Academic literature on the topic 'Housing Act 2004'
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Journal articles on the topic "Housing Act 2004"
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Martin, Christopher. "Law and Order in Public Housing: the Residential Tenancies Amendment (Public Housing) Act 2004 (NSW)." Current Issues in Criminal Justice 16, no. 2 (November 2004): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2004.12036318.
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Lindbergh, Lars, and Timothy L. Wilson. "Strategic management in Swedish municipal housing." Property Management 34, no. 2 (April 18, 2016): 136–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-07-2015-0030.
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Purpose – Present directives in municipal housing have been imposed by the Public Municipal Housing Companies Act, put into force on January 2011 in Sweden. The Act, states that public municipal housing companies (PMHCs) should run their operation on “businesslike principles,” e.g., commensurate with new public management. The purpose of this paper is to determine if forthcoming practices are apparent in the owner directives that govern operations of these companies. Design/methodology/approach – The research is both exploratory and qualitative in nature and utilizes in-depth case studies of 20 selected PMHCs. Observations for 2013 were compared with similar documents collected ten years prior (2004) using commercially available NVivo software to qualitatively analyze information. Findings – Results suggest that statistically significant changes in directives have occurred and adaptation to the new Act may already have started to take place at this relatively early date. Practical implications – Insofar as Sweden might be a model for other countries interested in extending their efforts in managing public housing, observations here provide some insights into possible results. Originality/value – This is the first attempt to determine the impact that complying with “businesslike principles” has on operations in Swedish housing, which tends to be a model of effectiveness in the global housing sector.
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Nixon, Judy, and David Prior. "Disciplining Difference – Introduction." Social Policy and Society 9, no. 1 (December 9, 2009): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746409990200.
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Addressing anti-social behaviour (ASB) has been a major policy priority of New Labour since it came to power in 1997. This is reflected in a series of legislative powers enabling a range of agencies to take legal action to tackle ASB (e.g. Crime and Disorder Act 1998; Police Reform Act 2002; Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003; Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005) and in a number of national policy initiatives (e.g. the Home Office ‘Together’ Campaign, 2003; the Respect Action Plan, 2006; the Youth Task Force Action Plan, 2007). These developments are the subject of a growing body of academic analysis and critique, much of which has focused on the use of the ASB powers in the regulation of particular neighbourhoods and communities, especially social housing areas of predominantly White working-class residents (Burney, 2005; Flint, 2006), and of young people, again mostly White and working class (Squires and Stephen, 2005). Specific service or practice developments arising out of ASB policy have also been analysed, for example, Family Intervention Projects (Nixon et al., 2006, 2008), Anti-Social Behaviour Teams (Prior et al., 2006), and the use of ASBOs (Squires, 2006; Matthews et al., 2007) and Dispersal Orders (Crawford and Lister, 2007).
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Olander, Stefan, and Anne Landin. "Housing developers' perceptions of the planning process: a survey of Swedish companies." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 1, no. 3 (August 29, 2008): 246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538270810895097.
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PurposeThe public activity of controlling land use is exerted through the planning process. The purpose of this paper is to examine how housing developers perceive different aspects of the planning process, and if these perceptions might act as a constraint for the development of new housing projects.Design/methodology/approachA survey, based on a questionnaire, has been conducted with housing development companies having at least one project initiated during the period 2001‐2004 and with municipal housing companies with responsibility for providing affordable rental housing. The study focused on the assertions contained in the questionnaire, which were measured statistically with a t‐test, to establish if the respondents agreed with the stated assertions. Additional information was achieved from factual and open questions to the respondents of the survey.FindingsThe study shows that the housing developers do perceive the planning process as a factor of uncertainty in the development of new housing projects. Responsibility for making the planning process less uncertain lies both with planning officials and housing developers. However, housing developers cannot directly affect how the planning process is organised and controlled. Thus, housing developers need to decrease the uncertainty by performing stakeholder and risk analysis before acquisition of land.Originality/valueThe study has found that there is evidence of reasonable concern on the part of housing development companies that should be taken seriously by planning authorities. The findings imply that greater transparency in the process would go hand‐in‐hand with a more consistent approach and thus more certain outcomes.
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Jae Sung, Lee. "Public-Private Partnerships in Republic of Korea: Experience and Results." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 3(42) (June 28, 2015): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-3-42-217-224.
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The Republic of Korea came to realize the acute necessity of launching the public-private partnership (PPP) at the turn of the 90s, the country happened to fall short of such infra facilities as roadways, railroads, sea ports and airports and the government found itself unable to fully finance their construction works. Although the PPP institutional framework started to get purposely and mostly formed in the first half of the 90s in Korea the PPP itself actually came into occasional practice even before, owing to some legislation, covering roadways and sea ports. There are four main stages to be noted in the development of PPP, consecutively ranging from 1968 to 1994, from 1994 to 1999, from 1999 to 2004 and since 2005 till now. The PPP periods are much related to various amendments to the basic PPP law, initially adopted in August 1994 as the Act on Promotion of Private Capital Investment in Social Overhead Capital which was transformed into the Act on Private Participation in Infrastructure (briefly called the PPP Act) in December 1998. Along with this Act, Korea's PPP institutional basis currently laid by the Enforcement Decree of the Act on Public-Private Partnerships in Infrastructure, the PPP Basic Plan and the PPP Implementation Guidelines. It is the PPP Act that determines 49 types of PPP project-eligible infra facilities, categorized into 15 groups such as roads, railroads, ports, airports, communications, water resources, energy, environment, forestry, logistics, welfare, public housing, military housing, education, culture/tourism. In the aspect of the globally-recognized types of PPP procurement methods, the PPP Act primarily determines the use of such mechanisms as BTL, BTO, BOT, BOO.
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Hopkins, Nicholas, and Emma Laurie. "Housing or property? the dynamics of housing policy and property principles in the right to buy." Legal Studies 26, no. 1 (March 2006): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2006.00002.x.
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This paper examines the interplay and tension between housing law and policy and property law, in the specific context of the right to buy (RTB). It focuses on funding arrangements between the RTB tenant and another party. It first examines how courts determine the parties’ respective entitlements in the home, highlighting the difficulty of categorising, under traditional property law principles, a contribution in the form of the statutory discount conferred on the RTB tenant. Secondly, it considers possible exploitation of the RTB scheme, both at the macro level of exploitation of the policy underpinning the legislation and, at the micro level, of exploitation of the tenant. The measures contained in the Housing Act 2004 intended to curb exploitation of the RTB are analysed to determine what can be considered to be legitimate and illegitimate uses of the scheme. It is argued that, despite the government's implicit approval, certain funding arrangements by non-resident relatives fail to give effect to the spirit of the scheme.
