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Jim, Abongile. "Health seeking behaviours in South Africa: a household perspective using the general households survey of 2007." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1219_1360587139.
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This study is aimed at empirically examining health seeking behaviours in terms of illness response on household level at South Africa using 2007 General Household Survey and other
relevant secondary sources. It provides an assessment of health seeking behaviours at the household level using individuals as unit of analysis by exploring the type of health care provider sought, the reason for delay in health seeking and the cause for not consulting. This study also assesses the extent of dissatisfaction among households using medical centres and this factor in health care utilisation is considered as the main reason for not consulting health care services. All the demographic and health seeking variables utilised in this study are controlled for medical aid cover because it is a critical variable in health care seeking. Therefore this study makes distinction on illness reporting and they type of health care consulted by medical aid holders and non medical aid holders. Statistical analyses are conducted to explore and predict the way in which demographic variables and socio economic variables affect health care seeking behaviours.
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Ngcobo, Lindiwe. "Perceptions of rural households about the role and effect of biogas production on rural household income in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4694.
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Rural development efforts to reduce poverty and enhance food security and generally improve livelihoods in developing countries continue to be constrained by high energy cost. For that reason, renewable energy has been identified as a possible panacea to fill this gap. Renewable energy is cheaper, more accessible and environmentally sustainable and promotes inclusivity. Biogas is a renewable energy that is readily available and easy to use by poor rural households. The use of biogas digesters among households in rural areas of developing countries is a well-known technology. The potential for biogas in these areas has been demonstrated and a strong economic case has been made. However, its adoption and use have been lower than expectations possibly as result of non-economic considerations, including social issues about which rural people hold different perceptions. Perceptions of rural households are important because they influence the behaviour to a large extent. Since limited access to affordable energy in rural areas has encouraged government and private organisations to initiate biogas projects to overcome the challenge, it is important to ascertain the factors that affect attitudes towards the technology. The present study sought to explore perceptions of rural households about biogas production towards rural household income in the Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality. Specifically, this research investigated the state of biogas project being implemented by the University of Fort Hare’s Institute of Technology (FHIT), the perceptions of respondents towards biogas production and determine the contribution of biogas consumption to rural income. The study also aimed to identify the factors affecting the adoption of biogas production in the study area. The study was carried out in Melani village in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and employed survey data obtained from 48 households who were enumerated to identify their perceptions on biogas production, with special emphasis on the role and effect contributed to rural income of Melani village. The study employed a cross-sectional research design and purposive sampling technique was used in data collection. Data were collected and captured in Excel and then analysed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) Version 24 Descriptive statistics was used to examine socio-economic characteristics of households and state of biogas production in the area, Bivariate correlation analysis was used to determine the relationships among the key elements of perceptions of household towards biogas adoption, binary logistic model was used to estimate factors influencing adoption of biogas technology by households. The results show that women were dominant for both adopters and non-adopters of biogas. The majority of households were young with mean age of 40 years while for non-adopters were 65 years old on average. The results showed high levels of literacy amongst household adopters. Majority of the households for both adopters and non-adopters of biogas technology were married and unemployed and household size ranged from one to five persons, with social grants being dominant source of income. The bivariate correlation analysis suggests a positive effect of green pepper production and livestock ownership on biogas technology adoption. Age and level of education were negatively correlated with adoption of biogas. The cross tabulation analysis suggests that water scarcity, lack of knowledge about biogas technology, cattle ownership, lack of maintenance and repairing, flooded biogas digesters during rainy season are negatively associated with the uptake of biogas technology. The empirical results from binary logistic model suggest that land size was the key determinant of adoption behaviour towards biogas technology while age of the household head, source of income and level of education may have a negative influence on adoption of biogas technology. Based on the findings highlighted above, the study recommends strategies to encourage households to adopt biogas technology.
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Mosia, Matladi Daniel. "The use of secondary data in the study of living arrangements of households : a case of the October household survey-'96 (OHS) : Western Cape Province." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52032.
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Incorrect Afrikaans summary included in thesis.Thesis (MPhil--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study was aimed at using secondary data to conduct an investigation into the relationship between macro-economic factors on one hand and aspects of household life on the other hand. On the basis of the results thereof, an assessment was to be made of how such a relationship reflected on the living arrangements of households in contemporary South African society. The basis of the analysis was secondary data from the October Household Survey (OHS-96) data set, which is rich in specific information encompassing various aspects of human life, like demographic details and household variables as well as health, education and employment variables. As expected, the results showed that the current state of living arrangements of households is characterised by positive relationships between income levels on the one hand and households variables like type of dwelling and dwelling ownership on the other hand. However, the same findings further revealed a surprising outcome that unlike expected, there is no clear relationship between income and another significant household variable i.e. household size (members). However, our findings lead us to a conclusion that on the whole, there is a hypothesised relationship between macro-economic conditions of a country on one hand, and patterns in living arrangements of households on the other hand. The results further revealed that as expected, the factors of magisterial district and race/population groups have an effect on this relationship that reflect our legacy of social and economic development policies of the apartheid era which gave rise to urban (metropolitan) and racial bias in the socio-economic development of households. The results thereof are that African households in particular, and urban poor black households in general, have become the least prosperous in terms of material or economic living conditions. The implications of these findings for theory and policy are highlighted. At the level of methodology, the valuable experience of this study served to further highlight the worth of secondary data analysis, not only in general economic terms, but also as invaluable educational or teaching tool for students which recommends its increased use by all practitioners or institutions of social research methods.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Internet en sy Kuberruimtes is ontwikkel in die 1960s as 'n manier om inligting oor te dra sonder die risiko van intersepsie en vernietiging. Vandag, 40 jaar later het die Internet gegroei in beide grootte en toepassing. Die mees algemene gebruike is nogsteeds kommunikasie en die oordrag van informasie. Hierdie tesis is 'n etnografiese studie van my ervaringe in 'n Kuberruimte van die Internet- 'n virtuele gemeenskap byname Amazon City.com. Virtuele gemeenskappe is areas op die Internet waar mense bymekaar kom om hul daaglikse lewens, kwessies en enige iets toepaslik vir die spesifieke gemeenskap, te bespreek. Die tipe gemeenskap word gesien as 'n reaksie van die verval van "derde plekke" in af-lyn lewe en globalisering Die gemeenskap wat vorm in hierdie areas ontwikkel kulturele veronderstelling. Hierdie veronderstellings word openbaar aan 'n nuwe lid deur tyd en interaksie in die konferensie area. Die veronderstellings wat ek ervaar het strek van kennis benodig om 'n aanvaarde en suksesvolle lid van die gemeenskap te word, tot taal gebruik en identiteit van die lede. Die konklusie is bereik dat lede hul interaksie en lidmaatskap in hierdie gemenskappe as net so bevredigend en "eg" ervaar as hul aktiwiteite in hul af-lyn lewe. Verdere aspekte wat 'n webblad 'n suksesvolle en ekonomiese vatbare besigheids strategie maak vir sy eienaar, was my volgende fokus. Internet besigheid groei teen 'n geweldige spoed, en impliseer nie slegs die verkoop van produkte aanlyn nie. Rekenaar-ondersteunde kommunikasie toestelle is geimplimenteer op kommersiële webbladsye nadat dit gevind is in die vroeë 1990s dat mense soek vir 'n plek wat meer is as net nog 'n winkel. Ander maniere wat hierde dot com webbladsye gebruik om inkomste te genereer en of die lede gesien word as burgers of as verbruikers word ook bestudeer. Daar is gevind dat die lede hulself sien as burgers maar webbladsy lojaliteit sal die lede aanspoor om as verbruikers op te tree indien nodig. Die kommersiële aspekte van die tipe webbladsy is 'n noodsaaklik deel vir die voortbestaan van die dot com webbladsy, en die gemeenskap wat daar ontwikkel.
