Journal articles on the topic 'Housing Act 2004'
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1
Martin, Christopher. "Law and Order in Public Housing: the Residential Tenancies Amendment (Public Housing) Act 2004 (NSW)." Current Issues in Criminal Justice 16, no. 2 (November 2004): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2004.12036318.
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Lindbergh, Lars, and Timothy L. Wilson. "Strategic management in Swedish municipal housing." Property Management 34, no. 2 (April 18, 2016): 136–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-07-2015-0030.
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Purpose – Present directives in municipal housing have been imposed by the Public Municipal Housing Companies Act, put into force on January 2011 in Sweden. The Act, states that public municipal housing companies (PMHCs) should run their operation on “businesslike principles,” e.g., commensurate with new public management. The purpose of this paper is to determine if forthcoming practices are apparent in the owner directives that govern operations of these companies. Design/methodology/approach – The research is both exploratory and qualitative in nature and utilizes in-depth case studies of 20 selected PMHCs. Observations for 2013 were compared with similar documents collected ten years prior (2004) using commercially available NVivo software to qualitatively analyze information. Findings – Results suggest that statistically significant changes in directives have occurred and adaptation to the new Act may already have started to take place at this relatively early date. Practical implications – Insofar as Sweden might be a model for other countries interested in extending their efforts in managing public housing, observations here provide some insights into possible results. Originality/value – This is the first attempt to determine the impact that complying with “businesslike principles” has on operations in Swedish housing, which tends to be a model of effectiveness in the global housing sector.
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Nixon, Judy, and David Prior. "Disciplining Difference – Introduction." Social Policy and Society 9, no. 1 (December 9, 2009): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746409990200.
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Addressing anti-social behaviour (ASB) has been a major policy priority of New Labour since it came to power in 1997. This is reflected in a series of legislative powers enabling a range of agencies to take legal action to tackle ASB (e.g. Crime and Disorder Act 1998; Police Reform Act 2002; Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003; Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005) and in a number of national policy initiatives (e.g. the Home Office ‘Together’ Campaign, 2003; the Respect Action Plan, 2006; the Youth Task Force Action Plan, 2007). These developments are the subject of a growing body of academic analysis and critique, much of which has focused on the use of the ASB powers in the regulation of particular neighbourhoods and communities, especially social housing areas of predominantly White working-class residents (Burney, 2005; Flint, 2006), and of young people, again mostly White and working class (Squires and Stephen, 2005). Specific service or practice developments arising out of ASB policy have also been analysed, for example, Family Intervention Projects (Nixon et al., 2006, 2008), Anti-Social Behaviour Teams (Prior et al., 2006), and the use of ASBOs (Squires, 2006; Matthews et al., 2007) and Dispersal Orders (Crawford and Lister, 2007).
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Olander, Stefan, and Anne Landin. "Housing developers' perceptions of the planning process: a survey of Swedish companies." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 1, no. 3 (August 29, 2008): 246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538270810895097.
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PurposeThe public activity of controlling land use is exerted through the planning process. The purpose of this paper is to examine how housing developers perceive different aspects of the planning process, and if these perceptions might act as a constraint for the development of new housing projects.Design/methodology/approachA survey, based on a questionnaire, has been conducted with housing development companies having at least one project initiated during the period 2001‐2004 and with municipal housing companies with responsibility for providing affordable rental housing. The study focused on the assertions contained in the questionnaire, which were measured statistically with a t‐test, to establish if the respondents agreed with the stated assertions. Additional information was achieved from factual and open questions to the respondents of the survey.FindingsThe study shows that the housing developers do perceive the planning process as a factor of uncertainty in the development of new housing projects. Responsibility for making the planning process less uncertain lies both with planning officials and housing developers. However, housing developers cannot directly affect how the planning process is organised and controlled. Thus, housing developers need to decrease the uncertainty by performing stakeholder and risk analysis before acquisition of land.Originality/valueThe study has found that there is evidence of reasonable concern on the part of housing development companies that should be taken seriously by planning authorities. The findings imply that greater transparency in the process would go hand‐in‐hand with a more consistent approach and thus more certain outcomes.
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Jae Sung, Lee. "Public-Private Partnerships in Republic of Korea: Experience and Results." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 3(42) (June 28, 2015): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-3-42-217-224.
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The Republic of Korea came to realize the acute necessity of launching the public-private partnership (PPP) at the turn of the 90s, the country happened to fall short of such infra facilities as roadways, railroads, sea ports and airports and the government found itself unable to fully finance their construction works. Although the PPP institutional framework started to get purposely and mostly formed in the first half of the 90s in Korea the PPP itself actually came into occasional practice even before, owing to some legislation, covering roadways and sea ports. There are four main stages to be noted in the development of PPP, consecutively ranging from 1968 to 1994, from 1994 to 1999, from 1999 to 2004 and since 2005 till now. The PPP periods are much related to various amendments to the basic PPP law, initially adopted in August 1994 as the Act on Promotion of Private Capital Investment in Social Overhead Capital which was transformed into the Act on Private Participation in Infrastructure (briefly called the PPP Act) in December 1998. Along with this Act, Korea's PPP institutional basis currently laid by the Enforcement Decree of the Act on Public-Private Partnerships in Infrastructure, the PPP Basic Plan and the PPP Implementation Guidelines. It is the PPP Act that determines 49 types of PPP project-eligible infra facilities, categorized into 15 groups such as roads, railroads, ports, airports, communications, water resources, energy, environment, forestry, logistics, welfare, public housing, military housing, education, culture/tourism. In the aspect of the globally-recognized types of PPP procurement methods, the PPP Act primarily determines the use of such mechanisms as BTL, BTO, BOT, BOO.
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Hopkins, Nicholas, and Emma Laurie. "Housing or property? the dynamics of housing policy and property principles in the right to buy." Legal Studies 26, no. 1 (March 2006): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2006.00002.x.
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This paper examines the interplay and tension between housing law and policy and property law, in the specific context of the right to buy (RTB). It focuses on funding arrangements between the RTB tenant and another party. It first examines how courts determine the parties’ respective entitlements in the home, highlighting the difficulty of categorising, under traditional property law principles, a contribution in the form of the statutory discount conferred on the RTB tenant. Secondly, it considers possible exploitation of the RTB scheme, both at the macro level of exploitation of the policy underpinning the legislation and, at the micro level, of exploitation of the tenant. The measures contained in the Housing Act 2004 intended to curb exploitation of the RTB are analysed to determine what can be considered to be legitimate and illegitimate uses of the scheme. It is argued that, despite the government's implicit approval, certain funding arrangements by non-resident relatives fail to give effect to the spirit of the scheme.
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PAPATSIROS (Β. ΠΑΠΑΤΣΙΡΟΣ), V. G., P. D. TASSIS (Π.Δ. ΤΑΣΣΗΣ), G. CHRISTODOULOPOULOS (Γ. ΧΡΙΣΤΟΔΟΥΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ), S. BOUTSINI (Σ. ΜΠΟΥΤΣΙΝΙ), G. TSIRIGOTAKIS (Γ. ΤΣΙΡΙΓΩΤΑΚΗΣ), and E. D. TZIKA (Ε. TZHKA). "Health and Production of Greek Organic Pig Farming: Current situation and perspectives." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 63, no. 1 (December 15, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15396.
