Academic literature on the topic 'Households – Finland'
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Journal articles on the topic "Households – Finland"
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Härtull, Camilla, Jan Saarela, and Agneta Cederström. "Income poverty in households with children: Finland 1987-2011." Finnish Journal of Social Research 10, no. 1 (December 15, 2017): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51815/fjsr.110765.
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The child poverty rate has increased noticeably in Finland since the mid-1990s. In this paper, we use register-based data to analyse how parents’ labour market status influences the likelihood of households with children being found in poverty, as measured by the equivalent taxable household income, and particularly whether and how these effects have varied over the study period 1987-2011. In households with parents in unemployment or outside the labour force, the likelihood of poverty increased markedly during the study period, as compared to those with employed parents. Growing divisions in society might be one reason to the development. The contribution of education and other characteristics on the difference in the poverty risk by labour market status is minor in single-parent households, and only slightly larger in two-parent households.
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Voutilainen, Miikka. "Poverty and Tax Exemptions in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Finland." Journal of Finnish Studies 20, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 67–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/28315081.20.1.04.
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Abstract The topic of this article is the nature and social character of Finnish rural poverty during the early stages of industrialization. Specifically, I analyze households exempted from two separate taxes in order to locate and study the rural poor. Contrary to several previous considerations deeming taxation sources unreliable in poverty studies, it is shown that under controlled settings tax exemption information does display promising features. These include a high exemption percentage of households without adult male members, small average household size of the tax exempted and a clear concentration of the exemptions on the lower rural social classes. My findings also highlight the fact that conclusions on the usability of the exemption information depend heavily on the selection of the tax studied. Taxes levied at individual level were not necessarily dependent on the households' economic status, and similarly household level taxes may have been independent of the inhabitants' social and economic conditions. On average, the exemption rates are in line with several accounts from pre-industrial Western Europe.
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MORING, BEATRICE. "Nordic family patterns and the north-west European household system." Continuity and Change 18, no. 1 (May 2003): 77–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416003004508.
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This article examines the impact of landholding and differences in local economies on age at marriage, on frequency of service and on household size and structure in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Particular stress is placed on the role of economic rather than cultural factors as determinants of regional variations in marriage age and household structures. Households were more complex whenever land, the accumulation of capital and multiple occupations were required for economic activity. Conversely, wage work – whether in fishing or agriculture and regardless of geographical location (for example in eastern as well as western Finland) – favoured the formation of small nuclear households. Some aspects of the family system (servanthood and a late age at marriage) fit the characteristics of the north-west European household system as delineated by John Hajnal and Peter Laslett better than others (frequency of complex households). It is concluded that there is no inevitable correlation between geographic location and the characteristics of a society's family system and that the model of the north-west European household system does not accommodate those societies where people were in a position to build strategies based on the continuous possession of land.
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Klavus, Jan, and Unto Häkkinen. "Micro-Level Analysis of Distributional Changes in Health Care Financing in Finland." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 3, no. 1 (January 1998): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135581969800300107.
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Objectives: In the early 1990s the Finnish economy suffered a severe recession at the same time as health care reforms were taking place. This study examines the effects of these changes on the distribution of contributions to health care financing in relation to household income. Explanations for changes in various indicators of health care expenditure and use during that time are offered. Method: The analysis is based partly on actual income data and partly on simulated data from the base year (1990). It employs methods that allow the estimation of confidence intervals for inequality indices (the Gini coefficient and Kakwani's progressivity index). Results: In spite of the substantial decrease in real incomes during the recession, the distribution of income remained almost unaltered. The share of total health care funding derived from poorer households increased somewhat, due purely to structural changes. The financial plight of the public sector led to the share of total funding from progressive income taxes to decrease, while regressive indirect taxes and direct payments by households contributed more. Conclusions: It seems that, aside from an increased financing burden on poorer households, Finland's health care system has withstood the tremendous changes of the early 1990s fairly well. This is largely attributable to the features of the tax-financed health care system, which apportions the effects of financial and functional disturbances equitably.
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Ilmakunnas, Ilari. "Societal change and poverty in Finland 1971–2011: The roles of distribution of market income, redistribution and demographic change." Finnish Journal of Social Research 7 (December 15, 2014): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51815/fjsr.110722.
