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Academic literature on the topic 'HPG axi'

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Published: 9 March 2023
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Journal articles on the topic "HPG axi"

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Iserte, Sergio, Héctor Martínez, Sergio Barrachina, Maribel Castillo, Rafael Mayo, and Antonio J. Peña. "Dynamic reconfiguration of noniterative scientific applications: A case study with HPG aligner." International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications 33, no. 5 (September 27, 2018): 804–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094342018802347.

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Several studies have proved the benefits of job malleability, that is, the capacity of an application to adapt its parallelism to a dynamically changing number of allocated processors. The most remarkable advantages of executing malleable jobs as part of a high performance computer workload are the throughput increase and the more efficient utilization of the underlying resources. Malleability has been mostly applied to iterative applications where all the processes execute the same operations over different sets of data and with a balanced per process load. Unfortunately, not all scientific applications adhere to this process-level malleable job structure. There are scientific applications which are either noniterative or present an irregular per process load distribution. Unlike many other reconfiguration tools, the Dynamic Management of Resources Application Programming Interface (DMR API) provides the necessary flexibility to make malleable these out-of-target applications. In this article, we study the particular case of using the DMR API to generate a malleable version of HPG aligner, a distributed-memory noniterative genomic sequencer featuring an irregular communication pattern among processes. Through this first conversion of an out-of-target application to a malleable job, we both illustrate how the DMR API may be used to convert this type of applications into malleable and test the benefits of this conversion in production clusters. Our experimental results reveal an important reduction of the malleable HPG aligner jobs completion time compared to the original HPG aligner version. Furthermore, HPG aligner malleable workloads achieve a greater throughput than their fixed counterparts.
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Tsatsanis, Christos, Eirini Dermitzaki, Pavlina Avgoustinaki, Niki Malliaraki, Vasilis Mytaras, and Andrew Margioris. "The impact of adipose tissue-derived factors on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis." HORMONES 14, no. 4 (October 15, 2015): 549–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.1649.

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Ponnuri, Revathi Naga Lakshmi, Prahlad Pragallapati, Ravindra N, and Venkata Basaveswara Rao Mandava. "A RAPID AND SENSITIVE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY- MASS SPECTROMETRY/MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF PIOGLITAZONE, KETO PIOGLITAZONE AND HYDROXY PIOGLITAZONE IN HUMAN PLASMA." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2017): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i12.20284.

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Objective: The main objective of the work was to develop a straightforward, fast and selective liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay for determination of pioglitazone (PG), keto pioglitazone (KPG), and hydroxy pioglitazone (HPG) in human plasma and to validate as per recent guidelines.Methods: Analyte and the internal standard (IS) were extracted from plasma through liquid-liquid extraction and chromatographed on a Xterra RP18, 100×4.6, 5 μ column using methanol: acetonitrile mixture and 10 mM Ammonium formate buffer (70:30, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. The API-3200 Q Trap LC-MS/MS instrument in multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for detection. Diphenhydramine was utilized as IS.Results: The linearity was established in the concentration range of 20.15-1007.58 ng/mL for PG, 20.35-1017.58 ng/mL for KPG, and 19.68-491.22 ng/mL for HPG in human plasma. All the validation parameters were well within the acceptance limits.Conclusion: A new simple LC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of PG, KPG, and HPG in human plasma. This method can be easily applied for the estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters of PG, KPG, and HPG.
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Thoß, Hendrik. "Jonathan Eig: Ali. Ein Leben." Das Historisch-Politische Buch 67, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 188–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/hpb.67.2.188.

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Kim, Eun Hwa, and Na Hyun Kim. "Comparison of Stress Level and HPA axis Activity of Internet Game Addiction vs. Non-addiction in Adolescents." Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science 15, no. 4 (November 30, 2013): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7586/jkbns.2013.15.4.173.

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Zhang, Zhong, Min Zhang, and Ying Wang. "Danshensu exerts cardioprotective effects in rats with acute myocardial infarction via reduction of infiltration of inflammatory cells and mitigation of myocardial fibrosis." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 21, no. 7 (August 21, 2022): 1453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v21i7.14.

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Purpose: To investigate the mitigative impact of danshensu on heart tissues in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) rats, and the mechanism of action involved. Methods: Seventy-five male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used in this study. After successful induction of myocardial infarction, the rats were divided into model group (MG), low-dose danshensu group (LDG; 15 mg/kg), middle-dose danshensu group (MDG; 30 mg/kg), and high-dose danshensu group (HDG; 60 mg/kg), with 15 rats per group. Rats in sham group (SG; n = 15) served as control. Serum levels of biochemical indicators and expressions of various proteins in myocardial tissue were determined using Western blotting, and compared amongst the rat groups. Results: Serum cTnI concentrations in MDG and HDG were significantly decreased, relative to the corresponding concentrations in MDG. There were significantly lower serum concentrations of IL-1 in MDG and HDG than in model rats. Rats in HDG had lower serum IL-6 concentration than MG rats, while TNF-α levels were down-regulated in MDG and HDG, relative to MG (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Danshensu protects the heart function of rats with AMI by decreasing inflammationderived cells and mitigating myocardial fibrosis. Thus, it may be useful in the management of AMI in humans but clinical trials are necessary to ascertain this. Keywords: Danshens; Acute myocardial infarction; Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion; Myocardial fibrosis
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Seo, Hyung-Seok, and Tae-Wook Kim. "Effects of cardiopulmonary fitness level on HPA axis hormone secretion and lipolysis during passive heating." Korean Journal of Sports Science 26, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 999–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.35159/kjss.2017.06.26.3.999.

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Evans, Jemma. "Hyperglycosylated hCG: a Unique Human Implantation and Invasion Factor." American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 75, no. 3 (December 17, 2015): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aji.12459.