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PAPATSIROS (Β. ΠΑΠΑΤΣΙΡΟΣ), V. G., P. D. TASSIS (Π.Δ. ΤΑΣΣΗΣ), G. CHRISTODOULOPOULOS (Γ. ΧΡΙΣΤΟΔΟΥΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ), S. BOUTSINI (Σ. ΜΠΟΥΤΣΙΝΙ), G. TSIRIGOTAKIS (Γ. ΤΣΙΡΙΓΩΤΑΚΗΣ), and E. D. TZIKA (Ε. TZHKA). "Health and Production of Greek Organic Pig Farming: Current situation and perspectives." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 63, no. 1 (December 15, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15396.
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For many years, outdoor pig farming has been one of the most important livestock production seetors in Greece. Since the 1960s, the introduction of high-yielding pig genotypes, under intensive production systems, has replaced almost to disappearance the traditional -based on the native pig breed- outdoor pig farms.Organic pig production systems in Greece are growing in popularity over the last years due to the increasing interest of consumers for organic products. The National Greek projects for organic pig farming started in 2002 and since then it has increased, representing the 15% of total organic livestock production in 2007. According to the Directorate of Organic Agriculture in the Ministry of Rural Development and Food, the development of organic pig farming industry in West Greece, Thessaly and North Greece was impressive from 2002 to 2007, A significant but more gradual development of organic pig farming was seen in the island of Crete, while insignificant development was observed in the Central Greece. The development of organic pig farming especially in the Northern part of the country started from 2003-2004 onwards.In 2002, the total number of organic pigs was just 1.288, while in 2007 it had reached 175.000 organic pigs in the country. However, a significant reduction has been noticed since 2008, mainly due to the national funding cuts for organic pig farming, as well as the increase of feeding expenses. Moreover, training and specialization of organic pig farmers and their investments on modernization and equipment / housing facilities were insufficient, resulting in animal health problems, poor growth performance, poor carcass quality and high-cost production. The most common health problems in Greek organic pig farming are respiratory problems, gastrointestinal problems, claw and skin problems, parasitic infections and high piglet mortality, Increasing health problems were attributed mainly to poor housing conditions (predispose to various infectious micro-organisms), and the contact of organic pigs with rodents that act as tank of several pathogens (Trichinella spp and Toxoplasma gondii). The housing condition of organic farming may predispose animals to various infectious micro-organisms, normally no longer present indoors because of the strict hygienic measures that arc taken. An important risk factor in organic pig production is the more frequent, compared with conventional swine industry, in contact with rodents. Rodents are actors - tank of several pathogens, some of which arc hazardous to public health, such as Trichinella spp and Toxoplasma gondii. This report aims to present updated information about the health status, production and development of organic pig farming in Greece during the last decade, as well as the potential of this particular productive activity for future development
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Wilkinson, Nicholas. "Editorial." Open House International 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2005-b0001.
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This first issue of 2005 contains a selection of some articles from the recent Open Building conference on Sustainable Environment held in Paris at the CSTB headquarters in September 2004. This issue signals the start of the regular publication of material dealing with Open Building projects either as additional articles in theme issues or as full open building issues twice a year. After more than thirty five years of experience Open Building is a recognizable part of mainstream Architecture in housing and in health care and renovation projects found in many different countries of the world. Open Building projects in general show how users are indispensable decision makers in the design process and act as forces of change and adaptability over time.
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Stork, Florian. "Comments on the Draft of the New German Private Law Anti-Discrimination Act: Implementing Directives 2000/43/EC and 2004/113/EC in German Private Law." German Law Journal 6, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 533–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s207183220001378x.
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European Directives impose upon Germany the obligation to incorporate antidiscrimination provisions in its civil law. The anti-discrimination legislation is intended to provide effective civil law remedies against discrimination in everyday life by private persons, e.g. access to housing, restaurants and education. For the purposes of this article, discrimination may generally be defined as any treatment – including a refusal to deal with – by a private party that is less favorable than to another person and is conditioned upon a characteristic such as racial or ethnic origin, sex, etc.
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Cobb, Neil. "Patronising the mentally disordered? Social landlords and the control of ‘anti-social behaviour’ under the Disability Discrimination Act 1995." Legal Studies 26, no. 2 (June 2006): 238–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2006.00013.x.
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The 2004 decision of the Court of Appeal in Manchester City Council v Romano and Samari highlighted the unexpected impact of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA) upon the control of anti-social behaviour by social landlords where that conduct is caused by a mental disorder. This paper positions the legislation against the backdrop of advanced liberal housing policy, and its concern with the management of risk and the fostering of individual responsibility among tenants. In particular, it explores the possible criticism that, by preventing landlords in certain circumstances from taking action against the mentally disordered on grounds of their anti-social conduct, the DDA patronises those individuals by denying them the opportunity to take responsibility for their actions.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Housing Act 2004"
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Gaysunas, Megan. "The United States Financial Crisis of 2007: Where We're Headed Now." University of Toledo Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=uthonors1418594762.
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Costello, Greg. "Price discovery and information diffusion in the Perth housing market 1988-2000." UWA Business School, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0034.
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[Truncated abstract] This thesis examines informational efficiency and price discovery processes within the Perth housing market for the period 1988-2000 by utilising a rich source of Western Australian Valuer General’s Office (VGO) data. Fama’s (1970) classification of market efficiency as potentially weak form, semi-strong, or strong form has been a dominant paradigm in tests of market efficiency in many asset markets. While there are some parallels, the results of tests in this thesis suggest there are also limitations in applying this paradigm to housing markets. The institutional structure of housing markets dictates that a deeper recognition of important housing market characteristics is required. Efficiency in housing markets is desirable in that if prices provide accurate signals for purchase or disposition of real estate assets this will facilitate the correct allocation of scarce financial resources for housing services. The theory of efficient markets suggests that it is desirable for information diffusion processes in a large aggregate housing market to facilitate price corrections. In an efficient housing market, these processes can be observed and will enable housing units to be exchanged with an absence of market failure in all price and location segments. Throughout this thesis there is an emphasis on disaggregation of the Perth housing market both by price and location criteria. Results indicate that the Perth housing market is characterised by varying levels of informational inefficiency in both price and location segments and there are some important pricing-size influences.
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Stenekamp, Marius Walter. "The impact of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 and related legislation on typical lease agreements." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25108.