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This study analyses how changes in the distribution of market income, redistribution, and socioeconomic and demographic composition affected relative poverty in Finland in 1971–2011. The effects of these components are analysed using a shift-share analysis of households with a working-age head. Decompositions are carried out using subgroups based on educational level, socioeconomic status, the number of working adults in the household, age, and household size. The data used in the analysis are the Consumer Expenditure Survey for the year 1971 and the Income Distribution Survey for the years 1990 and 2011, from Statistics Finland. In the 1971–1990 period, the poverty rate declined mainly because the income transfer system was more redistributive in 1990 than in 1971. Between 1990 and 2011, the weakened redistributive capacity of the welfare state increased the poverty rate. Changes in the distribution of market income and increase in the number of persons without incomes related to the market also contributed to increasing poverty during the recent decades.
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Irz, Xavier, Laura Fratiglioni, Nataliya Kuosmanen, Mario Mazzocchi, Lucia Modugno, Giuseppe Nocella, Behnaz Shakersain, W. Bruce Traill, Weili Xu, and Giacomo Zanello. "Sociodemographic determinants of diet quality of the EU elderly: a comparative analysis in four countries." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 5 (May 9, 2013): 1177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013001146.
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AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the sociodemographic determinants of diet quality of the elderly in four EU countries.DesignCross-sectional study. For each country, a regression was performed of a multidimensional index of dietary qualityv. sociodemographic variables.SettingIn Finland, Finnish Household Budget Survey (1998 and 2006); in Sweden, SNAC-K (2001–2004); in the UK, Expenditure & Food Survey (2006–07); in Italy, Multi-purpose Survey of Daily Life (2009).SubjectsOne- and two-person households of over-50s (Finland,n2994; UK,n4749); over-50 s living alone or in two-person households (Italy,n7564); over-60 s (Sweden,n2023).ResultsDiet quality among the EU elderly is both low on average and heterogeneous across individuals. The regression models explained a small but significant part of the observed heterogeneity in diet quality. Resource availability was associated with diet quality either negatively (Finland and UK) or in a non-linear or non-statistically significant manner (Italy and Sweden), as was the preference for food parameter. Education, not living alone and female gender were characteristics positively associated with diet quality with consistency across the four countries, unlike socio-professional status, age and seasonality. Regional differences within countries persisted even after controlling for the other sociodemographic variables.ConclusionsPoor dietary choices among the EU elderly were not caused by insufficient resources and informational measures could be successful in promoting healthy eating for healthy ageing. On the other hand, food habits appeared largely set in the latter part of life, with age and retirement having little influence on the healthiness of dietary choices.
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Lindblom, Taru. "Does sugar sweeten the pill of low income? Inequalities in the consumption of various foods between Finnish income groups from 1985 to 2012." Finnish Journal of Social Research 10, no. 1 (December 15, 2017): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.51815/fjsr.110766.
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Numerous studies have shown that social inequality can be reflected through poor food choices. Factors such as low-income, low level of education and low socio-economic position are associated with food consumption behaviours that are considered less beneficial. This study explores the disparities found among income and other socio-economic groups in terms of their food consumption shares. To find out how the food consumption patterns have developed in Finland, a nationally representative Household Budget Survey for the years 1985–2012 is used. Food consumption trends of the income quintiles are analyzed with ANOVA. The shares of food consumption expenditure spent on Meat, Vegetables, Fruit and berries, and Sugars are used as dependent variables; while education, age and household type are used as control variables. The disparities between the income groups have diminished, with meat and sugar consumption being most affected by the studied factors. Low income does not necessarily translate to a household’s less healthy eating habits. Rather, households in the lowest quintile are now depicted by the convergence of their fruit and vegetable consumption with the other income groups.
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Saarinen, Sanni, Heta Moustgaard, Hanna Remes, Riikka Sallinen, and Pekka Martikainen. "Income differences in COVID-19 incidence and severity in Finland among people with foreign and native background: A population-based cohort study of individuals nested within households." PLOS Medicine 19, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): e1004038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004038.