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Behnoud, Nasim, Raheleh Rezaei, Elham Esform, and Farahnaz Farzaneh. "The Relationship Between Endometrial Thickness and Endometrial Pattern With Pregnancy Rate Based on Positive Serum Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin." International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences 7, no. 3 (May 25, 2019): 400–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.15296/ijwhr.2019.65.

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Objectives: Infertility is defined as the lack of pregnancy after one year of sexual contact without using any contraception. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between endometrial thickness (ET) and endometrial pattern with beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (B-HCG) test in women undergoing the induction of ovulation who referred to the infertility clinic of Ali ibn-e Abitalib hospital in Zahedan. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Ali ibn-e Abitaleb hospital in Zahedan (Iran) in 2017. The ET and endometrial pattern were estimated using transvaginal sonography and the pregnancy rate was determined based on B-HCG test. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS using the Chi-square test and independent t-test. Results: A total of 200 individuals with a mean age of 29.6 ± 5.6 years were evaluated in this study. The negative or positive B-HCG distribution was significantly different in terms of the endometrial pattern (P=0.001) so that 35.3% of women had B-HCG positive cases in the three-line pattern of ET while in the homogenous pattern, 3.3% had B-HCG positive cases. In addition, the pregnancy rate in women with ET greater than 7 mm was significantly higher compared to those women with ET less than 7 mm thickness (35.1% vs. 12.8%, P<0.001). Conclusions: Overall, the results of this study showed a significant correlation between the endometrial pattern and ET and pregnancy rate based on positive B-HCG test.
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Bichler, G., and C. J. Weijer. "A Dictyostelium anterior-like cell mutant reveals sequential steps in the prespore prestalk differentiation pathway." Development 120, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 2857–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.10.2857.

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We have isolated Dictyostelium cell type proportioning mutants in a screen for cAMP signal transduction mutants. All mutants showed reduced numbers of prespore cells as analyzed with prespore-specific antibodies and prespore- and prestalk-specific reporter gene constructs. Formation of prestalk and prespore cells in the mutant HP1 is initially almost normal; however, many prespore cells redifferentiate as anterior-like cells leading to altered cell type proportions. Synergy experiments of HP1 transformant cells with wild-type Ax2 slugs showed the existence of stable subpopulations of cells in the prestalk and prespore regions of the slug. HP1 cells sort exclusively to the back of the prestalk and prespore zone in slugs. These cells will form the upper and lower cup regions of the culminate. Ax2 transformant cells sort to the tip of the anterior prestalk and prespore zone in HP1 slugs and will form the stalk and spores in the culminate. These experiments show that upper and lower cup derive from cells in different differentiation pathways. The lower cup cell derive from prespore cells, which redifferentiate as anterior-like cells in the back of the prespore zone. The upper cup cells derive from cells from the back of the prestalk zone. Synergy experiments showed that the mutation in HP1 results in an altered sensitivity to proportioning signals. The mutation in HP1 may result in a reduced sensitivity to cAMP, which facilitates the redifferentiation of prespore cells via anterior-like to lower cup cells and inhibits the transition from upper cup to stalk cells.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "HPG axi"

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COTELLESSA, LUDOVICA. "THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE NOTCH PATHWAY IN THE GNRH NEURONS DEVELOPMENT." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/814079.

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The proper development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is essential for normal reproductive competence. Misfunctions in the axis that impairs GnRH synthesis or function result in GnRH deficiency. Idiopathic congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare reproductive disorder, with significant heterogeneity of genetic inheritance, that is primarily caused by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency. Clinically, the disorder is characterized by an absence of puberty and infertility. In approximately 50% of cases, CHH patients also suffer from a reduced or deficient sense of smell (hyposmia or anosmia, respectively). In this case, the disorder is termed Kallmann syndrome (KS) and results from a failure or incomplete embryonic migration of GnRH-producing neurons. The significance to elucidate the genetic causes of CHH is related to the relatively high percentage (about 50%) of patients that are still considered idiopathic. It is known from the literature that Notch signaling has a role in the migration of neurons in the developing cortex and that it is expressed in the olfactory system of many species, so we would like to understand if Notch signaling has a role in the migration of GnRH neurons in the olfactory system. Hence, the aim of my PhD was to understand: 1) if Notch signaling molecules are expressed along the GnRH migratory pathway in human fetal and adult post-mortem brain sections; 2) if Notch plays a role in the establishment of the correct GnRH migratory process or GnRH axonal targeting to the hypothalamic regions, using zebrafish as an in vivo model; 3) to address whether patients affected by CHH present mutations in the Notch signaling pathway; 4) to functionally validate the eventual mutations using an immortalized GnRH cell line (GN11). We explored by multiplex fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical assays the expression of both JAG1, NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 in coronal human fetal sections of the nasal compartment and nasal/forebrain junctions in early developmental stages. These experiments revealed that JAG1, NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 are expressed along the GnRH migratory pathway during human fetal development, suggesting a paracrine and/or autocrine mechanism. We then used zebrafish as in vivo model to investigate the involvement of jag1 in GnRH3 neurons development and migration. Firstly, we have demonstrated the expression of jag1a, jag1b, notch1a and GnRH3 in the olfactory placode of zebrafish embryos, revealing a possible collaboration between these factors in the GnRH3 neurons development. Taking advantage of the zebrafish transgenic line tg(GnRH3:EGFP), we demonstrated that downregulation of jag1b, but not jag1a, strongly affects the development of the GnRH3 neurons at 48 and 72hpf. Treatment of tg(GnRH3:EGFP) embryos with the Notch inhibitor, DAPT (γ-secretase inhibitor), phenocopied the morpholino experiments, further supporting a role for notch1/jag1 in the development of GnRH3 neurons. Additionally, we performed migration assay on immortalized GnRH cells, and we observe that JAG1 act as a repellent factor for the motility of these cells. Based on the human and zebrafish data and considering the KS-like phenotype of our jag1b morphants, we next sought in our cohort of CHH/KS patients for possible mutation in JAG1 gene and four rare missense variants in the JAG1 gene were identified (R117G, F206Y, Y931I, 1160N). Overexpression of all JAG1 variants in GN11 cell line coupled with an immunofluorescence assay revealed that only the JAG1 variant D1160N was mislocalized and retained into the cytoplasm. The functionality was evaluated through the Luciferase assay, and D1160N variant did not activate the transcription of the Notch Responsive Element promoter. Combining morphological analysis in vivo (in human and zebrafish), together with genetic and pharmacological manipulation in zebrafish, and human genetic analysis, we provide compelling evidence that Notch1/Jag1 signaling has a role in the development of GnRH neurons/olfactory system and indicate that Notch1/Jag1 signaling insufficiency may contribute to the pathogenesis of CHH in humans.
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Ford, Gemma. "Orexins and their involvement with the HPA axis." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409833.

