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1
Francies, Flavia Zita, and Zodwa Dlamini. "Aberrant Splicing Events and Epigenetics in Viral Oncogenomics: Current Therapeutic Strategies." Cells 10, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10020239.
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Global cancer incidence and mortality are on the rise. Although cancer is fundamentally a non-communicable disease, a large number of cancers are known to have a viral aetiology. A high burden of infectious agents (Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV)) in certain Sub-Saharan African countries drives the rates of certain cancers. About one-third of all cancers in Africa are attributed to infection. Seven viruses have been identified with carcinogenic characteristics, namely the HPV, HBV, Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), Human T cell leukaemia virus 1 (HTLV-1), Kaposi’s Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV), and HIV-1. The cellular splicing machinery is compromised upon infection, and the virus generates splicing variants that promote cell proliferation, suppress signalling pathways, inhibition of tumour suppressors, alter gene expression through epigenetic modification, and mechanisms to evade an immune response, promoting carcinogenesis. A number of these splice variants are specific to virally-induced cancers. Elucidating mechanisms underlying how the virus utilises these splice variants to maintain its latent and lytic phase will provide insights into novel targets for drug discovery. This review will focus on the splicing genomics, epigenetic modifications induced by and current therapeutic strategies against HPV, HBV, HCV, EBV, HTLV-1, KSHV and HIV-1.
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Bigoni, Jérôme, Rosa Catarino, Caroline Benski, Manuela Viviano, Maria Munoz, Honoré Tilahizandry, Patrick Petignat, and Pierre Vassilakos. "High Burden of Human Papillomavirus Infection in Madagascar: Comparison With Other Sexually Transmitted Infections." Infectious Diseases: Research and Treatment 11 (January 1, 2018): 117863371775268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178633717752686.
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Background: In Madagascar, human papillomavirus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, as well as syphilis share common risk factors but seem to differ in their prevalence. We measured and compared their prevalence in the country. Methods: The data used in this study came from the Saint Damien Health Centre in Ambanja, Madagascar. The tests used for disease detection were the Alere Determine, Virucheck, rapid plasma reagin, and S-DRY self-HPV samples for HIV infection, HBV infection, syphilis, and HPV infection, respectively. Results: In men and women, respectively, the prevalence was 0.6% and 0.4% for HIV infection, 2.2% and 2.0% for HBV infection, and 0.6% and 0.3% for syphilis. The HPV infection prevalence was 39.3%. Conclusions: Despite common risk factors, the prevalence of HPV infection was high, in contrast to a much lower prevalence of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the same geographical area. Further investigations are required to clarify the status of STIs in the Malagasy population.
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Gudenkauf, Franciska J., and Aaron P. Thrift. "Racial/Ethnic Differences in Cancers Attributable to Preventable Infectious Agents in Texas, 2015." Public Health Reports 135, no. 6 (October 20, 2020): 805–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354920954497.
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Objective The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified 13 infectious agents as carcinogenic or probably carcinogenic to humans. We aimed to estimate the percentage (ie, population-attributable fraction) and number of incident cancer cases in Texas in 2015 that were attributable to oncogenic infections, overall and by race/ethnicity. Methods We calculated population-attributable fractions for cancers attributable to human papillomavirus (HPV), Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infections using prevalence estimates from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey laboratory data and relative risks associated with infection from previous epidemiological studies. The Texas Cancer Registry provided cancer incidence data. Results We estimated that 3603 excess cancer cases, or 3.5% of all cancers diagnosed in 2015, among adults aged ≥25 in Texas were attributable to oncogenic infections. Hispanic adults had the highest proportion of cancer cases attributable to infections (5.6%), followed by non-Hispanic Black (5.4%) and non-Hispanic White (2.3%) adults. HPV infection caused the highest proportion of all cancer cases (1.8%) compared with other oncogenic infections (HCV, 0.8%; H pylori, 0.5%; HBV, 0.3%; HHV-8, 0.1%). Hispanic adults had the highest proportions of all cancers caused by HPV infection (2.6%) and H pylori (1.1%), and non-Hispanic Black adults had the highest proportions of all cancers caused by HCV infection (1.7%), HBV infection (0.7%), and HHV-8 (0.3%). Conclusion Preventable oncogenic infections contribute to cancer incidence in Texas and may affect racial/ethnic minority groups disproportionately. Infection control and prevention should be stressed as an important component of cancer prevention.
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Rojas, Livisu Pajares, and Claudia Machicado Rivero. "Abstract 883: Glutaminases expression and viral infection as potential prognostic factors in cervical, head and neck and liver cancers." Cancer Research 83, no. 7_Supplement (April 4, 2023): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-883.
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Abstract Human Papilloma virus (HPV)-associated Cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CESC-HPV(+)), HPV-associated Head and Neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC-HPV(+)), and Hepatitis Virus B/C (HBV/HCV)-associated Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC-HBV(+)/LIHC-HCV(+)) present metabolic changes during viral transformation to adjust energy demands of transformed cells. Glutamine is used as an important energy and carbon source by cancer cells through its degradation (glutaminolysis). This latter is regulated by Glutaminases 1 and 2 (GLS1/GLS2) that convert glutamine in glutamate. GLS1/2 expression is altered both in HNSCC and LIHC but it is undetermined in CESC. We aimed to indagate if the expression of GLS1/GLS2 genes and/or status of infection by HPV, HBV, and HCV, are associated to the overall survival (OS) in CESC, HNSCC and LIHC. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was mined and both gene expression and copy number variation (CNV) of GLS1/GLS2 was analyzed across the CESC, HNSCC and LIHC cohorts. Changes in gene expression were determined by analyzing the Log2FC and by applying statistical analysis (Welch’s T-test or One-Way ANOVA). To learn if the genomic profile was associated with phenotype, gene status was correlated with demographic and clinical data such as age group, ethnicity, race, gender, BMI, viral subtype, histologic grade, clinical stage, and tobacco/alcohol consumption. We applyed chi-squared, one-way ANOVA, and Welch’s T-tests for those assays. Kaplan Meier (K-M) plots were obtained to figure out the association of genomic and phenotypic data with OS. Our results showed that GLS1/GLS2 had no CNVs across the analyzed cohorts. However, GLS1 was upregulated in cancerous tissues both in HNSCC and LIHC (p<0.05, Log2FC>2) whereas GLS2 was downregulated in cancerous tissues in LIHC (p<0.05, Log2FC=-2). Likewise, GLS1 was upregulated both in HNSCC-HPV(-) and LIHC-HBV/HCV(+) compared with HNSCC-HPV(+) and LIHC-HBV/HCV(-), respectively (p<0.05). Also, GLS2 was over-expressed in CESC-HPV(+) and HNSCC-HPV(+) patients, compared with CESC-HPV(-) and HNSCC-HPV(-) patients, respectively (p<0.05). In the other hand, GLS2 was under-expressed in LIHC-HBV/HCV(+) compared with LIHC-HBV/HCV(-) patients (p<0.05, Log2FC = -2.5). Finally, K-M plots showed that GLS2 expression is associated with OS in CESC patients whereas the HPV subtypes and HBV/HCV infection were associated with OS in HNSCC and LIHC patients, respectively (p<0.05). We concluded that the expression of glutaminases is abnormal in patients with CESC, HNSCC, and LIHC and it depends on the status of viral infection. Since the GLS2 expression and viral infection affects the OS in the analyzed tumors, our research provides with potential prognostic markers of CESC, HNSCC and LIHC that should be validated in future studies. Citation Format: Livisu Pajares Rojas, Claudia Machicado Rivero. Glutaminases expression and viral infection as potential prognostic factors in cervical, head and neck and liver cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 883.
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Yao, Pang, Iona Millwood, Christiana Kartsonaki, Alexander J. Mentzer, Naomi Allen, Rima Jeske, Julia Butt, et al. "Sero-prevalence of 19 infectious pathogens and associated factors among middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 12, no. 5 (May 2022): e058353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058353.
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ObjectivesTo systematically assess the sero-prevalence and associated factors of major infectious pathogens in China, where there are high incidence rates of certain infection-related cancers.DesignCross-sectional study.Setting10 (5 urban, 5 rural) geographically diverse areas in China.ParticipantsA subcohort of 2000 participants from the China Kadoorie Biobank.Primary measuresSero-prevalence of 19 pathogens using a custom-designed multiplex serology panel and associated factors.ResultsOf the 19 pathogens investigated, the mean number of sero-positive pathogens was 9.4 (SD 1.7), with 24.4% of participants being sero-positive for >10 pathogens. For individual pathogens, the sero-prevalence varied, being for example, 0.05% for HIV, 6.4% for human papillomavirus (HPV)-16, 53.5% for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and 99.8% for Epstein-Barr virus . The sero-prevalence of human herpesviruses (HHV)-6, HHV-7 and HPV-16 was higher in women than men. Several pathogens showed a decreasing trend in sero-prevalence by birth cohort, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) (51.6% vs 38.7% in those born <1940 vs >1970), HPV-16 (11.4% vs 5.4%), HHV-2 (15.1% vs 8.1%), Chlamydia trachomatis (65.6% vs 28.8%) and Toxoplasma gondii (22.0% vs 9.0%). Across the 10 study areas, sero-prevalence varied twofold to fourfold for HBV (22.5% to 60.7%), HPV-16 (3.4% to 10.9%), H. pylori (16.2% to 71.1%) and C. trachomatis (32.5% to 66.5%). Participants with chronic liver diseases had >7-fold higher sero-positivity for HBV (OR=7.51; 95% CI 2.55 to 22.13).ConclusionsAmong Chinese adults, previous and current infections with certain pathogens were common and varied by area, sex and birth cohort. These infections may contribute to the burden of certain cancers and other non-communicable chronic diseases.
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Pujantell, Maria, Eva Riveira-Muñoz, Edurne García-Vidal, Lucía Gutiérrez-Chamorro, Roger Badia, Bonaventura Clotet, and Ester Ballana. "ADAR1 Function Regulates Innate Immune Activation and Susceptibility to Viral Infections." Proceedings 50, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020050034.