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Background Although intrahousehold transmission is a key source of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections, studies to date have not analysed socioeconomic risk factors on the household level or household clustering of severe COVID-19. We quantify household income differences and household clustering of COVID-19 incidence and severity. Methods and findings We used register-based cohort data with individual-level linkage across various administrative registers for the total Finnish population living in working-age private households (N = 4,315,342). Incident COVID-19 cases (N = 38,467) were identified from the National Infectious Diseases Register from 1 July 2020 to 22 February 2021. Severe cases (N = 625) were defined as having at least 3 consecutive days of inpatient care with a COVID-19 diagnosis and identified from the Care Register for Health Care between 1 July 2020 and 31 December 2020. We used 2-level logistic regression with individuals nested within households to estimate COVID-19 incidence and case severity among those infected. Adjusted for age, sex, and regional characteristics, the incidence of COVID-19 was higher (odds ratio [OR] 1.67, 95% CI 1.58 to 1.77, p < 0.001, 28.4% of infections) among individuals in the lowest household income quintile than among those in the highest quintile (18.9%). The difference attenuated (OR 1.23, 1.16 to 1.30, p < 0.001) when controlling for foreign background but not when controlling for other household-level risk factors. In fact, we found a clear income gradient in incidence only among people with foreign background but none among those with native background. The odds of severe illness among those infected were also higher in the lowest income quintile (OR 1.97, 1.52 to 2.56, p < 0.001, 28.0% versus 21.6% in the highest quintile), but this difference was fully attenuated (OR 1.08, 0.77 to 1.52, p = 0.64) when controlling for other individual-level risk factors—comorbidities, occupational status, and foreign background. Both incidence and severity were strongly clustered within households: Around 77% of the variation in incidence and 20% in severity were attributable to differences between households. The main limitation of our study was that the test uptake for COVID-19 may have differed between population subgroups. Conclusions Low household income appears to be a strong risk factor for both COVID-19 incidence and case severity, but the income differences are largely driven by having foreign background. The strong household clustering of incidence and severity highlights the importance of household context in the prevention and mitigation of COVID-19 outcomes.
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Koskela, Juha, Antti Rautiainen, and Pertti Järventausta. "Utilization Possibilities of Electrical Energy Storages in Households’ Energy Management in Finland." International Review of Electrical Engineering (IREE) 11, no. 6 (December 31, 2016): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/iree.v11i6.10653.
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Zinovyeva, Natalia, and Maryna Tverdostup. "Gender Identity, Coworking Spouses, and Relative Income within Households." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 13, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 258–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20180542.
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Bertrand, Kamenica, and Pan (2015) document that in the United States there is a discontinuity to the right of 0.5 in the distribution of households according to the female share of total earnings, which they attribute to the existence of a gender identity norm. We provide an alternative explanation for this discontinuity. Using linked employer-employee data from Finland, we show that the discontinuity emerges as a result of equalization and convergence of earnings in coworking couples, and it is associated with an increase in the relative earnings of women, rather than a decrease as predicted by the norm. (JEL D12, J12, J16, J22, J31, Z13)
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Households – Finland"
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Pettersson, Anton, and Erika Pagacz. "Does an amortization requirement affect household indebtedness? : A study of Sweden and Finland." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44363.
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The level of indebtedness in Sweden has been rising substantially and is well above thelevels prevalent in other countries. Consequently, the government introduced anamortization requirement in 2016, which was further strengthened in 2018, in order tolower the risk that a high level of debt might constitute for both households as well asfor the economy. We analyse whether mortgage repayment has an effect on the level ofindebtedness and we contribute to the present studies by investigating the effect of anamortization requirement by predicting long term consequences. In order to answer ourresearch question, data from Sweden and Finland is used, two countries that despitemany similarities have very different mortgage repayment cultures. By conducting apanel data analysis, we prove our hypothesis that amortization has a significant effect onthe level of indebtedness. However, we do also discuss that cultural factors might becrucial in determining the actual effects of a mortgage payoff requirement. Yet, weconclude that amortization might be a good start to decrease the high debt level inSweden.
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Palmer, Django. "Estimating the LES demand system using Finnish household budget survey data." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-376293.