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Markopoulou, Kalypso. "HPA axis dysfunction in treatment resistant affective disorders." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/hpa-axis-dysfunction-in-treatment-resistant-affective-disorders(3cac2a96-2cf1-43f8-a7e6-1c2fbc0b87b7).html.

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Background: TRD (Treatment Resistant Depression) patients have been shown to have hypercortisolemia and a hyperactive HP A (hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal) axis. The Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) is a naturalistic measure of the HP A axis activity. Although found to be elevated in depression, it has never been explicitly studied in TRD; furthermore, results have never been compared between Treatment Resistant Unipolar Depression (TRUD) and Treatment Resistant Bipolar Depression (TRBD). In addition, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), the other main adrenal steroid, and which may counteract the effects of cortisol on the brain, has never been measured in TRUD or TRBD. Aims and Methods: To assess the state and relevance of HP A axis changes in treatment-resistant depression using the following methods: (a) salivary cortisol, DHEA and the ratio of Cortisol/DHEA, measured at several points of the day over 2 days; and (b) the CAR (AUCg and AUCi), measured over 2 days. These parameters were compared: between TRUD and TRBD; between patients in episode and in remission; and with matched healthy controls. Results: TRUD patients in episode had a higher CAR (AUCg) compared to controls, remitted patients and TRBD. They also exhibited hypercortisolemia throughout the day (AUCg), and on some measures an elevated Cortisol/DHEA ratio. TRBD patients in episode exhibited a lower CAR (AUCg and AUCi) than controls, remitted patients and TRUD, particularly on Day 1. The Cortisol/DHEA ratio was also lower than controls on some measures. However, patients with remitted TRBD had higher Cortisol/DHEA ratios (but not CAR) than controls.
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Farooq, Rai Khalid. "Implication fonctionnelle du récepteur P2X7 dans les mécanismes neuroinflammatoires associés à la dépression : étude préclinique." Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR4022/document.

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Le projet de cette thèse s'est attaché à caractériser le rôle de l'IL-1 beta et les récepteurs P2X7 dans la dépression. Les résultats suggèrent que chez les souris stressés et les perturbation comportementaux, l'activation microgliales et endocriniennes sont reversées par l'antagoniste des P2X7Rs. Ces résultats mettent en évidence que l'antagoniste des récepteurs P2X7 a des effets comportementaux et neuroendocriniens
Research work of this thesis was aimed to characterize role of IL-1 beta and P2X7 receptors in depressive illness. Results suggest that i stressed mice the behavioral and neurobiochemical changes are reversed by use of P2X7R antagonist. It is an evidence of antidepressant of these compounds
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Dionne-Wilson, Laurence. "Serotonin as a Regulator of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Interrenal Axis in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32163.

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Although empirical evidence suggests that interactions occur between serotonin (5- HT) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis teleost fish, the mechanisms of serotonergic regulation of the HPI axis require elucidation. The hypothesis that 5-HT regulates the stress response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by acting at multiple levels in the HPI axis through tissue-specific 5-HT receptor subtypes was examined. Messenger RNA for 5-HT1A, 5-HT2 and 5-HT4 receptor subtypes was expressed in all HPI axis tissues. Administration of 5-HT in vivo in cannulated trout caused significant increases in plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations. In vitro head kidney preparations revealed a stimulatory effect of 5- HT, acting through the 5-HT4 receptor, on cortisol production. Collectively, these data suggest that 5-HT plays a role in HPI axis activation in rainbow trout, and that at the head kidney level, these effects likely are mediated by the 5-HT4 receptor.
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Quillet, Raphaëlle. "Identification et caractérisation de nouveaux outils pharmacologiques sélectifs pour les différents récepteurs à peptides RF-amides." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ029.