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Wanka, Fru Awah. "The impact of educational attainment on household poverty in South Africa: A case study of Limpopo province." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8495.
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Masters of CommerceFrom 194 7-1994, South Africans were ruled under apartheid - a racially discriminatory political and economic system. As the name itself implies, apartheid is an Afrikaans name meaning "apartness". The provision of education in South Africa during this regime was poor, particularly for the African (black) population and most especially those living in homelands. This led to under-investment in human capital development particularly in the rural areas which resulted in, low levels of skills that have persisted till today. This has hindered those lacking the required skills to obtain lucrative employment and earning prospects. This study aims at investigating the impact of a household head's educational attainment level on the poverty status of the household in South Africa with case study of Limpopo province.
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Alba, Manuel Rafael. "Natural disaster and household recovery in the aftermath of hurricane Andrew : a case study of four Hispanic households in South Miami Heights." FIU Digital Commons, 1995. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1187.
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This thesis explores the aid received by four Hispanic households towards recovery after Hurricane Andrew. The four households resided in South Miami Heights, a suburb of Miami. Through the use of questionnaires, information was gathered on various storm related topics. Because the Cuban community in Miami is influential, the role of the Cuban enclave is studied in relation to the recovery of these households. The influence of an urban environment on the extended family ties of these households is also addressed since the literature argues that these ties are powerful among Hispanics. Results show, that aid primarily came from two sources. Furthermore, the Cuban enclave appears to have had no discernible role in the recovery of these households. Finally, an urban setting did not appear to diminish extended family ties.
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Åström, Petter. "Cash crops vs food crops : A case study of household's crop choices in Babati District." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-2605.
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According to earlier research farmer's crop orientation in developing countries mainly depends on farm size, large-scale farmers prefer cash crop while small-scale farmers prefer subsistence crops. The first aim of this study is to see if this hypothesis can be applied on six households in Babati District in rural Tanzania. The second aim is to investigate if other factors than farm size affect crop portfolio choice and the final aim is to see if those crop portfolio models can be improved. A case-study research design and qualitative interviews are used. The primary data is based on a fieldwork that took place from the 18th of February until the 7th of March 2009 in the study area.
From a theoretical perspective the underlying assumptions of the Marcel Fafchamp's model Crop portfolio choice under multivariate risks is discussed in connection to the result of the study.
Interviews were made with six households of different farm size. The result of the study indicates that both small-scale and large-scale farmers are using cash crops. The fact that all crops can be used for selling, gives also small-scale farmers in season with higher prices, an opportunity to sell a large share of their crops. It's thereby not possible to state that large-scale farmers devote a larger share of their land for cash crop than small-scale farmers do.
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Musekiwa, Pamela. "Livelihood strategies of female headed households in Zimbabwe: the case of Magaso Village, Mutoko District in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005967.
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This research study explored livelihood strategies that female headed households adopt in Magaso village of Mutoko district in Zimbabwe. The study intended to achieve the following objectives: (i) examine the existing livelihood strategies of female headed households (ii) explore the various challenges faced by female headed households and (iii) establish the support mechanisms in place for female headed households to cope with life challenges .The literature reviewed in the study was drawn from several researchers, and the study was shaped by the strengths perspectives and the liberal feminism perspective. The study was qualitative in nature and used interviews to collect data from fifteen (15) female headed households. The data collection process used an interview guide. The research employed a qualitative research design in the form of a case study cum a phenomenological study design. Data was analysed qualitatively using the content thematic data analysis which used interpretive approaches and presentation is textual rather than statistical. The study findings were the following: engaging in subsistence farming was found to be the main livelihood activity of the female heads; engaging in home gardens; exchanging labour for food; involvement in business; reliance on temporary employment from different agencies; reliance on handouts from government and other bodies; and household heads sanctioning child labour that compromises school attendance. Moreover, these female heads faced numerous difficulties ranging from emotional, social to financial problems that resulted in worsening the condition of women, and hence validating feminization of poverty among them. Several support mechanisms were discovered to be available for the female heads but they fail to produce to fruitful results to the lives of the female heads. The study made the following recommendations: mainstreaming gender education from childhood stage; efforts aimed at job creation; financial empowerment through setting up of micro schemes for rural women amongst; seeking the services of agricultural extension services to the female head farmers; improving the social services delivery in Zimbabwe equitably across genders and strengthening informal strategies to improve women‘s social capital. Lastly, the study concluded that little is being done in terms of policy formulation to make the support structures responsive to the female headed households especially in rural areas, hence the need for sustainable development through empowerment.
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Puenpatom, Rajitkanok. "Effects of Thai healthcare policy on household demand, hospital efficiency and household earnings." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2006/r_puenpatom_121106.pdf.
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Maredza, Mandy. "Economic consequences for households of illness and of paying health care in Zimbabwe: A case study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9397.