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Ruokamo, E. (Enni). "Household preferences for energy goods and services:a choice experiment application." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2019. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526221885.
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Abstract This thesis includes three studies on household preferences for energy goods and services. The first study examines determinants of households’ heating system choices using a choice experiment. The choice sets include six main heating alternatives (district heating, ground heat pump, exhaust air heat pump, solid wood boiler, wood pellet boiler, and electric storage heating) that are described by five attributes (supplementary heating systems, investment costs, operating costs, comfort of use and environmental friendliness). The results imply that hybrid heating appears to be accepted among households. The results also reveal differing preferences for the main heating alternatives and show that they are affected by demographic characteristics. The studied attributes also play a significant role when heating systems are being chosen. The second study is a methodological one that extends the analysis of the first study. The second study explores the effect of perceived choice complexity on the randomness of choices in choice experiments. The study investigates how different self-evaluated factors of choice complexity affect mean scale and scale variance. The findings suggest that perceived choice complexity has a systematic impact on the parameters of econometric models of choice. However, differences exist between alternative self-evaluated complexity-related covariates. The results indicate that individuals who report that answering the choice tasks is more difficult have less deterministic choices. Perceptions of the realism of home heating choice options also affect scale and scale variance. The third study utilizes the choice experiment to analyze households’ willingness to participate in demand side flexibility. The study examines whether individuals are willing to time their electricity usage and heating; whether they are interested in dynamic pricing contracts such as real-time pricing, two-rate tariffs, or power-based tariffs; and how emissions reductions affect their choices. The results indicate that households’ sensitivity to restrictions in electricity usage is much stronger than their sensitivity to restrictions in heating. Households also require compensation to choose real-time pricing over fixed fees. The findings suggest that room may exist for new dynamic electricity distribution contracts, such as power-based tariffs, in the market. Other value-creating elements besides monetary compensation also exist that could incentivize households to offer demand side flexibility because households value power system level reductions in CO2 emissionsTiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja koostuu kolmesta tutkimuksesta, joissa tarkastellaan kotitalouksien preferenssejä energiahyödykkeitä ja -palveluita kohtaan. Ensimmäinen tutkimus keskittyy kotitalouksien lämmitysjärjestelmävalintoihin ja niitä määrittäviin tekijöihin. Tämä tutkimus on tehty valintakoemenetelmällä, jonka valintatilanteet sisältävät kuusi eri päälämmitysjärjestelmävaihtoehtoa (kaukolämpö, maalämpöpumppu, puulämmitys, pellettilämmitys, varaava sähkölämmitys ja poistoilmalämpöpumppu). Päälämmitysjärjestelmiä kuvataan viiden ominaisuuden avulla, jotka ovat tukilämmitysjärjestelmä, investointikustannukset, käyttökustannukset, käyttömukavuus ja ympäristöystävällisyys. Tulosten mukaan kotitalouksien preferenssit päälämmitysjärjestelmävaihtoehtoja kohtaan ovat vaihtelevia. Valintaan vaikuttavat sekä tarkastellut ominaisuudet että kotitalouden demografiset tekijät. Tulokset myös paljastavat, että kotitaloudet suhtautuvat myönteisesti hybridilämmitykseen. Toinen tutkimus on menetelmällinen, missä hyödynnetään ensimmäisen tutkimuksen aineistoa. Tämä tutkimus keskittyy yksilöiden kokeman vastaamisen vaikeuden vaikutuksiin valintakoemenetelmässä. Vastaamisen epätarkkuus tunnistetaan valintakoemenetelmässä skaalan ja skaalavarianssin avulla. Tutkimus tarkastelee, kuinka itsearvioidut vastaamisen vaikeutta mittaavat tekijät vaikuttavat keskimääräiseen skaalaan ja