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Les RF-amides (RFRPs, NPFF, QRFP, PrRPs, Kisspeptines) sont une famille de peptides caractérisée par une signature Arg-Phe-NH2 à l’extrémité C-terminale très conservée au cours de l’évolution. Ils exercent leurs effets via 5 récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (NPFF1R, NPFF2R, QRFPR, PrRPR, Kiss1R), et plusieurs études soutiennent leur implication dans la modulation de nombreuses fonctions physiologiques telles que la douleur et la nociception, la reproduction, ou encore le métabolisme. Néanmoins, l’étude de ces systèmes est entravée par l’absence d’outils pharmacologiques tels que des antagonistes sélectifs. C’est pourquoi mon travail de thèse a consisté au développement d’outils pharmacologiques permettant de répondre à ces attentes, particulièrement sur les récepteurs NPFF1R, NPFF2R et Kiss1R. Des études de relation structure-activité nous ont amenés à considérer l’importance de la signature Arg-Phe-NH2 dans l’activité des peptides RF-amides sur leurs récepteurs. L’introduction de modifications au niveau N-terminal ou C-terminal du dipeptide Arg-Phe-NH2 nous a conduits à l’identification d’un antagoniste hautement affin et sélectif pour le récepteur NPFF1R in vitro et in vivo. Ce dernier nous a permis d’identifier le rôle du récepteur NPFF1R dans les effets secondaires liés à l’administration d’opiacés, tels que l’hyperalgésie et la tolérance morphinique. La responsabilité du récepteur NPFF1R dans ces phénomènes a été par la suite confirmée chez des souris KO NPFF1R. De plus, des données plus récentes suggèrent l’importance de ce dernier au niveau de l’axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-gonadotropique (HHG) des animaux saisonniers, et en particulier du hamster. Notre antagoniste nous a permis de déterminer le rôle du récepteur NPFF1R dans la libération de LH induite par le RFRP-3. Pour la première fois, nous avons également mis en évidence des molécules hautement affines et sélectives pour le récepteur NPFF2R, pour lequel nous avons révélé une activité agoniste partielle in vitro. Mon travail a également mené à la caractérisation in vitro d’un antagoniste sélectif du récepteur Kiss1R, qui vient compléter l’ensemble des outils disponibles pour l’étude des fonctions physiologiques modulées par ce récepteur et son ligand, la kisspeptine. Dans l’ensemble, mon travail de thèse a permis de caractériser plusieurs ligands affins et sélectifs des récepteurs à peptides RF-amides, et de mettre en lumière le rôle du système RFRP-3/NPFF1R dans les effets à long-terme liés aux opiacés
RF-amides (RFRPs, NPFF, QRFP, PrRPs, Kisspeptins) belong to a family of peptide characterized by a Arg-Phe-NH2 C-terminus highly conserved throughout the evolution. They target 5 G-protein coupled receptors (NPFF1R, NPFF2R, QRFPR, PrRPR, Kiss1R) and most studies highlight their roles in the modulation of various functions as pain and nociception, reproduction or metabolism. Nonetheless, the study of these systems is severely limited by the absence of pharmacological tools as selective antagonists. Thus, my PhD project consisted in the development of selective ligands to answer these questions, notably on NPFF1R, NPFF2R and Kiss1R receptors. Structure-Activity relationship studies highlighted the importance of Arg-Phe-NH2 signature for the activity of RF-amide peptides on their receptors. Introduction of modifications at N or C-terminus of Arg-Phe-NH2 dipeptide led us to the identification of a compound displaying high affinity, selectivity and antagonist activity for NPFF1R both in vitro and in vivo. This compound allowed us to identify the critical role played by NPFF1R in the secondary effects related to opiates administration, as hyperalgesia and analgesic tolerance. The involvement of NPFF1R was then confirmed in KO NPFF1R mice. Moreover, recent data suggest the importance of NPFF1R on hypothalamo-pituitary gonadotropic (HPG) axis of seasonal animals, and particularly of hamsters. Our antagonist allowed us to decipher the role of NPFF1R in RFRP-3-induced-LH release. For the first time, we also have characterized high affinity and selective compounds for NPFF2R that display partial agonist activity in vitro. Moreover, our work led to the in vitro characterization of a selective antagonist for Kiss1R, that complete the available tools to study the physiological functions modulated by this receptor and its ligand, the kisspeptine. Overall, my PhD thesis led to the characterization of several selective ligands for RF-amide receptors, and highlight the role of RFRP-3/NPFF1R system in the long-term effects associated to opiates
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Kyle, Catriona Jane. "Contributions of cortisol and corticosterone to metabolic regulation in humans." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33042.

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Both cortisol and corticosterone circulate in human plasma however corticosterone has been relatively neglected in human research to date. There is evidence of distinct regulation within different tissues with the transmembrane transporter ABCB1, highly expressed in the brain, exporting cortisol but not corticosterone. This may account for the relative accumulation of corticosterone in the CNS. In contrast, ABCC1, highly expressed in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, exports corticosterone but not cortisol, suggesting cortisol is the principal glucocorticoid acting in these tissues. We tested the hypotheses that: (i) corticosterone physiology in humans is different to that of cortisol; (ii) inhibition of ABCC1 increases binding of corticosterone to corticosteroid receptors in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle but has no central CNS effect; and (iii) corticosterone is superior to cortisol as a basis for glucocorticoid replacement therapy with fewer metabolic side effects. We compared paired salivary and plasma samples from 10 healthy individuals. Plasma corticosterone showed a similar diurnal variation to cortisol but salivary corticosterone was low and did not correlate with plasma concentrations. A placebo-controlled randomised crossover study was carried out in 14 healthy individuals comparing receptor occupancy of glucocorticoids centrally and peripherally with and without ABCC1 inhibition. Receptor occupancy was assessed through displacement with MR and GR antagonists potassium canrenoate and mifepristone. Centrally, ABCC1 inhibition caused increased activation of the HPA axis after MR and GR antagonism. Peripherally, we were unable to show displacement from adipose tissue or skeletal muscle. A further placebo-controlled randomised crossover study is still ongoing in 16 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, comparing metabolic effects of placebo, cortisol and corticosterone infusions over 6 hours. We present interim data for n=8. ACTH and 17-OHP were suppressed with corticosterone. Metabolic parameters were similar between placebo, cortisol and corticosterone phases. These data suggest corticosterone physiology is distinct compared with cortisol in humans. We have shown ABCC1 inhibition alters the HPA axis after receptor antagonism which suggests ABCC1 may play more of a key role centrally than previously thought. Corticosterone suppresses ACTH and 17-OHP in the short term in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, highlighting the possibility of its use as an alternative glucocorticoid replacement therapy in the future.
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VAN, HOOREN DANIELLA CHRISTINE. "GluR5 IS INVOLVED IN REGULATION OF THE HPA AXIS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1080156678.

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9

Peric, Tanja <1982&gt. "Hair: a tool to evaluate the HPA axis activity." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6253/1/WHOLE_THESIS_PERIC.pdf.