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Includes bibliographical references.This study investigates the economic consequences of illness and of paying for health care in Zimbabwe. It explores the incidence of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments, catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), impoverishment and the factors, (particularly socio-economic factors) associated with them. In addition, this study determines the strategies that households employ to cope with the financial burden of OOP payments in Zimbabwe. Data was collected from 499 households in Harare urban and Seke rural districts of Zimbabwe. Total monthly household OOP health expenditure was defined as 'catastrophic' if it exceeded the threshold level of 40% of a household's monthly capacity to pay. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors that influence the incidence of CHEs. A non-poor household was impoverished by OOP health expenditure if its total household expenditure after deducting OOP payments was lower than the subsistence expenditure. The results of this study indicated that, the incidence of CHEs was very high amongst the study population. Households at all levels of wealth incurred catastrophic health expenditures, and the proportion of households incurring CHEs was similar across the asset quintiles. Out-of-pocket payments precipitated impoverishment of non-poor households. Poor households, households with members above 65 years, female headed households, households with member(s) suffering from chronic illness and households with greater use of health services were at higher risk of incurring CHEs. On the contrary, households with a disabled member were less likely to incur CHEs. Besides 'avoiding seeking care', selling of assets and borrowing were the 2 most popular strategies used to cope with OOP health care payments. An analysis of these results suggests that, targeted exemption of vulnerable households, as well as provision of subsidised health services could reduce the economic impact of illness on households. The results of this study also point out to the need for strengthening risk pooling mechanisms through the implementation of community based health insurance schemes and enhancing tax collection. In addition, other strategies that extend beyond the health sector such as economic empowerment of women could be effective in mitigating the economic impact of illness amongst female headed households in Zimbabwe.
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Hansen, Ellen Rita 1954. "Mexican women and the decision to migrate: Multiple respondents in household studies." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291879.
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This research is an exploration of the applicability of a methodology to the study of decision making on migration in Mexican households. This thesis shows the importance of using multiple respondents in order to examine the role of women in decision making within Mexican households that have migrated. Women's roles in the processes of decision making and migration are varied, but individuals in all households studied indicated that migration is a family, rather than individual, decision. Gender differences appeared in responses to many questions, emphasizing men's and women's different priorities. The most striking differences emerged between spouses in the same household, and the results show the inaccurate picture that can develop if one household member is used to represent all members.
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Brito, González Fernando José. "Fertility and household savings: the case of Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/138145.
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Magíster en Economía AplicadaIngeniero Civil Industrial
There is consensus among economists and policy makers that higher saving rates foster domestic investment and economic growth. Therefore, understanding the determinants of savings is a fundamental concern for economic development. Consistent with the life-cycle hypothesis, one of the key determinants of savings is demographics. The decline in fertility and the forthcoming population aging, particularly in emerging economies, have the potential to reshape age structure and affect domestic savings. Thus, exploring the dynamics of demographics plays a central role in the study of the main determinants of household savings. This study estimates the impact of the quantity of children on household savings. To explore this issue, this paper employs Chilean cross-sectional micro-data from the Household Expenditure Survey (waves 1987, 1997, 2007 and 2012). A main problem in the study of the relationship between the number of children and household savings is endogeneity. The number of children is likely to affect household savings, but the reverse causal effect may also be true. The household data set used in this study not only allows us to control for attributes at households level, but also to deal with potential endogeneity. Specifically, this paper contributes to the literature on the demographic-savings nexus using an Instrumental Variable approach to avoid potential endogeneity biases. Specifically, this study exploits the fact that sex sibling composition generates an exogenous variation of the household's quantity of children. Consistent with the idea that Chilean parents prefer balanced sex ratios in their family composition, this study cannot reject the null hypothesis that the sex sibling composition of the first two children significantly affects the probability of having a third child. Another advantage of this instrument is that the sex of a child is randomly determined. Thus, an instrumental variable constructed from the sex sibling composition proves to satisfy both the relevance and exclusion conditions. Studies that do not take into account potential endogeneity problems found little effect (see, e.g., [Harris et al., 2012] or [Gallego and Butelmann, 2001]). However, once we deal with potential endogeneity, this paper finds that the effect of the number of children on household savings is statistically significant and economically meaningful. This study finds an average effect of -13.98%. This effect is progressive in the sense that it is small for the poor (-8.05%) and large for the rich (-18.29%). The main conclusion of this paper is that the demographic transition increased average savings rates in Chile. Specifically, while parents (of all socioeconomic segments of population) begun to have less children and postponing parenting they automatically decreased household's consumption and via labor offer they also increased household's income. Additionally, they had an important precautionary motive for increasing savings rate. Increased savings rates due to fertility trends, however, was mostly observed among the rich. This show us how much can be gained from well run public policies targeted to the poor. Governmental aid that not only provides basic goods and services to reduce marginal propensity to consume, but also that promotes basic financial education to make young people conscious on the consequences of their consumption lifestyles, can have a dramatic positive effect and can help to match up opportunities.
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Munro, Kirstin Marie Elizabeth. "Trade-offs: the Production of Sustainability in Households." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3777.
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Over the past half-century, environmental problems have become increasingly serious and seemingly intractable, and a careless, clueless, or contemptuous consumer is often portrayed as the root cause of this environmental decline. This study takes a different approach to evaluating the demand for resources by households, assessing possible pro-environmental paths forward through a study of highly ecologically-conscious households. By modeling "green" households as producers of sustainability rather than consumers of environmental products, the sustainability work that takes place in households is brought into focus. An investigation of household sustainability production makes possible the evaluation of the trade-offs inherent in these pro-environmental activities.
Ethnographic interviews with 23 sustainability-oriented households with young children living in and near Portland, Oregon, provide data on how households balance priorities and get things done in day-to-day life by employing the available resources, limited by constraining factors. An orienting perspective combining neoclassical and radical political economic theories of household production frames the analysis of how households make choices between alternatives. Sociological theories of consumption and theories of social practice aid in the analysis of how these choices have evolved over time, and how household members view the social meanings of these choices. Particular attention is paid to areas of day-to-day life neglected in previous research--household waste, comfort, and cleanliness.
The results indicate that there is not one "sustainability" with varying degrees across a "green" spectrum, but rather varying priorities in the sustainability realm--personal health, nature, waste avoidance, technology, and community. This analysis reveals some of the negative consequences of shifting the responsibility for environmental protection to households. Ecologically-conscious households devote substantial time and money to these sustainability efforts, but their efforts frequently stimulate conflicts, and the end results are rarely perfect. Constrained resources and limited information mean household members must make trade-offs between competing priorities, often under duress. The results suggest that policies promoting household-level sustainability efforts may be misguided, as this transfer of institutional responsibility for environmental protection to individuals and groups results in even greater burdens on households, whose time and money are already stretched to their limits.