skaalavarianssiin valintojen ekonometrisissa malleissa. Tulosten mukaan koettu vastaamisen vaikeus vaikuttaa systemaattisesti ekonometrisen valintamallin parametreihin. Vastaamisen vaikeutta mittaavien tekijöiden välillä on kuitenkin eroja. Tuloksien perusteella vastaajat, jotka kokevat valintatilanteisiin vastaamisen keskimääräistä vaikeampana, tekevät satunnaisempia valintoja. Myös valintatilanteiden koettu realistisuus vaikuttaa skaalaan ja skaalavarianssiin. Kolmannessa tutkimuksessa arvioidaan kotitalouksien halukkuutta osallistua energian kysyntäjoustoon valintakoemenetelmällä. Tämä tutkimus selvittää ovatko kotitaloudet halukkaitta siirtämään sähkönkulutusta ja lämmitystä, ja kuinka kiinnostuneita he ovat dynaamisista sähkön hinnoittelusopimuksista kuten pörssisähkösopimuksesta, yösähkösopimuksesta tai tehoperusteisesta sopimuksesta. Lisäksi tutkitaan vaikuttavatko järjestelmätason päästövähennykset kotitalouksien valintoihin. Tulosten perusteella kotitaloudet suhtautuvat sähkönkulutuksen rajoituksiin selvästi negatiivisemmin kuin lämmityksen rajoituksiin. Kotitaloudet myös vaativat rahallista korvausta valitakseen pörssisähkösopimuksen kiinteähintaisen sopimuksen sijaan. Tulosten mukaan markkinoilla voisi olla tilaa uudenlaisille sopimustyypeille, kuten tehoperusteiselle vaihtoehdolle. Tulokset osoittavat, että kotitaloudet arvostavat järjestelmätason hiilidioksidipäästövähennyksiä. Täten rahallisen korvauksen lisäksi on olemassa myös muita arvoa luovia tekijöitä lisätä kotitalouksien osallistumista kysyntäjoustoon
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Prytz, Cristina. "Familjen i kronans tjänst : Donationspraxis, förhandling och statsformering under svenskt 1600-tal." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-197362.
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This dissertation investigates what the early modern donation system in Sweden reveals about the Crown’s expectations of the social group that served the state, and what these individuals expected from the Crown. The author shows how the Crown used donations of land rents to remunerate and reward individuals in its service. In 1680 the donation system was abolished and the Crown reclaimed everything that had been alienated. It was not until 1723 that the proprietors could address a specially appointed parliamentary commission (which ended in 1748) and challenge the Crown’s repossession. The deeds of donation and ratification, most issued during the period 1604 to 1680, as well as petitions submitted to the commission constitute the sources used in the investigation. A petition from the recipient usually preceded remunerations and the deeds drawn up by the Crown often refer to these letters. Petitioners accordingly referred to arguments used by the administration in Stockholm. This makes it possible, by direct and indirect methods, to study how both parties sought to change and influence the imagined compact between Crown and families in its service. The negotiation between the parties, studied over such a lengthy period, helps identify tendencies in the way the relation between state and its servants was changing. The thesis shows that there was a clear gender aspect to the process through which state formation happened. Even though most recipients were male, the deeds included his wife and children. Service and fidelity to the Crown was expected also from the descendants of the recipient. Accordingly, the Crown had both liabilities and duties to fulfil to the recipients family. We could say that in the eye of the Crown its servants were a family. The author also argues that the Crown used the donations to create and favour an informal fifth estate and how this policy influenced the shared ideas in society on merits versus ancestry. In the end of the period, however, the imagined compact was changing. The emerging state came with new claims to authority and the need to separate the Crown from its subjects at various levels (legal, political). As the compact became less personal family members were no longer included and women could no longer negotiate from their position within the family.
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SAARITSA, Sakari. "Beneath moral economy : informal assistance in early 20th century Finland." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/10395.