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The common law of lease sets out certain reciprocal rights and duties of lessors and lessees. It also provides for sui generis aspects such as the lessor’s hypothec and the protection of the lessee under the huur gaat voor koop rule. The relatively uncomplicated manner in which the common law has addressed specific issues pertaining to the law of lease has however been influenced by recent legislation that have an impact on various aspects of lease. The Rental Housing Act 50 of 1999 has entrenched parameters for the exercise of certain rights by the lessor and lessee and has introduced Rental Housing Tribunals to deal with unfair leasing practices. The Prevention of Illegal Eviction of and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act 19 of 1998 has radically impacted on the process that a lessor has to follow where he wishes to evict a lessee who remains in occupation of a leased premises after lawful termination of a lease agreement. Most recently the introduction of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008, which came into full operation at the end of March 2011, appears to have a significant impact on the law of lease in those instances where the Act finds application to a lease agreement. In this regard it must be observed that the Consumer Protection Act impacts on a lease agreement that falls within its scope in two ways: on the one hand section 14 of the Act which regulates fixed term agreements may find specific application to a lease agreement that falls within the scope of application of the said section. On the other hand, there are certain ‘general’ provisions of the Act that will find application generally to lease agreements that fall within the scope of application of the Act , even if they do not fall within the specific scope of application of section 14. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate how the various pieces of legislation indicated herein , impact on the common law of lease . The main focus will eventually be the impact of the Consumer Protection Act as such impact still has to manifest in practice.It will thus be endeavoured to present a holistic view of the ‘changing face of the law of lease’ in South Africa.Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Mercantile Law
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Ntoampe-, Mahlelebe Tsaliko. "The impact of the National Credit Act (NCA) on the profitability of housing microfinance lenders in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80647.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: High interest rates on credit products in South Africa are not unusual. This would be beneficial to the South African consumers if the cost of incurring these credit products was lower than the benefit derived from incurring them .This is unfortunately not the case to the majority of the South African population. The unlikelihood of this situation is a direct result of the lack of access to appropriate savings and insurance products to a large number of South Africans. Most South Africans use credit, in the form of microloans to augment their consumption patterns. The majority of South Africans do not have a culture of saving; therefore they use credit as a substitute for the lack of savings when consumption patterns exceed income. Using credit as a substitute for the lack of savings becomes extremely costly for low income earners. The result is a perpetual dependence on credit, lack of accumulation of wealth and a lack of improvement in their standard of living. The perpetual dependence on credit has brought about unscrupulous lenders who take advantage of the low income earners dependency on credit for their daily existence. It is due to such exploitations that the South African government through its Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) intervened to bring normality in the South African credit market. This intervention was done through the promulgation of the National Credit Act (NCA), Act No.34 of 2005. The purpose of this study is to focus on a sub set of the credit providers in South Africa known as housing microfinance (HMF) lenders. The study explores the impact of the National Credit Act in the South African credit industry. The Act’s intentions are elaborated and the reality of the implementation of the Act on the drivers of profitability for the housing microfinance institutions is measured. The finding is that housing microfinance institutions have to restructure their business processes in order to be profitable and sustainable in the ambit of the National Credit Act.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vir menige finansiële produkte in Suid-Afrika is rentekoerse wat wissel tussen 80 en 150 persent is nie ongewoon nie. In ekonomiese terme kan verbruikers slegs voordeel trek uit hierdie hoë rentekoerse as die koste om hierdie krediet te verkry laer is as die voordeel wat voortspruit uit die aangaan van die koste. Hierdie situasie is hoogs onwaarskynlik in die oorgrote meerderheid van gevalle in Suid-Afrika. Die onwaarskynlikheid van hierdie situasie is die direkte gevolg van die gebrek aan toegang tot toepaslike spaar- en versekeringsprodukte vir ‘n groot aantal Suid-Afrikaners. Die meeste Suid-Afrikaners gebruik krediet (naamlik mikrolenings) om hulle verbruikerspatrone aan te vul. Die gebruik van krediet as ‘n plaasvervanger vir spaargeld word uitermate duur vir die lae-inkomste verdiener. Die gevolg is ‘n ewigdurende afhanklikheid van krediet, geen akkumulasie van welvaart nie en ‘n gebrek aan verbetering van lewenstandaard. Die ewigdurende afhanklikheid van krediet het gewetenlose uitleners geskep wat die lae-inkomste verdieners uitbuit wat afhanklik is van krediet vir hul daaglikse bestaan. Dit is as gevolg van hierdie tipe uitbuiting dat die Suid-Afrikaanse regering deur sy Departement van Handel en Nywerheid tussenbeide getree het om normaliteit te bring in die Suid-Afrikaanse kredietmark. Hierdie intervensie is gedoen deur die uitvaardiging van die Nasionale Kredietwet, Wet No. 34 van 2005. Die doel van hierdie studie is om te fokus op ‘n onderdeel van die kredietverskaffers in Suid-Afrika bekend as die behuising-mikrofinansiering-uitleners. Die studie ondersoek die impak van die Nasionale Kredietwet in die Suid-Afrikaanse kredietindustrie. Die Wet se oogmerke word uiteengesit en die realiteit van die implementering van die Wet op die drywers van winsgewendheid vir die behuising-mikrofinansiering-instansies word gemeet. Die bevinding is dat behuising-mikrofinansiering-instansies hulle besigheidsprosesse moet herstruktureer ten einde meer winsgewend en volhoubaar te wees binne die strekking van die Nasionale Kredietwet.
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Wallace, Gabrielle, and not supplied. "Microeconomic reform of the building and development process: the development and outcomes of building regulation reform in Australia 1990-2003." RMIT University. Social Science and Planning, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20070205.123414.
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As a component of the regulatory structure controlling building construction and land development in Australia, the system of building regulation was reformed during a period of significant restructuring of the Australian economy. The microeconomic reforms aimed to find efficiencies in government and industry sectors, and with respect to the latter, facilitate the development of competitive trade structures across national and global markets. The research provides a critical narrative account of the development and outcomes of the microeconomic reform of building regulation between 1990 and 2003. The microeconomic reform process is examined in the context of the vastly differing approaches of two Australian states, Victoria and New South Wales, with respect to the national reform agenda which was initiated and led by the Commonwealth government in response to the increasing globalization of the national economy. An understanding of what happened and why and how t he states differed with respect to the national reform agenda enabled the outcomes of the reforms to be examined for their impact upon government, industry and the community. The regulation of building construction is a constitutional responsibility of the state governments and has traditionally been controlled by local government. However, control is increasingly being centralized at the national level, in response to international pressures to adopt performance-based regulations, standards and governance systems that accord to neoliberal ideology. This has resulted in a reduction of state and local government involvement in certain building control functions with a commensurate increased role for the private sector; an increase in the complexity and quantity of regulatory instruments; a reduction in government accountability for the standard of building construction; the development of structures to facilitate competitive intranational and international trade in construction-related goods and services and a reduction in the quality and standard of buildings. The principal benefits of the reforms have accrued to industry and to government and the least benefits have accrued to the community/consumer.
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Haji, Modiri Shima. "Impacts of Living and Working Conditions on the Health of Immigrants : A Comparative Study on Asylum-Seekers in Germany and the Netherlands." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Statsvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-121851.
