Academic literature on the topic 'HP. e-resources'

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Journal articles on the topic "HP. e-resources"

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Sisodiya, Anand, Khushbu Yadao, and V. R. Dhawale. "AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CLOUD COMPUTING." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 6, no. 12 (April 3, 2020): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v6.i12.2019.557.

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Cloud computing is regarded as massively extensible, an on-demand configurable resourcescomputing model. It approaches the cloud infrastructure in a distributed rather than dedicatedinfrastructure where users can have full access to the extensible, reliable resources. Datagenerated by IoT attached objects is high, cloud is a key to store the incalculable datagenerated by these attached devices and it is the forward stepped towards the green computing,it removes the setups and installation steps as the cloud user accessing the hardware resourcesco-exist on different platform in distributed way.Cloud computing environment furnished a great flexibility and availability of computingresources at a very lower cost. This arriving technology opens a new era of e-services indifferent disciplines. In this paper, we seen cloud computing with its applications, mostcommon Cloud Service Provider such as Google, Microsoft, Amazon, HP, and Sales force andwe present innovative applications for cloud computing in Enterprise Resource Planning.
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Pratheepan, T., and M. Jayakananthan. "Application of Google Analytics Model for Evaluating the Visibility of Library Web Portals of the Uva Wellassa University, Sri Lanka." Asian Journal of Information Science and Technology 11, no. 1 (May 5, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajist-2021.11.1.2656.

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Google Analytics is the most prevalent page tagging technique to evaluate the visibility of web portals. The study was designed with the purpose of applying google analytics model on the library Web Portals (WP) of the Uva Wellassa University (UWU) which includes, Home Page (HP), Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) and Institutional Repository (IR). It was observed that the web resources of UWU have been viewed by ~366756 local & global users during the study period. The USA is the predominant country visited the UWU e. Repository with the count of 53,078 (15.82%) followed by Netherlands with 14,044 (4.78%) and France 15,775 (4.70%).
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Pratheepan, T., and M. Jayakananthan. "Application of Google Analytics Model for Evaluating the Visibility of Library Web Portals of the Uva Wellassa University, Sri Lanka." Asian Journal of Information Science and Technology 11, no. 1 (May 5, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajist-2021.11.1.2804.

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Google Analytics is the most prevalent page tagging technique to evaluate the visibility of web portals. The study was designed with the purpose of applying google analytics model on the library Web Portals (WP) of the Uva Wellassa University (UWU) which includes, Home Page (HP), Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) and Institutional Repository (IR). It was observed that the web resources of UWU have been viewed by ~366756 local & global users during the study period. The USA is the predominant country visited the UWU e. Repository with the count of 53,078 (15.82%) followed by Netherlands with 14,044 (4.78%) and France 15,775 (4.70%).
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Kramer, Gisieli, Mariana Ribeiro Santiago, Cristiano Niederauer da Rosa, Fernando Luis Hillebrand, Rafael Dezordi, Lisane Regina Vidal, and Janderlei Dal Osto. "Usina hidrelétrica de Belo Monte: empreendimento grandioso e (in) sustentável?" Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 15, no. 2 (April 21, 2022): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v15.2.p1024-1034.