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Defence date: 25/01/2008Examining Board: Prof. Laurence Fontaine (EUI and EHESS) – supervisor Dr. Antti Häkkinen (University of Helsinki) Prof. Arfon Rees (EUI) Prof. Jane Humphries (Oxford University)
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The study concerns informal assistance between households as a form of social security in early 20th century Finland. Its sources consist of oral histories, tax, demographic and welfare records and household budgets. According to the study, the popular ideology related to informal assistance excluded outsiders, idealized shared poverty, relied on familiarity and reciprocity, and appealed to material imperative. It turned necessity into a virtue. In different historical situations, entitlement to assistance was attached to changing political and social circumstances, which made access uncertain, difficult, and at times, humiliating for the beneficiaries. The donors used their position to construct and reinforce their own social identities. In quantitative terms, informal assistance was relatively scarce and took various forms which followed logics that broadly resembled social security, but had significant differences. Actual gifts and assistance were more important for chronically low-income workers, whereas informal loans were related to temporary fluctuations in income, and more accessible to richer workers. Assistance in kind targeted households with many small children. In the male-dominated households of the data, informal assistance in cash was apparently controlled by men, whereas the 'informal child allowance' represented by assistance in kind was controlled by women. On the short run, recourse to informal assistance was a more significant survival strategy than adding labour to the market or taking in tenants. Statistically, the combined effect of gifts, loans and savings allowed the worker families of Helsinki participating in the cost-of-living study of 1928 to compensate approximately 36 % of intra-year income fluctuations. However, these methods offered weaker security for low-income workers than for higher-income workers. Recourse to private savings offered better protection to high-income workers than did the better chance of receiving assistance to low-income workers. The statistical compensation for the latter group was only 30 % of equally dramatic income fluctuations, greater need notwithstanding.
Books on the topic "Households – Finland"
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Suoniemi, Ilpo. The structure of household consumption in Finland, 1966-1990. Helsinki: Government Institute for Economic Research, 1995.
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Kasanen, Pirkko. The choice of heating systems and fuels by households in Finland. Turku: [Turun yliopisto, Maantieteen laitos], 1990.
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Hagfors, Robert. Prospects for household characteristics and the structure of private consumption in Finland. Helsinki: Economic Planning Centre, 1986.
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Taimio, Hilkka. Kotitaloustuotanto ja taloudellinen kasvu: Katsaus mittaamismenetelmiin ja empiirisiin tuloksiin sekä arvio Suomen kotitaloustuotannosta vuosina 1860-1987 = Household production and economic growth : a survey of methods of measurement and empirical results with an estimate of household production in Finland in 1860-1987. Helsinki: Elinkeinoelämän tutkimuslaitos, 1991.
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Napola, Kirsi Kaarina. Critical review of household waste management in Finland and the UK. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 1997.
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Bjork, Stephanie R. Movement. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040931.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses movement in various forms: young Somalis away from family households, online interactions, to Finland drawn by the Finnish welfare state, and international travel including travel to Somalia and the Horn of Africa. While movement presents opportunities, dispersion threatens collective interests. That is especially the case for youth who seek autonomy by living independently from parents or guardian(s) and for others who embrace a Finnish lifestyle. For them, clan networks seem to be more of a constraint than an opportunity. This chapter highlights these tensions between family and clan obligations and autonomy, gender equality, remittances, morality, and Islamic practices and dress.
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Allen, Mike, Lars Benjaminsen, Eoin O'Sullivan, and Nicholas Pleace. Ending Homelessness? Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447347170.001.0001.
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In recent years, across Europe, North America and the Antipodes, a significant number of countries, states and regions have devised strategies that aim to end long-term homelessness and the need to sleep rough. Long considered an intractable or ‘wicked’ social problem, the notion that homelessness could be ended represents a significant sea change in conceptualising and responding to homelessness. A key driver for states, regions and municipalities to devise plans to end homelessness, and an optimism that this policy objective can be achieved, is that there is an increasing research evidence base on what works to end homelessness. This increasingly sophisticated research evidence covers both the prevention of homelessness in the first instance and the support mechanisms that can ensure sustainable exits and stable, secure accommodation for people who have experienced homelessness. This book explores these issues through a detailed comparison of the experiences of Denmark, Finland and Ireland over the past decade. From 2008 to the end of 2018, the numbers living rough and in temporary and emergency accommodation showed a decline of 72 per cent in Finland, while the number of households in emergency accommodation increased by 300 per cent in Ireland; in Denmark, the number of adults in emergency accommodation increased by 12 per cent over the shorter time period of 2009–17. The purpose of this book is to offer explanations for stark variations in these outcomes despite similar starting points.