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Schenk, Eugène A. M. "Households, automobility and emissions the Dutch case, 1985-2015 /." [Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1998. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=8424.
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Richter, Kaspar. "Household welfare and income shocks : the case of Russia." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2004. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2122/.
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The thesis investigates the impact of changes in household income on household welfare in Russia during 1994 to 1998. Part I introduces the main estimation techniques (Instrumental Variables, Difference-In-Differences and Matching), the data sources and the context of the Russian arrears crisis. Part II contains the empirical analysis. Chapter 5 simulates the effect of government cash transfers on poverty with Instrumental Variables estimation, taking into account consumption smoothing of households. Changes in cash transfer policy led unambiguously to a rise in poverty between 1994 and 1998. Chapter 6 explores the welfare effects of non-payments of pensions in 1996 using a Difference-In-Differences model. The loss of pension income doubled poverty rates and worsened nutrition among affected pensioners. Elderly men suffered from a decline in health and were more likely to die in the two years following the crisis. Households responded in ways that mitigated the impact of the crisis, replacing one-fifth of lost pension income through increased labour supply and asset sales. Chapter 7 analyses the impact of wage arrears on the elderly who were either working themselves or living together with workers. Matching techniques establish that wage arrears had a detrimental impact on old age welfare, including current and future health, over a wide range of control variables and sample restrictions. In line with the findings on pension arrears, the effect was larger on men than on women. Arrears households compensated about 10 to 14 percent of the wage loss from other income sources. Chapter 8 studies the link between wage arrears and child health. Wage arrears resulted in a decline of economic well-being, nutrition and growth status of affected children. Arrears households replaced up to one fifth of the wage reduction with other receipts. The final chapter summarizes the main findings.
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Romahn, Bernhard Paul. "Operationalizing integrated household energy planning : the case of Malawi." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9225.
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Bibliography: leaves 355-379.Recognition since the 1970s of the adverse consequences in developing countries of deforestation on the livelihood of farmers and the poorer segments of urban households, and on the environment, has led to extensive investments in energy research and household energy projects. Poor performance and failures of woodfuel projects and other policy interventions have led to a radical reconsideration and criticism of the woodfuel scarcity paradigm and associated methodologies and assumptions. Recent research has been focussing on developing a new methodological framework for integrated fuelwood and household energy policies. Against this background, the main objective of this research consists in exploring and evaluating concepts and hypotheses which may be used for developing an effective analytical planning and policy framework for household energy policy. Empirical research has been conducted by the author over several years in Malawi. At the macro level, the often poorly-understood and contentious relationship between population growth, land tenure and land-use changes, fuelwood use and deforestation is examined. Another major methodological theme in household energy policy formation is the conceptualization of farm household decision behaviour and their responses to fuelwood pressures. Relationships between fuelwood and agricultural policies are examined. A range of rural and urban policy interventions are studied in depth. The empirical evidence from Malawi shows that there is no universal set of policy prescriptions which neatly apply to all household energy issues in developing countries. Nevertheless, the complexity of the interlinkages between factors impacting on household energy production, distribution and use points to the need for a coherent conceptual framework. Integrated Household Energy Planning provides this, not in a simple step-by-step set of procedures, but rather in terms of an approach which is sensitive to the range of factors which need to be analyzed and understood before policies are formulated and implemented.
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Hlungulu, Nolukholo Faith. "Home activities promoting mathematical skills in foundation phase : a case study of grandmother-headed households." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4926.
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Recent factors identified as contributory to poor mathematics performance in South Africa include lack of parental involvement coupled by the divorce of mathematics education to children’s everyday lives. This exploratory study, therefore focused on home activities grandmothers engage their Grade 2 grandchildren that may promote mathematical skills of Foundation Phase learners. This study followed a qualitative, interpretive and case study research design, to explore home activities grandmothers engage their Grade 2 grandchildren that may promote mathematical skills of Foundation Phase learners. A small scale study of six grandmothers and three Grade 2 teachers were sampled through purposive and snowball sampling. In line with the protocol of the case study, semi-structured individual face to face interviews and shadowing were used to collect data. One striking feature of the main findings was the diversity mathematics applications home activities contained. These include physical, financial and fun playful home activities. Data also revealed that these home activities could reinforce numbers and what numbers mean; reinforce shape recognition and spatial relationships; complement matching, classification and sorting and reinforce measuring and time. This implies that curriculum must incorporate children’s social capital. Both teachers and grandmothers acknowledged that children’s mathematics education is complex and an effective partnership between grandmothers and teachers is needed if children are to be competent in mathematics.
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Bogner, Matthew Preston. "Nursing staff members' reactions to household model implementation." Thesis, Central Michigan University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10132103.
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Traditional nursing homes are based on a model that can limit a resident’s ability to make basic choices, minimize opportunities to direct their own lives, and ultimately destroy the human spirit. As an alternative to the traditional model, the household model is an arrangement in which small groups of residents direct their daily lives in a shared home setting (a household), supported by a decentralized self-led service team of frontline professionals empowered to be responsive to the residents’ needs. While many frontline nursing staff members are advocates of the need for change, it is also common for them to react negatively toward the process of household model implementation. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine nurse aides’ and licensed nurses’ reactions to household model implementation. Sixteen semi-structured interviews were transcribed verbatim, divided into 524 units of meaning, and coded using concepts of Oreg, Vakola, and Armenakis’ (2011) theoretical model, derived from 60 years of qualitative studies on change recipients’ reactions to organizational change. In this model, employee reactions are a function of antecedents, categorized as pre-change (individual characteristics and internal context) and change antecedents (change process, perceived benefit/harm, and change content). Antecedents influence affective, cognitive, and behavioral reactions to change and, subsequently, lead to change consequences, including work-related and personal consequences. Two trained independent coders reviewed transcripts and achieved 70% agreement. Explicit reactions accounted for 48% of comments, followed by antecedents (27%) and change consequences (25%). Most common antecedents were related to change process (71%), perceived benefit/harm (24%), and change recipient characteristics (4%). Study participants reported difficulties with cross training, initial experiences of hardship and fear, confusion over the new model, and perceptions that it would be harmful to staff members and residents. Although experiences improved over time, some staff members, who self-identified as positive individuals, still reported perceived harm and engaged in resistant behaviors. Explicit reactions to change were behavioral (41%), cognitive (33%), and affective (26%). Most staff members supported household model implementation through their actions. They communicated with each other to learn and to cope with change. While three staff members actively resisted changes, they still supported at least some aspects of the household model. Cognitive and affective reactions were mixed, ranging from excitement and happiness to fear, nervousness, and frustration. Core household model components were received as positive, especially for residents. Concerns regarding work accounted for 94% of all reported organizational change consequences and included insufficient household staffing, harder working conditions, insufficient time to get everything done (or to do it well), and widespread feelings of isolation. The theoretical model for analyzing organizational change proved to be useful in understanding nursing staff members’ reactions to household model implementation and for identifying proactive steps to manage this change. Ongoing education is recommended to ensure staff members follow through with changes over time and to reduce confusion and perceptions of harm. The household model may need to be staffed at a higher level, at least initially, to maintain the same quality of care as in the traditional care delivery model. Ongoing team training within each household can serve to improve operations and balance responsibilities of blended roles. Due to the decentralized environments, potential feelings of isolation among residents and staff members are anticipated, which can be alleviated through regular multi-household gatherings.