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Viral infection induces innate intracellular antiviral defenses, aimed at restricting virus replication and spread. Therefore, understanding the role and function of innate immune modulators can help to establish novel strategies for viral control. Here, we explore the role of ADAR1 as a regulator of the HIV, HCV, and HPV infections, both in vitro and in vivo, in a genetic association study. Depletion of ADAR1 induced innate immune activation, observed by a significant increase in IFNB1 mRNA and CXCL10 expression. Further characterization of ADAR1 knockdown also showed upregulation of the RNA sensors MDA5 and RIG-I, increased IRF7 expression, and phosphorylation of STAT1. ADAR1 deficiency had differential effects depending on the virus tested: siADAR1 cells showed a significant reduction in HIV-1 infection, whereas ADAR1 knockdown suggested a proviral role in HCV and HPV infections. In addition, genetic association studies were performed in a cohort of 155 HCV/HIV individuals with chronic coinfection, and a cohort of 173 HPV/HIV-infected individuals was followed for a median of six years (range 0.1–24). Polymorphisms within the ADAR1 gene were found to be significantly associated with poor clinical outcome of HCV therapy and advanced liver fibrosis in a cohort of HCV/HIV-1-coinfected patients. Moreover, we identified the low-frequency haplotype AACCAT to be significantly associated with recurrent HPV dysplasia, suggesting a role for ADAR1 in the outcome of HPV infection in HIV+ individuals. In conclusion, we show that ADAR1 regulates innate immune activation and plays a key role in susceptibility to viral infections by either limiting or enhancing viral replication. Overall, ADAR1 could be a potential target for designing immune-modulating therapeutic strategies.
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Qədir qızı Əbilova, Rübayə, Gülnarə Alışa qızı Cəfərova, and Hafiz Maarif oğlu Osmanov. "The role of viruses and bacteria in the development of cancer." NATURE AND SCIENCE 11, no. 06 (August 23, 2021): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146/11/5-10.
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Recently, there have been some scientific studies proving the role of viruses and bacteria in the development of cancer. Among them are eighteen types of pathogens (Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis, Schistosoma haematobium, human papillomavirus (HPV), Barr (EBV) virus, Ephthia virus-human cell 1 (HTLV-1), human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), belong to group 1 carcinogens. Further study of the role of viruses and bacteria in the development of cancer is of great importance for the early prevention of cancer. Key words: cancer, viruses, bacteria
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King, Christy M., James S. Johnston, Kene Ofili, Maylynn Tam, Joel Palefsky, Maria Da Costa, Yasha Mathur, and Peter Barbosa. "Human Papillomavirus Types 2, 27, and 57 Identified in Plantar Verrucae from HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Individuals." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 104, no. 2 (March 1, 2014): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0003-0538-104.2.141.
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Background Although an increased prevalence of plantar verrucae has been associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, human papillomavirus (HPV) typing studies have not been published about this patient population. We sought to determine the prevalence of HPV types in plantar verrucae of HIV-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV–) individuals. Methods Thirty-nine plantar verruca lesions in 17 individuals were examined. Nine participants were HIV+ and eight were HIV–. Detection of HPV was performed by polymerase chain reaction using two sets of primers: MY09/MY11. The type of HPV was determined by hybridization to 38 different HPV types. Clinical types of verrucae were correlated to the HPV strain identified in each lesion. Results Of the 39 plantar verruca samples, 38 typed to HPV-2, HPV-27, and HPV-57 strains in HIV+ and HIV– individuals. Specifically, a large proportion of the samples from HIV– individuals typed as HPV-27 (87.5%), and HPV-2 was the predominant type identified in HIV+ individuals (50%). No rare or atypical HPV types were found in either group. We identified HPV-2 and HPV-27 in 96% of verruca plantaris clinical type. Mosaic warts typed to HPV-27 and HPV-57, and 80% of punctate verrucae typed to HPV-57. Conclusions This study presents an increased prevalence of HPV-2, HPV-27, and HPV-57 in plantar verrucae in this study population and provides insight into the occurrence of these types in HIV+ and HIV– individuals.
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Okoye, Jude Ogechukwu, Chukwudi Amaechi Ofodile, Oluwaseun Kelechi Adeleke, and Okechi Obioma. "Prevalence of high-risk HPV genotypes in sub-Saharan Africa according to HIV status: a 20-year systematic review." Epidemiology and Health 43 (May 25, 2021): e2021039. http://dx.doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021039.
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OBJECTIVES: This review assessed the rate of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among women living in sub-Saharan Africa. It also determined the prevalence of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive (HIV+) and seronegative (HIV-) women in sub-Saharan Africa, pre-2010 and post-2010.METHODS: In this systematic review, Google Scholar, PubMed Central, and Embase were searched to identify cohort and case-control studies that investigated the relationship between HIV and HPV infection. The database searches yielded 17 studies published between 1999 and 2018.RESULTS: In the general population, the prevalence of any HPV/multiple HPV infections was higher among HIV+ (53.6/22.6%) than among HIV- women (26.5/7.3%) with odds ratios of 3.22 and 3.71, respectively (95% confidence interval, 3.00 to 3.42 and 2.39 to 5.75, p< 0.001). The prevalent HPV genotypes among HIV+ and HIV- women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer (ICC) were HPV-16/18 and HPV-45. The prevalence of HPV-16, HPV-18, and HPV-45 was lower in 1999-2010 (3.8, 1.7, and 0.8%, respectively) than in 2011-2018 (19.1, 6.0, and 3.6%, respectively). Among women diagnosed with ICC, HIV+ women had a higher prevalence of HPV-56, HPV-31, and HPV-51 (7.3, 5.3, and 3.3%, respectively) than HIV- women (1.3, 2.2, and 0.4%, p< 0.001, p= 0.050, and p= 0.013, respectively).CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HPV infection, multiple HPV infections, and non-vaccine HPV types were higher among HIV+ women than among HIV- women in sub-Saharan Africa. Although HIV infection influences the distribution of HPV types, this study suggests that cervical cancer incidence in sub-Saharan Africa is primarily driven by the prevalence of vaccine hrHPVs, especially HPV-16 and HPV-18.
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Toft, Lars, Martin Tolstrup, Merete Storgaard, Lars Østergaard, and Ole S. Søgaard. "Vaccination against oncogenic human papillomavirus infection in HIV-infected populations: review of current status and future perspectives." Sexual Health 11, no. 6 (2014): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14015.
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Background Men and women with HIV infection are at increased risk of developing cancers associated with human papillomavirus (HPV). The two licensed prophylactic HPV vaccines protect against de novo infection with HPV-16 and HPV-18, which cause the majority of HPV-associated cancers. Currently, no vaccine efficacy data are available for persons with HIV infection. Nevertheless, some countries have implemented specific HPV vaccination recommendations for HIV-positive populations. To specifically recommend prophylactic HPV vaccination in people with HIV, the vaccines must be safe and immunogenic in immunosuppressed people at a high risk of HPV infection. This review aims to summarise the current knowledge from published HPV vaccine trials in HIV-infected populations, to compile scheduled and ongoing HPV vaccine trials with HIV-positive study populations and to extrapolate the relevant knowledge about HPV vaccine efficacy in HIV-negative populations to an HIV context. Methods: The databases PubMed, Scopus and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for peer-reviewed articles and scheduled or ongoing clinical HPV vaccine trials enrolling HIV-positive persons. Results: Current data indicate that prophylactic HPV vaccines are safe and immunogenic in different HIV-positive populations (children, female adolescents, adults). Increased immunogenicity has been reported in persons on antiretroviral therapy compared with antiretroviral-naïve persons, whereas no clear association has been found between CD4+ cell count at immunisation and vaccine response. Several scheduled and ongoing HPV vaccine trials aim to determine vaccine efficacy against disease endpoints in HIV-infected study populations. Conclusion: Prophylactic HPV vaccination appears safe, immunogenic and, by extrapolation, likely to reduce HPV-associated cancer development among persons with HIV infection.
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Teslova, O. A. "CO-INFECTION WITH HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS OF HIV-POSITIVE WOMEN (literature review)." Health and Ecology Issues, no. 3 (September 28, 2012): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51523/2708-6011.2012-9-3-9.
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Aim. To study the prevalence of genital HPV infection in HIV-positive women and their mutual influence, their manifestations and outcomes in co-infected HPV- and HIV-positive patients, including the period during their pregnancy and after the childbirth according to scientific publications. Material and methods. Present-day national and international research works on female HPV and HIV co-infection were reviewed. Results. The article presents the data on genital HPV-infection prevalence and characterization of HPV types in HIV-positive patients, the relation of HPV-infection with immune disorders, the effect of antiretroviral therapy on HPV persistence in genital tracts. The problems of HPV infection in HIV-infected pregnant women and HPV perinatal transmission were also considered in the work. Conclusion. HIV-positive women form a high-risk group for HPV infection. The development and implementation of algorithms for dynamic gynecological supervision in HIV and HPV co-infected patients will help to reveal and prevent cervical cancer prevalence and reduce its mortality. The examination of HPV and HIV co-infected pregnant and parturient patients will make it possible to prevent vertical transmission; determine the immediate and long-term outcomes for mothers and children, the prognosis of HPV- and HIV-associated diseases.
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Naucler, Pontus, Flora Mabota da Costa, Joao Leopoldo da Costa, Otto Ljungberg, Antonio Bugalho, and Joakim Dillner. "Human papillomavirus type-specific risk of cervical cancer in a population with high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence: case–control study." Journal of General Virology 92, no. 12 (December 1, 2011): 2784–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.034298-0.
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There are limited data on human papillomavirus (HPV) type-specific cervical cancer risk among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive women. Previous studies have suggested that HPV 16 would be relatively less important as a causative agent among HIV-positive compared with HIV-negative women. This study investigates HPV type-specific cervical cancer risk in a population in which HIV is endemic. At the Central Hospital, Maputo, Mozambique, 221 cervical cancer cases and 203 hospital-based controls were consecutively enrolled. HPV typing from cervical samples, HIV testing and recording of socio-demographic factors were performed. Logistic regression modelling was used to assess HPV type-specific risk and effect modification between HIV and HPV infection. Infection with HPV 16, 18 and ‘high-risk non-HPV 16/18 types’ (HPV 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58 and 59) was associated with cervical cancer in both crude and adjusted analyses. HPV 16 and 18 were the most common types detected in cancer biopsies among both HIV-negative and HIV-positive women. There was no significant evidence of effect modification between any HPV type and HIV infection, and there were no significant differences in the HPV type-specific prevalence when cervical cancers among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women were compared. Within the limitations of the study, the relative importance of different HPV types in cervical carcinogenesis appears not to be modified greatly by HIV infection, suggesting that HPV vaccines might not need to be type-specifically modified to be suitable for populations where HIV is endemic.
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Viscidi, Raphael P., Brad Snyder, Susan Cu-Uvin, Joseph W. Hogan, Barbara Clayman, Robert S. Klein, Jack Sobel, and Keerti V. Shah. "Human Papillomavirus Capsid Antibody Response to Natural Infection and Risk of Subsequent HPV Infection in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Women." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.283.14.1.