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During the last several decades, many people, fleeing from disasters or political threats, have applied for asylum in the European countries. Council Directive 2003/9/EC, laying down minimum standards for the reception of asylum-seekers, as well as several other directives, have been developed in the EU in order to ensure fair treatment of the asylum-seekers in all the European countries. However, there are huge differences in the national asylum laws of countries and consequently, the way they treat the asylum-seekers. In this research, the national asylum laws of Germany and the Netherlands are studied and compared, showing that though following the Council Directive, fair or equal treatment of asylum-seekers cannot be guaranteed. In the Netherlands asylum-seekers are granted with a great extent of benefits while in Germany, they are greatly discriminated against. Based on the Social Determinants of Health Model, developed by Dahlgren and Whitehead in 1991, the hypothesis is that the asylum seekers in the Netherlands enjoy better health status than the ones in Germany, because based on the Dutch asylum laws, they have better living and working conditions. In order to confirm or negate this hypothesis, a meta-study of available literature on the health status of asylum-seekers has been done. However, the hypothesis could not be confirmed/ negated due to extreme lack of availability of data in this area. By discussing the relationship between life conditions and health of individuals, reviewing current legal instruments regulating asylum in the EU and analyzing the available data on the health status of asylum-seekers, this paper draws the attention to the importance of data and research on these topics and the need for development of practices for collection of such information. Availability of such information can affect future decision and policy makings regarding asylum-seekers and their health and might result in comprehensive reformations in the current national or international legal instruments.
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Sewnunan, Teshani Devi. "The impact of the National Credit Act, 2005 on the affordability of home loans in Pinetown." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1279.
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Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Masters of Technology degree in Cost and Management Accounting, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015.The National Credit Act No. 34 of 2005 (NCA) was introduced by the South African government mainly to bring about accessibility to credit markets, protect consumers from malpractices and market abuses by credit providers and reduce consumer over indebtedness. As a result, credit providers are compelled to apply stringent rules and regulations when assessing a credit consumer’s affordability prior to granting home loans. This study aims at investigating the impact of the NCA on the affordability of home loans within the Pinetown metropolitan area. The literature review presents an overall view of affordability of home loans in developed and emerging countries and also provides an in-depth explanation of factors that affect affordability of home loans in South Africa. The predominant factors, amongst others that hinder the housing market, are: an increase in house prices; elevated interest rates and household debt which include inflation, transportation cost and low wage increase. A mixed methods approach was utilized for the research, analyzing both quantitative and qualitative data. Respondents (home loan borrowers) completed a questionnaire by indicating if assessments were conducted in terms of their affordability prior to the approval of their home loan and their view on the impact that the NCA had on their home loan. The data suggested strongly that credit providers had conducted proper credit and affordability assessments prior to granting home loans and that most home loan borrowers’ level of debt had remained stable since acquiring their home loans as they continue to meet their debts. An overall analysis revealed that the application of the NCA had a positive impact on the affordability of home loans in the research area and that compliance with NCA, when granting credit, resulted in the reduction of reckless lending, a decline in the level of consumer indebtedness and a reduction in payment default.
Books on the topic "Housing Act 2004"
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Stephen, Cottle, and Ormandy David, eds. Using the Housing Act 2004. Bristol: Jordans, 2008.
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Britain, Great. Housing Act 2004: Elizabeth II. 2004. Chapter 34. London: Stationery Office, 2004.
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The Housing Act 2004, part 5: An explanation. London: Morgan Whittaker, 2005.
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Malaysia. Housing Development (Control and Licensing) Act: Details on amendment for housing development act and regulations from 1970 to February 2004 : all amendments up to February 2004. 8th ed. Kuala Lumpur: MDC Publishers, 2004.
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Great Britain. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. Housing heath and safety rating system: Operating guidance : Housing Act 2004, guidance about inspections and assessment of hazards given under Section 9. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2006.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Financial Services. Helping Hands for Homeownership Act of 2004: Report (to accompany H.R. 4363) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Financial Services. Helping Hands for Homeownership Act of 2004: Report (to accompany H.R. 4363) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.
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Services, United States Congress House Committee on Financial. Homeownership Opportunities for Native Americans Act of 2004: Report (to accompany H.R. 4471) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Financial Services. Homeownership Opportunities for Native Americans Act of 2004: Report (to accompany H.R. 4471) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Financial Services. Homeownership Opportunities for Native Americans Act of 2004: Report (to accompany H.R. 4471) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Housing Act 2004"
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Dawson, Henry, and Richard Tacagni. "Housing Act 2004 property licensing schemes." In Regulating the Privately Rented Housing Sector, 88–96. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003246534-11.
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Borisova, Neli, and David Smith. "HMOs under the Housing Act 2004." In Houses of Multiple Occupation and Selective Licensing, 5–25. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003297796-2.
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Battersby, Stephen, and John Pointing. "HHSRS and Part 1 Housing Act 2004." In Statutory Nuisance and Residential Property, 47–69. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge focus on environmental health: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429441912-5.
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Allemeersch, Simon. "The Inside and Outside of High-Rise Social Housing: The Broken Institution." In The Urban Book Series, 109–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19748-2_8.
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AbstractThis article is based on an ethnographic report of a long-term artistic workplace in the inside world of a social high-rise ensemble. The communal ‘atelier’ functioned as a repair workshop (Allemeersch et al. 2014) concerned with re-negotiating the relation and knowledge between the inside and outside world. Through a synchronic ethnographic report on the inside world of the housing ensemble, this article aims to characterize the lived citizenship (Warming and Fahnøe 2017) of residents, formal and informal, based upon the opposition between formal and informal order (Goffman 1966; Scott 1998), the notion of ‘underlife’ (Goffman 1963/1996) and hidden and public transcripts (Scott 1990). As the deserted stronghold of a previously ‘pillarized’ welfare state, this article pictures an inside world that is unbalanced between formal and informal order, and lacking the latter (Scott 1998). This results in a social closure between the inside and outside world, and the loss of self of residents. Essentially, residents are caught in the double bind between isolation and social closure (Wacquant 2008) on the one hand, and the loss of façade (Goffman 1959/2019) on the other. Without a qualitative understanding of the inside world of high-rise social housing the outside world institutions act without any knowledge of ‘the community that many residents were able to create in such adverse conditions’ (Goetz 2011, p. 270), and the difficult relation these residents have developed towards their own environment and housing, state intervention and the public services (Wacquant 2008).
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Giband, David. "When School Comes to Community: Considering the Socioethnic Environment in Educational Reform for Gypsy Populations in a French City." In Knowledge and Space, 153–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78597-0_8.