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Qase, Nomawethu. "Energy policy, informal sector and urban household livelihoods : a case study of meat traders in the Western Cape." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5283.
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Bibliography: leaves 77-81.This dissertation highlights the links between energy, informal sector and urban household livelihoods. The critical argument is that energy is a key input in some of the informal sector activities such as street food vending which is dominant in urban environments. The energy needs of the street food vendors are easily visible to the eye, because street food vendors are found everywhere on the street comers, taxi ranks, and other places where there is a proven flow of people. Despite this, the energy needs for informal sector activities are not well integrated into policies and strategies aimed at supporting the development of the informal sector. To address this situation, it is recommended that energy policy makers need to revise the current conceptualisation of the household sub-sector in order to incorporate energy planning for income generation.
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Paljevic, Miro. "Division of Labor within the Household: The Experience of Bosnian Immigrant Women in Portland, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1421.
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This research study examines the impact of international migration of household labor for Bosnian immigrant women living in Portland, Oregon. Bosnia is a society with enduring patriarchal traditions which assume that women are in charge of doing household chores. Men are in charge of providing for the family monetarily. Many Bosnian families migrated to the U.S. in the mid 1990's in order to escape the war in Bosnia. In this study I interview 10 of these Bosnian women, concerning the division of labor in their homes in Bosnia and their homes in U.S. After migrating to the U.S. the amount of work women did within the home lessened as their husbands became more involved in helping with various chores. The changes in the division of household labor did not subvert traditional gender roles. Wives transferred and adapted their views of gender performativity after they migrated to the United States. The results are consistent with research that states that migrant women focus more on advancement of their family rather on their own emancipation.
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Martsynkevych, Vladlena. "Standby energy consumption in Ukraine making a case for households." Saarbrücken VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2007. http://d-nb.info/989356027/04.
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Lee, Peter. "Three essays on modelling household labour supply." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12325.
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Labour supply modelling is one of the most prevalent research topics in the economic literature, and the employment implications are among the most persistent characteristics of public policy evaluation. This dissertation examines the employment responses of Australian households by developing economic models believed to better capture the employment behaviour of three important demographic subgroups, namely, partnered parents (married or de facto), single mothers and unemployed individuals. For each subgroup, a substantive empirical analysis is developed with the key focus on evaluating their employment responses to wage, childcare costs and public transfers. The results are of particular interest to policy makers who wish to evaluate the effects of a number of policies on household employment decisions. The first analysis examines the implications of childcare utilisation on employment behaviour of partnered parents. For mothers during the childcare phase, there is widespread consensus that childcare plays a crucial role in facilitating the transition into employment. To capture household childcare implications, this analysis proposes a behavioural labour supply model where labour force participation, hours worked and the provision of parental care are endogenous. The model establishes relationships between optimal time spent in parental care and work by incorporating structural time constraints of parents and children within the household, while it is sufficiently flexible to characterise a large variety of household responses. The model for partnered parents is employed to estimate the effects of wage and the price of childcare on employment and parenting behaviour and well-being, using a cross-sectional dataset formed by pooling three waves of Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) data from 2009 to 2011. The analysis reports wage elasticity and childcare price elasticity for the sample and subgroups within the sample. Using behavioural simulation techniques, the analysis further investigates four alternative payment schemes of the Child Care Rebate (CCR) program that are less costly to implement, and their employment implications on partnered parents. These simulations have illustrated the effectiveness of childcare subsidies in shaping the willingness to supply labour among parents with children. The results suggest that childcare subsidies can be an effective means to promote female labour supply if public transfers target more responsive subgroups, such as low-income households, through the use of income means tests. The second analysis investigates the sensitivity of single mothers’ labour supply to income support programs and tax rules. A structural static model of labour supply is formulated to explicitly take into account childcare decisions. The model is applied to estimate the labour supply and the provision of parental care for Australian single mothers, where a panel dataset is constructed based on five waves of HILDA from 2006 to 2010. The time structure of the panel data requires the development of an econometric specification that is compatible with the nature of panel data. The results indicate that childcare expenses significantly undermine labour-market activities of single mothers but the effect is small for the average worker. The effect is large, however, for individuals at the bottom end of income distribution. Resulting from the adjustments of a number of budget set components, this analysis further simulates the sensitivity of parents’ labour supply to individual income support programs and tax rules. The third analysis relaxes the conventional market clearing assumption and considers labour supply decisions in a rationed labour market in which some individuals are unable to obtain work. Specifically, the probability of being unemployed is separately identified to distinguish between the inability to obtain work and not being in the labour force. A decision process similar to the double-hurdle model is incorporated in the discrete choice labour supply model, in which market participants are confronted with the risk of being unemployed. The econometric specification assumes that each individual chooses from amongst a set of discrete hour choices to maximise a predefined utility function, in which the expected utility from market participation is weighted by probability of being in employment. Within the single structural labour supply model, the household unemployment risk, preferences for consumption and leisure and the fixed costs of work are jointly estimated. The dataset is based on three waves of HILDA data between 2009 and 2011 and consists of partnered households aged between 25 and 59. The estimation results obtained from the extended model are compared to those from the conventional discrete choice model. The effects of controlling for the unemployment risk are assessed by discussing the discrepancies in the estimation results. Furthermore, this analysis investigates the sensitivity of household labour supply to program parameters, in particular, the benefits available to unemployed individuals, by simulating employment responses of hypothetical adjustments to unemployment benefits in Australia. In particular, the estimation results are applied to simulate the employment effects of two alternative payment schemes of Newstart Allowance. The results suggest that an absolute increase in the Newstart Allowance payment is likely to discourage the labour supply of working females while promoting non-working females to participate in the labour market; and a reduction in the Newstart taper rate leads to positive employment effects in both hours worked and participation. However, the impact of the Newstart Allowance benefits on male labour supply is found to be largely insignificant.