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Abstract The association between seropositivity to virus-like particles (VLP) of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16, 18, 31, 35, or 45 and subsequent cervical HPV infection was examined in 829 women with HIV and 413 risk-matched HIV-negative women. We found no statistically significant differences between HPV-seropositive and HPV-seronegative women in the risk of a new infection with the homologous HPV type, with the exception of a reduced risk of HPV 45 infections 4.5 years beyond the baseline serology measurement in HIV-positive women [hazard ratio, 0.21; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.05-0.89]. Among HIV-negative women, HPV seropositivity was not associated with a statistically significant reduced risk of infections with related viruses in the HPV 16, HPV 18, or “other” HPV groups. Among HIV-positive women, HPV seropositivity was associated with a slightly increased risk of infection with group-related viruses, but the differences were only statistically significant for infection with HPV 16 group viruses (hazard ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.3) in HPV 18-seropositive women and for infections with “other” HPV group viruses in HPV 31-seropositive women (hazard ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.0-2.0). The lack of a protective immune effect from natural infection is most likely due to the low level of antibody elicited by natural HPV infection and/or the potential for reactivation of HPV, especially in HIV-positive women.
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Maueia, Cremildo, Alltalents Murahwa, Alice Manjate, Soren Andersson, Jahit Sacarlal, Darlene Kenga, Tufária Mussá, and Anna-Lise Williamson. "Identification of the Human Papillomavirus Genotypes, According to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status in a Cohort of Women from Maputo, Mozambique." Viruses 14, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14010024.
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Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is now a well-established cause of cervical cancer and other anogenital cancers. An association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and higher HPV incidence and prevalence are commonly reported. This study was conducted to demonstrate HPV prevalence, genotypes and its characteristics, according to the HIV status in women from Maputo in Mozambique. Methods: A total of 233 participants with ages ranging from fourteen to forty-five were included. Cervical samples were collected, DNA extracted, and HPV genotyping was performed using the HPV Direct Flow CHIP Kit. Results: In total, 177 HIV-negative and 56 HIV-positive women were included in the analysis. The overall HPV prevalence was 63% and was significantly higher among HIV-positive women (79% versus 58% among HIV-negative women; p = 0.005). The prevalence of multiple HPV type infections was 32%. High-risk HPV types 52, 68, 35, 18 and 16 were the most frequent. A higher proportion of HIV-positive women had multiple HPV types compared with HIV-negative women. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a high prevalence of HPV in the study cohort. HIV-positive women were identified as having the highest HPV prevalence and infection with multiple HPV types across all ages. High-risk genotypes were the most commonly found.
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Mulherkar, Tania H., Daniel Joseph Gómez, Grace Sandel, and Pooja Jain. "Co-Infection and Cancer: Host–Pathogen Interaction between Dendritic Cells and HIV-1, HTLV-1, and Other Oncogenic Viruses." Viruses 14, no. 9 (September 14, 2022): 2037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14092037.
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Dendritic cells (DCs) function as a link between innate and adaptive immune responses. Retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1 modulate DCs to their advantage and utilize them to propagate infection. Coinfection of HTLV-1 and HIV-1 has implications for cancer malignancies. Both viruses initially infect DCs and propagate the infection to CD4+ T cells through cell-to-cell transmission using mechanisms including the formation of virologic synapses, viral biofilms, and conduits. These retroviruses are both neurotrophic with neurovirulence determinants. The neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 results in neurodegenerative diseases such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Infected DCs are known to traffic to the brain (CNS) and periphery (PNS, lymphatics) to induce neurodegeneration in HAND and HAM/TSP patients. Elevated levels of neuroinflammation have been correlated with cognitive decline and impairment of motor control performance. Current vaccinations and therapeutics for HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are assessed and can be applied to patients with HIV-1-associated cancers and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). These diseases caused by co-infections can result in both neurodegeneration and cancer. There are associations with cancer malignancies and HIV-1 and HTLV-1 as well as other human oncogenic viruses (EBV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HPV). This review contains current knowledge on DC sensing of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 including DC-SIGN, Tat, Tax, and current viral therapies. An overview of DC interaction with oncogenic viruses including EBV, Hepatitis viruses, and HPV is also provided. Vaccines and therapeutics targeting host–pathogen interactions can provide a solution to co-infections, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
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Amirian, E. Susan, Elizabeth Y. Chiao, Kirk T. Hill, Deborah Marquez-Do, and Michael E. Scheurer. "2. Preliminary findings from a pilot study on the effects of interferon-α treatment on human papillomavirus infection in HIV and hepatitis C virus co-infected men." Sexual Health 10, no. 6 (2013): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/shv10n6ab2.
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Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been aetiologically linked with several different cancers. A'few older studies have evaluated the effects of interferon-α (IFN-α) treatment on HPV infection and HPV-related dysplasia. However, findings from these studies may not be generalisable to the more recent formulations of IFN-α used to treat hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Methods: The purpose of this small pilot study was to assess whether treatment for HCV, by pegylated rather than standard IFN-α, was associated with presence or distribution of the types of HPV found in the oral, penile, and anal regions of HIV and HCV co-infected men. Participants completed a validated risk factor questionnaire. The prevalence and types of HPV present in the anal, penile, and oral swabs were determined using the Roche HPV Linear Array (Roche Molecular Systems), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Results: A total of 33 men were enrolled in this pilot study. Of these, 10 were in the IFN-α-exposed group and 23 were in the IFN-α-naïve comparison group. The IFN-α-naïve group had a higher average number of different HPV types present in penile and oral swabs, but not in anal swabs, compared with the treated group. Conclusions: The results of this small pilot study are preliminary. However, our findings have provided some rationale for continuing to explore whether pegylated IFN-α may be a useful adjuvant therapy, or whether it could be combined with other treatment modalities for controlling HPV infection/disease, specifically of the penis or oral mucosa, among high-risk populations.
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Pérez-González, Alexandre, Edward Cachay, Antonio Ocampo, and Eva Poveda. "Update on the Epidemiological Features and Clinical Implications of Human Papillomavirus Infection (HPV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Coinfection." Microorganisms 10, no. 5 (May 18, 2022): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10051047.
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. Although most HPV infections will spontaneously resolve, a considerable proportion of them will persist, increasing the risk of anogenital dysplasia, especially within certain populations, such as patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Furthermore, high-risk oncogenic HPV types (HR-HPV) are the main cause of cervix and other anogenital cancers, such as cancer of the vagina, vulva, penis, or anus. HIV and HPV coinfection is common among people living with HIV (PLWH) but disproportionally affects men who have sex with men (MSM) for whom the rate of persistent HPV infection and reinfection is noteworthy. The molecular interactions between HIV and HPV, as well as the interplay between both viruses and the immune system, are increasingly being understood. The immune dysfunction induced by HIV infection impairs the rate of HPV clearance and increases its oncogenic risk. Despite the availability of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), the incidence of several HPV-related cancers is higher in PLWH, and the burden of persistent HPV-related disease has become a significant concern in an aging HIV population. Several public health strategies have been developed to reduce the transmission of HIV and HPV and mitigate the consequences of this type of coinfection. Universal HPV vaccination is the most effective preventive tool to reduce the incidence of HPV disease. In addition, screening programs for HPV-related cervical and vulvovaginal diseases in women are well-recognized strategies to prevent cervical cancer. Similarly, anal dysplasia screening programs are being implemented worldwide for the prevention of anal cancer among PLWH. Herein, the main epidemiological features and clinical implications of HIV and HPV coinfection are reviewed, focusing mainly on the relationship between HIV immune status and HPV-related diseases and the current strategies used to reduce the burden of HPV-related disease.
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Omenge, Elkanah, Yan Tong, Philip Tonui, John M. Ong’echa, Kapten Muthoka, Stephen Kiptoo, Titus Maina, et al. "Comparison of HPV detection in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected Kenyan women with or without cervical dysplasia." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): e17015-e17015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e17015.
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e17015 Background: Cervical cancer, a malignancy caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, is the most common malignancy in women living in sub-Saharan African countries including Kenya. HIV co-infection accelerates the natural course of cervical cancer. To determine the specific HPV type distribution in HIV-infected women compared to HIV-uninfected women, with and without evidence of cervical dysplasia. Methods: Demographic information, behavioral data, and a cervical swab were collected from women 18 and 45 years of age, HIV-infected or HIV-uninfected, who presented for cervical cancer screening at Moi Referral and Teaching Hospital in Eldoret, Kenya. Women were triaged based on the presence or absence of cervical dysplasia. HPV testing was performed using the Roche Linear Array Assay. Results were compared between women with or without HIV co-infection and between those with or without cervical dysplasia, using Chi-square tests or Fisher’s exact tests. Results: 223 women had normal VIAs. All had HPV testing, 221 had valid results: 115 HIV-infected women (mean age 37 years) and 106 HIV-uninfected (mean age 33 years). 175 women had abnormal VIAs. 143 women had HPV testing performed, 140 had valid results: 70 HIV-infected women (mean age 38.5 years) and 70 HIV-uninfected (mean age 31.3 years). Greater than 90% of all HIV-infected women in both projects were receiving anti-retroviral therapy at enrollment. HPV of any type was detected in 48% of all women with normal VIA vs. 61% of women with abnormal VIA (P = 0.018). High risk (HR)-HPV was detected in 38% of all women with normal VIA vs. 51% of all women with abnormal VIA (P = 0.012). HIV-uninfected women with normal VIA had significantly lower detection of all HPV (P = 0.026), high risk-HPV (P = 0.018), IARC high risk-HPV (P = 0.047), A9 types (P = 0.050), and individual types HPV 16 (P = 0.0274), HPV 18 (P = 0.007), and HPV 51 (P = 0.009) than HIV-uninfected women with abnormal VIA. Among HIV-infected women, there was no difference in detection of any group of HPV types or individual types with respect to VIA results. Conclusions: HIV-uninfected women without cervical dysplasia had lower detection of oncogenic HPV than HIV-uninfected women with dysplasia. In contrast, HPV detection did not differ among HIV-infected women between those with or without cervical dysplasia. In addition, VIA appears to lack specificity for HPV-associated cervical dysplasia, as 39% of women with abnormal VIA examinations did not have any HPV detected, and 49% of women with abnormal VIA examinations did not have any HR-HPV detected.
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Sweet, Kristen, Claire Bosire, Busola Sanusi, Carly J. Sherrod, Jessie Kwatampora, Wairimu Waweru, Nelly Mugo, et al. "Prevalence, incidence, and distribution of human papillomavirus types in female sex workers in Kenya." International Journal of STD & AIDS 31, no. 2 (January 16, 2020): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462419884454.