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A construção da Usina Hidrelétrica (UHE) de Belo Monte, situada na bacia do rio Xingú, em Altamira, no Pará, é apontada como um fracasso, do ponto de vista dos direitos humanos e ambientais. São vários os condicionantes que deixaram de ser cumpridos, incluindo obrigações contratuais e medidas de mitigação. Diante desse cenário, foi desenvolvido uma revisão crítica sobre as inquietações atuais que permeiam as questões socioambientais fomentadas pela instalação deste empreendimento. A discussão baseou-se em pesquisas bibliográficas, relatórios, documentários e filmes de organizações não governamentais, instituições federais ou presentes em periódicos da CAPES, Scielo e Web of Science. A pesquisa mostrou que é um equívoco assumir plenamente a construção de hidrelétricas como uma fonte de geração de energia limpa, barata e sustentável. É preciso aprofundar as discussões para identificar os erros e excessos desses empreendimentos. Buscar a valorização das potencialidades locais, sem, contudo, excluir os mecanismos externos de desenvolvimento econômico do país. O grande desafio da instalação da UHE de Belo Monte e de tantas outras obras ou atividades é diminuir potencialmente a significativa degradação do meio ambiente e primar por formas de preservação ambiental e de desenvolvimento sustentável dos grupos sociais atingidos por estes grandiosos empreendimentos.Palavras-chave: recursos hídricos, impactos socioambientais, desenvolvimento sustentável. Belo Monte hydroelectric plant: grandiose and (un) sustainable enterprise? A B S T R A C TThe construction of the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Plant (HP), located in the Xingú River basin, in Altamira, Pará, is considered a failure, from human and environmental rights point of view. There are several conditions that have not been fulfilled, including contractual obligations and mitigation measures. In this paper, a critical review was developed on the current concerns that permeate the socio-environmental issues fostered by this enterprise installation. The discussion was based on bibliographic research, reports, documentaries and films by non-governmental organizations, federal institutions or present in journals of CAPES, Scielo and Web of Science. Research has shown that it is a mistake to fully assume the construction of hydroelectric plants as a source of clean, cheap and sustainable energy generation. It is necessary to deepen the discussions to identify the errors and excesses of these ventures. Seek to enhance the local potential, without, however, excluding the country's external economic development mechanisms. The great challenge of installing the Belo Monte HP and of so many other works or activities is to potentially reduce the significant degradation of the environment and excel in ways of environmental preservation and sustainable development of the social groups affected by these grand enterprises.Keywords: water resources, socioenvironmental impacts, sustainable development.
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Lee, Joan. "Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Plant Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2." Journal of Plant Studies 6, no. 2 (August 30, 2017): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jps.v6n2p108.

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Journal of Plant Studies wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.Journal of Plant Studies is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/reviewer and e-mail the completed application form to jps@ccsenet.org.Reviewers for Volume 6, Number 2Ahmed Ghannam, University of Strasbourg, FranceAlfredo Benavente, Consejería de Agricultura, Pesca y Medioambiente, SpainAmi Lokhandwala, University of Mississippi, Department of Biology, USABingcheng Xu, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, ChinaChrystian Iezid Maia e Almeida Feres, Tocantins Federal University, BrazilEstelle Dumont, université Aix-Marseille, FranceHoma Mahmoodzadeh, Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, IranKhyati Hitesh Shah, Stanford University, United StatesKinga Kostrakiewicz-Gieralt, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, PolandKonstantinos Vlachonasios , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Biology, GreeceMartina Pollastrini, University of Florence, ItalyMassimo Zacchini, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), ItalyMelekber Sulusoglu, Arslanbey Vocational School Kocaeli University, TurkeyMohamed Trigui, Sfax Preparatory Engineering Institute and CBS, TunisiaRajiv Ranjan, T. P. Varma College, IndiaRajnish Sharma, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan (HP), IndiaRakesh Ponnala, Zoetis Inc, United StatesRocío Deanna, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, ArgentinaSaid Laarabi, University Mohammed V/Ministry of National Education, MoroccoSlawomir Borek, Adam Mickiewicz University, PolandSuheb Mohammed, University of Virginia, United StatesTomoo misawa, Donan Agricultural Experiment Station, Hokkaido Research Organization, Japan
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Munir, Achmad Sirojul, and Muassomah Muassomah. "PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB DI ERA PANDEMI: IMPLEMENTASI E-LEARNING DI SEKOLAH DASAR ISLAMIC GLOBAL SCHOOL KOTA MALANG." Lisanul Arab: Journal of Arabic Learning and Teaching 10, no. 1 (July 13, 2021): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/la.v10i1.43719.