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Restrepo, R. Jannette. "Female-headed households and their homes : the case of Medellin, Colombia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0033/MQ64119.pdf.
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Spindler, Margaret. "Household of God a case study of shared intercultural mission /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1997. http://www.tren.com.
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Duque, Javier Armando Pineda. "Gender, masculinities and development : the case of the Colombian Microenterprise Plan." Thesis, Durham University, 2000. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4612/.
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This study explores men's gender identities in development. It develops an analysis of gender power relations in households as economic limits by considering gender as a social identity not limited to women and exploring the gendered character of men’s work in development. The analysis focuses on three urban programmes from different development organisations involved in the National Microenterprise Plan in Colombia. The thesis examines changing expressions of masculinity and gender relations of power in households in which couples are working in family microenterprises, and one of the members has access to credit or other services. The labour market context, characterised by male job losses, has led many men to find in family businesses an alternative form of work. This process has brought about greater female participation and changes in gender identities. Gender relations are analysed in terms of both the division of labour in micro- economic activity and the contracts couples make around housework. The directly connected nature of the two types of work in family businesses allows different configurations of gender relations from those stemming from general patterns of paid work. The thesis analyses those elements that reveal changes in gender power relations such as control over money, access to property, etc., and discourses constructed around them. These elements are seen as a result of a cumulative process, which in some cases impacts on and is a consequence of women's self-empowerment and emerging masculinities. The changing nature of the gender division of labour in home-based businesses facilitates the negotiation of gender norms. The thesis examines for the three case studies the challenges that they pose to bringing men and masculinities into development.
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Dlwangushe, Sizwe. "The impact of transport costs on household income: the case of Nkonkobe Municipality Alice in the Easten Cape Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007130.
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The study investigated the impact of transport costs on household income the case of Nkonkobe Local Municipality. The objective of the study was to establish the impact of transport costs on household income. To achieve the objective, the study hypothesized that transport costs have a negative impact of household income. The research design of the study that was used include research instrument, research technique, sample size, population and data analysis procedure. However the research instrument that was followed was the questionnaire which contains a set of questions whilst the research technique used to collect primary data was the self-administered questionnaire. The results of the study revealed that households in Nkonkobe Local Municipality were spending more of their income on transport. Finally, the study recommended that subsidies for poor households must be provided by the government.
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Tan, Xiaobing. "Rural development and peasant adaptation : a south China case." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28302.
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Strategies of rural development in China experienced sharp changes in the policies for rural economic reform which began in the late 1970s. Contrary to the previous model of a "pure" socialist way of development, which argued for a single developmental path, the reform policies encouraged diversification. Peasant adaptation to the new situation is examined through the co-existence of three kinds of households, namely subsistence cropping households, cash cropping households and partial agricultural households. The thesis attempts to determine the characteristics associated with the different kinds of households by analyzing survey data collected from five townships in the Pearl River Delta of south China. It also attempts to bring out some theoretical implications of the Chinese experiences of rural development in the past forty years.Arts, Faculty of
Anthropology, Department of
Graduate
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Nsimba, Stephen E. D. "Exploring malaria case management of underfive children in households and public primary health care facilities in the Kibaha district, Tanzania /." Stockholm, 2003. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2003/91-7349-614-6.
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Van, Gass Maria Magdalena. "User requirements for domestic energy applications : households in informal urban settings." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14696.
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Bibliography: leaves 273-276.The thematic focus of this dissertation is the specificity of user requirements for domestic energy applications in informal urban settlements and how these are fashioned by the contextual pre-conditions of poverty and instability. The fieldwork focused on a group of people who can be defined by the facts that they are people who house themselves, possibly fall into the lowest or no income sector of the population, are peripheral to the mainstream economic activity in the country and are temporary or permanent or roving urbanites. The research approach is done from the viewpoint that user requirements should inform the design of systems for domestic energy applications and that these subjective requirements constitute the correct point of departure from which to evaluate the efficacy of energy support services. The bulk of this dissertation consists of recounts of research interviews, illustrating some aspects of user requirements. These are presented as 'primary data' with the purpose of rendering the research more transparent and of feeing an information resource with the option of re-interpretation by the reader. The dissertation concludes that appropriate energy services will have to be characterised by adaptability and diversity as well as by sensitive responses to the micro networks of urban subsistence household economies.
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Ngwendu, Mandlenkosi Victor. "The investigation of the impact of household contractor project in Ukhahlamba District since 2003 with regards to poverty alleviation among the participating household contractors." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1396.
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This study investigates impact made by Household Contractor Project as a Poverty Alleviation initiative on participating Household Contractors in Ukhahlamba in the Eastern Cape Province. Household Contractor Project is an Expanded Public Works Project implemented by the Eastern Cape Provincial Government to achieve the following EPWP principles, namely: Poverty alleviation; Creation of employment opportunities and; Creation of opportunities for skills development. The project (meaning Household Contractor Project) is implemented in the Province's six districts, namely: Alfred Nzo, Amathole, Cacadu, Chris Hani, O.R. Tambo, and Ukhahlamba. The study aims at investigating whether Household Contractor Project in Ukhahlamba district has resulted in poverty alleviation among participating household contractors. The study uses measurable indicators like food security, education for children, health needs and basic household needs to achieve its aim.
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Kanji, Nazneen. "Gender and structural adjustment policies : a case study of Harare, Zimbabwe." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1994. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1244/.