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For many years, outdoor pig farming has been one of the most important livestock production seetors in Greece. Since the 1960s, the introduction of high-yielding pig genotypes, under intensive production systems, has replaced almost to disappearance the traditional -based on the native pig breed- outdoor pig farms.Organic pig production systems in Greece are growing in popularity over the last years due to the increasing interest of consumers for organic products. The National Greek projects for organic pig farming started in 2002 and since then it has increased, representing the 15% of total organic livestock production in 2007. According to the Directorate of Organic Agriculture in the Ministry of Rural Development and Food, the development of organic pig farming industry in West Greece, Thessaly and North Greece was impressive from 2002 to 2007, A significant but more gradual development of organic pig farming was seen in the island of Crete, while insignificant development was observed in the Central Greece. The development of organic pig farming especially in the Northern part of the country started from 2003-2004 onwards.In 2002, the total number of organic pigs was just 1.288, while in 2007 it had reached 175.000 organic pigs in the country. However, a significant reduction has been noticed since 2008, mainly due to the national funding cuts for organic pig farming, as well as the increase of feeding expenses. Moreover, training and specialization of organic pig farmers and their investments on modernization and equipment / housing facilities were insufficient, resulting in animal health problems, poor growth performance, poor carcass quality and high-cost production. The most common health problems in Greek organic pig farming are respiratory problems, gastrointestinal problems, claw and skin problems, parasitic infections and high piglet mortality, Increasing health problems were attributed mainly to poor housing conditions (predispose to various infectious micro-organisms), and the contact of organic pigs with rodents that act as tank of several pathogens (Trichinella spp and Toxoplasma gondii). The housing condition of organic farming may predispose animals to various infectious micro-organisms, normally no longer present indoors because of the strict hygienic measures that arc taken. An important risk factor in organic pig production is the more frequent, compared with conventional swine industry, in contact with rodents. Rodents are actors - tank of several pathogens, some of which arc hazardous to public health, such as Trichinella spp and Toxoplasma gondii. This report aims to present updated information about the health status, production and development of organic pig farming in Greece during the last decade, as well as the potential of this particular productive activity for future development
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Wilkinson, Nicholas. "Editorial." Open House International 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2005-b0001.
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This first issue of 2005 contains a selection of some articles from the recent Open Building conference on Sustainable Environment held in Paris at the CSTB headquarters in September 2004. This issue signals the start of the regular publication of material dealing with Open Building projects either as additional articles in theme issues or as full open building issues twice a year. After more than thirty five years of experience Open Building is a recognizable part of mainstream Architecture in housing and in health care and renovation projects found in many different countries of the world. Open Building projects in general show how users are indispensable decision makers in the design process and act as forces of change and adaptability over time.
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Stork, Florian. "Comments on the Draft of the New German Private Law Anti-Discrimination Act: Implementing Directives 2000/43/EC and 2004/113/EC in German Private Law." German Law Journal 6, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 533–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s207183220001378x.
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European Directives impose upon Germany the obligation to incorporate antidiscrimination provisions in its civil law. The anti-discrimination legislation is intended to provide effective civil law remedies against discrimination in everyday life by private persons, e.g. access to housing, restaurants and education. For the purposes of this article, discrimination may generally be defined as any treatment – including a refusal to deal with – by a private party that is less favorable than to another person and is conditioned upon a characteristic such as racial or ethnic origin, sex, etc.
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Cobb, Neil. "Patronising the mentally disordered? Social landlords and the control of ‘anti-social behaviour’ under the Disability Discrimination Act 1995." Legal Studies 26, no. 2 (June 2006): 238–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2006.00013.x.
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The 2004 decision of the Court of Appeal in Manchester City Council v Romano and Samari highlighted the unexpected impact of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA) upon the control of anti-social behaviour by social landlords where that conduct is caused by a mental disorder. This paper positions the legislation against the backdrop of advanced liberal housing policy, and its concern with the management of risk and the fostering of individual responsibility among tenants. In particular, it explores the possible criticism that, by preventing landlords in certain circumstances from taking action against the mentally disordered on grounds of their anti-social conduct, the DDA patronises those individuals by denying them the opportunity to take responsibility for their actions.
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Gadiga, Bulus Luka, Kevin Ferdinand Jigumtu, and Hajjatu Tammi. "DOMESTIC ENERGY UTILIZATION AND POTENTIALS OF ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY IN MUBI METROPOLIS." Geosfera Indonesia 3, no. 2 (August 28, 2018): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v3i2.8185.
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The Study investigates domestic energy utilization and potentials of alternative sources of energy in Mubi metropolis of Adamawa State. To achieve the objectives of this study, data were collected using questionnaire. A total of 108 sets of questionnaire were retrieved and analyse using descriptive statistics. Some of the data collected from respondents include; types of energy used for various purposes, factors that influence such use and preferences for the different types of energy. Other information which cannot be collected using questionnaire were obtained from published and unpublished materials. The findings show that households rely more on fuel-wood. Economic factors were found to influence the choice of energy used in homes. Solar energy and wind energy have high potentials as alternative energy source that will help in mitigating climatic change. The study concludes that households in Mubi metropolis tend to climb the energy ladder from low grade energy types to modern energy when income increases and such energy are made available. The study recommends that households be sensitized on the health and environmental effects of traditional energy. Households should be encouraged to use modern and alternative sources of energy in order to mitigate climate change. Such energies should also be made affordable and available since majority of the respondents were willing to switch when made affordable.
Keywords: Domestic energy, alternative energy, climate change, firewood.
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Skeffington, Patricia Sheehy. "The limited rights of residential licensees in Ireland: A case for carefully targeted legal reform." Administration 66, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/admin-2018-0020.
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AbstractIncreasing numbers of people live under residential licences as a result of pressure on the housing market. Residential licences arise in disparate circumstances, including in house shares, under the rent-a-room scheme and where people live in their parents’ home. This paper outlines the legal construct of licences: at base, a permission to reside. It sets out factors that distinguish licences from tenancies, in particular the absence of exclusive possession. While licences are subject to minimal regulation in comparison to tenancies, this paper presents licensors’ and licencees’ rights in their constitutional, common-law and statutory context, including standards of accommodation and ‘packing-up’ periods. It reflects on the constitutional position presented by a licensee under a licensor’s tenancy obtaining the right to become a tenant under the Residential Tenancies Act, 2004–16. In particular, it probes whether constitutional rights to the inviolability of the dwelling may be balanced in favour of augmenting licensees’ rights. In this context it posits potential for reform while highlighting the regulatory challenge presented by heterogeneous forms of licences.
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ALVES, Alexandre Ferreira de Assumpção, and Marcia Carla Pereira RIBEIRO. "EFEITOS DA EXONERAÇÃO DO DEVEDOR DO SALDO REMANESCENTE NA ALIENAÇÃO FIDUCIÁRIA COM A ADVENTO DA LEI Nº 10.931/2004." Revista Juridica 2, no. 55 (April 11, 2019): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.21902/revistajur.2316-753x.v2i55.3394.
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RESUMOA alienação fiduciária é uma modalidade contratual de garantia inicialmente voltada à compra de bens móveis, mas que foi estendida à aquisição de bens imóveis, como estratégia alternativa a programas habitacionais voltados à promoção ao acesso a bens imóveis para habitação. A disciplina da alienação fiduciária aplicada aos bens imóveis estabeleceu a exoneração do devedor pelo valor residual à venda do imóvel, na hipótese de execução da garantia, benefício introduzido para o contexto de aquisição de bens imóveis voltados às famílias de baixa renda. A Lei nº 10.931/2004 estendeu a possibilidade desta forma de garantia a qualquer obrigação. Utilizando-se do método indutivo de análise bibliográfica e valendo-se de algumas ferramentas da Nova Economia Institucional, o artigo aponta para a defasagem entre o contexto que conduziu a elaboração normativa comentada e sua ampliação para a aquisição geral de bens, inclusive para bens imóveis, independente do valor, quando garantida por alienação fiduciária. Analisa a doutrina, assim como as normas incidentes, projeto de reforma legislativa e o teor da súmula que disciplina parcialmente a matéria, para concluir que a pretensão normativa, quando da edição da norma, tem seus objetivos ameaçados pela exagerada extensão do efeito de desoneração do devedor frente ao credor garantido pela alienação fiduciária. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Alienação Fiduciária em Garantia; Eficiência; Desoneração geral; Devedor; Perspectivas. ABSTRACTThe secured transaction is a contractual modality of guarantee initially focused on the purchase of movable property, but extended to the acquisition of real estate, as an alternative strategy to housing programs aimed at promoting access to real estate for housing. The Brazilian law of secured transaction applied to real estate established the exemption of the borrower by the residual value of collateral sale, in case of borrower defaults on the loan, a benefit introduced for the context of acquisition of real estate for low income families. The Brazilian act n. 10.931/2004 extended this form of secured transaction to all kind of obligation. Using the inductive method of bibliographical analysis and using some tools of the New Institutional Economy, the article points to the discrepancy between the context that led to the law edition and its extension to the general acquisition of real estate with a security agreement. It analyzes the doctrine, as well as the incident acts, draft legislative reform and the content of the law that partially disciplines the matter, to conclude that the normative pretension, when the rules were published, has its objectives threatened by the exaggerated extension of the tax relief effect of the debtor against the secured creditor.KEYWORDS: Secured transactions; Efficiency; General disclaimer; Debtor; Perspectives.
