Sayed Ahmad Seyedmehdi, Fatemeh Mousavi, and Roozbeh Tabatabaei. "The Comparison of Two Method Effectiveness on Postmenopausal Hot Flash Therapy: Acupuncture versus Hormone Therapy." Galen Medical Journal 4, no. 2 (May 17, 2015): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v4i2.303.

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Background: Postmenopausal hot flash is a common disease amongst women with high prevalence of 75%. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is a well-known relief of symptoms which has disadvantages such as side effects and contraindication for certain types of hormone related diseases and breast or Estrogen related cancers. One of the alternatives is acupuncture which is an East Asian and more specifically Chinese method. In this study hormone therapy and acupuncture effectiveness have been compared in postmenopausal hot flash treatment. Materials and Methods: This study is aimed to initially diagnose vasomotor symptoms such as elevated body temperature, palpitation, headache and perspiration. Afterwards, assessment and finally comparing the efficacy of two methods for each symptom treatment have been carried out. In this clinical trial study, 20 climacteric female samples participated. Two study and control groups have been formed and each method efficacy has been evaluated on each of four major vasomotor symptoms. Results: For all postmenopausal vasomotor symptoms, acupuncture and HRT had similar notably high relief of symptoms effectively; namely in hot flash 90% and 85%, in palpitation 65% and 70%, in perspiration 77.77% and 81.25%, and in headache 50% and 81.3%, respectively. Although in all fields except hot flashes, HRT had slightly better success. Conclusion: This survey pointed out that acupuncture is as effective as hormone therapy in relief of symptoms hot flash for postmenopausal women. Further researches are needed to assess the clear side effects of acupuncture method. [GMJ.2015;4(2):83-89]

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