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Research on the effects of Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs), implemented in Third World countries since the early 1980s, has been dominated, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, by the analysis of quantitative, national-level data. The relationship between gender and SAPs at the household level has been largely neglected. This thesis examines the above relationship in Harare, Zimbabwe where the government's recent adoption of the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme, ESAP (1991-95) has allowed a study of the processes of change at the household level following changes in macro-economic and social policies. Quantitative and qualitative research methods were used to provide an integrated picture of changes in the lives of women and men in a random sample of 100 households in one typical high-density suburb in Harare. A base-line study was carried out in mid-1991 and the same households followed up in mid-1992. Gender-specific changes in employment and income, household expenditure, domestic work and involvement in social organisations were investigated as well as responses to the dramatic rises in the cost of living following measures implemented under ESAP. The research shows that almost all households have been negatively affected by ESAP, with widening income differentials and a much greater proportion of households falling below the Poverty Datum Line. Household savings have been depleted and a greater number of households are in debt. Women's income has declined to a greater extent than men's and their responsibility to meet daily consumption needs of the household has become more difficult to fulfil, resulting in increased gender-based conflict. Although all households were forced to cut consumption, the poorest households have been worst affected with women taking greater cuts than men. Coping responses were found to be individual and family-based, sometimes across urban and rural areas, rather than community-based. Responses have been defensive, aimed at coping with rather than changing the situation, and largely ineffective in compensating for declining real wages, rising prices and diminishing income generating opportunities. The relationship between changes at household level and specific policy measures were assessed and the evidence indicates that both income and gender based inequalities have, to date, been exacerbated by ESAP. The Social Dimensions of Adjustment poverty alleviation programme is very weak in its conceptualisation and implementation. The study emphasizes the need for more equitable and gender-sensitive strategies for development.
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Griffiths, Paula Louise. "Household structure, health and mortality in three Indian states." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264826.
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Wibowo, Sigit Sulistiyo. "Credit constraints, risk sharing, and household welfare : the case of Indonesia." Thesis, Durham University, 2015. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11100/.
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This thesis studies household welfare and financial markets and in particular empirically examines access to finance, human capital, saving and risk sharing group formation using Indonesian households as a case study. Inefficient financial markets in developing countries lead to inefficient resource allocation, economic inequality, and high transaction costs. Households who are marginalised from financial systems find themselves unable to access financial services and smooth their consumption. The first thing to consider is how credit constraint exists and how to identify it. Credit constraints may arise from market mechanisms: demand for loans and loan supply. In order to assess credit constraints, I use Direct Elicitation Methodology (DEM) and then examine the gathered information and other household characteristics using multinomial logit model. Using Access to Finance (A2F) survey, I find that Indonesian households are likely to experience supply-side rather than demand-side constraints. I also find that financial literacy plays vital role in accessing services from formal financial institution. Moreover by elaborating several types of constraints, the welfare loss is estimated: the constrained households due to risk-related reasons experience loss in terms of annual income between Rp. 16 millions and Rp. 19 millions. In the second empirical study, I investigate the impacts of earnings risk on schooling and saving. I borrow Basu and Ghosh's model (2001) to develop a theoretical framework of two-period model, which depicts the relationship between earnings risk, schooling and saving. Using the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) data set, the decision to enter schooling is motivated by earnings risk which is measured by occupational earnings risk and earnings range or the variability between maximum and minimum earnings level across the IFLS wave. This study finds that education decrease variability over future income. Given the results that the pure risk effect is more dominant than utility smoothing effect, it can be said that to some extent saving is inadequate to anticipate the declining of household income due to earnings risk. The results also show that earnings range is close to Basu and Ghosh’s predictions. Another issue related to financial markets is the barrier to insurance for households, which also limits their capability to manage life risk. As a result, alternative risk coping mechanisms emerge to provide these households with different ways of securing insurance arrangements and in particular as risk sharing groups. In this third empirical research, I investigate the risk sharing group formation where the group is characterised by barriers to insurance. I use several tests to examine full risk sharing hypothesis, borrowing-saving hypothesis, limited commitment, moral hazard, and hidden income. Using the IFLS data set, this study provides evidence of the failure of the full risk sharing hypothesis, which is mainly due to limited commitment and moral hazard problem. Furthermore, I show that the endogenous group formation emerges within IFLS households.
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Opio, Peter. "Household energy information management system for Africa : a Ugandan case study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11145.
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Bibliography: leaves 86-89.An information database built through regular planned surveys in a comprehensive manner is the objective of this study. A foundation for periodic up-date of household energy is necessary and requires a proper institutional or structural set up that gives priority to household energy issues. This study explores the fundamental need to shift away from the current ad hoc surveys to a more reliable, systematic, comprehensive and financially effective way of conducting household energy surveys to generate household energy information that is representative of national picture and which supports effective planning and policy-making. Promotion of the importance of the household energy sector in terms of social equity and improved living standards is vital for investors, developers, financiers and policy-makers and planners to improve the sector. Thus the study addresses the appropriate way of obtaining comprehensive household energy information and harmonized data collection methodology through cooperation in information exchange amongst African countries to achieve comparability of data for a common African energy database.
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Gross, Tal (Tal A. ). "Essays on health care consumption and household finance." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/49705.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2009.Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-111).
This thesis explores how health insurance affects the decisions that individuals make. The first chapter studies the effect of insurance on health care consumption. Nearly 10 percent of teenagers become ineligible for their families' health insurance coverage on their nineteenth birthdays. Due to the federal Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act, however, they do not lose access to free emergency room care. I develop a straightforward theoretical framework to understand the implications of insurance transitions at age nineteen. I then develop an empirical framework that exploits the discontinuity in health insurance at age nineteen. Using a unique database of 15 million hospital discharge records, I find that Emergency Room (ER) usage rises discontinuously at age nineteen, particularly for minorities and residents of low-income zip codes. As predicted by the theoretical framework, the jump in ER utilization at age nineteen is disproportionately driven by ailments that physicians classify as inappropriate for ER care. I also find suggestive evidence that health care expenditures outside of the ER decline. A large share of the increase in ER utilization at age nineteen takes the form of uncompensated care, the cost of which is born by third parties. These findings constitute some of the first evidence on how the incentives faced by the uninsured affect medical expenditure. The second chapter, written jointly with Matthew Notowidigdo, studies the contribution of medical costs in the decision to declare bankruptcy. Consumer bankruptcies increased eighty-seven percent in the 1990s.