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Hair cortisol is a novel marker to measure long-term secretion cortisol free from many methodological caveats associated with other matrices such as plasma, saliva, urine, milk and faeces. For decades hair analysis has been successfully used in forensic science and toxicology to evaluate the exposure to exogenous substances and assess endogenous steroid hormones. Evaluation of cortisol in hair matrix began about a decade ago and have over the past five years had a remarkable development by advancing knowledge and affirming this method as a new and efficient way to study the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity over a long time period. In farm animals, certain environmental or management conditions can potentially activate the HPA axis. Given the importance of cortisol in monitoring the HPA axis activity, a first approach has involved the study on the distribution of hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) in healthy dairy cows showing a physiological range of variation of this hormone. Moreover, HCC have been significantly influenced also by changes in environmental conditions and a significant positive correlation was detected between HCC and cows clinically or physiologically compromised suggesting that these cows were subjected to repeated HPA axis activation. Additionally, Crossbreed F1 heifers showed significantly lower HCC compared to pure animals and a breed influence has been seen also on the HPA axis activity stimulated by an environmental change showing thus a higher level of resilience and a better adaptability to the environment of certain genotypes. Hair proved to be an excellent matrix also in the study of the activation of the HPA axis during the perinatal period. The use of hair analysis in research holds great promise to significantly enhance current understanding on the role of HPA axis over a long period of time.
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Peric, Tanja <1982&gt. "Hair: a tool to evaluate the HPA axis activity." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6253/.

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Hair cortisol is a novel marker to measure long-term secretion cortisol free from many methodological caveats associated with other matrices such as plasma, saliva, urine, milk and faeces. For decades hair analysis has been successfully used in forensic science and toxicology to evaluate the exposure to exogenous substances and assess endogenous steroid hormones. Evaluation of cortisol in hair matrix began about a decade ago and have over the past five years had a remarkable development by advancing knowledge and affirming this method as a new and efficient way to study the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity over a long time period. In farm animals, certain environmental or management conditions can potentially activate the HPA axis. Given the importance of cortisol in monitoring the HPA axis activity, a first approach has involved the study on the distribution of hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) in healthy dairy cows showing a physiological range of variation of this hormone. Moreover, HCC have been significantly influenced also by changes in environmental conditions and a significant positive correlation was detected between HCC and cows clinically or physiologically compromised suggesting that these cows were subjected to repeated HPA axis activation. Additionally, Crossbreed F1 heifers showed significantly lower HCC compared to pure animals and a breed influence has been seen also on the HPA axis activity stimulated by an environmental change showing thus a higher level of resilience and a better adaptability to the environment of certain genotypes. Hair proved to be an excellent matrix also in the study of the activation of the HPA axis during the perinatal period. The use of hair analysis in research holds great promise to significantly enhance current understanding on the role of HPA axis over a long period of time.
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Books on the topic "HPG axi"

1

Dhungel, Sanat K. Ecology of hog deer in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. [Bethesda, MD?]: Wildlife Society, 1991.

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Dhungel, Sanat K. Ecology of the hog deer in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Blacksburg, VA: Wildlife Society, 1991.

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Dhungel, Sanat K. Ecology of the hog deer in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. [s.l.]: Wildlife Society, 1991.

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Dhungel, Sanat K. Ecology of the hog deer in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. [Bethesda, MD?]: Wildlife Society, 1991.

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Patisaul, Heather B., and Scott M. Belcher. The Neuroendocrine System and General Mechanisms of Endocrine Disruption. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199935734.003.0004.

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The neuroendocrine system is the interface between the endocrine and nervous systems. This chapter presents an overview of the neuroendocrine system and endogenous hormones, with a primary focus on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT). The importance of impacts of exogenous compounds, both natural and man-made, on the neuroendocrine system is discussed, with a focus on endocrine-disruptive actions of plant-derived phytoestrogens and the role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor as an environmental sensor. The impacts of EDCs on feed-forward and negative feedback regulation of neuroendocrine functions, including those mediated by estrogen, androgen, and thyroid pathways, as well as other less studied pathways of hormonal signaling that involve disruption of neurosteroids, peptide hormones, and adrenal hormone signaling are also presented.
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Patisaul, Heather B., and Scott M. Belcher. Receptor and Enzyme Mechanisms as Targets for Endocrine Disruptors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199935734.003.0005.

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In this chapter, the current understanding of the mechanisms of endocrine disruption on the brain and nervous system are presented. Because the overwhelming majority of mechanistic studies on EDCs have focused on the actions mediated by nuclear hormone receptors, this mechanisms is described in detail. The chapter also discusses the classic transcriptional mechanisms of steroid action and the impact of EDCs on rapid signaling (non-genomic) mechanisms. It presents an overview of the enzymes and pathways involved in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, which are critical to proper functioning of the HPA and HPG axis, and the neuroactive steroids synthesized and active in the mammalian brain. The potential for EDCs to alter metabolic enzymes, with a focus on possible targets in the metabolic blood-brain barrier, is presented as a potential, though largely unexplored, mode of EDC action in the brain.
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Herman, James P. Limbic Pathways to Stress Control. Edited by Israel Liberzon and Kerry J. Ressler. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.003.0008.

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Appropriate control of the HPA (hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis) is required for adaptation to physiological and environmental challenges. Inadequate control is linked to numerous stress-related pathologies, including PTSD, highlighting its importance in linking physiological stress responses with behavioral coping strategies. This chapter highlights neurocircuit mechanisms underlying HPA axis adaptation and pathology. Control of the HPA stress response is mediated by the coordinated activity of numerous limbic brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. In general, hippocampal output inhibits anticipatory HPA axis responses, whereas amygdala subnuclei participate in stress activation. The prefrontal cortex plays an important role in inhibition of context-dependent stress responses. These regions converge on subcortical structures that relay information to paraventricular nucleus corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons, controlling the magnitude and duration of HPA axis stress responses. The output of these neural networks determines the net effect on glucocorticoid secretion, both within the normal adaptive range and in pathological circumstances.
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Young, Allan H., and Mario F. Juruena. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.003.0006.