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Sarkar, Subhradipta. "Right to Sanitation: A Challenge in the Post Disaster Situations." Christ University Law Journal 2, no. 1 (February 22, 2013): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.12728/culj.2.6.
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Sanitation is an integral part of healthy living conditions. It is identified in various legal instruments in the form of right to adequate housing, health, water, etc. These rights are closely interlinked. The enforcement of these rights is dependent upon sanitation facilities. Sanitation remains one of the most neglected issues having serious implication on the lives and livelihoods of billions of people around the world. This paper contends that India being extremely disaster prone, sanitation is one of the crucial areas which require immediate attention in the aftermath of every disaster. Whether it is the Indian Ocean Tsunami (2004) or Aila (2009), the government failed to provide adequate sanitation facilities in most of the temporary shelters. The lack of inadequate drainage facilities, dysfunctional state of toilets, and absence of sufficient drinking water had resulted in unhygienic conditions. The paper cites various international
instruments pertaining to the scope and importance of protection of right to water and sanitation during disasters. The Supreme Court of India has conceptualized ̳right to sanitation‘ within the meaning of ̳right to life‘ as
guaranteed under our Constitution. Though sanitation has found mention in various domestic legislation including the Disaster Management Act, 2005, the scenario is far from encouraging. The paper identifies indifference of authorities towards the problem, unscientific construction of shelters and theory oriented policies as causes responsible for the failure to address the
issue of adequate sanitation. The paper offers certain suggestions to ensure a comprehensive policy safeguarding right to adequate sanitation in post disaster situations.
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Kim, Hyung Ho, and Jang-yeop Kim. "Analysis of changes in media articles following the announcement of government press releases on the return of U.S. military bases." Taegu Science University Defense Security Institute 6, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37181/jscs.2022.6.6.033.
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The full-fledged return of U.S. military bases began in 2004 when U.S. military bases scattered across the country were relocated to Pyeongtaek and other areas under the YRP (Yongsan Relocation Plan), LPP (Land Partnership Plan), which were ratified by the National Assembly. The relocation is expected to be completed by the end of this year. In addition, the U.S. Military Jeonpyeong Housing Support Act, a special corporation enacted for the relocation of U.S. military bases to Pyeongtaek, is also expected to achieve its purpose and be abolished in 26. At this point, the newspaper article according to the government's press release when returning the U.S. military base would like to find out what interests are through text mining and topic modeling, and analyze the differences in these key words at the time of base return announcement. In addition, it presents a methodology for post-examination and analysis after the release of the government press release. Through this study, it was recognized that it was necessary to fully consider whether there was a difference in opinions between stakeholders and whether the opinions of policy beneficiaries were sufficiently reflected when writing a government press release. In addition, it is necessary to monitor follow-up newspaper articles to see how people's interests change and whether government press releases provide sufficient information to resolve conflicts. This can be used as a tool or methodology to resolve conflicts between stakeholders in advance for large-scale national projects to be carried out in the future.
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Gawroński, Krzysztof, and Barbara Prus. "Selected Economic Aspects Of Adopting A Local Spatial Development Plan Exemplified By The Commune Of Tomice In Malopolskie Province." Real Estate Management and Valuation 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/remav-2015-0031.
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Abstract The object of this article is to analyze and asses the legal and economic consequences arising from the adoption (or change) of a local spatial development plan. The paper also presents, based on the example of the rural commune of Tomice in the Malopolska Province of Poland, how to estimate income to the commune budget from the collected planning fees. The analyses are based on planning studies, including the local spatial development plan from 2004, and the study of conditions and directions of spatial development from 2012. The council of Tomice Commune adopted the local spatial plan due to the increasing demand for residential areas. According to the plan, over 930 acres of land have been allocated for investment purposes, which is approx. 22.4% of the total area of 4,155 ha. The local plan was developed for all the six cadastral units of the commune, with one hundred percent surface coverage. The physiographic conditions and the location of Tomice Commune encourage the settlement of the urban population (from Wadowice or Krakow), which entails the need for housing investment areas. In 2012, the Tomice Commune adopted a change in the study of conditions and directions of spatial development. The proposed re-zoning of the area is in line with the policy of transitioning from an agricultural character towards the sustainable and multifunctional development of the commune. It is worth noting that the provisions of the plan of 2004 take into account the collection of a one-time fee for the sale of real estate whose value has increased as a result of the adoption of the plan. The amount of this fee for investment areas was set at the level of 30% of the increase in value, in accordance with the provisions of the Polish Act on Spatial Planning and Management. Due to the fact that the currently valid local plan has been in effect for 10 years, it can be assumed that the commune will proceed to make some changes to it. The article estimates the potentially generated income, assuming that changes in the study passed in 2012 with regards to designating land for investment purposes constitute an indication of provisions in the future local plan.
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McKay, Alina, and Tanyss Knowles. "A Policy Analysis of National Occupancy Standards with a Focus on Their Impact on Women Who Have Experienced Gender-Based Violence in British Columbia." International Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics 19, no. 3 (November 16, 2022): 132–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.55521/10-019-309.
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For the past three decades, National Occupancy Standards (NOS) have been the default standard used by government and non-governmental housing organizations in Canada to assess housing suitability. However, there is growing concern that the prescriptive nature of these standards limits access to housing for those most in need, including women+ who have experienced gender-based violence and their families (Knowles et al., 2019). In this paper, we draw on Ginsberg and Miller-Cribbs’ (2005) framework for policy analysis that explores the feasibility, efficacy, quality, access, and ethics of NOS. This work also draws on a feminist ethics of care framework (Tronto, 1994) that places human relationships at its centre (Walker, 2007) and critically explores the extent to which government policies effectively care for its citizens (Sevenhuijsen et al., 2003). Together these frameworks help demonstrate the limitations of NOS, and the role they play as a barrier to housing. This has important implications, especially in light of Canada’s National Housing Strategy Act that recognizes the right to adequate housing as a “fundamental human right affirmed by international law” (National Housing Strategy Act, 2019). We conclude by outlining four recommendations for future policy, including the need to recognize NOS as guidelines, create new housing suitability policies that prioritize safety, create housing suitability policies with families, and reduce family poverty. This policy analysis provides an important reminder of the need to critically examine policies that shape social work practices and the colonial and neoliberal values that are often embedded in them. Keywords: National Occupancy Standards, Gender-Based Violence, Housing Policy, Feminist Ethics of Care, Policy Analysis
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Ponce, Juli. "Housing discrimination and minorities in European cities: the Catalan Right to Housing Act 2007." International Journal of Law in the Built Environment 2, no. 2 (July 13, 2010): 138–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17561451011058780.