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This study describes how the implementation of e-learning in Arabic language learning at Islamic Global School Elementary School, Malang City during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research method uses qualitative research, with data in the form of descriptive. Data collection used is by means of observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study are as follows: 1). The implementation of e-learning at SD Islamic Global School uses 5 main media, namely: google classrom, whatsAap, you tube, zoom, and quizizz. 2). The implementation of e-learning in Arabic learning at SD Islamic Global School consists of 3 main steps, namely; introduction, core activities, and evaluation. 3). In implementing e-learning-based Arabic learning at SD Islamic Global School, there are advantages and disadvantages. There are 3 advantages, namely: providing opportunities for students and teachers to be more creative and innovative, providing flexible time, and providing easy access to learning resources. Meanwhile, there are also 3 drawbacks, namely: not all students have an Android cellphone or laptop to support the implementation of e-learning-based Arabic learning. Uneven internet access, lack of supervision and reduced interaction between teachers and students in the process of teaching and learning activities. Penelitian ini mendiskripsikan tentang implementasi e-learning dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Sekolah Dasar Islamic Global School, Kota Malang selama pandemi Covid-19. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif, dengan data berupa berupa deskriptif. Pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu dengan cara observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Adapun hasil penelitian ini, sebagai berikut: 1). Pelaksanakan pembelajaran e-learning di SD Islamic Global School menggunakan 5 media utama, yaitu: google classrom, whatsAap, you tube, zoom, dan quizizz. 2). Implementasi e-learning dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di SD islamic Global School terdiri dari 3 langkah utama, yaitu; pendahuluan, kegiatan inti, dan evaluasi. 3). Dalam pelaksanakan pembelajaran Bahasa Arab berbasis e-learning di SD Islamic Global School terdapat kelebihan dan kekurangan. Adapun kelebihannya ada 3, yaitu: memberikan kesempatan bagi siswa dan guru untuk lebih kreatif dan inovatif, memberikan waktu yang fleksibel, dan memberikan kemudahan akses terhadap sumber belajar. Sedangkan, kekurangannya ada 3 juga, yaitu: tidak semua siswa memiliki HP android ataupun laptop guna menunjang pelaksanakan pembelajaran Bahasa Arab berbasis e-learning. Akses internet tidak merata, minimnya pengawasan serta berkurangnya interaksi antar guru dan siswa dalam proses kegiatan belajar mengajar.
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Silva, Ivando Comandante de Macedo, Maíla Vieira Dantas, Caciana Cavalcanti Costa, José Junior Araújo Sarmento, and Kilson Pinheiro Lopes. "Influência da população de plantas sob o crescimento e produção orgânica de alface no Sertão paraibano." Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 11, no. 2 (August 26, 2016): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v11i2.4413.