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Increased adrenocortical secretion of hormones, primarily cortisol in depression, is one of the most consistent findings in neuropsychiatry. The maintenance of the internal homeostatic state of an individual is facilitated by the ability to circulate glucocorticoids to exert negative feedback on the secretion of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) hormones through binding to mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors, thus limiting the vulnerability to diseases related to psychological stress in genetically predisposed individuals. The HPA axis response to stress can be thought of as a crucial part of the organism’s response to stress: acute responses are generally adaptive, but excessive or prolonged responses can lead to deleterious effects. A spectrum of conditions may be associated with increased and prolonged activation of the HPA axis, including depression, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. HPA axis dysregulation and hypercortisolaemia may further contribute to a hyperglycaemic or poorly controlled diabetic state.
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Schulkin, Jay. Conservation of CRF in Brains and its Regulation by Adrenal Steroids. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198793694.003.0003.

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The regulation of the HPA axis has been categorized as the classical mechanism of slow-acting genomic regulation of gene products, but this has given way to both slow and fast regulation of the HPA axis. We do not know how cortisol restrains the production of CRF in the paraventricular nucleus, thereby directly decreasing ACTH and, subsequently, cortisol; we know the classical negative-feedback regulatory system, which provides a mechanism, but how it works, well, that is another thing. Glucocorticoids restrain the HPA axis, but not other regions of the brain, such as the central nucleus of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the amygdala. But we now know that both chemically and electrically, these regions are not the same (equal).
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Butler, Gary, and Jeremy Kirk. Adrenal gland disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232222.003.0068.

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Physiology 236Adrenal insufficiency 238Adrenal steroid excess 246Further reading 247The adrenal cortex, which produces steroid hormones, is under the control of both the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) endocrine axis, which regulates cortisol secretion, and the renin–angiotensin system, which regulates aldosterone secretion (Figs 8.1 and ...
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Book chapters on the topic "HPG axi"

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Tang, Ju Ying, Shao Ling Zhang, Diao Zhu Lin, and Li Yan. "Detection of Mid-Night Salivary Cortisol By Chemiluminescence Immunoassay for Diagnosis of Cushing's Syndrome." In Late-Breaking Adrenal/HPA Axis I, LBT—064—LBT—064. 2055 L Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036: Endocrine Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-meetings.2015.ahpaa.11.lbt-064.

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Zhang, Shao Ling, Ya Juan Deng, and Li Yan. "A Case of Bilateral Adrenal Adenoma with Immunohistochemical Analysis of Disabled-2 and Nox-2." In Late-Breaking Adrenal/HPA Axis I, LBT—065—LBT—065. 2055 L Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036: Endocrine Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-meetings.2015.ahpaa.11.lbt-065.

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Dai, David, Ishita Singh, and Jerome M. Hershman. "Licorice Lozenge-Induced Hypermineralcorticoid State." In Late-Breaking Adrenal/HPA Axis I, LBT—066—LBT—066. 2055 L Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036: Endocrine Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-meetings.2015.ahpaa.11.lbt-066.

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Masood, Awais. "Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Presenting with Bilateral Adrenal Masses and Adrenal Insufficiency." In Late-Breaking Adrenal/HPA Axis I, LBT—067—LBT—067. 2055 L Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036: Endocrine Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-meetings.2015.ahpaa.11.lbt-067.

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Osinga, Thamara E., Paraskevi Xekouki, Joan Nambuba, Fabio R. Faucz, Maria De La Luz Sierra, Thera P. Links, Ido P. Kema, et al. "ConfirmingSdhxGenetic Status in Saliva: A Novel Method of Genetic Testing in Patients with Pheochromocytoma." In Late-Breaking Adrenal/HPA Axis I, LBT—068—LBT—068. 2055 L Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036: Endocrine Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-meetings.2015.ahpaa.11.lbt-068.

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Rathi, Manjusha S. "Bilateral Adrenal Incidentaloma: A Diagnostic Challenge." In Late-Breaking Adrenal/HPA Axis I, LBT—069—LBT—069. 2055 L Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036: Endocrine Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-meetings.2015.ahpaa.11.lbt-069.

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Poglitsch, Marko. "The AA2-Ratio: A Novel Screening Test for Primary Aldosteronism in Hypertensive Patients." In Late-Breaking Adrenal/HPA Axis I, LBT—070—LBT—070. 2055 L Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036: Endocrine Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-meetings.2015.ahpaa.11.lbt-070.

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Peynirci, Hande, Kevser Onbasi, Pinar Sisman, Güven Özkaya, Nagehan Dik, Nihal Yilmaz, Riza Karaduman, Özen Öz Gül, Canan Ersoy, and Erdinc Erturk. "Comparison of Clinical, Laboratory and Imaging Features of Adrenocortical Carcinomas and Non-Functional Incidentalomas." In Late-Breaking Adrenal/HPA Axis I, LBT—071—LBT—071. 2055 L Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036: Endocrine Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-meetings.2015.ahpaa.11.lbt-071.

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Chagpar, Ryaz, Pinar Yazici, Jessica Marquard, Shamil Aliyev, Allan E. Siperstein, Charis Eng, and Eren Berber. "Genetic Evaluation for Patients with Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: Variation in Patterns of Referral." In Late-Breaking Adrenal/HPA Axis I, LBT—072—LBT—072. 2055 L Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036: Endocrine Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-meetings.2015.ahpaa.11.lbt-072.

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Sharma, Sonakshi, and Ian MacMurray Holdaway. "Cytomegalovirus Adrenalitis Leading to Adrenal Insufficiency in a Patient with AIDS, Disguised By Concomitant Corticosteroid Administration." In Late-Breaking Adrenal/HPA Axis I, LBT—073—LBT—073. 2055 L Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036: Endocrine Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-meetings.2015.ahpaa.11.lbt-073.

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Conference papers on the topic "HPG axi"

1

Kura, D., H. Moser, E. Langenbach, and M. Forrer. "Fast axis collimation for high power diode lasers." In Systems Conference (HPD). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hpd.2009.5365666.