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AbstractIn this paper, I explore the dynamics of an educational reform aimed at transforming individual and collective attitudes towards school among Gypsy/Roma families living in urban spaces of advanced social marginality. In Perpignan, Gypsy/Roma people are highly marginalized, living in a deprived urban environment (violence, unemployment, poor housing conditions, female-headed households, problematic night life) and following their cultural and customary rules and values. These play a crucial role in weak school performance. In 2005, city riots pushed municipal, community, and educational stakeholders to act. Policymakers implemented an experimental national policy in Perpignan from 2007 to 2015, in which they treated education as the cornerstone of necessary change. This public policy opened schools to their social and ethnic environment, as socioenvironmental settings were utilized as a performative tool for school achievement and success.
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Fukui, Hideo. "Real Estate and the Legal System of Japan." In New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 3–7. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_1.
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AbstractIn Part I, entitled Real Estate and the Legal System, we analyze owner-unknown land issues, land acquisitions, and real estate auctions.The use and value of real estate such as land and buildings are significantly affected by public laws and regulations related to urban planning and construction, the environment, and taxation; for example, contract laws such as the Act on Land and Building Leases; private laws regulating torts, collateral enforcement, and so on; tax laws that regulate transfer taxes, ownership taxes, and transaction taxes; and regulations surrounding land use and urban infrastructure development. This paper discusses, therefore, the relationships between these laws and real estate, identifies problems in the laws associated with real estate in Japan, and proposes improvements.First, in recent years, owner-unknown land issues have become a serious concern in Japan. The Japanese registry does not always reflect the actual rightful owner, primarily because such registration is only a perfection requirement in civil law and registration involves a great deal of time and money. For example, because a large extent of land is registered to owners from nearly 100 years ago, it has changed hands many times through inheritance, which means that today, it is extremely difficult to determine the actual owner (inheritor) without spending a great deal of time and money. However, if the profits to be obtained from the land do not justify such expense, the land remains unused as “owner-unknown land.”Buying and selling land under Japanese civil law requires an agreement from all landowners including in the case of shared ownerships; therefore, even if the land has high returns, if it is “owner-unknown land,” it cannot be used effectively. With a focus on unknown-owner land, in this section, four writers provide multifaceted perspectives on the causes thereof, the defects in the current system, and the possible solutions.Eminent domain, the system which allows the acquisition of land against the land owner’s will for public projects, is widely institutionalized in many countries. It works to mitigate the owner-unknown land issues as far as lands are acquired by public projects.Further, real estate auctions are often held when liens are placed on land and/or residences for housing loan defaults. The Japanese civil auction system, which was institutionalized at the end of the nineteenth century, stipulates that a tenancy that is behind on a mortgage may resist a purchase unconditionally as long as the mortgage default period is within 3 years (short-term lease protection system/former Civil Code Article 395). This system was intended to avoid the unstable use of mortgaged properties and to promote the effective use of real estate; however, because the majority of users and the beneficiaries of this system were in fact anti-social groups, it was used to demand money unjustly from debtors and buyers, thus preventing the effective use of the mortgaged properties.When the protection of short-term leases was abolished in 2004, these types of interferences are said to have decreased drastically. However, successful bids for auctioned real estate properties continue to be lower than in general transactions. Therefore, here, we provide a quantitative analysis of these situations and propose further auction system improvements.Below, we introduce the outlines of each theory in Part I.
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Heenan, Susan, and Anna Heenan. "5. Financial provision on divorce or dissolution." In Family Law Concentrate, 79–102. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198854968.003.0005.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses financial provision on divorce or dissolution of marriage or civil partnership, including housing and everyday expenses of the parties and any children involved. It considers the courts’ statutory powers to redistribute property in case of divorce, nullity, judicial separation, or the dissolution of a civil partnership. The chapter explains how civil partners in England and Wales are treated under the Civil Partnership Act 2004 (CPA) and the courts’ application of the provisions of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 (MCA) in reaching a decision in divorce cases. It also discusses the three principles of financial needs, compensation, and sharing used by the courts in making an award; nuptial agreements; the Law Commission Report on Matrimonial Property, Needs and Agreements; and provision for children under the MCA, the CPA, the Child Support Act 1991, and the Children Act 1989.
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Heenan, Susan, and Anna Heenan. "5. Financial provision on divorce or dissolution." In Family Law Concentrate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198794165.003.0005.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses financial provision on divorce or dissolution of marriage or civil partnership, including housing and everyday expenses of the parties and any children involved. It considers the courts’ statutory powers to redistribute property in case of divorce, nullity, judicial separation, or the dissolution of a civil partnership. The chapter explains how civil partners in the UK are treated under the Civil Partnership Act 2004 (CPA) and the courts’ application of the provisions of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 (MCA) in reaching a decision in divorce cases. It also discusses the three principles of financial needs, compensation, and sharing used by the courts in making an award; nuptial agreements; the Law Commission Report on Matrimonial Property, Needs and Agreements; and provision for children under the MCA, the CPA, the Child Support Act 1991, and the Children Act 1989.
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Webb, Thomas E. "Donoghue v Poplar Housing and Regeneration Community Association Limited and another [2001] EWCA Civ 595, Court of Appeal." In Essential Cases: Public Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780191926440.003.0015.
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Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Donoghue v Poplar Housing and Regeneration Community Association Limited and another [2001] EWCA Civ 595, Court of Appeal. This case concerned whether Poplar Housing was a public body for the purposes of s. 6(3)(b) of the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA). Public bodies are required to act in accordance with the HRA. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
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Webb, Thomas E. "Donoghue v Poplar Housing and Regeneration Community Association Limited and another [2001] EWCA Civ 595, Court of Appeal." In Essential Cases: Public Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780191897689.003.0015.
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Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Donoghue v Poplar Housing and Regeneration Community Association Limited and another [2001] EWCA Civ 595, in the Court of Appeal. This case concerned whether Poplar Housing was a public body for the purposes of s. 6(3)(b) of the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA). Public bodies are required to act in accordance with the HRA. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
Conference papers on the topic "Housing Act 2004"
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Wang, Sheng, Kangbin Lei, Xilian Luo, Kiwamu Kase, Elia Merzari, and Hisashi Ninokata. "Simulation of Eccentric-Shaft Journal Microbearing by DSMC." In ASME 2009 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2009-78572.