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Female sex workers (FSWs) have a notably high risk of acquiring human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. Relatively few studies address the type-specific prevalence and incidence of HPV among FSWs in sub-Saharan Africa. FSWs (n = 348) attending the Korogocho clinic in Nairobi, Kenya participated from August 2009 to March 2011. HPV DNA was detected using the SPF10-LiPA25 PCR assay. Baseline prevalence of HPV infection and cervical dysplasia were calculated, stratified by HIV-serostatus. Incidence rate (IR) of infection was calculated as number of new infections from baseline over person-months among 160 HPV-negative participants with complete 12-month follow-up. Baseline HPV prevalence was 23.6% for any HPV and 20.4% for high-risk HPV (hrHPV) types. Most prevalent types were HPV52 (10.1%), HPV35 (2.3%), and HPV51 (2.3%). A quarter (24%) of participants were HIV-positive. HPV prevalence was higher in HIV-positive (32.1%) than HIV-negative (20.8%) participants. hrHPV prevalence was higher in HIV-positive (27.4%) than HIV-negative (18.2%) women. During follow-up, HPV IR was 31.4 (95% CI: 23.8–41.5) for any HPV and 24.2 (95% CI: 17.9–32.8) for hrHPV types. HPV52 had the highest IR (6.0; 95% CI: 6.5–10.3). Overall HPV and hrHPV prevalence were lower than expected, but both prevalence and incidence were higher in HIV-positive than in HIV-negative women.
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Jalil, Emilia Moreira, Geraldo Duarte, Patrícia El Beitune, Renata Toscano Simões, Patrícia Pereira dos Santos Melli, and Silvana Maria Quintana. "High Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Infection among Brazilian Pregnant Women with and without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2009 (2009): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/485423.
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Objective. To estimate HPV prevalence among pregnant women from Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, and the possible influence of HIV-1 infection on this prevalence.Methods. A cross-sectional study with 44 HIV-positive and 53 HIV-negative pregnant women was conducted. Cervicovaginal specimens were obtained from all women during gynecologic exam. HPV DNA, low and high risk HPV types, was detected using conventional PCR. Statistical analysis used Student'st-test, Mann-Whitney test, Fischer's Exact test, and prevalence ratios with 95% confidence interval.Results. HIV-positive pregnant women had higher proportion of HPV infection than HIV-negative pregnant women (79.5% versus 58.5%;P<.05). HPV positivity prevalence ratio for HIV-positive women was 1.36 (95% CI 1.04–1.8;P=.03). There was significant association between HIV viral load levels and HPV positivity (P<.05).Conclusions. Our results demonstrate higher HPV positivity in HIV-infected pregnant women. Higher values of HIV viral load were associated with HPV positivity.
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Mizushima, Daisuke, Misao Takano, Naokatsu Ando, Hiroshi Kitamura, Daisuke Shiojiri, Takato Nakamoto, Takahiro Aoki, et al. "Efficacy of Lactococcus lactis strain Plasma on clearance of anal HPV infection in men who have sex with men: A single-center, double-blinded, randomized placebo-controlled trial (CLEAR HPV study)." Medicine: Case Reports and Study Protocols 4, no. 10 (October 2023): e00300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md9.0000000000000300.
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Background: Anal cancer is a human papillomavirus-related cancer; specifically, it is preceded by high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, which are less likely to regress spontaneously than low-grade intraepithelial lesions. Although most human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are thought to clear spontaneously, anal HPV infection persists, especially in people living with HIV. Preliminary results from a recent small randomized placebo-controlled trial of oral bacteriotherapy using a high dose of probiotics demonstrated clearance of anal high-risk HPV (hr-HPV) infection and lower onset of new high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions among people living with HIV. Lactococcus lactis strain Plasma is a lactic acid bacterium directly activating plasmacytoid dendritic cells and inducing release of type I and III interferons via Toll-like receptor 9 stimulation. Based on these findings, oral bacteriotherapy with LC-plasma may contribute to clearing anal hr-HPV infection and reducing anal precancerous lesions by activating innate and acquired immune responses. This randomized placebo-controlled trial aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of LC-plasma therapy in clearing anal hr-HPV infection and reducing anal precancerous lesions among men who have sex with men with or without HIV infection. Methods: Participants with anal hr-HPV infection will be included and receive test capsules. A total of 150 patients will be included in the intervention group with follow-up, which will consist of HPV genotype test, cytology by anal pap smear, and biopsy with high-resolution anoscopy. The primary endpoint will be the clearance rate of the hr-HPV genotype infection at the anal site at 180 days. The secondary endpoints will be changes in anal epithelial neoplasia detected using high-resolution anoscopy at 180 days; change in abnormal cytology by anal pap smear at 180 days; change in hr-HPV genotype at the anal site at 180 days; change or percentage change in peripheral blood CD4 positive T-lymphocyte numbers in HIV-infected participants at 180 days; changes in quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen levels at 180 days in the HBV-infected participants; and adherence to the study drugs. Conclusion: This randomized controlled study will provide data on the efficacy and safety of LC-plasma as a treatment for anal HPV infection and grade 2 or 3 anal intraepithelial neoplasia.
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Chuang, Eleanore, Melissa Agsalda, Xuemei Zhu, Brenda Hernandez, Cris Milne, and Bruce Shiramizu. "5. Detection of HIV DNA and HPV genotypes in the CD14+ fraction of anal cytology samples from HIV-positive human subjects." Sexual Health 10, no. 6 (2013): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/shv10n6ab5.
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Background HIV-seropositive patients have a higher prevalence of other viral infections, including HPV, even while on anti-retroviral therapy. Anal infection with high-risk HPV genotypes can lead to anal dysplasia, which can progress to anal cancer. HIV and HPV can be contracted via sexual transmission; however, the interaction between these two pathogens and effect on the immune system are poorly understood. Since CD14 cells have been implicated in disease progression in other HIV-associated diseases, the objective of this study was to characterise CD14 cells from anal cytology specimens. Methods: Anal cytology samples were obtained from 14 HIV-positive patients enrolled in an anal dysplasia study. Samples were sorted for CD14 subsets. Following DNA extraction, HIV DNA copy was assessed by real-time PCR with primers/probes for β-globin and HIV gag genes. HPV DNA was amplified and genotypes identified using Roche’s LINEAR ARRAY HPV genotyping kit. Results: HIV DNA was detected in samples from 8 patients. Of those, 5 patients also tested positive for HPV genotypes. All 6 patients who tested HIV DNA-negative also tested HPV-positive. Due to low numbers, difference in HPV status relative to HIV DNA status was not statistically significant. HPV genotypes closely corresponded between CD14+ and CD14– fractions. Conclusions: Both HIV DNA and HPV genotypes can be detected from a single anal cytology specimen. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the significance of HPV genotypes detected in CD14+ fractions as well as the consequence of HIV and HPV coinfection in anal epithelia.
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Cambrea, Simona Claudia, Mariana Aschie, Ghiulendan Resul, Anca Florentina Mitroi, Anca Chisoi, Antonela Anca Nicolau, Gabriela Izabela Baltatescu, et al. "HPV and HIV Coinfection in Women from a Southeast Region of Romania—PICOPIV Study." Medicina 58, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58060760.
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Background and Objectives: Romania faces one of the highest cervical cancer burdens in Europe though it is a preventable cancer through population screening by cytology and human papillomavirus (HPV) detection. Also, it has one of the highest incidences of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. HPV and HIV coinfection are frequently encountered. The aim of study was to establish the prevalence of HPV infection among HIV-positive women in Southeast Region of Romania, to genotype high risk HPV types -and to correlate the results with clinical data and cytological cervical lesions. Materials and Methods: 40 HIV-positive women were screened for HPV types and for cytological cervical lesions. The findings were evaluated in correlation with CD4 cell counts, HIV viral load, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, vaginal candidiasis, and Gardnerella using statistical methods. Results: 19/40 (47.5%) women were positive for HPV types, 63.15%infected with single HPV type and 36.85%with multiple HPV types. The most frequent types were type: 31 (42.1%), 56 (31.57%), 53 (15.78%). On cytology, 34 (85%) women were found with NILM of which 38.23% were HPV-positive. Fifteen percent of women had abnormal cytology (three ASC-US, three LSIL), and all of them were HPV-positive. Through analyzing the value of CD4 count, women with CD4 count ≤200 cells/μL were found to be significantly more likely to be infected with HPV; meanwhile there was no correlation between the detection of HPV types and HIV viral load. Candida or Gardnerella were more often associated with HIV-positive women with HPV, than in women without HPV. Conclusions: Infection with HPV types is common among HIV-positive women in the Southeast Region of Romania and it is associated with age at the beginning of sexual life, number of sexual partners, CD4 value, vaginal candidiasis, and Gardnerella infection.
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Omire, Agnes, Nancy L. M. Budambula, Leah Kirumbi, Hillary Langat, Danvas Kerosi, Washingtone Ochieng, and Raphael Lwembe. "Cervical Dysplasia, Infection, and Phylogeny of Human Papillomavirus in HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Women at a Reproductive Health Clinic in Nairobi, Kenya." BioMed Research International 2020 (June 17, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4945608.
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High risk human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections ultimately cause cervical cancer. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected women often present with multiple high-risk HPV infections and are thus at a higher risk of developing cervical cancer. However, information on the circulating high-risk HPV genotypes in Kenya in both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women is still scanty. This study is aimed at determining the phylogeny and the HPV genotypes in women with respect to their HIV status and at correlating this with cytology results. This study was carried out among women attending the Reproductive Health Clinic at Kenyatta National Hospital, a referral hospital in Nairobi, Kenya. A cross-sectional study recruited a total of 217 women aged 18 to 50 years. Paired blood and cervical samples were obtained from consenting participants. Blood was used for serological HIV screening while cervical smears were used for cytology followed by HPV DNA extraction, HPV DNA PCR amplification, and phylogenetic analysis. Out of 217 participants, 29 (13.4%) were HIV seropositive, while 68 (31.3%) were positive for HPV DNA. Eight (3.7%) of the participants had abnormal cervical cytology. High-risk HPV 16 was the most prevalent followed by HPV 81, 73, 35, and 52. One participant had cervical cancer, was HIV infected, and had multiple high-risk infections with HPV 26, 35, and 58. HPV 16, 6, and 81 had two variants each. HPV 16 in this study clustered with HPV from Iran and Africa. This study shows the circulation of other HPV 35, 52, 73, 81, 31, 51, 45, 58, and 26 in the Kenyan population that play important roles in cancer etiology but are not included in the HPV vaccine. Data from this study could inform vaccination strategies. Additionally, this data will be useful in future epidemiological studies of HPV in Nairobi as the introduction or development of new variants can be detected.
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Guthrie, Brandon L., Anne F. Rositch, Joy Alison Cooper, Carey Farquhar, Rose Bosire, Robert Choi, James Kiarie, and Jennifer S. Smith. "Human papillomavirus and abnormal cervical lesions among HIV-infected women in HIV-discordant couples from Kenya." Sexually Transmitted Infections 96, no. 6 (January 9, 2020): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-054052.