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"HPC Precast Sewer Pipe." In SP-171: Third CANMET/ACI International Symposium on Advances in Concrete Technology. American Concrete Institute, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/6097.

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Cruz, Felipe A., Alejandro J. Dabin, Juan Pablo Dorsch, Eirini Koutsaniti, Nelson F. Lezcano, Maxime Martinasso, and Dario Petrusic. "FirecREST: a RESTful API to HPC systems." In 2020 IEEE/ACM International Workshop on Interoperability of Supercomputing and Cloud Technologies (SuperCompCloud). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/supercompcloud51944.2020.00009.

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"Factors lnfluencing Thermal Stresses in HPC Members." In "SP-172: High-Performance Concrete - Proceedings: ACI International Conference, Malaysia 1997". American Concrete Institute, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/6130.

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Huakai Zhang and Ninghui Sun. "Implementation and evaluation of scalable I/O API on cluster system." In Proceedings Fourth International Conference/Exhibition on High Performance Computing in the Asia-Pacific Region. IEEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hpc.2000.846514.

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Mohammadbagheri, Amin, Connie Lillas, and Nathaniel D. Osgood. "Mathematical Modeling of HPA axis Using Particle Filter Algorithm." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ichi.2018.00073.

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Nakamura, Junya, and Masatoshi Tsuchiya. "Automated User Registration Using Authentication Federation on Academic HPC System." In 2018 7th International Congress on Advanced Applied Informatics (IIAI-AAI). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iiai-aai.2018.00022.

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Gutzwiller, David P., Mark G. Turner, and Michael J. Downing. "Educational Software for Blade and Disk Design." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59692.

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One problem with many introductory level turbomachinery courses is a lack of easy to use design and visualization tools. Oftentimes students will become too focused on the underlying math and never develop a good understanding of the physical systems they are working with. To combat this problem, a series of GUI based design and visualization codes have been created. The codes are intended primarily for educational purposes, but in many cases they are robust enough for actual design use. All of the new codes have been designed to complement and to a small extent connect to the existing T-Axi suite of codes. This paper will focus on two new freely available codes: T-Axi Blade and T-Axi Disk. T-Axi Blade was created to help visualize the key design features of a single rotor, with special emphasis on vector triangles, and the ability to design compressor, turbine, axial and centrifugal rotors with a universal approach. T-Axi Blade can also output files for use with T-Axi Disk, a code to aid in the design of a lightweight disk to support the blade row. This code allows the user to design a disk interactively with instantaneous feedback in the form of weights, stresses, and a series of 2D and 3D visualizations. Taken together these codes offer a simple introduction to multidisciplinary engineering. In this paper the structure of these codes and the numerical models are discussed. Ideas are presented of how these codes can be used as a classroom tool and as an actual design tool. An example analysis of the third stage GE EEE HPC axial rotor is presented to demonstrate the features of these codes.
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Chadha, Mohak, Abhishek Srivastava, and Santonu Sarkar. "Unified power and energy measurement API for HPC co-processors." In 2016 IEEE 35th International Performance Computing and Communications Conference (IPCCC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pccc.2016.7820633.

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Ishibashi, Masahiro. "Fluid Dynamics in Critical Nozzles Revealed by Measurements (Keynote)." In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45592.

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The paper describes primary calibration of high-precision nozzles (HPNs), which have ideal geometries, at critical condition, theoretical calculation of the discharge coefficient to be verified by the primary calibration, concept of fluid dynamical standard using HPN, precise measurement of boundary layer transition in HPNs in terms of flowrate, superfine structure in the critical flowrate, discrepancy which can occur between primary calibrations and field applications of critical nozzles, and 3D flow velocity field measurements based on recovery temperature, which visualizes many interesting phenomena in axi-symmetric transonic flow as shock interactions, acceleration by edge, reflection of shocks, Fano flow and so on.
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Reports on the topic "HPG axi"

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Liberzon, Israel, Dayan Knox, and Sophie George. Medial Prefrontal Cortex and HPA Axis Roles in Generation of PTSD-Like Symptoms in SPS Model. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada550575.

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Liberzon, Israel, Dayan Knox, and Sophie George. Medial Prefrontal Cortex and HPA Axis Roles in Generation of PTSD-Like Symptoms in SPS Model. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada555896.

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Ruvinsky, Alicia, Timothy Garton, Daniel Chausse, Rajeev Agrawal, Harland Yu, and Ernest Miller. Accelerating the tactical decision process with High-Performance Computing (HPC) on the edge : motivation, framework, and use cases. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42169.

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Managing the ever-growing volume and velocity of data across the battlefield is a critical problem for warfighters. Solving this problem will require a fundamental change in how battlefield analyses are performed. A new approach to making decisions on the battlefield will eliminate data transport delays by moving the analytical capabilities closer to data sources. Decision cycles depend on the speed at which data can be captured and converted to actionable information for decision making. Real-time situational awareness is achieved by locating computational assets at the tactical edge. Accelerating the tactical decision process leverages capabilities in three technology areas: (1) High-Performance Computing (HPC), (2) Machine Learning (ML), and (3) Internet of Things (IoT). Exploiting these areas can reduce network traffic and shorten the time required to transform data into actionable information. Faster decision cycles may revolutionize battlefield operations. Presented is an overview of an artificial intelligence (AI) system design for near-real-time analytics in a tactical operational environment executing on co-located, mobile HPC hardware. The report contains the following sections, (1) an introduction describing motivation, background, and state of technology, (2) descriptions of tactical decision process leveraging HPC problem definition and use case, and (3) HPC tactical data analytics framework design enabling data to decisions.
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Wolfenson, David, William W. Thatcher, Rina Meidan, Charles R. Staples, and Israel Flamenbaum. Hormonal and Nutritional Stretegies to Optimize Reproductive Function and Improve Fertility of Dairy Cattle during Heat Stress in Summer. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568773.bard.