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Many micromachines use rotating shafts and other moving parts which carry a load and need fluid bearings for support. Most of them operate with air or water as the lubricating fluid. The present study analyzes air microbearing represented as an eccentric cylinder rotating in a stationary housing. The fluid mechanics and operating characteristics of microbearing are different from their larger cousins. The small length-scale may invalidate the continuum approximation in Navier-Stokes equations, and slip flow, rarefaction, compressibility and other unconventional effects may have to be taken into account. Surface effects dominate in small devices due to a high surface-volume ratio. In this study, two-dimensional eccentric-shaft journal microbearings with different eccentricities are simulated by direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) code incorporated with a Volume-CAD software. The diffuse reflection model and Cercignani-Lampis-Lord (CLL) model are applied to model the molecule-surface interaction by considering the accommodation coefficients of shaft wall and housing wall separately. The distribution of mean free path in the flow field indicates that the continuum model may break down and it is necessary to carry our molecular modeling. Calculation results show that at high eccentricity and high accommodation coefficient on the housing wall (ACO) the flow may develop a recirculation region. However, the accommodation coefficient on shaft wall (ACI) does not have any effect on the occurrence of recirculation and the size of recirculation zone. There is antisymmetry of the pressure about a vertical axis, which produces a pressure force on the shaft wall. The influence of ACI to isobars is larger than that of ACO. The shear stress profile on shaft wall is big at low ACI. At the region of short clearance between the shaft wall and housing wall, it is also influenced by the surface condition of housing wall and may even change its direction at low ACO. The pressure profile is reduced in amplitude as the ACI increases, but it is enhanced a little with the increase of ACO. The ACO has great impact on the viscous force in the case of big eccentricity. With the increase of ACI, the viscous force decreases. The pressure force is high at large eccentricity. The influence of ACO to pressure force is insignificant, but the pressure force fall is enormous when ACI increases, especially for large eccentricity. The total force decreases markedly at high eccentricity when ACI increases. The ACO almost has no impact on the total force. The torque increases with ACO, but decreases with ACI. The eccentricity also has great impact on the torque, and the microbeaing may have large torque at high eccentricity. The method developed in this paper would be very useful for designing and evaluating journal microbearing.
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Topaloğlu, Mustafa. "An Evaluation of Turkish Mortgage System from the Perspective of Global Economic Crisis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00359.
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Turkish mortgage system was established by the law number 5582 and the title of "The Law Amending the Laws Related to Housing Finance System" in 2007. Even though the entry into force of this act expressed as "Pay the rent as the landlord-performing”, no bring up short of the interest rates of a housing loan were observed. In fact, Mortgage application could not be branch out yet. The distinguishing feature of the mortgage system, mortgage collateral pools of consumer loans with guaranteed by mortgage backed securities to be issued, sold in the capital market, also called the mortgage money is the safeguard of cheap funds. Using this fund for financing provided by banks as a result of re-housing resource for the consumer to pay the cost of housing loan interest rate is relatively go into a decline.
Meanwhile, after the abundance of finance in the world, the so-called subprime mortgage, loans to non-qualified borrower, triggered the world economic crisis occurred. May well be, Turkey was unimpressed the crisis because of the not being set secondary mortgage market. All the public in charge of economy has introduced prevention of packages of measures.
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Delhaes, Guido M. J., Anton van Beek, Ron A. J. van Ostayen, and Robert H. Munnig Schmidt. "Prototype Design of a High-Speed Viscous Air Spindle." In STLE/ASME 2008 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2008-71163.
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In this paper an innovative air driven spindle for micro cutting applications is presented. The spindle uses a viscous traction concept which has the advantage that the viscous traction forces can act directly on the cylindrical part of the tool, which makes the tool-holder redundant. Furthermore, the tool can be actuated in the axial direction within the housing. In this paper the concept of the viscous turbine, a design of a prototype spindle along with the traction and load-capacity of the spindle are discussed.
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Igualada, Javier Pérez. "The Hybrid Block as Urban Form." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.4927.
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The Hybrid Block as Urban Form Javier Pérez Igualada Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura, Universitat Politécnica de València. Camino de Vera, s/n. 46022 Valencia. E-mail: jperezi@urb.pv.es Keywords: Hybrid Block, Urban Form, Mixed Use Buildings, Open Planning Conference topics and scale: Urban form and social use of space In this paper we analyze the hybrid block as an urban form of synthesis, in which the open order of modern urbanism is superimposed on the closed order of traditional urbanism. In this model, proposed for the first time by Hilberseimer in his 1927 Vertical City, housing and work are not separated but overlapping on mixed-use buildings, where the dwellings are located in slabs or towers shaped as isolated volumes, whose design responds to its own internal logic, based on functional criteria (rational distribution of rooms, orientation, ventilation, sunshine, views...). Those volumes emerge from a compact built-up podium for commercial or office uses, aligned with the perimeter streets and responding to the external logic of the urban fabric. This configures an urban form in which both hybridization of architectural forms and hybridization of uses are obtained, recovering the multifunctional character of the traditional urban block, which had disappeared in functionalist urbanism. The paper examines the reasons that can explain the exclusion of this urban form from the repertoire of elements of modern urbanism, and analyzes the validity of the hybrid block, as an strategy to recompose or reinterpret the urban block, assuming high density and collective housing as a basic typology for the construction of the city. References Martí Arís, C. (1991): Las formas de residencia en la ciudad moderna (UPC, Barcelona). Pérez Igualada, J. (2005): Manzanas, bloques y casas. Formas construidas y formas del suelo en la ciudad contemporánea (Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia). Pérez Igualada, J. (2008): ‘Si cambia la vivienda, cambia la ciudad. La vivienda pequeña y sus formas de agrupación en la Valencia de posguerra’, en AA.VV., Renta limitada. Los grupos de viviendas baratas construidos en la Valencia de posguerra (1939-1964) (Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia) 40-48. Pérez Igualada, Javier (2014): ‘Ecos del norte: la manzana híbrida en el Proyecto para la Avenida de Valencia al Mar de Fernando Moreno Barberá (1959-60)’, ACE: Architecture, City and Environment = Arquitectura, Ciudad y Entorno, 9, 29-52.
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Reyes, Marta C. T., Alexandre T. P. Alho, Peter Kaleff, and Isaias Q. Masetti. "Dry Wellhead Completion for Mono-Column FPSO Units Operating in Ultradeep Waters." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79586.
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A floating structure is proposed to act as a dry wellhead completion support for a mono-column design developed by Petrobras: the MONOBR FPSO. After the discussion of the design issues involved, the MONOBR design is introduced and the peculiarities affecting the insertion of a floating structure into its moonpool are analyzed. In what follows, the main characteristics of the proposed floating structure layout are presented in the context of its purpose of allowing for the effortless vertical motion relatively to the housing mono-column unit, followed by the considerations pertinent to the ballast system devised to allowing for the adequate operation, by the characteristics of the roller mechanisms proposed to ensure the aligned motion desired and by the analysis of the structural issues and the proposed structural layout.
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Kim, Tae Ho, and Luis San Andre´s. "Effect of Mechanical Preloads on the Dynamic Performance of Gas Foil Bearings." In STLE/ASME 2008 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2008-71195.