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<p>O grau de interferência entre plantas em função da densidade é um dos fatores que afeta a quantidade e qualidade das mesmas, pois quanto maior a densidade de plantas, mais elevada será a concorrência pelos recursos do ambiente. O presente trabalho objetiva avaliar o efeito da competição intraespecífica dos diferentes espaçamentos sobre o crescimento e produção da alface Cristina. O experimento foi conduzido em área experimental do Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentar da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, em Pombal, PB. O trabalho foi realizado em blocos casualisados, compostos por quatro espaçamentos: 0,25 x 0,30; 0,25 x 0,25; 0,20 x 0,25 e 0,20 x 0,20 m, totalizando um número de: 100.000; 120.000; 150.000 e 187.000 plantas por hectare, respectivamente, com cinco repetições. Tendo como base a recomendação da adubação do estado do Pernambuco, foi aplicada a dose de 130 Kg ha<sup>-1 </sup>doN indicado para alface tendo como fonte o esterco caprino. A adubação orgânica foi incorporada 10 dias antes do transplantio na camada de 0-15 cm do canteiro. A irrigação foi realizada por microaspersão e a colheita efetuada 30 dias após o transplantio das mudas. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: altura da parte aérea, diâmetro da cabeça, número de folhas, volume de raiz, massa fresca da parte aérea e da raiz, massa fresca total, massa seca da parte aérea e da raiz, e massa seca total. Os dados foram submetidos a analise de Regressão Polinomial. Plantas de alface cv. Cristina quando cultivadas em maiores adensamentos mantiveram maior produção.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Influence of plant population in the growth and production organic of lettuce in the backlands of Paraiba</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>: </strong>The degree of interference between the plants versus density is a factor that affects the quantity and quality thereof, because the higher the plant density, greater competition for environmental resources. This study aims to evaluate the effect of intraspecific competition of different spacings on growth and production of lettuce Cristina. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Center for Science and Agrifood Technology Federal University of Campina Grande, in Pombal, PB. The study was conducted in a randomized block design, Compounds four spacings: 0.25 x 0.30; 0.25 x 0.25; 0.25 and 0.20 x 0.20 x 0.20 m, with a total number: 100,000; 120,000; 150,000 and 187,000 plants per hectare, respectively, with five repetitions. Based on the recommendation of fertilization of the state of Pernambuco, was applied to the dose of 130 kg ha-1 N suitable for lettuce having as source the goat manure. The organic fertilizer was incorporated 10 days before transplanting in the layer of 0-15 cm from the site. Irrigation was performed by micro and harvesting done 30 days after transplanting the seedlings. The following parameters were evaluated: shoot height, head diameter, number of leaves, root volume, fresh weight of shoot and root, total fresh weight, dry weight of shoot and root, and total dry matter. Data were submitted to analysis of polynomial regression. hp lettuce plants. Cristina when grown in high density higher Maintained production.</p>
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Bardhi, Nikoll, Gjoše Stefkov, Marija Karapandzova, Ivana Cvetkovikj, and Svetlana Kulevanova. "Essential oil composition of indigenous populations of Hypericum perforatum L. from southern Albania." Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 34, no. 2 (November 12, 2015): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2015.618.

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<p>The aim of this study was to investigate the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) isolated from over-ground parts of different populations of <em>Hypericum perforatum </em>L. (Hypericaceae) (HP) from southern Albania. The EO yield of 11 specimens of indigenous populations of HP ranged from 2.50 ml/kg to 11.00 ml/kg. GC/FID/MS analyses of the EOs revealed a total of 126 identified compounds representing 77.35–88.29% of the oils. Based on the prevalence of principal components, two types of EO were distinguished: pinene-type, which included seven populations with EO rich in α-pinene, and caryophyllene-type, which included four populations with EO rich in<em> trans</em>-(<em>E</em>)-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide. The information obtained can help to assess the potential of the studied Albanian populations for further sustainable wild exploitation to take it into a consideration as a resource of valuable genetic material or for further cultivation and breeding.</p><p>aim of this study was to investigate the yield and the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) isolated from over ground parts of different populations of <em>Hypericum perforatum </em>L. (Hypericaceae) (HP) from southern Albania. The EO yield of 11 specimens of indigenous populations of HP ranged from 2.50 ml/kg to 11.00 ml/kg. GC/FID/MS analyses of the EOs reviled a total of 126 identified compounds representing 77.35-88.29 % of the oils. Based on prevalence of the principal components two types of EO were distinguished: pinene type that include 8 populations with EO reach in α-pinene and caryophyllene type that include 3 populations with EO rich in<em> trans</em>-(<em>E</em>)-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide. Obtained information can help to assess the potential of studied Albanian populations for further sustainable wild exploitation as well as can be taken into a consideration as a resource of valuable genetic material for further cultivation and breeding.</p>
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Fridland, Stanislav, and Young Kwang Chae. "71 Tumors with higher heterogeneity were associated with superior survival outcome amongst stage I lung cancer patients with low tumor mutational burden (TMB)." Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 9, Suppl 2 (November 2021): A79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-sitc2021.071.