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Grealy, Liam. "Inappropriate Powers under the Housing Amendment (Registrable Persons) Act 2009 (NSW)." Current Issues in Criminal Justice 23, no. 3 (March 2012): 459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2012.12035935.
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Stępień, Piotr. "Spółdzielcze własnościowe prawo do lokalu a prawo odrębnej własności lokalu. Przeszłość, teraźniejszość oraz perspektywa na kolejne 100 lat." Studia Iuridica 77 (March 20, 2019): 174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1873.
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The article is a review of housing cooperative law in the last 100 years. The aim is to approximate one of the limited real rights contained in article 244 of the Civil Code, a cooperative ownership right to a flat. Indication of the most important changes in the cooperative ownership right to housing, made since the independence of Poland. Starting from the first Polish legal act on housing cooperatives, the act on cooperatives from 1920, passing to the Act of 17 February 1961 on cooperatives and their unions, then the Act of 16 September 1982 – Cooperative Law, as well as to the Act of 15 December 2000 on Housing cooperatives. The current provisions of the cooperative ownership right to the premises were presented, which were compared to a fully-fledged right which is the property right. The basic differences between these rights are approximated. The analysis of cooperative law is conducted from the point of view of the need for the existence of a cooperative ownership right to a flat.
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Convery, Linda. "Care home or supported housing? Pointers from the case of Alternative Futures Ltd v National Care Standards Commission." Housing, Care and Support 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2003): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14608790200300025.
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In June 2003 the Care Standards Tribunal heard an appeal from Alternative Futures Limited against a decision by the National Care Standards Commission to refuse Alternative Futures' application for voluntary cancellation of the registration of 11 care homes under Section 15 (1) (b) of the Care Standards Act 2000. Alternative Futures had applied for the cancellation of registration because it felt that the homes were no longer functioning as registered residential homes but were supported housing with domiciliary care. The service users had learning disabilities and had been granted tenancies. The article summarises some of the key points of the judgement.
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NAPIÓRKOWSKA – BARYŁA, AGNIESZKA, and MIROSŁAWA WITKOWSKA – DĄBROWSKA. "TRANSFORMATION OF OWNERSHIP RIGHTS TO FLATS IN THE HOUSING STOCK MANAGED BY HOUSING COOPERATIVES." sj-economics scientific journal 27, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v27i4.94.
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Housing cooperatives, operating in Poland for over 120 years, are an important type ofentity on the market of residential real estate properties. The Act on Housing Cooperatives, of 15December 2000, made it possible to transform cooperative rights to flats into separated ownershipby tenants, registered in a Real Estate Register, The resulting changes consist in tenants securingmore legal protection over the right to occupy their dwellings, but also in free turnover, managementand inheritance of owned flats. Until now, 29% of the housing stock has been within housingcooperatives. The article discusses questions of the procedures and te rate of transformation ofcooperative rights to flats into separated onwership rights, as affected by subsequent amendementsto the act. Statistical data were presented that illustrate the course of privatization processes of thehousing stock belonging to housing cooperatives in Poland and in the Province of Warmia andMazury.
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Fitzenberger, Bernd, and Benjamin Fuchs. "The Residency Discount for Rents in Germany and the Tenancy Law Reform Act 2001: Evidence from Quantile Regressions." German Economic Review 18, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 212–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12093.
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AbstractMost countries show a residency discount in rents for sitting tenants. In the wake of strong rent increases and housing shortages, Germany implemented a reform in 2001 to curtail rent increases. Based on linked housing-tenant data for Germany, this paper estimates panel OLS and quantile regressions of rents within tenancies. The results show that rents deflated by the CPI increase strongly from 1984 until the reform in 2001, and there is a reversal in the trend afterwards. Before the reform, there is a significant residence discount which decreases in absolute value with tenure. The reform reduces rents, in particular for expensive apartments and for new leases. There is no residency discount after the reform.
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Laurie, Emma. "The Homelessness Act 2002 and Housing Allocations: All Change or Business as Usual?" Modern Law Review 67, no. 1 (January 2004): 48–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.2004.06701003.x.
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Boonzaaier, Catherine, and Joseph Chisasa. "The Impact Of The National Credit Act On Residential Mortgage Lending In South Africa." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 34, no. 3 (May 7, 2018): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v34i3.10175.
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The purpose of the study reported in this article was to determine the impact of the National Credit Act on residential mortgage lending in South Africa. The National Credit Act (NCA) was promulgated and implemented on 1 June 2007. The purpose of the NCA was to remove the many unfair practices, inappropriate disclosure and anti-competitive practices from the market and to achieve honesty in the credit market. Low-income groups were held back because they could not gain access to formal finance to build or improve houses or supplement housing subsidies to get bigger houses. This study applied a quantitative research design using monthly time series secondary data for the period January 2001 to August 2011. The statistical analysis techniques used in this study were t-tests, descriptive statistics, trend analysis and correlation analysis. It was found that the NCA had a positive effect on the residential mortgages in South Africa. These results have policy implications on the continued regulation of the credit market and the avoidance of reckless lending.
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Brotman, Billie Ann. "Green federal tax credits impact on US housing prices." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 13, no. 4 (January 13, 2020): 553–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-10-2019-0104.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate whether increases in homeowner green amenities occurred because of income tax credits to the degree that changes in housing prices are measurable. Are higher incomes, lower mortgage rates and green income-tax credits impacting housing price changes? Design/methodology/approach The paper uses the least-squares regression model with natural log specifications. The log of income and a dummy variable, which was assigned to the Energy Policy Act (2005) and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009) coverage dates are used as independent variables. Two regression models were examined using monthly housing price data from January 1990 through the year 2018. The first regression model used a single dummy variable for credits available under the Policy Act of 2005 and the Recovery Act of 2009. The second regression model considered the credits granted under these two laws separately. Disposable income per capita impacts demands for housing while green upgrade expenditures affect the cost of housing. Findings The laws set low credit limits of $500 followed by $1,500 but because of the multiplier effect, the spending appears to have magnified and been much higher. The credit availability variables have positive coefficients and were significant at 1 per cent. This implies that single-family housing prices were sensitive to the existence of residential energy property income-tax credits. The R2 results were 0.93 or above for both models. Research limitations/implications The data used was aggregated and publicly available online. Many studies use aggregated macroeconomic data when modeling housing prices using the exogenous variable of disposable income but there is no substitute for examining individual homes by location and their sales price to see under what conditions green income-tax credits have the most impact. There could be demographic issues that are missed when using aggregated information. Practical implications Spending on heating/cooling systems, dual pane windows and other green amenities keeps the housing stock modernized and housing prices steady or rising. An additional benefit is that spending motivated by self-interest can simulate household consumption spending. Houses deteriorate due to wear and tear. Physical-repairable depreciation represents a situation where maintenance funds are continuously needing to be spent. Repairs and upgrades to the structure of the property keep its price stable by stopping the physical depreciation that would otherwise occur with the passage of time. Social implications The paper provides support for the idea that residential green amenity upgrades positively impact the value of a house. These green-amenity upgrades, which other research studies have suggested should be included explicitly in the appraisal process, are a major characteristic of a property when a price estimate is being done. Housing being sold should have a section on the information sheet noting the property green upgrades that exist and an energy efficiency score should be assigned to each house listed for sale. Originality/value There are few (if any) academic research papers studying the impact of green tax credits available under the Energy Policy Act (2005) and under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009). The degree to which green income-tax credits stimulate spending on housing has not been addressed by researchers. This paper is an initial research attempt to quantify whether these legislative efforts measurably encouraged homeowners to adopt newer, greener technologies.
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Biniasz-Celka, Danuta. "Rola Towarzystwa Budownictwa Społecznego w zaspokajaniu lokalnych potrzeb mieszkaniowych." Studia Prawa Publicznego, no. 2 (30) (June 15, 2020): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/spp.2020.2.30.7.