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ObjectiveHIV infection increases the risk of high-grade cervical neoplasia and invasive cervical carcinoma. The study addresses the limited data describing human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical neoplasia among HIV-infected women in HIV-discordant relationships in sub-Saharan Africa, which is needed to inform screening strategies.MethodsA cross-sectional study of HIV-infected women with HIV-uninfected partners was conducted to determine the distribution of type-specific HPV infection and cervical cytology. This study was nested in a prospective cohort recruited between September 2007 and December 2009 in Nairobi, Kenya. Cervical cells for HPV DNA testing and conventional cervical cytology were collected. HPV types were detected and genotyped by Roche Linear Array PCR assay.ResultsAmong 283 women, the overall HPV prevalence was 62%, and 132 (47%) had ≥1 high-risk (HR)-HPV genotype. Of 268 women with cervical cytology results, 18 (7%) had high-grade cervical lesions or more severe by cytology, of whom 16 (89%) were HR-HPV-positive compared with 82 (41%) of 199 women with normal cytology (p<0.001). The most common HR-HPV types in women with a high-grade lesion or more severe by cytology were HPV-52 (44%), HPV-31 (22%), HPV-35 (22%), HPV-51 (22%) and HPV-58 (22%). HR-HPV genotypes HPV-16 or HPV-18 were found in 17% of women with high-grade lesions or more severe. HR-HPV screening applied in this population would detect 89% of those with a high-grade lesion or more severe, while 44% of women with normal or low-grade cytology would screen positive.ConclusionHR-HPV prevalence was high in this population of HIV-infected women with an uninfected partner. Choice of screening for all HR genotypes versus a subset of HR genotypes in these HIV-infected women will strongly affect the performance of an HPV screening strategy relative to cytological screening. Regional and subpopulation differences in HR-HPV genotype distributions could affect screening test performance.
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Giffin, Leahanne, Yuwei Zhu, Manideepthi Pemmaraju, Sheelah Blankenship, Emmanuel Sackey, Troy Querec, Elizabeth R. Unger, Angela Cleveland, Julia Gargano, and Jessica L. Castilho. "826. HIV Infection and HPV Genotype Patterns among Young Women with Advanced Cervical Neoplasia in Davidson County, Tennessee." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2021): S505—S506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.1022.
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Abstract Background Women living with HIV (WLWH) experience high rates of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and increased risk of cervical cancer. High-risk HPV (HR-HPV) types 16/18 cause most cervical precancers and cancers in women with and without HIV. However, contributions of other HR-HPV types to cervical disease among WLWH are not fully understood. We compared CIN2+ cases (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or higher or adenocarcinoma in situ) and the association between non-16/18 HPV types among women with and without HIV. Methods Davidson County, Tennessee, women aged 18-39 years with CIN2+ diagnosed between 2008-2016 with HPV genotyping were included. HIV status, demographics, and histology were abstracted from medical records. Neighborhood-level socioeconomic factors were derived from Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Archived cervical tissue was tested for 37 HPV types to define CIN2+ cases negative for HPV 16/18, regardless of presence of other HR-HPV strains. Characteristics of women with CIN2+ and HPV typing patterns were compared between women with and without HIV using Wilcoxon and Chi-square tests. Logistic regression assessed the association of non-16/18 HPV types and HIV infection, adjusting for age, race, calendar year, insurance, HPV vaccination, and neighborhood socioeconomic factors (selected a priori). Results Among 2,116 women included, 1,093 (52%) had neither HPV16 nor HPV18. Compared to women without HIV, the 27 WLWH included were more likely to be >30 years of age, Black race, and live in neighborhoods with higher measures of poverty (Table 1). HPV types did not statistically differ by HIV status, though WLWH had a higher number of HR-HPV types present (Table 2). HIV infection was not significantly associated with non-16/18 HPV type after adjusting for confounders (adjusted OR 0.86 [95%CI: 0.4-1.88]). Conclusion Among women with CIN2+, HIV infection was not significantly associated with non-16/18 HPV types. However, WLWH had a higher number of high-risk HPV types detected. Our study was limited by the small number of WLWH included. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Adebamowo, Sally N., Toyosi Olawande, Ayotunde Famooto, Eileen O. Dareng, Olayinka Olaniyan, Richard Offiong, and Clement A. Adebamowo. "Risk, Persistence and Multiplicity of HPV Infections among HIV Negative and HIV Positive Nigerian Women." Journal of Global Oncology 2, no. 3_suppl (June 2016): 38s—39s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.2016.003830.
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Abstract 64 Background: The incidence, prevalence, persistence, and multiplicity of high-risk HPV infection is different between HIV positive and HIV negative women. We examined the association between HIV, prevalent HPV, and persistent HPV infections among women in a prospective cohort in Nigeria. Methods: We enrolled women presenting at cervical cancer screening programs in Abuja, Nigeria, between 2012 and 2014 and collected information on their demographic characteristics, risk factors of HPV infection, and cervical exfoliated cells samples at baseline, 6 month and 12 month follow-up visits. DNA enzyme immunoassay (DEIA) and Roche Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test were used to characterize HPV. Persistent HPV infection was defined as a positive result on 2 consecutive DEIA tests. We used logistic regression models to estimate the association between HIV and risk of HPV infection. Results: Among the 1,020 women enrolled, the mean age (±SD) was 37(8), and 44% and 56% were HIV+ and HIV-, respectively. HPV52 and 35 were the most common HPV types in the study population. The prevalence was 34% for any HPV, 24% for persistent HPV and 9% for multiple HPV infections; these were higher among HIV+ women (p-value <0.001). The multivariate odds ratio (OR) and 95 % CI comparing HIV+ to HIV- women was 6.29 (95% CI 3.64 – 10.87, p-value <0.001) for any high-risk HPV; 6.22 (95% CI 3.02 – 12.83, p-value <0.001) for persistent high-risk HPV; and 6.46 (95% CI 2.69 – 15.52, p-value <0.001) for multiple high-risk HPV infections, Conclusions: HIV infection is associated with increased risk of persistence and multiplicity of low-risk and high-risk HPV infections. These findings may explain, in part, the increased risk of cervical cancer among women with HIV infections. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: Sally N. Adebamowo No relationship to disclose Toyosi Olawande No relationship to disclose Ayotunde Famooto No relationship to disclose Eileen O. Dareng No relationship to disclose Olayinka Olaniyan No relationship to disclose Richard Offiong No relationship to disclose Clement A. Adebamowo Speakers' Bureau: Merck [Table: see text]
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Ablanedo-Terrazas, Yuria, Karla Romero-Mora, María Gómez-Palacio, Claudia Alvarado-de la Barrera, Matilde Ruiz-Cruz, Ramón Hernández-Juan, and Gustavo Reyes-Terán. "Prevalence and risk factors for oral human papillomavirus infection in Mexican HIV-infected men." Salud Pública de México 60, no. 6, nov-dic (December 13, 2018): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.21149/9834.
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Objective. To determine the prevalence and risk factors for oral high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men. Materials and methods. Consecutive male outpatients with HIV-infection were enrolled. Demographic and behavioral risk data were obtained. Anal swabs and oral rinses were tested for HR-HPV DNA. Oral, pharyngeal and video laryngoscopy examinations were performed for detection of lesions. Results. The prevalence of HR-HPV oral infection was 9.3% (subtypes other than HR HPV 16/18 predominated). The prevalence of anal HR-HPV infection was 75.7%. The risk factors for oral infection with HR-HPV were tonsillectomy (OR=13.12) and years from HIV diagnosis (OR=1.17). Conclusions. Tonsillectomy and years from HIV diagnosis were associated with oral HPV infection. No association was found between oral and anal HR-HPV infections. This is the first study reporting the prevalence and risk factors for oral HR-HPV infection in Mexican HIV-infected population.
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Adler, David H., Melissa Wallace, Thola Bennie, Megan Mrubata, Beau Abar, Tracy L. Meiring, Anna-Lise Williamson, and Linda-Gail Bekker. "Cervical Dysplasia and High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infections among HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Adolescent Females in South Africa." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/498048.
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Background.HIV-infected adolescents may be at higher risk for high-grade cervical lesions than HIV-uninfected adolescents. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) infections and Pap smear abnormalities between these two groups.Methods.In this cross-sectional study, we compared the HPV DNA and Pap smear results between 35 HIV-infected and 50 HIV-uninfected adolescents in order to determine the prevalence of HR-HPV genotypes and cervical cytological abnormalities. Comparisons were made using Pearsonχ2and independent-samplest-tests analyses, and associations between demographic and behavioral characteristics and HPV infections were examined.Results.HIV-infected participants were more likely to be infected with any HPV (88.6% versus 48.0%;P<0.001) and with at least one HR-HPV (60.0% versus 24.0%;P=0.001), and to have multiple concurrent HPV infections (68.6% versus 22.0%;P<0.001). HPV 16 and 18 were relatively underrepresented among HR-HPV infections. Abnormal Pap test results were more common among HIV-infected participants (28.8% versus 12.0%;P=0.054). A history of smoking was associated with HR-HPV infection.Conclusions.HIV-infected adolescents have an increased risk of infection with HR-HPV and of Pap test abnormalities. The majority of HR-HPV infections among our participants would not be prevented by the currently available vaccinations against HPV.
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Paraná, Victoria C., Davi Souza Santos, Dhara Isabella Barreto de Souza Silva, Gabriela C. Lima, Luana L. Gois, and Luciane Amorim Santos. "Anal and cervical human papillomavirus genotypes in women co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus: A systematic review." International Journal of STD & AIDS 33, no. 6 (March 25, 2022): 530–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09564624221076293.
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are sexually transmitted. There are several HPV genotypes and clinical manifestations. Determining which genotypes circulate worldwide and/or in specific geographic areas can help with prevention programs and vaccine distribution. This systematic review aimed to investigate the most frequent anal and cervical HPV genotypes in women co-infected with HPV/HIV. The PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online, and Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences databases were used to search for articles published between January 2015 and August 2021, and the included articles followed the defined selection criteria. Based on the 51 articles included, HPV16 was the most prevalent (41%) genotype, followed by HPV52 (17%) and HPV58 (14%). Based on the comparative analyses of the HIV-negative women with HPV and the HPV/HIV co-infected groups, HPV16 was frequent in both groups; HPV58, HPV31, and HPV52 were more frequent in the co-infected group; and HPV18 was more common in HIV-negative women with HPV. HPV/HIV co-infected women most frequently presented the HPV genotypes 16, 58, and 52, whereas HIV-negative women with HPV had a higher frequency of HPV16, HPV18, and HPV52 genotypes. The results indicate the importance of genotype surveillance as a strategy to improve preventive measures against HPV infection and its complications. International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) registration number: CRD42020220121.
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van Schalkwyk, Cari, Jennifer Moodley, Alex Welte, and Leigh Francis Johnson. "Are associations between HIV and human papillomavirus transmission due to behavioural confounding or biological effects?" Sexually Transmitted Infections 95, no. 2 (August 31, 2018): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2018-053558.