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BackgroundTumor mutational burden (TMB) has been shown to predict response to immune checkpoint inhibitors.1 Furthermore, the FDA has approved the use of TMB as a biomarker for response to pembrolizumab in solid tumors.2 Simultaneously, the relationship between tumor heterogeneity and outcome has been studied across a range of cancer indications and has shown predictive value.3 For Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma (LUSC) the utility of heterogeneity metrics has not been established. To study this relationship we used both TMB and tumor heterogeneity to stratify patients, compare outcomes, explore differences in immune cell enrichment, and predict driver genes.MethodsWe obtained Tumor Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) LUSC SNP, CNV, and RNASeq data from the GDC Data Portal4 and clinical data from the PanCancer Atlas dataset through cBioPortal.5 TMB was calculated by dividing the number of mutations by 38 to yield a mut/Mb value. To estimate tumor heterogeneity we ran PyClone, an algorithm that estimates the number of tumor clones.6 PyClone uses a random seed and output for the same sample may differ. We ran each sample in triplicate on three separate days yielding 9 runs per sample, yielding an average PyClone clone number. Clones with >2 mutations were counted. Using p-value minimization we chose 5 for the TMB cutoff and 4.6 for the PyClone cutoff. This yielded 4 groups: HTHP, HTLP, LTHP, and LTLP, where H - high, L- low, T-TMB, and P-Pyclone. Immune cell enrichment analysis was accomplished with ssGSEA via the GenePattern platform.7 Driver gene prediction was performed with OncoDriveClust8 via the R package maftools.9ResultsA statistically significant difference was found in progression free survival (PFS) between stage I LTHP (LTHPI, N = 15) and stage I LTLP (LTLPI, N = 77) patients (51.27 months vs. 25.4 months, p-value = 0.0059). Intriguingly, highly heterogeneous tumors revealed superior survival outcomes compared to less heterogeneous tumors in this subgroup. LTLPI patients were enriched for immature B cells, regulatory T cells, and myeloid derived suppressor cells (figure 1). Three driver genes were predicted for the LTLPI cohort (NFE2L2, PIK3CA, and TP53), while none were predicted for the LTHPI cohort.Abstract 71 Figure 1Immune Cell Gene Set EnrichmentConclusionsContrary to previous literature, superior survival outcomes were observed in high tumor heterogeneity, low TMB Stage I LUSC patients. Early stage patients can be stratified using heterogeneity metrics like PyClone. Given the presence of specific driver genes and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, this population warrants further investigation for therapeutic implications.AcknowledgementsThis research was supported in part through the computational resources and staff contributions provided by the Genomics Compute Cluster which is jointly supported by the Feinberg School of Medicine, the Center for Genetic Medicine, and Feinberg’s Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, the Office of the Provost, the Office for Research, and Northwestern Information Technology. The Genomics Compute Cluster is part of Quest, Northwestern University’s high performance computing facility, with the purpose to advance research in genomics.Trial RegistrationN/AReferencesSamstein RM, Lee C-H, Shoushtari AN, Hellmann MD, Shen R, Janjigian YY, et al. Tumor mutational load predicts survival after immunotherapy across multiple cancer types. Nature Genetics 2019;51(2):202–6.Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. FDA approves pembrolizumab for adults and children With TMB-H solid tu [Internet]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA; [cited 2021 Jul 28]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/fda-approves-pembrolizumab-adults-and-children-tmb-h-solid-tumorsMorris LGT, Riaz N, Desrichard A, Şenbabaoğlu Y, Hakimi AA, Makarov V, et al. Pan-cancer analysis of intratumor heterogeneity as a prognostic determinant of survival. Oncotarget 2016;7(9):10051–63.GDC. [cited 2021Jul28]. Available from: https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/cBioPortal for cancer genomics [Internet]. cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics. [cited 2021Jul28]. Available from: https://www.cbioportal.org/Roth A, Khattra J, Yap D, Wan A, Laks E, Biele J, et al. PyClone: Statistical inference of CLONAL population structure in cancer. Nature Methods 2014;11(4):396–8.GenePattern [Internet]. GenePattern sign in. [cited 2021Jul28]. Available from: https://cloud.genepattern.org/gp/pages/index.jsfTamborero D, Gonzalez-Perez A, Lopez-Bigas N. OncodriveCLUST: Exploiting the Positional clustering of somatic mutations to identify CANCER GENES. Bioinformatics. 2013;29(18):2238–44.Mayakonda A, Lin D-C, Assenov Y, Plass C, Koeffler HP. Maftools: Efficient and comprehensive analysis of somatic variants in cancer. Genome Research 2018;28(11):1747–56.Ethics ApprovalN/AConsentN/A
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Reid, D. G., N. Graham, D. J. Rihan, E. Kelly, I. R. Gatt, F. Griffin, H. D. Gerritsen, and R. J. Kynoch. "Do big boats tow big nets?" ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, no. 8 (September 1, 2011): 1663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr130.