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The BARD program includes two main parts. In the first, experiments were conducted to complete our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the impairment of reproductive functions under heat stress. Experiments focused on follicular development and function, since results obtained in our previous BARD project indicate that the preovulatory follicle is susceptible to heat stress. The theca cells, sensitive to thermal stress, produced less androgen during the summer, as well as during the autumn. Similarly, luteinized theca cells obtained from cows in summer produced much less progesterone than in winter. Granulosa cells and luteinized granulosa cells were less susceptible to heat stress. A delayed effect of heat stress on follicular development, on suppression of dominance and on steroid production by theca and granulosa cells was noted. This may be related to the low fertility of cows during the cool months of autumn. In the second part, experiments were conducted aiming to improve fertility in summer. The timed AI program was developed using two injections of GnRH coupled with PGF2a. It was found effective in improving reproductive performance in lactating cows. Limitations induced by heat stress on estrus detection were eliminated with the timed AI management program. Replacing the second injection of GnRH with hCG instead of GnRH agonist increased plasma progesterone levels post ovulation but did not improve fertility. Use of the timed AI program in summer, shortened days open and increased the net revenue per cow, however, it did not protect the embryo fiom temperature-induced embryonic mortality. Incorporation of a GnRH-agonist implant into the timed AJ program was examined. The implant increased plasma progesterone and LH concentrations and altered follicular dynamics. The use of a GnRH-implant enhanced pregnancy rate in cows with low body conditions. In a timed embryo transfer experiment, the use of fresh or frozen in vitro produced embryos was compared in the summer to improve fertility. The use of flesh embryos (but not frozen ones) improved pregnancy rate, however, substantial embryonic death occurred between 21 and 45 days. The timed AI program, which is now being used commercially, shortened days open, and increased pregnancy rate during summer. Other approaches which were found to improve fertility in small-scale studies, need to be tested again in large-scale field trials.
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Wolfenson, David, William W. Thatcher, and James E. Kinder. Regulation of LH Secretion in the Periovulatory Period as a Strategy to Enhance Ovarian Function and Fertility in Dairy and Beef Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586458.bard.

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The general research objective was to increase herd pregnancy rates by enhancing corpus luteum (CL) function and optimizing follicle development, in order to increase conception rate and embryo survival. The specific objectives were: to determine the effect of the duration of the preovulatory LH surge on CL function; to determine the function of LH during the postovulatory period on CL development; to optimize CL differentiation and follicle development by means of a biodegradable GnRH implant; to test whether optimization of CL development and follicle dynamics in timed- insemination protocols would improve fertility in high-yielding dairy cows. Low fertility in cattle results in losses of hundreds of millions of dollars in the USA and Israel. Two major causes of low fertility are formation of a functionally impaired CL, and subsequent enhanced ovarian follicle development. A functionally impaired CL may result from suboptimal LH secretion. The two major causes of low fertility in dairy cattle in US and Israel are negative energy status and summer heat stress; in both situations, low fertility is associated with reductions in LH secretion and impaired development of the ovulatory follicle and of the CL. In Florida, the use of 450-mg deslorelin (GnRH analogue) implants to induce ovulation, under the Ovsynch protocol resulted in a higher pregnancy rates than use of 750-mg implants, and pregnancy losses tended to decrease compared to controls, due probably to decrease in follicular development and estradiol secretion at the time of conceptus signaling to maintain the CL. An alternative strategy to enhance progesterone concentrations involved induction of an accessory CL by injection of hCG on day 5 after the cows were inseminated. Treatment with hCG resulted in 86% of the cows having two CLs, compared with 23% of the control cows. Conception rates were higher among the hCG-treated cows than among the controls. Another approach was to replace the second injection of GnRH analogue, in a timed-insemination protocol, with estradiol cypionate (ECP) injected 24 h after the injection of PGF₂ₐ Pregnancy rates were comparable with those obtained under the regular Ovsynch (timed- AI) program. Use of ECP induced estrus, and cows inseminated at detected estrus are indeed more fertile than those not in estrus at the time of insemination. Collectively, the BARD-supported programs at the University of Florida have improved timed insemination programs. In Ohio, the importance of the frequency of LH episodes during the early stages of the estrous cycle of cattle, when the corpus luteum is developing, was studied in an in vivo experiment in which cows were subjected to various episodic exposures to exogenous bovine LH. Results indicate that the frequent LH episodes immediately following the time of ovulation are important in development of the corpus luteum, from the points of view of both size and functionality. In another study, rates of cell proliferation and numbers of endothelial cells were examined in vitro in CLs collected from cows that received post-ovulation pulsatile LH treatment at various frequencies. The results indicate that the corpora lutea growth that results from luteal cell proliferation is enhanced by the episodes of LH release that occur immediately after the time of ovulation in cattle. The results also show that luteal endothelial cell numbers did not differ among cows treated with different LH doses. In Israel. a longer duration of the preovulatory LH surge stimulated the steroidogenic capacity of granulosa-derived luteal cells, and might, thereby, contribute to a higher progesterone output from the bovine corpus luteum. In an in vivo study, a subgroup of high-yielding dairy cows with extended estrus to ovulation interval was identified. Associated with this extended interval were: low plasma progesterone and estradiol concentrations and a low preovulatory LH surge prior to ovulation, as well as low post- ovulation progesterone concentration. In experiments based on the above results, we found that injection of GnRH at the onset of estrus increased the LHpeak, prevented late ovulation, decreased the variability between cows and elicited high and uniform progesterone levels after ovulation. GnRH at estrus onset increased conception rates, especially in the summer, and among primiparous cows and those with low body condition. Another study compared ovarian functions in multiparous lactating cows with those in nulliparous non-lactating heifers. The results revealed differences in ovarian follicular dynamics, and in plasma concentrations of steroids and gonadotropins that may account for the differences in fertility between heifers and cows.
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