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ObjectivesCohort studies have shown significant increased risk of HIV acquisition following human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and increased risk of new HPV detection in individuals with HIV infection, after adjusting for behavioural risk factors. This study uses an individual-based model to assess whether confounding sexual behaviour factors and network level effects can explain these associations between HIV and HPV infection status, without biological interactions.MethodsThe model simulates infection with 13 oncogenic HPV types and HIV. It allows for different relationship types, with heterogeneity in probabilities of concurrency and rates of partner change. No effect of prevalent HPV infection on HIV acquisition is assumed and vice versa. The model is calibrated to South African HIV and type-specific HPV prevalence data using a Bayesian approach. The model is used to simulate cohorts with quarterly HIV and HPV testing from 2000 to 2002. These simulated data are analysed using proportional hazard models.ResultsThe mean of the unadjusted HRs of HIV acquisition following detection of an oncogenic HPV type calculated for each simulated cohort is 2.6 (95% CI 2.2 to 3.1). The mean of the unadjusted HRs for the effect of HIV on newly detected HPV is 2.5 (95% CI 2.2 to 2.8). Simulated associations between HIV and HPV infection status are similar to corresponding empirical estimates. In sensitivity analyses in which HIV and HPV were assumed to increase each other’s transmission risk, simulated associations were stronger but not inconsistent with empirical estimates.ConclusionsAlthough we cannot rule out the possibility that associations between HIV and HPV transmission may be due in part to biological interactions, these results suggest that observed associations could be explained entirely by residual confounding by behavioural factors and network-level effects that observational studies cannot account for.
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Wang, Qian, Xiaomeng Ma, Xiaosong Zhang, Jason J. Ong, Jun Jing, Lei Zhang, and Lin-Hong Wang. "Human papillomavirus infection and associated factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women living with HIV in China: a cross-sectional study." Sexually Transmitted Infections 95, no. 2 (October 18, 2018): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2018-053636.
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ObjectiveWomen living with HIV (WLHIV) face disproportionately higher risks of acquiring human papillomavirus (HPV) compared with HIV negative counterparts. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of HPV in WLHIV in Chinese hospital setting and identify associated factors to the progression of late-stage cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+) in this population.MethodThis retrospective study collected data from 183 WLHIV on antiretroviral treatment (ART), based on reproductive health questionnaires. Gynaecological examination results including serum (for HIV viral load, CD4 T-cell count, hepatitis B infections, syphilis) and vaginal swabs for common bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Multivariate-logistic regression was applied to analyze the contributing factors to CIN2+.ResultsHIV coinfection with other Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) were observed in 99 participants (54.1%, (99/183)). HPV (43.7% (80/183)) was the most prevalent STI. The three most prevalent HPV subtypes were all high-risk HPV (HR-HPV), including HPV52 (33.8% (27/80)), HPV58 (21.3% (17/80)) and HPV33 (13.75% (11/80)). About a third (37.5%, 30/80) of women with HPV had HR-HPV. Multiple HPV coinfections were common in HIV-HPV coinfected women (41.3%, 33/80). Cytological examinations revealed that 77.5% (62/80) HPV+ women had detectable cervical lesions. In comparison, only 4.9% (5/103) HPV negative womenwith Atypia and 1.0% (1/103) with CIN1 were diagnosed. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that HPV16 (OR=19.04, 2.53 to 122.92; p=0.004) and HPV18 (OR=11.54, 1.45 to 91.64; p=0.021) infections were significantly associated with CIN2+ in HIV-HPV coinfected women.ConclusionA high prevalence of HPV was found in women on ART. HPV16/18 infection are strong associated factors to CIN2+ in HIV-HPV coinfected women.
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Syrjänen, S. "Human Papillomavirus Infection and Its Association with HIV." Advances in Dental Research 23, no. 1 (March 25, 2011): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034511399914.
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) can infect oral mucosa, causing asymptomatic infection or warty lesions. Several case-control studies have confirmed HPV as an independent risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma. HPV-related cancers seem to have better prognoses and different risk factors than do HPV-negative ones. HIV-infected patients are known to be at increased risk for persistent genital and anal high-risk HPV infections and intraepithelial neoplasm. Since the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, the prevalence and persistence of warty lesions in oral mucosa have increased. Oral squamous cell carcinoma was recently added in the case definitions for common HIV-related oral mucosa lesions. The increased risk of HPV infection in HIV patients has been associated with impaired immune response to HPV, highly active antiretroviral therapy, aging of the HIV-infected patients, and direct interaction between the 2 viruses. HPV32 seems to be much more prevalent in asymptomatic HPV infections and warts among those infected with HIV than among those in the general population. Regarding HIV genes, there is evidence of an interaction between HPV and tat, rev, and vpr. HIV might play a role in HPV-associated pathogenesis by exhorting oncogenic stimuli via tat and rev or visa versa.
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Rodrigues, Luana Lorena Silva, José Henrique Pilotto, Katrini Guidolini Martinelli, Alcina F. Nicol, Vanessa Salete De Paula, Tarik Gheit, Nathália Silva Carlos Oliveira, et al. "Diversity of Anal HPV and Non-HPV Sexually Transmitted Infections and Concordance with Genital Infections in HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Women in the Tapajós Region, Amazon, Brazil." Viruses 15, no. 6 (June 6, 2023): 1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15061328.
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The aim of this study was to classify the diversity of anal HPV and non-HPV sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and compare the concordance between anal and genital infections in HIV-infected and uninfected women living in the Tapajós region, Amazon, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was performed with 112 HIV-uninfected and 41 HIV-infected nonindigenous women. Anal and cervical scrapings were collected and analyzed for HPV, Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrheae (NG), Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), and Human alphaherpesvirus 2 (HSV-2). The Kappa test evaluated the concordance between anal and genital infections. The overall prevalence of anal HPV infection was 31.3% in HIV-uninfected and 97.6% in HIV-infected women. The most frequent anal high-risk HPV (hrHPV) types were HPV18 and HPV16 in HIV-uninfected women and HPV51, HPV59, HPV31, and HPV58 in HIV-infected women. Anal HPV75 Betapapillomavirus was also identified. Anal non-HPV STIs were identified in 13.0% of all participants. The concordance analysis was fair for CT, MG, and HSV-2, almost perfect agreement for NG, moderate for HPV, and variable for the most frequent anal hrHPV types. Thus, a high prevalence of anal HPV infection with moderate and fair concordance between anal and genital HPV and non-HPV STIs was observed in our study.
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Ouladlahsen, Ahd, Naouar Fayssel, Rajaa Bensghir, Hanâ Baba, Hassan Lamdini, Mustapha Sodqi, Latifa Marih, et al. "The Human papillomavirus among women living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Morocco A prospective cross-sectional study." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 12, no. 06 (June 30, 2018): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.9711.
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Introduction: Women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have a higher risk of contracting human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and are more prone to develop cervical cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of HPV and its association with risk factors among Moroccan women living with HIV/AIDS.
Methodology: We enrolled 251 HIV-infected non-pregnant women in Morocco from February 2013 to September 2016. Sociodemographic, lifestyles, behavioral and clinical data were collected. Polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing were performed for molecular detection and HPV genotyping in cervical samples, respectively.
Results: Abnormal cervical smears were found in 34/246 patients (13.82%). The overall prevalence of HPV was 74.50%. HPV 58 was the most prevalent (39.29%) followed by HPV 18 (10.71%), HPV 70 (8.93%), HPV 33 (7.14%), HPV 6 (6.25%) and other genotypes (< 3%). Overall, high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) types were present in 75% (84/112) of patients and the prevalence of HR-HPV types in samples with abnormal Pap was higher than in normal Pap (55/83, 66.27% vs. 28/83, 33.33%, p < 0.0001). Univariate analyses showed that none of the socio-demographic and behaviors factors was associated with HPV infection. Moreover, Pap results were not affected by HPV status (p = 0.532). Whereas, CD4 T-cell counts above 200/mm3 at enrolment were apparently not protective to HPV infection. We found a high prevalence of HPV infection and HR-HPV types among HIV-positive women that significantly associated with abnormal Pap.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest a high prevalence of HPV infection with high-risk types was observed among HIV-positive women warrant to implement a regular screening by Pap smear.
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Silverberg, Michael J., Michael F. Schneider, Barbara Silver, Kathryn M. Anastos, Robert D. Burk, Howard Minkoff, Joel Palefsky, Alexandra M. Levine, and Raphael P. Viscidi. "Serological Detection of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Infection in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Positive and High-Risk HIV-Negative Women." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 13, no. 4 (April 2006): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.13.4.511-519.2006.
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ABSTRACT Serial measurement of antibodies has not been used to provide evidence of active viral replication of human papillomavirus (HPV). Serum specimens from sequential study visits contributed by 642 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and 116 HIV-negative participants enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study were used to detect significant rises in HPV type 16 (HPV-16) antibody levels. Factors associated with a significant rise were identified using multivariable logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations. Among HIV-positive women, 8.3% of 1,997 pairs showed antibody rises, compared to 6.1% of 361 pairs among HIV-negative women (P = 0.191). For HIV-positive women, rises were associated with current (odds ratio [OR], 23.4; P < 0.001) or past (OR, 8.9; P < 0.001) HPV-16 infection relative to never being HPV-16 infected and with CD4+ cell counts (OR per 100-cell increase, 0.8; P < 0.001) but not with sexual behavior. For HIV-negative women, rises were associated with past (OR, 10.9; P = 0.033) HPV-16 infection relative to no HPV-16, current cigarette smoking (OR, 5.0; P = 0.029) relative to no smoking history, and having 6 to 10 lifetime sexual partners compared to 0 to 5 partners (OR, 9.9; P = 0.036). Serial measurement of HPV-16 serum antibodies is a useful tool for identifying active HPV-16 viral replication. Rises among HIV-positive women may more often result from reactivation of a latent HPV infection in the context of HIV-induced immunosuppression, while rises among HIV-negative women may more often result from reinfection with HPV.
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Malik, Sunita, Supriti Kumari, Harsha S. Gaikwad, Archana Mishra, and Mausumi Bharadwaj. "Prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology and HPV DNA positivity among HIV positive women." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 9 (August 26, 2019): 3649. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20193791.
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Background: The relationship among HIV, HPV, and development of CIN is complex and incompletely understood. Present study is undertaken to find out the prevalence and relationship of abnormal cervical cytology and HPV infection in HIV positive women.Methods: This was a cross-sectional, case control study conducted on 95 HIV seropositive and 95 seronegative women. Specimen was collected from the cervix for HPV DNA testing, subtyping and cytology.Results: HPV DNA positivity was higher in seropositive group (18.6% vs. 7.4%). Premalignant conditions were found only in seropositive group. At CD4 count <249 HPV DNA positivity was 53%, at 250-499 the percentage of HPV DNA positivity was 31% and at >500 HPV DNA positivity was 19%.Conclusions: Prevalence of abnormal cytology and HPV DNA positivity is higher amongst HIV positive women and there is an association between HPV DNA positivity with lower CD4 counts.