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Gas foil bearings (GFBs) enable efficient, reliable and maintenance free operation of high-power-density microturbomachinery (< 200 kW). High speed rotors supported on bump-type GFBs, however, are prone to show large-amplitude subsynchronous motions albeit reaching limit cycle performance. Presently, commercial GFBs are simply modified to introduce a mechanical preload that induces a hydrodynamic wedge to generate more load support and direct stiffnesses. Three metal shims inserted under the bump strip layers and in contact with the bearing housing create a multiple lobe clearance profile at a very low cost. Shaft speed coastdown measurements reveal the rotordynamic performance of a rotor supported on original GBFs and (modified) shimmed GFBs. The later GFBs determine a raise in the rotor-bearing system natural frequency, as expected, and also act to delay the onset speed of large-amplitude subsynchronous motions. Predictions of imbalance response implementing linearized bearing force coefficients are in good agreement with measured amplitudes of synchronous response for both GFB configurations, original and modified.
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Park, Simon S., and Yusuf Altintas. "Adaptive Control and Monitoring Using the Spindle Integrated Force Sensor System." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60395.
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Applications of spindle integrated force sensors are examined where the cutting forces are reconstructed from the piezoelectric force sensors that are imbedded in the spindle housing. The reconstruction of the cutting forces using the disturbance Kalman filter effectively provides the high bandwidth sensor requirements. The three applications that are presented in this paper are Adaptive Control with Constraint (ACC), chatter detection, and tool breakage detection, all using the spindle integrated sensors. ACC provides effective means of increasing machining productivity through the adjustment of feed rates by constraining cutting forces. The detection of chatter vibration in machining operations is important in order to ensure quality surface finishes. The cutting forces measured from the spindle sensors provide sufficient information as to whether the cutting operations are stable or not. Tool breakage detection is performed using both a good tool and a damaged tool. Two residual indices based on the first order auto-regressive (AR) filter are examined to determine tool breakage. The experiments verify the successful monitoring strategies using the spindle integrated force sensors.
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Michel, Josefine, Steffen Garke, and Patrick Kaeding. "Simulations of Mountings on Offshore Platforms in Arctic Regions." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23018.
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In the arctic offshore industry auxiliary systems are required for adequate living and working conditions. These systems comprise pipes and service modules on LNG ships as well as work and accommodation modules on offshore platforms. The object of this paper is an overview about the approach to simulate the different mounting systems on offshore/ship-structures in arctic regions: Which assumptions are made in the simulations? Which forces act on the systems? How are the results accomplished — by parameter studies, sub-model-technique? Where are the challenges located in the simulation? How can the runtime of the simulations be reduced? In the case of pipe mountings, two different phases — installation and operation mode — as well as the cooling down of the insulating material between the two phases are considered. The result of this research topic is an automatic and parametric FE-Analysis of the structural limit state in these modes. The analysis of the twistlock system has been presented the last two years at OMAE. These systems are used to mount living and working modules on offshore platforms. The existing and new results will be discussed and evaluated. The accommodation modules are located in a containment — the so-called housing — attached to the deck. The required connection between this housing and the deck is analyzed. This analysis comprises welded and bolted connections. According to the stress results of the simulations the adequate connection is selected. These analyses are performed with the sub-model-technique in ANSYS.
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Knobloch, Aaron J., Matt Wasilik, Carlos Fernandez-Pello, and Albert P. Pisano. "Micro, Internal-Combustion Engine Fabrication With 900 µm Deep Features Via DRIE." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42558.
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New results are presented for the development of a micro, internal-combustion engine fabricated in a process that achieves 900 μm deep features via deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). A single-sided 900 μm deep etch process with high mask selectivity is used to generate straight sidewall structures with low sidewall roughness. This research is part of an effort to create a portable, MEMS-based Rotary Engine Power System (MEMS REPS) capable of producing power on the order of milliwatts with an energy density better than that of a conventional battery. The MEMS REPS is based on the planar geometry and self-valving operation of a Wankel engine with an integrated electrical generator. A generator and stator colocated within the engine rotor and housing eliminates the need for any external shafts, couplings, or seals. The rotary internal combustion engine is composed of 5 major comonents: a 900 μm deep rotor with soft magnetic poles and 25 μm wide in-plane cantilever beams which act as apex seals, a 900 μm deep epitrochoid housing with intake and exhaust ports, rear plate with spur gear, a top plate, and a shaft. This configuration was chosen in order to eliminate the effect of beaching during timed DRIE etches and to minimize engine leakage while maximizing spur gear teeth resolution, and simplifying engine fabrication. However, this configuration requires some assembly and optimization of DRIE parameters for each component. The rotor and epitrochoid housing are co-fabricated on the same wafer to minimize deviation in thickness and match etch behavior between mating components. This approach forces the generation of a mask with narrow, deep trenches (to define the cantilever apex seals on the rotors) in proximity to large “tub” etches (to define the engine housing). High etch cycle pressures improved etch selectivity to over 350:1 with respect to oxide and 150:1 to photoresist which is necessary for 900 μm deep features. High pressure also improved sidewall profile of the etched structures. Engine cross-sections show an 8 μm wall deviation on either side of a 250 μm trench through an etch depth of 867 μm. In addition to good sidewall straightness, these etch parameters give a low sidewall roughness through the generation of small size scallops on the sidewalls. However, the side effects of these etch parameters include silicon “grass” at the bottom of the trench, poor etch uniformity across the wafer, and increased effect of aspect ratio dependent etching. Some strategies to overcome these effects are discussed.
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Kaiser, Ingo A., Ursula Frank, Juergen Gausemeier, and Sebastian Pook. "Design of Spatial Electronic Circuit Carrier by the Example of a Miniature Robot." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14531.
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Miniaturization, high reliability and low manufacturing costs require close spatial integration of mechanics and electronics. New production technologies such as MID (Molded Interconnect Devices), with which spatial electronic circuit carriers can be manufactured, offer intriguing possibilities. However, these production technologies already determine the product concepts. The product and the production system development must be interrelated. This development will be shown through the example of a miniature robot. The miniature robot is supposed to be manufactured in large quantity. It is to act as an experimental object for swarm intelligence and multi-agent applications of computer science, as well as using the Technology MID. A new methodology is necessary for the design of systems with MID. This paper describes first a procedural model for the integrated design of 3-D molded interconnect devices. And then it presents the specification techniques for the constant cross-domain description of such systems, from the principal solution to prototypes. The procedure and the application of the specification techniques are shown through the example of the housing of an autonomous miniature robot.
Reports on the topic "Housing Act 2004"
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Patel, Yusef. File to Factory: A case study of automated prefabrication house-building methods for small-to-medium enterprises. Unitec ePress, December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/ocds.0823.