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Abstract Reid, D. G., Graham, N., Rihan, D. J., Kelly, E., Gatt, I. R., Griffin, F., Gerritsen, H. D., and Kynoch, R. J. 2011. Do big boats tow big nets? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1663–1669. Fishing vessel capacity for trawlers is generally expressed in terms of length, tonnage, and engine power, assuming that a larger vessel has a greater fishing power. Management uses effort-control measures such as kW-day limits based on this assumption. Many studies have shown a weak and noisy relationship between effort and modelled catches, and explanatory models often require the inclusion of a skipper or vessel effect to explain the variance. A key element in this effect is the choice of gear size. Relationships are investigated between metrics of the vessel (length, tonnage, and power) and the gear towed (length of groundgear, or circumference of the net opening) in Scottish and Irish whitefish, Nephrops, and pelagic otter trawlers. Often, the vessel size did not correlate with that of the gear, or did so only for smaller vessels (<1000 hp). The key implication is that effort management based on vessel metrics alone is not appropriate, because it is a poor predictor for gear size, and hence for fishing power. Effort restrictions may actually encourage the adoption of larger gears for a given vessel, to maximize the value of a limited-time resource.
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Book chapters on the topic "HP. e-resources"

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van ‘t Hooft, Mark, Graham Brown-Martin, and Karen Swan. "Anywhere, Anytime Learning Using Highly Mobile Devices." In Mobile Computing, 144–51. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-054-7.ch013.

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In a world that is increasingly mobile and connected, the nature of information resources is changing. The new information is networked, unlimited, fluid, multimodal, and overwhelming in quantity. Digital technologies, such as mobile phones, wireless handheld devices, and the Internet, provide access to a wide range of resources and tools, anywhere and anytime. This type of access and connectivity has also had an impact on how we collaborate on projects and share media and therefore, greatly increases opportunities to learn inside and outside institutionalized school systems. Learners now have the tools to take learning beyond classrooms and the school day. The development of handheld devices can be traced back to Alan Kay’s vision of the Dynabook. As early as the 1970s, Kay envisioned a mobile, kid-friendly, notebook-sized computer with arti- ficial-intelligence capabilities that would support children’s learning inside and outside of school. Similar ideas soon followed in the form of devices such as the Psion I (1984), the GRiDPaD (1988), Amstrad’s PenPad, and Tandy’s Zoomer (1993), the Apple Newton (1993-1995), and the eMate (1997-1998). During the 1990s and early 2000s, Palm developed a series of handheld devices that defined the handheld market in North America, while Microsoft developed several versions of its Windows Mobile software that could be found on mobile devices made by such companies as HP, Dell, and more recently, Fujitsu Siemens (Bayus, Jain, & Rao, 1997; HPC Factor, 2004; Williams, 2004). There are also many devices whose primary function is entertainment or communication, including media players such as Apple iPods, portable gaming devices like the Sony PSP and the Nintendo DS, and, of course, mobile phones. These types of devices are becoming increasingly popular and multifunctional, with iPods being able to store and play music, pictures, and video; portable gaming devices sporting wireless capabilities for interaction between devices (and in the case of the PSP, Internet access); and mobile phones being used to shoot pictures and video, upload content to the Web or e-mail it elsewhere, do text messaging, and make phone calls. Whatever the device, convergence seems to be increasingly important, and growing numbers of young people are using these mobile, digital, and connected tools daily, whenever and wherever they need them, and this includes schools.
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