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By the Act of 8 March 1990 on Municipal Self-Government, the legislator imposed a wide range of tasks to be performed by the municipality, including meeting the community’s needs in the area of municipal housing. The aim of the study is to present a legal entity that is autonomous from the commune and managed as a limited liability company, namely the Towarzystwo Budownictwa Społecznego (TBS) [Social Housing Society]. It operates under the Commercial Companies Code of 15 September 2000 within the scope resulting from Article 27(1) and (2) of the Act of 26 October 1995 on Certain Forms of Housing Promotion, thus performing the municipality’s housing tasks. TBS companies have been equipped with a legal personality primarily to become a more effective guarantor of the proper implementation of public tasks. The availability and standard of housing play a key role in meeting the housing needs of households. For those social groups that are unable to finance the purchase of a dwelling at market prices on their own, rental housing is a beneficial solution to meet their housing needs. The operations of the TBS are not subject to the principles of the market economy. The specificity of the company’s activity is that the primary and principal statutory objective cannot be profit-making, i.e. to seek to generate and maximise profits, but that any income must be allocated to statutory objectives. However, nothing stands in the way of such companies performing secondary and accessory activities at the same time, the income from which will support their non-commercial statutory objectives.
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Thornton, Barry, and Gordon Arbogast. "Factors Affecting School Quality In Florida." Contemporary Issues in Education Research (CIER) 7, no. 2 (March 28, 2014): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/cier.v7i2.8476.
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This paper examines the factors that are theorized to be determinants of school quality in the 67 counties of Florida from 2000 to 2011. The model constructed for this purpose is comprised of a mix of independent variables that include county educational attainment (number of high school graduates and State University System enrollees) and economic factors (median household income, unemployment rate, number of housing starts, and property tax revenue per student). Furthermore, the model also considers 4 demographic/social variables (percent of population from 5 to 17 years old, percent white, percent female, and crime rate), as well as a variable for trend. The trend variable allows inferences to be made about the impact of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. It is hypothesized that these 11 variables will explain the variation in school quality by county over the observed time period.
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Wolak, Grzegorz. "The issue of claims for compensation under Article 18(1) of the Act of 21 June 2001 on the Protection of Tenants’ Rights, Commune Housing Resources and Amendments to the Civil Code." Nieruchomości@ III, no. III (September 30, 2021): 33–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2476.
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The paper briefly outlines some selected issues regarding claims for compensation against a person occupying residential premises without a legal title under Article 18(1) of the Act of 21 June 2001 on the Protection of Tenants’ Rights, Commune Housing Resources and Amendments to the Civil Code. The nature of the compensation and the obligation to pay the same, the nature of liability for damage on the part of the person occupying residential premises without a legal title as well the right of action to pursue claims under Article 18(1) of the above-mentioned Act have been discussed.
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Somma, Paola. "The Destruction of American Historic Housing Projects." Open House International 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2007-b0006.
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In 1993, US Congress launched the Urban Revitalization Demonstration program, later to become known as HOPE VI, a national plan whose declared aim was to transform public housing stock into "bridges of opportunities". In the following decade, Hope VI has awarded grants to demolish public housing projects and replace them with "attractive developments that not only blend with but enhance the surrounding community while providing housing for families of all incomes" (HUD, 1999). In 1995, Congress repealed the one-for-one replacement requirement and de facto Hope VI was turned primarily into a demolition program. In 2003, the American Dream Downpayment Act re-authorised the Hope VI program throughout the fiscal year 2006. It now seems that the federal government has no intention to continue its financing. Despite the extensive debate on the program, a comprehensive analysis of the social, economic and political process underlying the transformation of all the specific sites and a systematic overview of the stories behind these projects, from the first decision to build to the decision to raze are not available. An atlas with a description of the sites, based on qualitative secondary sources (planning and architecture magazines, urban history and geographic history journals, local authorities reports), and three maps for each of them - before and after the public housing project and after Hope VI, could prove to be very useful. Such a tool would indeed provide the context for an interdisciplinary reflection of how the city affects and is affected by a multitude of variables with particular emphasis on the political controversies on location, and the role of different players - city council, public housing authorities, developers, community residents, unions, the media. At the end, city is "history condensed". Being impossible for a single researcher to complete such a body of work, this paper intends to make a contribution to the existing literature and focus on the projects built between 1933 and 1949, now demolished or in the way to be demolished in 58 cities, "thanks" to Hope VI (1).
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Zeng, Jianguang, Yuanyuan Lu, Qian Xu, and Xun Yang. "Housing demolition attention, social responsibility pressure of manager and corporate value." Nankai Business Review International 8, no. 4 (November 6, 2017): 424–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-07-2016-0028.
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Purpose This study aims to examine whether corporate stconcerns on social responsibility issues pressurize corporate managers to act in a socially responsible way and how this affects corporate value. Design/methodology/approach This study follows previous studies such as Wu et al. (2008) and Jiang and Huang (2011) in using the research model. Findings The analysis shows that in regions where large attention paid to demolitions, corporate managers are under great pressure from corporate stakeholders and they thus act in more socially responsible ways; this, in turn, results in higher corporate values. Furthermore, in regions in which demolition events attract more attention, the increase in corporate value is relatively small for state-owned enterprises and unprofitable listed enterprises. Originality/value The findings demonstrate that internet governance heightens corporate stakeholders’ awareness of social responsibility, and this leads to pressure on corporate relative behaviors to satisfy the requests of corporate stakeholders, leading to an increase in corporate value and improvement in social welfare.
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van Holm, Eric Joseph. "Minor stadiums, major effects? Patterns and sources of redevelopment surrounding minor league baseball stadiums." Urban Studies 56, no. 4 (April 26, 2018): 672–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018760731.
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Minor league baseball stadiums are a popular redevelopment anchor in mid-sized to small American cities seeking to revitalise their downtowns. This paper uses a panel study of 16 minor league baseball stadiums built around the time of the 2000 census to understand how they affect immediately adjacent census tracts on measures of residential development one decade later. Regressions show that census tracts near new stadiums have larger increases in their median home prices and new housing construction relative to similar areas in the rest of their cities. However, when compared with a sample of tracts in cities that did not build any stadiums, the significant difference in median housing prices disappears, leaving the effect on new housing construction along with an increase in vacancy rates. Taken together, the findings indicate minor league baseball stadiums can revitalise a city’s downtown, but also act to concentrate redevelopment rather than create growth.
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PONCE SOLÉ, JULIO. "LAS POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS DIRIGIDAS A FACILITAR EL DERECHO DE ACCESO A LA VIVIENDA: ANÁLISIS Y PROPUESTAS, CON ESPECIAL REFERENCIA AL DERECHO COMPARADO FRANCÉS Y ANGLOSAJÓN." Revista Vasca de Administración Pública / Herri-Arduralaritzarako Euskal Aldizkaria, no. 79 (December 1, 2007): 173–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.79.2007.2.06.