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Grid And Pervasive Computing Workshops International Workshops S3e Hwts Doctoral Colloquium Held In Conjunction With Gpc 2011 Oulu Finland May 1113 2011 Revised Selected Papers. Springer, 2012.
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Hiilamo, Heikki. "The Politics of Domestic Outsourcing in Finland and Sweden." In The Political Economy of Household Services in Europe, 82–101. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137473721_4.
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Kuha, Miia. "Extended Families as Communities of Religious Experience in Late Seventeenth-Century Eastern Finland." In Palgrave Studies in the History of Experience, 139–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92140-8_6.
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AbstractThis chapter offers an interpretation of extended families as communities of experience in a rural area close to the eastern border of the Swedish realm. Through a case study of lower court records, Kuha examines the social and religious life in a 17th-century farm culminating in the crisis of an extended family. The chapter explores how practices of lived religion shaped the relationship of the community and the individual, and how experiences were negotiated within families and local communities. The analysis highlights the importance of protecting the boundaries of the household as well as the meaning of religious practices in creating cohesion within the community.
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Liljamo, Timo, Heikki Liimatainen, Markus Pöllänen, Roni Utriainen, and Riku Viri. "Potential User Groups of Mobility as a Service in Finland." In Implications of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) in Urban and Rural Environments, 51–81. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1614-0.ch003.
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With a mobility as a service (MaaS) offering, the transport needs of the end customer may be fulfilled in a way, which may challenge the car dominant mobility practices of today. Up to now, there has been few studies focusing on the interest of end users towards MaaS. This chapter presents results from a survey in Finland (N=1,176) and focuses on the interest towards MaaS services among 18-64 year olds and especially the potential of MaaS in different user groups. The authors found that particularly the respondents who currently use public transport, the respondents living in households without a car, the respondents aged 25-34, and the respondents with higher education were more interested to adopt MaaS services. They also found that people living in urban areas and in apartment houses indicated a higher interest towards MaaS. The same groups had also more often no need or will for car ownership if a competitive MaaS service would be available. Continuing urbanisation offers increasing potential for MaaS as there are many mobility services, which can be bundled into a MaaS offerings in cities.
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Allen, Mike, Lars Benjaminsen, Eoin O’Sullivan, and Nicholas Pleace. "Explanations: housing matters." In Ending Homelessness?, 103–38. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447347170.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 explores the role of Housing First and then the broader housing market, particularly social housing, in explaining the variations in outcomes described in previous chapters. The chapter argues that the scale of secure affordable housing and the targeting of those experiencing homelessness are crucial in reducing homelessness. The Irish do worse in this regard despite expending considerable amounts of public funding on the provision of social housing. This is because it largely relies on private providers to provide housing, with the gap between ability to pay and market rents made up by a housing benefit payment. Denmark retains a considerable stock of public social housing, but is facing tight housing markets in its major urban areas, particularly Copenhagen, where homelessness in concentrated. In Finland, the steady provision of secure affordable housing, coupled with a housing-led/focused response to homelessness have allowed for the provision of a significant number of secure tenancies for households experiencing homelessness.
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Baldwin, Peter. "Crime." In The Narcissism of Minor Differences. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391206.003.0008.
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It is Commonly Claimed that American society is crime-ridden and violent. Horrendous numbers of murders are committed, almost twice the per capita rate in 2004–05 of the nearest competitors, Switzerland, Finland, and Sweden (figure 67). The death-by-assault rates in America are over three times the nearest European comparisons, Finland, followed by Portugal. That is without question. Such mayhem cannot be due simply to gun ownership, since by some accounts the Finns and the Swiss have a higher percentage of armed households than the Americans (figure 68). Firearms ownership, though highest in the United States per capita if measured by individual citizen, is not as far beyond the European numbers as one might expect from the horror stories of South Central or the South Bronx. According to the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, Americans own 97 firearms per hundred people, the Finns 69, the Swiss 61, the Swedes 40. Another survey, published by Tilburg University in the Netherlands, the Dutch Ministry of Justice, and two United Nations Institutes, reveals that percentage-wise there are more firearms in the hands of the residents of Zurich, Vienna, Stockholm, Rome, Reykjavik, Oslo, Madrid, Lisbon, Helsinki, and Athens than in those of New Yorkers. Indeed, the burghers of Helsinki, Berlin, Lisbon, Rome, Vienna, and Zurich own proportionately as many or more handguns as New Yorkers. To the extent that gun ownership and hunting overlap, the distinctions between the United States and Europe also fade. Svenska Jägarförbundet, the Swedish Hunters Association, has a membership (200,000) that is proportionately almost twice as high as what the National Rifl e Association claims (4 million). The Schweizer Schiesssportverband (Swiss Shooting Association) has a membership (85,000) that is relatively as high as the NRA’s. Its arguments against current proposals to regulate gun ownership in Switzerland more strictly sound many of the same themes that are heard in the United States, down to the slogan about people, not guns, doing the actual killing. The smaller Pro-Tell Society defends gun ownership as part of Switzerland’s liberal tradition. In Switzerland, of course, men oft en keep their military weapons at home.