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Visalli, Giuseppa, Angela Di Pietro, Monica Currò, Marianna Pruiti Ciarello, Flavia D’Andrea, Giuseppe Nunnari, Giovanni Francesco Pellicanò, and Alessio Facciolà. "How Much Does HIV Positivity Affect the Presence of Oral HPV? A Molecular Epidemiology Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 8999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178999.
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HIV-positive people showed a high oral prevalence of HPV-DNA and have a greater incidence of head and neck carcinomas compared to general population. We performed a molecular survey evaluating the presence of HPV-DNA in saliva of HIV-positive and HIV-negative subjects in order to quantify the risk represented by HIV-positivity. The sample was made up by 102 subjects: 40 HIV-positive, 32 HIV-negative with sexual risk behaviors (SRB) and 30 HIV-negative without risk factors. DNA was extracted from cellular pellets and HPV detection and genotyping were performed by PCR assays. In the HIV-positive group (of which 58.3% declared SRB) 33.33% of the sample were HPV-positive (33.33% to high-risk genotypes, 25.0% to low-risk genotypes and 41.66% to other genotypes). In the HIV-negative SRB group, HPV-positive subjects were 37.04% (60.0% to high risk genotypes, 20.0% to low risk genotypes, and 20.0% to other genotypes). Finally, in the control group, the HPV-positive subjects were 7.14% (50% to high-risk genotypes and 50% to low-risk genotypes). In the HIV group, concerning the HPV positivity, there was no significant difference between subjects with and without SRBs. In summary, we found a high oral HPV-DNA detection in HIV+ group, showing a strong relationship between HIV and HPV.
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Ren, Xuqi, Wujian Ke, Heping Zheng, Ligang Yang, Shujie Huang, Xiaolin Qin, Bin Yang, and Huachun Zou. "Human Papillomavirus Positivity in the Anal Canal in HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Men Who Have Anal Sex with Men in Guangzhou, China: Implication for Anal Exams and Early Vaccination." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2641259.
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Background. The epidemiology of HPV in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Guangzhou, China, had not been reported previously. Methods. HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected MSM were recruited from a Guangzhou-based MSM clinic in 2013. Sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behaviors were collected. An anal cytological sample was taken for HPV testing. Results. We recruited 79 HIV-infected and 85 HIV-uninfected MSM. The median age was 26 years in both groups. The positivities of anal HPV of any type (81.0% versus 48.2%), any high risk type (50.6% versus 27.1%), any low risk type (55.7% versus 31.8%), and any 9-valent vaccine type (74.7% versus 36.5%) were all significantly higher among HIV-infected compared to that among HIV-negative MSM (p for all < 0.05). The great majority of HPV-infected MSM were infected with 9-valent vaccine types (59 out of 64 HIV-infected and 31 out of 41 HIV-uninfected). Anal bacterial infections were associated with higher anal HPV positivity and greater number of anal HPV types. Conclusion. Sexually active MSM in Guangzhou, especially those infected with HIV, had high and multiple HPV detections. The majority of these cases were potentially preventable by HPV vaccine. Regular anal exams and early HPV vaccination are warranted in this population.
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Wittawatmongkol, Orasri, Sivaporn Gatechompol, Stephen J. Kerr, Amphan Chalermchockcharoenkit, Nipat Teeratakulpisarn, Watcharee Lermankul, Manopchai Thamkhantho, Nittaya Phanuphak, Annette H. Sohn, and Kulkanya Chokephaibulkit. "Human papillomavirus infection among male adolescents and young adults with perinatally-acquired HIV and without HIV in Thailand." International Journal of STD & AIDS 30, no. 10 (July 8, 2019): 960–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462419853384.
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HIV infection may increase the risk of persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and complications. Male adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with perinatally-acquired HIV (PHIV) and without HIV in Thailand were matched by age and lifetime number of sexual partners. HPV infection at oral, anal, penile, and scrotal sites was detected by polymerase chain reaction. A total of 49 PHIV and 47 HIV-uninfected male AYAs (median age 18 [17–20] years) were enrolled (June 2013–September 2014). Overall, 18 were men who have sex with men (MSM) (12% of PHIV, 26% of HIV-uninfected AYAs; P = 0.12). Among the PHIV, the median (interquartile range) CD4 cell count was 573 (434–747) cells/mm3and 69% had HIV RNA <40 copies/ml. The prevalence of any HPV infection was 61% in PHIV and 49% in HIV-uninfected AYAs ( P = 0.23) and that of high-risk HPV was 33% in PHIV and 28% in HIV-uninfected AYAs ( P = 0.59). Among those with HPV, 55% had any high-risk HPV type and 28% had HPV-16 and/or HPV-18. In multivariate models, smoking (OR 6.10, 95% CI, 1.19–31.35, P = 0.01) and prior history of STI symptoms (OR 5.01, 95% CI, 1.63–15.40, P = 0.004) were associated with high-risk HPV infection. HPV vaccination in early adolescence presents a valuable but missed prevention opportunity.
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Cardoso Marques, Marcos Paulo, Amanda Chaves Pinto, Leila Cristina Soares, Jacyara Maria Brito Macedo, Debora Fontenelle dos Santos, and Marco Aurelio Pinho Oliveira. "Differences in HPV infection and HPV-related lesions between the cervix and anus in hiv-positive women." Revista de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas 20, no. 2 (September 29, 2021): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/cmbio.v20i2.43354.
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Introduction: the prevalence of cervical and anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is high. However, little is known about the differences in the susceptibility of these infections and related lesions. The aim of this study was to describe the association between the prevalence of cervical and anal HPV infection and HPV-related lesions in HIV-positive women. Methods: this study included 88 HIV-positive women attending an outpatient clinic in a university hospital. Ectocervical, endocervical, and anal samples were collected for colpocytology and anal cytology. A polymerase chain reaction-based technique was used to detect HPV deoxyribonucleic acid in endocervical and anal swab samples. Results: the cervical and anal HPV positivity rates were 35.21% and 78.8%, respectively. The presence of HPV-related lesions on colpocytology was associated with anal HPV positivity (P = 0.027). The ratio between cervical HPV infection and cervical HPV-related lesions was 2.5. The ratio between anal HPV infection and anal HPV-related lesions was 4.3. Overall, 30% had concomitant HPV DNA in the cervix and anus. Conclusion: there are differences in the susceptibility of infections and related lesions between the cervix and anus. Despite a higher incidence of anal HPV, the progression to HPV-related lesion does not occur via the same manner in the cervix and anus. Moreover, cervical HPV-related lesions in HIV-positive women may serve as a cue for anal preventive strategies, and further investigations in these women may be useful.
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Mustafin, R. N. "Prospects for the use of statins in antiviral therapy." Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 25, no. 1 (2023): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2023.1.56-67.
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Inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, in addition to suppressing cholesterol synthesis, have an antiviral effect. Clinical studies have shown antiviral efficacy of statins against COVID-19, HCV, HBV, RSV, HIV, influenza viruses. The ability of statins to inhibit influenza viruses, COVID-19, RSV, HIV, as well as Ebola, Zika, Dengue, Coxsackie, rotaviruses, ADV, HDV, HHV was experimentally confirmed. Statins can also enhance the effects of antiviral drugs, making them more effective in treating infections. Therefore, the use of statins in the complex therapy of viral infections is promising. In addition, the role of influenza viruses, T-cell leukemia and herpesviruses, HIV, HBV, HCV, HPV in the development of atherosclerosis has been identified, so the use of statins in complex treatment is also necessary to correct endothelial dysfunction that occurs under the influence of viruses. Since the activity of retroelements that are evolutionarily related to exogenous viruses increases with aging, it has been suggested that retrotransposons can also be targets for statins. This is evidenced by a change in the expression of non-coding RNAs under the action of statins, since the key sources of non-coding RNAs are retroelements. This property may be an additional factor in the prescription of statins to increase life expectancy, in addition to the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, since pathological activation of retroelements are the causes of aging. Viruses, like retroelements, are involved in the pathogenesis of malignant neoplasms, in the treatment of which statins have shown their effectiveness and the ability to enhance the effect of anticancer drugs, overcoming chemoresistance (similar to the potentiation of antiviral drugs). One of the mechanisms of this activity of statins may be their effect on retroelements and viruses.
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Taku, Ongeziwe, Zizipho Z. A. Mbulawa, Keletso Phohlo, Mirta Garcia-Jardon, Charles B. Businge, and Anna-Lise Williamson. "Distribution of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genotypes in HIV-Negative and HIV-Positive Women with Cervical Intraepithelial Lesions in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Viruses 13, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13020280.
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South African women have a high rate of cervical cancer cases, but there are limited data on human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa. A total of 193 cervical specimens with confirmed CIN from women aged 18 years or older, recruited from a referral hospital, were tested for HPV infection. The cervical specimens, smeared onto FTA cards, were screened for 36 HPV types using an HPV direct flow kit. HPV prevalence was 93.5% (43/46) in CIN2 and 96.6% (142/147) in CIN3. HIV-positive women had a significantly higher HPV prevalence than HIV-negative women (98.0% vs. 89.1%, p = 0.012). The prevalence of multiple types was significantly higher in HIV-positive than HIV-negative women (p = 0.034). The frequently detected genotypes were HPV35 (23.9%), HPV58 (23.9%), HPV45 (19.6%), and HPV16 (17.3%) in CIN2 cases, while in CIN3, HPV35 (22.5%), HPV16 (21.8%), HPV33 (15.6%), and HPV58 (14.3%) were the most common identified HPV types, independent of HIV status. The prevalence of HPV types targeted by the nonavalent HPV vaccine was 60.9% and 68.7% among women with CIN2 and CIN3, respectively, indicating that vaccination would have an impact both in HIV-negative and HIV-positive South African women, although it will not provide full protection in preventing HPV infection and cervical cancer lesions.
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He, Wei, Haiying Pan, Bing Lin, and Xiaoni Zhong. "Analysis of HPV Vaccination Willingness amongst HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex with Men in China." Vaccines 9, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101069.