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El objetivo del presente estudio es presentar algunas de las políticas públicas que se están desarrollando para intentar facilitar el derecho de acceso a la vivienda, previsto en el art. 47 CE (y en algunos Estatutos de Autonomía, como el nuevo Estatuto catalán de 2006, art. 26), desde la perspectiva de su encuadramiento y limitación por el Derecho vigente, teniendo presente la Ley 8/2007, de 28 de mayo, de Suelo. Se hace especial hincapié en la vertiente social del desarrollo urbanístico y territorial sostenible, conectándola con los preocupantes fenómenos en curso de segregación urbana (sólo hay que recordar la rebelión en las banlieus francesas de finales de 2005). El enfoque es predominantemente jurídico y basado en el caso español, aunque no faltan referencias a datos y aportaciones proporcionadas por otras ciencias no jurídicas y a sistemas legales europeos distintos al español, así como al sistema jurídico norteamericano. Azterlan honen helburua da etxebizitza izateko eskubidea errazten saiatzeko garatzen ari diren politika publikoetako batzuk aurkeztea ¿eskubide hori Espainiako Konstituzioaren 47. artikuluan eta autonomia-estatutu batzuetan aurreikusten da, hala nola 2006ko Kataluniako Estatutuaren 26. art.an¿, indarreko Zuzenbideak eskubide hori zedarritzen eta mugatzen duen ikuspegitik, Lurzoruaren maiatzaren 28ko 8/2007 Legea kontuan izanik. Bereziki azpimarratzen da hirigintza eta lurralde arloko garapen iraunkorraren alderdi soziala, eta hiri-bereizketako uneko gertakari kezkagarriekin (gogoratzea besterik ez dago Frantziako banlieus direlakoetako 2005eko amaierako matxinada). Ikuspegia nagusiki juridikoa eta Espainiako kasuan oinarritua da; baina ez dira falta, bestalde, beste zientzia ez-juridiko batzuek eskainitako datu eta ekarpenei eta Espainiakoaz besteko europar lege-sistemei buruzko erreferentziak, bai eta ipar-amerikar sistema juridikoari buruzkoak ere. The scope of this study is to introduce some of the public policies currently in process in order to promote the right to housing, as provided by art. 47 from the Constitution (and by some Estatutos de Autonomía, like new Catalan Estatuto from 2006, art. 26) from the perspective of its framing and limits by the rules in force and taking into account Act 8/2007 on Land. It is emphasized the social side of sustainable urban and land development, by linking it up with the current worrying phenomena of urban segregation (just remember riots in the french banlieue at the end of 2005). The approach is predominantly legal and based on the Spanish case, although references to data and contributions from other non legal sciences and from other european legal systems as well as from the north American system apart from the Spanish are not lacking.
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Morgan, Jill. "THE CHANGING MEANING OF “DWELLING-HOUSE”." Cambridge Law Journal 61, no. 2 (June 24, 2002): 312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302001630.
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This article analyses Uratemp Ventures Ltd v Collins [2001] UKHL 43, [2001] 3 W.L.R. 806 in which, for the first time, the House of Lords considered the meaning of the word “dwelling” (an essential ingredient of security under the Rent Act 1977 and the Housing Acts of 1985 and 198) and overturned the previously accepted proposition that premises cannot be a dwelling unless cooking facilities are provided. The implications of the decision are considered not only in the context of the private rented sector but also in relation to secure tenancies granted by local authorities and certain other public landlords.
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De la Harpe, SPLR. "Aantekeninge oor die Wet op Huurbehuising 50 van 1999." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 5, no. 1 (July 10, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2002/v5i1a2875.
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On 1 August 2000 the Rental Housing Act 50 of 1999 came into operation. This is a typical example of an act which attempts to, in conjunction with the private sector, provide for third generation fundamental rights. This note concentrates on the influence of the act on the contractual aspects of the rental agreement.Sections 4 and 5 have a direct influence on the relationship between the landlord and tenant. In particular matters like unfair discrimination and the right to privacy are addressed. Certain rights are afforded to third parties namely the members of the tenant’s household and bona fide visitors.Important aspects are inter alia the right to have the agreement reduced to writing and the provisions which are deemed to be contained in the agreement. This includes, amongst others, the right to receive receipts, certain information, payment of a deposit, interest on the deposit and the inspection of the property.The conclusion is made that the act is a welcome replacement of the Rent Control Act. There are however certain practicalities which could jeopardise the success of the act. It is unlikely that the provinces have the capacity to implement the act. The protection provided by the act to the lower income groups may not materialise as they often do not know their rights and would often rather suffer the bad living conditions than risking the possibility of loosing it altogether by complaining.
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Wynn, Colleen, and Samantha Friedman. "Assessing the Role of Family Structure in Racial/Ethnic Residential Isolation." Social Sciences 7, no. 9 (September 14, 2018): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7090160.
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Fifty years after the passage of the Fair Housing Act, racial/ethnic residential segregation and discrimination persist in the housing market. In 2018, the National Fair Housing Alliance reported that the third and fifth largest discrimination complaints are made on the bases of familial status and sex, respectively. However, housing research has largely ignored how family structure may shape patterns of racial/ethnic residential segregation. By assessing residential isolation, our analyses add to the small body of literature exploring racial/ethnic segregation by family structure using data from the 1990–2010 decennial censuses and the 2006–2010 American Community Survey (ACS) drawn from the Neighborhood Change Database (NCDB) and the National Historical Geographic Information System (NHGIS). Our results reveal that white, married-couple families experience the greatest levels of residential isolation, net of controls for relevant socioeconomic and demographic factors. In addition, our within racial/ethnic group analyses indicate that black, female-headed families experience significantly more isolation than their married-couple counterparts, while the reverse is true for Hispanic and white families. Our results provide support for the tenets of the place stratification model and suggest researchers should consider family structure when assessing racial/ethnic residential segregation as race/ethnicity and family structure interact to shape housing outcomes in metropolitan America.
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Sutarja, I. Nyoman. "The Application of Brick Wall and Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Frame for Redevelopment of Traditional Houses in Pengotan Village." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.477.
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Majority of people in Pengotan Village, Bangli Regency, Bali, Indonesia, do not have healthy and decent housing and neighborhoods. In 2008, the Central Statistics Board (BPS) announced that there were 134,804 poor households in Bali, including those in Bangli regency. Pengotan village is one of the nine villages in Bangli regency with the highest number of poor households (956,517). One of indicators that determine the poor household status is the poor quality of traditional houses inhabited, such as untilled floor (exposed soil) and low quality bamboo wall. Thus it is necessary to redevelop those houses into habitable houses that meet the standard of safety, health and comfort. This standard was set by the government through the Building Act No. 28/2002. Some aspects of the house redevelopment are the physical aspects of the house, redesign of the system of structure with the addition of brick walls and bamboo reinforced concrete frame, also replacement of roof and floor. This study aims to improve the physical safety and thermal comfort of the building.
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Cobb, Neil, and Lorna Fox. "Living outside the system? The (im)morality of urban squatting after the Land Registration Act 2002." Legal Studies 27, no. 2 (June 2007): 236–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2007.00046.x.
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The Land Registration Act 2002 (LRA 2002) has effectively curtailed the law permitting the acquisition of title through adverse possession in relation to most types of adverse possessor, including the paradigmatic urban squatter. While the traditional principles for the acquisition of title through adverse possession enabled a squatter to secure rights in land ‘automatically’ after 12 years, under the LRA 2002 an urban squatter seeking to defend their possession of land in this way must now apply to the Land Registry, who will serve a notice on the registered proprietor alerting them to his or her presence. This procedure provides the landowner with an opportunity to recover possession of the property before the squatter’s occupation has given rise to any claim on the title to the land. On the whole, these reforms have been presented as, and accepted as being, wholly justified in the context of a modern regime of ‘title by registration’. This paper argues, however, that the reform of adverse possession also implements a contentious moral agenda in relation to advertent squatters and to absent landowners. While these provisions of the LRA 2002 will have important practical and philosophical consequences, the Law Commission has attempted to close off any prospect of further debate on the subject, without explicit consideration of current social and housing issues associated with urban squatting, or of the matrix of moral issues at stake in such cases.
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Ratkaj, Ivan. "Spatial-social differentiation and migration characteristics of the employed population in Belgrade." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 92, no. 2 (2012): 61–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1202061r.
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This article explains the genesis, effects of different factors (historical, economic, political- strategic, urban planning ones), and dynamics of spatial-social differentiation of the employed population in Belgrade. Special attention is paid to analysis of recent migration of employees during the period 1991-2002, which corresponds to the initial phase of liberalization of the housing market when financial constraints and subjective preferences of families and households started to act. This analysis represents the basis for scientific forecast of trajectories of socio-residential development of the city.