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Verma, Ira. "Aging Neighborhood and Social Inclusion – A Case Study." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti220839.
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Currently, in Finland approximately one fifth of the population live in the neighborhoods built in the 1960s and 1970s. The built environment is aging, and at the same time the share of the oldest resident cohorts is growing. The neighborhood built environment and social cohesion become important for vulnerable groups, such as older people, who spend a lot of their time at home and in the surroundings. Urban densification and renewal of the old neighborhoods need to take into consideration the local population structure, their needs for the physical and social environment. This paper presents an ongoing case study. The objective was to recognize the meaningful spaces for inclusive social activities in the neighborhood, focusing on aging residents. Qualitative and mixed methods were used to study older people’s lived experiences and their relation to the neighborhood. The case study neighborhood is undergoing an important urban development process. A new service hub, with commercial and public services as well as a new metro station, is attracting seniors to move to the area. As most activities are concentrated in the new service hub, access to local services become more difficult for vulnerable groups. The spaces for informal social encounters within the neighborhood are getting fewer and more people of all ages are living in one-person households than previously. To build socially sustainable communities, the integration of all resident groups is important. Successful urban transformation benefits new residents, but also include current residents. The densification and renovation taking into account Universal Design principles can support the vitality, social cohesion, and attractiveness of a neighborhood.
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Jormanainen, Vesa. "Over 89% Adoption Rate of the Nationwide Online Patient Portal in Finland." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti220537.
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Among 1,650 persons in an internet panel survey in October 2020 in Finland, over 89% reported use of the nationwide My Kanta online patient portal. Only 1.5% of the respondents did not know the service. Compared with non-users, among My Kanta users there were more females, less living in countryside, household net income was higher, and more reported independent use of online services. My Kanta use increased by poorly self-rated health status, increasing number of reported prescribed medicines, long-term diseases and physician visits during the six previous months.
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Swan, Peter L., and P. Joakim Westerholm. "Are Domestic Household Investors Better Performers than Foreign Institutions? New Evidence from Finland." In Behavioral Finance, 115–55. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813100091_0004.
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Barth, Erling, Kalle Moene, and Axel West Pedersen. "Rising Inequality in the Egalitarian Nordics." In Europe's Income, Wealth, Consumption, and Inequality, 218–45. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197545706.003.0006.
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The chapter demonstrates that while the Nordic countries remain relatively affluent and egalitarian, inequality of disposable household income has been on the rise over the past 30 years. The increase in income inequality and relative income poverty has been strongest in Sweden and more modest in three other countries. In Sweden and, to a lesser extent, in Finland and Denmark, a reduced role for social transfers among the working age population has contributed to a decline in relative income levels enjoyed by the bottom deciles. Often in the wake of serious macroeconomic downturns, politicians have reduced the generosity of social transfers to improve labour market incentives. Even if these reforms have had the intended effect on employment, the increase in earnings has not been sufficient to replace the loss of social transfers.
Conference papers on the topic "Households – Finland"
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Lettenmeier, Michael, Kristiina Aalto, Senja Laakso, Tuuli Hirvilammi, and Satu Lähteenoja. "Material Footprint of Low-income Households in Finland – is it Sustainable?" In The 1st World Sustainability Forum. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wsf-00729.
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