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Objective: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are high-risk groups of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, the best measure to prevent this is the HPV vaccine. However, few studies have investigated HPV vaccination willingness in the MSM population in China. We aimed to explore the willingness of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative MSM for HPV vaccination and the factors affecting their willingness to vaccinate. Methods: We adopted a non-probability sampling method to recruit HIV-negative MSM volunteers. Participants completed a questionnaire, including sociodemographic characteristics, sexual behavior characteristics, HPV infection and vaccine-related knowledge, risk perception, and HPV vaccination willingness and promotion attitudes. Results: Of the 406 HIV-negative MSM surveyed, 86.21% were willing to receive HPV vaccine. HPV infection and vaccine-related knowledge (odds ratio [OR] = 2.167, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.049–4.474), HPV infection risk perception (OR = 5.905, 95% CI = 1.312–26.580), and HPV vaccine promotion attitude (OR = 6.784, 95% CI = 3.164–14.546) were all related to HPV vaccination willingness. Conclusion: MSM have a high willingness for HPV vaccination. Strengthening health education for MSM, raising their awareness of HPV infection and vaccines, and promoting their risk perception of HPV infection will help increase their willingness for HPV vaccination.
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Gandra, Sumanth, Aline Azar, Nisha Kini, Bruce Barton, and Mireya Wessolossky. "11. Prevalence of anal high risk human papilloma virus (hr-HPV) infection and cytological." Sexual Health 10, no. 6 (2013): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/shv10n6ab11.
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Background Although anal HPV infection and cytological abnormalities are highly prevalent among HIV-infected MSM patients, there is limited data on HIV-infected heterosexual men and women. Since November 2010 at our clinic, anal cancer screening with both hr-HPV and cytology was routinely performed in all HIV-infected patients. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of anal hr-HPV infection and cytological abnormalities among our cohort of HIV-infected MSM, heterosexual men and women. We also evaluated the performance of hr-HPV and abnormal cytology in detecting high-grade dysplasia (AIN2+). Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in HIV patients who underwent routine screening for anal cancer from January 2011 to January 2013. The hr-HPV test is done concomitantly on an anal cytology specimen using the Hybrid Capture 2 assay (Digene Corporation). Medical records of patients who underwent high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) because of abnormal cytology (ASCUS and above) or positive hr-HPV were reviewed. Results: A total of 221 HIV patients underwent screening with both hr-HPV and anal cytology. Among them, 67% were men (73% MSM vs 27% heterosexual). hr-HPV was positive in 43% (54% MSM, 28% non-MSM and 27% women). Anal cytology was abnormal in 39% (48% MSM, 28% non-MSM and 34% of women). Among 117 (53%) patients with an abnormal screening test, 27% had both hr-HPV infection and abnormal cytology, 14% had only hr-HPV infection and 13% had only abnormal cytology. Cytology results were normal in 50%, non-diagnostic in 10%, ASCUS in 23%, LSIL in 14% and HSIL in 2%. Among 68 HIV patients who underwent HRA because of either abnormal anal cytology or hr-HPV infection, 22 patients had AIN2+ (17 were MSM) and all had hr-HPV. None of 14 patients with negative hr-HPV who underwent HRA for abnormal cytology had AIN2+. Paired results of cytology and biopsy did not correlate (rs = –0.13). Conclusions: Anal hr-HPV infection, cytological abnormalities and AIN2+ are prevalent among our cohort of HIV-infected heterosexual men and women. We suggest anal cancer screening for all HIV-infected patients. In our limited sample, hr-HPV performed better than anal cytology in detecting and ruling out AIN2+.
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Marima, Rahaba, Rodney Hull, Georgios Lolas, Konstantinos N. Syrigos, Minah Kgoebane-Maseko, Andreas Martin Kaufmann, and Zodwa Dlamini. "The Catastrophic HPV/HIV Dual Viral Oncogenomics in Concert with Dysregulated Alternative Splicing in Cervical Cancer." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 10115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810115.
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Cervical cancer is a public health problem and has devastating effects in low-to-middle-income countries (LTMICs) such as the sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. Infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer. HIV positive women have higher HPV prevalence and cervical cancer incidence than their HIV negative counterparts do. Concurrent HPV/HIV infection is catastrophic, particularly to African women due to the high prevalence of HIV infections. Although various studies show a relationship between HPV, HIV and cervical cancer, there is still a gap in the knowledge concerning the precise nature of this tripartite association. Firstly, most studies show the relationship between HPV and cervical cancer at genomic and epigenetic levels, while the transcriptomic landscape of this relationship remains to be elucidated. Even though many studies have shown HPV/HIV dual viral pathogenesis, the dual molecular oncoviral effects on the development of cervical cancer remains largely uncertain. Furthermore, the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the cellular splicing machinery is unclear. Emerging evidence indicates the vital role played by host splicing events in both HPV and HIV infection in the development and progression to cervical cancer. Therefore, decoding the transcriptome landscape of this tripartite relationship holds promising therapeutic potential. This review will focus on the link between cellular splicing machinery, HPV, HIV infection and the aberrant alternative splicing events that take place in HIV/HPV-associated cervical cancer. Finally, we will investigate how these aberrant splicing events can be targeted for the development of new therapeutic strategies against HPV/HIV-associated cervical cancer.
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Alli, Babatunde Y., Robert D. Burk, Mahnaz Fatahzadeh, Julie Kazimiroff, Robert M. Grossberg, Richard V. Smith, Thomas J. Ow, et al. "HIV Modifies the Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Oral Human Papillomavirus Infection." Journal of Infectious Diseases 222, no. 4 (March 25, 2020): 646–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa135.
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Abstract Background People living with HIV (PLWH) are more likely to smoke and harbor oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, putting them at higher risk for head and neck cancer. We investigated effects of HIV and smoking on oral HPV risk. Methods Consecutive PLWH (n = 169) and at-risk HIV-negative individuals (n = 126) were recruited from 2 US health centers. Smoking history was collected using questionnaires. Participants provided oral rinse samples for HPV genotyping. We used multivariable logistic regression models with interaction terms for HIV to test for smoking effect on oral HPV. Results PLWH were more likely to harbor oral HPV than HIV-negative individuals, including α (39% vs 28%), β (73% vs 63%), and γ-types (33% vs 20%). HIV infection positively modified the association between smoking and high-risk oral HPV: odds ratios for smoking 3.46 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–11.94) and 1.59 (95% CI, .32–8.73) among PLWH and HIV-negative individuals, respectively, and relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) 3.34 (95% CI, −1.51 to 8.18). RERI for HPV 16 was 1.79 (95% CI, −2.57 to 6.16) and 2.78 for β1-HPV (95% CI, −.08 to 5.65). Conclusion Results show tobacco smoking as a risk factor for oral HPV among PLWH.
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Whitaker, Jeffrey M., Joel M. Palefsky, Maria Da Costa, Christy M. King, James S. Johnston, and Peter Barbosa. "Human Papilloma Virus Type 69 Identified in a Clinically Aggressive Plantar Verruca from an HIV-positive Patient." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 99, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0980008.
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Background: Verrucae are caused by infection of epidermal keratinocytes by human papilloma virus (HPV). Although there are currently more than 100 known types of HPV, certain lesions are consistently caused by infection with one or a few types. Recent studies have identified the presence of unusual HPV types in anogenital and cervical condylomata (warts) of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although cutaneous verrucae are typically caused by HPV-1, HPV-2, and HPV-4, infection with HIV may predispose an individual to infection with an unusual HPV type. Methods: We report the detection of a rare HPV type in a clinically aggressive plantar verruca from an HIV-positive patient. The viral DNA from this specimen was analyzed to identify the predominant HPV type. To complete this analysis, HPV DNA was extracted from the formalin-fixed specimen, followed by polymerase chain reaction with consensus HPV primers and digestion with a specific group of restriction endonucleases. The fragments were separated on an agarose gel, and the restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern was compared with known patterns for identification of the specific HPV type. Results: Identification of HPV-69, an HPV type previously reported to be rare and associated with dysplastic lesions, was confirmed by HPV DNA dot-blot hybridization with specific DNA probes for each known HPV type. Conclusions: Plantar verrucae in HIV-positive patients may be associated with unusual HPV types and should be analyzed and treated aggressively given the potential for a more distinct clinical manifestation. Additional lesional analysis studies are needed. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 99(1): 8–12, 2009)
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Maatouk, Ismaël, and Khalil Abdo. "Human papillomavirus prevalence in the oral cavity of men who have sex with men: a study of its first from Beirut, Lebanon." Sexual Health 13, no. 4 (2016): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh16045.
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Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmissible viral infection worldwide. HPV is highly prevalent in sexually active men who have sex with men (MSM). The main objective of this study is to assess HPV prevalence in the oral cavity of MSM from Beirut, Lebanon. Methods: From November 2015 to January 2016, 42 MSM were recruited using respondent-driven sampling and provided oral samples for HPV DNA and for linear array testing to detect HPV type. Results: In total, 28 (66.67%) HIV-negative and 14 (33.33%) HIV-positive MSM were included. Overall, HPV prevalence in the oral cavity was 10% (95% CI 0.93–19.07) among all participants, but there was no statistical difference according to HIV status. The HPV type was exclusively HPV-6. Conclusions: These findings did not find an urgent need for routine HPV prevalence and screening for cancers in the oral cavity of a MSM group in Lebanon; however, they confirm previous findings about geographic variations in HPV prevalences.
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Belyaeva, Elena, Eleva Genich, and Olga Leshchenko. "The Genotype Distribution of Human Papillomavirus among HIV-Infected Women Planning Pregnancy in Irkutsk, Russia." International Journal of Biomedicine 11, no. 3 (September 9, 2021): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21103/article11(3)_oa11.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of our research was to determine the detection frequency of 12 high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) in women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who are planning pregnancy and to assess the results of colposcopy and the state of the cervix in these women, depending on the presence of HPV. Methods and Results: We examined 31 women with HIV infection who sought pregnancy-planning advice at Scientific Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems in Irkutsk during 2014-2015. All HIV-infected women were tested for the presence of high-risk HPV DNA in the epithelium of the cervical canal by PCR. Material for cytological examination (PAP test) was collected during gynecological examination. PAP tests were assessed according to the Bethesda system. All changes were divided into two types: ASCUS and SIL, the last was in its turn divided into two categories: LSIL and HSIL. The frequency of HPV detection in HIV-infected women planning pregnancy was 71%. HPV 16 was found in 16(51.6%) HIV-infected women and ranked first in frequency among 12 types of HPV. HPV 33 and HPV 35 were found in 15(48.4%) and 12(38.7%) HIV-infected women, respectively, and ranked the second and third in frequency among 12 HPV types. We compared abnormal colposcopy results in two groups of patients with HIV infection: Group 1 (n=22) included women with HPV and Group 2 (n=9) included women without HPV. ASCUS was detected in all patients of Group 1 (100%) and in 6(66.7%) women of Group 2. Two women (9.1%) from Group 1 were diagnosed with LSIL and 10(45.5%) women with HSIL. Conclusion: HIV-infected women planning pregnancy and living in Irkutsk form a group at high-risk of HPV infection.