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Solomon, S. J., T. Custer, G. Schade, A. P. Soares Dias, and J. Burrows. "Atmospheric methanol measurement using selective catalytic methanol to formaldehyde conversion." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, no. 10 (October 24, 2005): 2787–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2787-2005.
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Abstract. A novel atmospheric methanol measurement technique, employing selective gas-phase catalytic conversion of methanol to formaldehyde followed by detection of the formaldehyde product, has been developed and tested. The effects of temperature, gas flow rate, gas composition, reactor-bed length, and reactor-bed composition on the methanol conversion efficiency of a molybdenum-rich, iron-molybdate catalyst [Mo-Fe-O] were studied. Best results were achieved using a 1:4 mixture (w/w) of the catalyst in quartz sand. Optimal methanol to formaldehyde conversion (>95% efficiency) occurred at a catalyst housing temperature of 345°C and an estimated sample-air/catalyst contact time of <0.2 seconds. Potential interferences arising from conversion of methane and a number of common volatile organic compounds (VOC) to formaldehyde were found to be negligible under most atmospheric conditions and catalyst housing temperatures. Using the new technique, atmospheric measurements of methanol were made at the University of Bremen campus from 1 to 15 July 2004. Methanol mixing ratios ranged from 1 to 5 ppb with distinct maxima at night. Formaldehyde mixing ratios, obtained in conjunction with methanol by periodically bypassing the catalytic converter, ranged from 0.2 to 1.6 ppb with maxima during midday. These results suggest that selective, catalytic methanol to formaldehyde conversion, coupled with existing formaldehyde measurement instrumentation, is an inexpensive and effective means for monitoring atmospheric methanol.
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FERNÁNDEZ-RUBIO HORNILLOS, GONZALO. "LA CAPACIDAD DE INNOVACIÓN JURÍDICA DE LAS ORDENANZAS MUNICIPALES. ESPECIAL REFERENCIA A LA REGULACIÓN DE LA VIVIENDA TASADA MUNICIPAL MEDIANTE ORDENANZAS MUNICIPALES EN LA LEY 2/2006 DE SUELO Y URBAN." RVAP 80, no. 80 (April 1, 2008): 111–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.80.2008.03.
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Hasta la aprobación de la Constitución Española era el Estado quien tenía todas las competencias sobre vivienda sujeta a régimen de protección. Aprobada la Constitución, se comenzaron a aprobar los distintos Estatutos de Autonomía y las Comunidades Autónomas empezaron a regular sus propios regímenes de viviendas protegidas. El problema surge cuando las Entidades Locales comienzan a crear y regular sus propios regímenes de vivienda protegida. Son varios los Ayuntamientos que aprueban Ordenanzas en las que desarrollan un régimen municipal de vivienda protegida. Sin embargo, la primera vez en que, a nivel autonómico, se plantea la posibilidad de que los Ayuntamientos aprueben sus propias Ordenanzas reguladoras de vivienda protegida es con la Ley 2/2006, de Suelo y Urbanismo de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco. Espainiako Konstituzioa onartu zen arte, Estatuak zeuzkan babes-araubideren baten peko etxebizitza guztien gaineko eskumen guztiak. Behin Konstituzioa onartutakoan, autonomia-estatutuak onartzen hasi ziren, eta autonomia-erkidegoak etxebizitza babestuen araubideak arautzen hasi ziren. Toki-administrazioko erakundeak etxebizitza babestuen araubideak sortzen eta arautzen hasi zirenean agertu zen arazoa. Hainbat udalek ordenantzak onartu zituzten etxebizitza babestuen udal-araubideak garatzeko. Hala ere, udalek etxebizitza babestuak arautzeko beren ordenantzak onartzea, autonomia-erkidegoetan, 2/2006 Legearekin (Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko Lurzoruari eta Hirigintzari buruzko Legearekin, alegia) gertatu zen lehenbizi. Until the enactment of the Spanish Constitution, it was the central government that used to enjoy all powers related to social housing. When the Constitution was passed, several statutes of autonomy were enacted and the Autonomous Communities began to regulate their own social housing regimes. The problem arose when Local Entities began to create and regulate their own social housing schemes. Several city councils enacted rules establishing a municipal regime on social housing. However, the first time that at the level of Autonomous Communities was admitted that city councils might pass their own bylaws on social housing is Act 2/2006 on Land and Town Plannig of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country.
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Strassl, Inge. "Community Strategies for Energy Efficiency Successful Examples from Austria." Open House International 35, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2010-b0004.
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The responsible politician for environment in Vorarlberg spoke at the Energy Gala in November 2002 in Bregenz and said: “It is necessary not only to discuss central regulations but to invest more in decentralised actions”. The communities are central players in this field because they can act in various ways: as authority, owner of buildings and as motivator for the people. Two examples of strategies in Austria are introduced: e5 - program for energy efficient communities (congruent to the European Energy Award) This program supports communities with high ambitions on energy and sustainability. The program helps to give structure, tools and a quality insurance system, so that even smaller communities can act in a professional and efficient way. Additionally it is a labelling and awarding system, which is quite important because a lot of work in the communities happens voluntarily and it is important to give approval to these actors. Energy point system in housing subsidies In the federal state of Salzburg the energy point system is a subsidy system for energy-saving measures and the use of renewable energy in housing. Quality points are given, depending on the energetic and ecological quality of a building. Every point increases the subvention that is granted by the government of the federal state Salzburg. Additional points exist, for example, for the use of biomass, solar energy and controlled living space ventilation. Using this simple system, the quality of sponsored housing was increased significantly and the use of renewable energies was successfully introduced into social housing. Today more than 80% of the residential buildings in Salzburg are heated by biomass and more than 60% of the buildings are using solar energy for hot water and heating.
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Abu Bakar, Intan Abida, Srikumar K. Ramayan, and Vijaya Sooria Sangaran. "Public Inclination Towards Waste Segregation Programme (A Case Study on the Effectiveness Of #Asingkan Campaign in Klang Valley)." Idealogy Journal 5, no. 2 (September 28, 2020): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/idealogy.v5i2.241.
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This paper investigates the effectiveness of the #Asingkan Waste Segregation Campaign in Klang Valley area. In September 2015, the Urban Well-being, Housing and Local Government Ministry began enforcing Act 672 of the Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007. The Act makes it compulsory for residents to separate their solid wastes according to categories of paper, plastics and others or face fines between RM50 and RM500. This Segregation programme affects those living in Putrajaya and Kuala Lumpur, Johor, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Kedah, Perlis and Pahang. The main objective of this research is to investigate the awareness level of public towards waste segregation programme and analyse the effectiveness of #Asingkan campaign. Data from questionnaires and focus group discussions indicate that the waste segregation programme and the #Asingkan campaign are not running effectively. The Malaysian Government should find the right approach to educate and change the public’s attitude in order to make sure this programme successful.
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Tee, Louise. "OF FAST FOOD AND FIR TREES." Cambridge Law Journal 61, no. 1 (March 7, 2002): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302321500.
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OCCASIONALLY, the report of a case provides a disturbing depiction of a particular aspect of contemporary life, a narrative which is all the more powerful because of the scrupulously neutral language which is used to describe the relevant details. Uratemp Ventures Ltd. v. Collins [2001] UKHL 43, 3 W.L.R. 806 is one such case. It deals with legal issues surrounding the bleak world of residential private hotels and such other spartan accommodation as is available in city centres for the single and rootless. In Uratemp, the House of Lords adopted a purposive construction of the Housing Act 1988 in a well-intentioned attempt to protect those on the precarious bottom rungs of the housing ladder. The result of the case will no doubt be beneficial in the short-term to those individuals clinging on to their meagre accommodation, but the long-term effects of the judgment are, as ever, more uncertain.