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The Eco-Digital Fabrication (EDFAB) research project aimed to investigate how automated prefabrication technologies and off-the-shelf construction products can be employed to disrupt building industry norms. The aim of this research – conducted at the University of Auckland and Unitec Institute of Technology from 2014 onward – was to provide small-to-medium enterprises in the construction industry with a pathway to upskill and increase construction productivity through the use of these processes. The availability of automated machines and easy-to-use fabrication software is increasing dramatically and this can be paired with readily available construction products to produce novel mass-customised housing solutions. The application of basic automated technologies – such as CNC (Computer Numerical Control) routers – allowed researchers to create ‘recipes’ that can be adopted and adapted relatively easily. By no means did the research favour digital manufacture or assembly processes over traditional analogue construction techniques – the goal was to provide logical, productive and accessible blended solutions for greater affordability and flexibility in design. For example, the designed experiments were required to be built from readily available products, and used simple readymade screw fixings rather than digitally produced custom fixings or joining mechanisms. The research project aimed to generate discussion and provide recommendations on how the construction industry might support the adoption of automated prefabrication technology in small-to-medium enterprise (SME).
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Crossan, Mary, Gerard Seijts, Jeffrey Gandz, and Carol Stephenson. Leadership on Trial : A Manifesto for Leadership Development. Richard Ivey School of Business, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/iveypub.44.2010.
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Recent books and articles have analyzed the causes of the global financial and economic crisis of 2007-09. Yet little attention has been paid to the quality of leadership in organizations that were at the epicentre of the storm, were victims of it, avoided it or even prospered from it. In the summer of 2009 a multi-disciplinary group of Ivey faculty decided to look at the leadership dimensions of the recent financial and economic crisis. We started by writing a working paper that laid out our preliminary views. We then engaged more than 300 business, public sector and not-for-profit leaders in small and large groups, as individuals and collectives, to get their reaction to this paper and, more generally, to discuss te role that organizational leadership played before, during and after the crisis. We examined leadership not just in the financial sector but also in many other public and private sector organizations that were affected by the crisis. In a sense, we were putting leadership on trial. Our aim in doing this was not to identify and assign blame. Rather, we examined leadership during this critical period in recent history to learn what we could, and use the learning to improve practice in leadership today and the development of next generation leaders. As we analyzed the role of leadership in this crisis we were faced with one major question: "Would better leadership have made a difference?" Our answer is unequivocal: "Yes!" We recognize that many people could argue it is unfair to criticize leaders whose decisions were based on their knowledge of the situation at the time and which only eventually, with the aid of 20/20 hindsight proved bad. We respect this view but we disagree with it. Some business and public sector leaders predicted better than others the bursting of the housing bubble and financial markets turmoil, positioned their organizations to avoid problems, and coped with them skillfully. Their organizations were not badly damaged by the crisis and some even prospered. Some governments and regulatory agencies' control and monitoring systems were superior to those in the U.S., the U.K., Ireland, Spain, Iceland and other countries that had to bail out their banks and other industries. Our evidence supports the conclusion that these companies, these agencies, these governments and these countries had better leadership. Good leadership mattered then and good leadership will matter in the future. We are presenting our conclusions about what good leadership involves in the form of a public statement of principles - a manifesto that addresses what good leaders do, who they are, and how they can be developed in organizations.
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Jacobsen, Nils. Linjebussens vekst og fall i den voksende byen: en studie av bybussenes geografiske kvalitet Stavanger – Sandnes 1920 – 2010. University of Stavanger, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.244.
Full textAbstract:
Linear city bus services are facing increased challenges from city growth. Increased number of inhabitants on increasing acres of built-up areas, makes it demanding to maintain adequate bus services within reasonable catchment areas. Number of departures per hour give a partial description of the bus service quality. Number of departures give reference to the time aspect of bus service quality, but say nothing about the geographical aspect. What part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service when frequencies are limited? To address the geographical aspect of bus service quality, the term network ratio is introduced. The term Network Ratio (NR) signifies what part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service to or from a certain place in the network. Network Ratio is given as a mathematical term whereby direct bus lines are calculated as a percentage of the entire network. The character and development of Network Ratio in a specific city is illustrated through an analysis of the urban growth of line network and built-up areas in the twin cities of Stavanger and Sandnes. The analysis is covering the period 1920 – 2000 in intervals of 20 years from the first bus lines were established in the urban area. Year 2010 is also included due to major changes implemented right after the turn of the millennium. Development show there is a close relation between bus network and built-up areas. When areas are being built, bus lines follow. The initial fase 1920 – 40 with extensive development of bus lines combined with some areal growth, is followed by a fase of consolidation 1940 – 60. The latter period is characterized by moderate areal growth, extended lines reducing network ratios, and increasing frequencies on the best bus lines. Extensive areal growth in the following period 1960 – 80, implies increased number of bus lines. As a consequence network ratios as well as frequencies are falling in the entire network. In 1960 certain lines had developed as much as 6 departures per hour, while maximum bus line frequency in 1980 has diminished to 2. New bus service development is introduced in the following period between 1980 and 2000. Numerous bus companies are united, and a more comprehensive planning of bus services are applied. The number of bus lines is stabilized at about 40, the fall in network ratio is reduced, and certain lines develop 4 departures per hour. Parallell to the bus development, growth of built-up areas is slowing down due to increased urban renewal with higher densities within built-up areas. In the period 2000 – 2010 new efforts are given to the development of bus services. Development of Network Ratio takes a new direction: The length of network links with high NR is increasing, while links with very low NR are diminishing. Number of bus lines is decreasing, and by 2010 almost 50% of the bus lines are served with 4 departures or more. Passenger comfort is improved in buses as well as on bus stops, and low floor buses are introduced to ease accessibility. Bus service quality is further developed after 2010. Digital services are introduced including digital ticketing, bus service information and real-time information on internet. In addition real-time information is presented at high frequency bus stops through visual screen and auditory speaker. Inside the buses name of next stop is given on screen and through loudspeaker. Further development of the bus services, should include improved Network Ratios in the entire network, as well as increased frequencies on major bus corridors. The latter is a task not only for the bus service planners, but just as well for the city planners and politicians in collaboration with the developers implementing urban density and allocation of important destinations. A last, but not least, objective for bus service development will be to improve punctuality and total travel time. Today a considerable proportion of city bus services are delayed in car traffic congestions. This is occurring especially on main streets and during rush hours. A set of different solutions are needed to address this question: 1. Dedicated bus streets (including car access to limited addresses) 2. Bus lines through local streets in concentrated housing, office and shopping areas. 3. Dedicated bus lane on main streets where possible. 4. Car traffic regulations on main streets without space for extra bus lane. As an overall vision, we need to cultivate the word of Flemming Larsen: urban growth as pearls on a string, as shown in fig. 13 and fig. 14.