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Pietrzykowski, Krzysztof. "A century of codification of the cooperative law in Poland." Studia Prawnicze KUL, no. 4 (December 12, 2022): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/sp.13720.
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This article aims to present the evolution of Polish cooperative law, primarily using the historical method. The Act on cooperatives was passed on 29 October 1920 and entered into force on 1 January 1921. Its provisions concerning the auditing of cooperatives, audit associations and the Cooperative Council were substantially amended by the Act of 13 March 1934, which began the process of subordinating cooperatives and audit associations to state authorities. Further changes, which increased this subordination to an even greater extent, were introduced after the Second World War and led to the outright nationalisation of Polish cooperatives. The Act on cooperatives was repealed by the Act of 17 February 1961 on cooperatives and their associations. In turn, the Act on cooperatives and their associations was repealed by the Act of 16 September 1982 – Cooperative Law, which saw several amendments. The provisions of the Cooperative Law were amended by the Act of 7 July 1994 amending the Cooperative Law and certain other acts. The Act of 3 June 2005 amending the Act on Housing Cooperatives and certain other acts introduced significant changes to the Cooperative Law as well.
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Balık, Deniz, and Açalya Allmer. "This is not a mountain!: simulation, imitation, and representation in the Mountain Dwellings project, Copenhagen." Architectural Research Quarterly 19, no. 1 (March 2015): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135515000196.
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The Mountain Dwellings project, located in the centre of the Ørestad district of southern Copenhagen, was built in 2008 by Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG). Together with BIG’s other housing projects nearby, namely the VM Houses and the 8 House, the building is a part of the urban development carried out under the ‘Ørestad act’, initiated by the Danish Parliament in the 1990s. This promoted the development of a new contemporary urban quarter of dwelling, studying, and working. With an attempt to reinforce the vibrant urban fabric of the district, various buildings of residential units and public spaces have been built, in addition to the improved green areas and rainwater canals.
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Liévanos, Raoul. "Impaired Water Hazard Zones: Mapping Intersecting Environmental Health Vulnerabilities and Polluter Disproportionality." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 11 (November 6, 2018): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7110433.
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This study advanced a rigorous spatial analysis of surface water-related environmental health vulnerabilities in the California Bay-Delta region, USA, from 2000 to 2006. It constructed a novel hazard indicator—“impaired water hazard zones’’—from regulatory estimates of extensive non-point-source (NPS) and point-source surface water pollution, per section 303(d) of the U.S. Clean Water Act. Bivariate and global logistic regression (GLR) analyses examined how established predictors of surface water health-hazard exposure vulnerability explain census block groups’ proximity to impaired water hazard zones in the Bay-Delta. GLR results indicate the spatial concentration of Black disadvantage, isolated Latinx disadvantage, low median housing values, proximate industrial water pollution levels, and proximity to the Chevron oil refinery—a disproportionate, “super emitter”, in the Bay-Delta—significantly predicted block group proximity to impaired water hazard zones. A geographically weighted logistic regression (GWLR) specification improved model fit and uncovered spatial heterogeneity in the predictors of block group proximity to impaired water hazard zones. The modal GWLR results in Oakland, California, show how major polluters beyond the Chevron refinery impair the local environment, and how isolated Latinx disadvantage was the lone positively significant population vulnerability factor. The article concludes with a discussion of its scholarly and practical implications.
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Dalkowska, Anna. "Protection of tenants of Warsaw real properties in the light of amendment of the Actof 17 September 2020 on amending the Act about specific rules for removing legal effects of reprivatisation decisions concerning the Warsaw real properties, issued in violation of law, the Act on Commercialisation and Some Powers of Employees, as well as the Property Management Act (Journal of Laws of 2020, item 1709)." Nieruchomości@ : kwartalnik Ministerstwa Sprawiedliwości IV, no. IV (December 31, 2020): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4816.
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On 17 September 2020, there was adopted the amendment to the Act of 9 March 2017 about specific rules for removing legal effects of reprivatisation decisions concerning the Warsaw real properties issued in violation of law3, and the Property Management Act that entered into force as of 20 October 2020. It has fundamentally changed a complicated legal situation of tenants of the Warsaw real properties4 –in many aspects, mainly at two levels. Firstly, it gives greater indemnification guarantee with regard to damage and injuries resulting from the reprivatisation of Warsaw real properties repugnant to the law through the introduction of statutory universal succession of the Treasury in lieu of the capital city of Warsaw as an addressee of liability for damages. Secondly, it significantly extends the catalogue of prerequisites for a refusal to grant decree applications, e.g. through preclusion of reprivatisation of real property, if it is inhabited by a tenant within the meaning of Article 2 section 1 item 1 of the Act of 21 June 2001 on the protection of tenants’ rights, municipal housing reserves and on the amendment to the Civil Code5. Moreover, the Act introduces a series of significant changes organising previous provisions of the Commission Act in order to increase its effectiveness, maximise the assurance of protection of rights of real property residents, and minimise reprivatisation-related ailments.
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Mukoche, Wamalwa Chrispinus W., Kitainge Kisilu, and Sempele Catherine. "Challenges Facing Persons with Physical and Visual Disabilities in Accessing Housing Needs; A Case Study of Bungoma Municipality." NURTURE 8, no. 1 (December 30, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.55951/nurture.v8i1.68.
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Persons with disabilities constitute 3.5% of the total population in Kenya. According to the 2009 census, there are approximately 1,330,312 persons with disabilities in Kenya. The disabilities range from visual, audio, physical and intellectual challenges. The study focused on the physical and visual challenges. These persons face discrimination due to socio-cultural and economic factors. Persons with physical and visual disabilities have unique housing needs due to the nature and degree of their disability. It is therefore important that housing design and construction take these unique consumer needs of persons with physical and visual disabilities into consideration. The paper examines the findings of the study that investigated the challenges persons with physical and visual disabilities face in accessing decent and affordable housing in informal and low income settlements within Bungoma Municipality. A sample survey design was employed where interviews, observation checklists and field participatory methods were used. Guided sampling technique was used in identifying research participants or respondents, while a snowballing technique was employed to identify respondents with physical and visual disabilities. The findings showed lack of water borne sanitary facilities in informal and low income settlements in urban areas. The roads and pathways were found to be muddy and narrow to accommodate the needs of persons with disabilities. The sewage and drainage systems were poor and posed great risks to persons with disabilities. The land lords/ladies were found ignorant about the needs for persons with disabilities. The paper concludes that physically and visually challenged persons face numerous challenges in accessing decent and affordable housing in informal and low income settlements. The paper recommends rigorous implementation of Persons with Disabilities Act (2003) and that the persons with disabilities themselves to intensify advocacy and awareness, raising programs that will make housing for persons with disabilities, human rights and development agenda.
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Kahle, Alena. "Not as Straight-Forward as that It’s Just ‘An Added Fuss’ – Untangling How Indian Psychiatrists Construe Domestic Human Rights Legislation." International Journal of Mental Health and Capacity Law, no. 27 (December 23, 2021): 70–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/ijmhcl.27.1199.
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After its ratification of the 2006 United Nations Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (UNCRPD), the Indian government proceeded to work through a list of laws from various fields – employment, housing, healthcare, personal status – that would need to be amended to guarantee the rights in the UNCRPD. Regarding the healthcare of persons with mental illness, the law-drafters deemed it insufficient to merely amend the existing law and proceeded to draft a new, innovative mental healthcare law. When the Mental Healthcare Act (MHA) was passed in 2017, responses were strongly polarised: On the one hand, it was lauded for staying true to the vision of the UNCRPD (Duffy & Kelly, 2019), while on the other hand, especially psychiatrists heavily criticised that they anticipated the law would adversely affect their ability to treat patients