(cont.) By the end of the decade, more than one percent of American households were declaring bankruptcy in any given year. Anecdotal evidence and several observational studies suggest that out-of-pocket medical costs are pivotal in a large fraction of consumer bankruptcy declarations. In this paper, we use variation in Medicaid eligibility to assess the contribution of medical costs to household bankruptcy risk. Using cross-state variation in Medicaid expansions from 1992 through 2002, we find that a 10 percentage point increase in Medicaid eligibility reduces the personal bankruptcy rate by 8.7 percent, with no evidence that business bankruptcies are similarly affected. We interpret our findings with a model in which health insurance substitutes for other forms of financial protection. We conclude with a calibration exercise that suggests that out-of-pocket medical costs are pivotal in roughly 26 percent of personal bankruptcies among low-income households. The third chapter studies how transitions in insurance status may affect the consumption of health care. Transitions from one insurance program to another-or from insured status to uninsured status-are common. How these transitions affect individuals depends, in part, on whether consumers anticipate the loss of insurance. Potentially, if consumers are sufficiently forward-looking, they may "stock up" on health care before losing coverage.
(cont.) This paper studies the transition in insurance status as teenagers move from their family's coverage to uninsured status or other insurance plans. I find no evidence that teenagers stock up on medical care before coverage ends, but rather a general decrease in health care consumption in the last month of coverage.
by Tal Gross.
Ph.D.
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Wen, Shen, and Wu Simin. "The Relationship between Credit Constraints and Household Risky Assets : The Case of China." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-36750.
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The purpose of this empirical research is to evaluate the relationship between credit constraints and household risky assets in China. The life-cycle hypothesis theory and household portfolio choice theory is the basis of the research. Using a probit model, we find out that credit constraints do not have a clear impact on the probability of households to hold risky assets. Furthermore, the coefficients between age and risky assets are non-linear. Households in urban regions have a high positive coefficient with risky assets. As for now, the literature is missing theories on the relationship between credit constraints and household financial risky assets in China. Thus, this study will enrich the literature of household financial assets allocation by using a questionnaire survey from CHFS (China Household Finance Survey).
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Munhenga, Daniel. "Determinants of rural households’ diversification of livelihood strategies: a case of Intsika Yethu farmers of the Eastern Cape province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019818.
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Despite the continuing perceived economic centrality of agriculture in Intsika Yethu local municipality, rural households engage and pursue diverse non-farm livelihood activities to cope with diverse challenges and risks such as drought. This study assessed the importance of existing livelihood strategies adopted by the different rural households in Intsika Yethu; the link between households’ ownership and access to different ‘assets’; factors determining households’ ability to adopt certain livelihood strategies in the area. A survey of 120 households in six administrative areas and informal discussions with key informants were used to collect demographic data, data on socio-economic activities and factors determining the choice of livelihood strategies of the households in Intsika Yethu. The research findings indicated that only about 10% of the interviewed households relied solely on on-farm livelihood strategy only. Credit, remittances, market distance, affiliating to cooperatives, education and household size have a potential of influencing households to shift from on-farm livelihood strategy to other livelihood strategies. The government may need to promote programs and awareness on how households can diversify their livelihood strategies as a way of coping with economic constraints in the area.
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Dowler, Elizabeth Ann. "Nutrition and poverty : the case of lone-parent households in the U.K." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1996. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/682285/.
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This thesis examines the relationship between nutrition and poverty through a British case study, drawing on historical material and recent national and international experience of the policy agenda for nutrition. It has two main objectives. First, to investigate nutritional conditions in low income households in contemporary Britain by means of a survey in a group known to be poor, namely lone-parent families. The survey addressed whether there is evidence of nutritional deprivation, and, if so, who suffers it, and to what extent it is attributable to poverty, rather than lack of motivation or skills. Secondly, to contribute to contemporary debate about poverty and potential policy responses, particularly where food is concerned. A random cross-sectional survey of 200 lone-parent households in Greater London was carried out. Nutrition data were obtained from individual 3-day food intake records, for each parent and at least one of their children, and from a food frequency questionnaire. Three sets of nutrition outcome indicators were derived. Household budgeting and management techniques in relation to food and health were investigated by taped, semi-structured interviews. The association between income, other sociodemographic factors and support networks, and dietary patterns and nutritional risk were examined. The survey showed that however diligent and skilled the poorest lone parents were in budgeting and food shopping, their nutrient intakes were always lower, and their dietary patterns less healthy, than those who were not poor. Children's diets were less affected. Many parents, despite their straitened economic circumstances, nonetheless wanted, and actively sought, quality in their family's diets. The thesis concludes by reviewing how measures of nutritional deprivation, with its consequences for health and wellbeing, could contribute to defining and measuring poverty, and the potential for intervention at state and local levels to improve poor people's circumstances with regard to food.
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Okonkwo, Ihebe Miriam Oluchi. "Disposal of unused medicines from households in Cape Town." University of Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7935.
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Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharmEvidence indicates that most South African households do not dispose of unused medicines in the manner prescribed by the medicine’s regulatory authority. This trend is not unique to South Africa, but several developing nations have also lagged. An in-depth understanding of practices of disposal of unused as well as expired medicines is cardinal and critical to the development of an effective programme to reverse the situation. This study aimed to identify factors influencing the disposal practices of household unused and expired medicines, and the role of pharmacists in creating an efficient and robust system for proper disposal of unused medicine from households in the southern suburbs area of Cape Town.
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Gonzalez, Norma Elaine. "Child language socialization in Tucson: United States Mexican households." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185809.
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Previous studies in child language socialization have adopted the approach of studying how children become competent members of their social groups through the use of language. This study began as an attempt to study child language socialization within selected Tucson U.S. Mexican households within this prevailing paradigm. During the course of fieldwork, it was found that the complexities of Borderlands structural and hegemonic relationships could not be adequately addressed within a theoretical assumption of homeostatic and monosemic communities. The ambiguities of "Mexican-ness" do not provide a consensually agreed upon or collectively implicit framework for language socialization. Instead, fluid domains are contested and negotiated as language socialization is construed as a constitutive process of "selfhood" for the child. Rather than replicating and reproducing previously transmitted information, certain parents and caregivers were found to actively engage in constructing an ethos for their own childhood experiences. Multivocality within multiple interactive spheres was identified as parents and caregivers often alternated between symbolic resistance and opposition, and accomodation. Additionally, an affective base for language socialization is postulated. An "emotion of minority status" that is structurally constituted and embedded within regional hegemonic relations is presented as a formative backdrop for children in this population. The essential methodology involved lengthy ethnographic observations coupled with audiocassette recordings of naturally occurring speech. Caregivers were supplied with tape recorders and cassettes and were asked to record interaction within the households, specifically at mealtime, bed time and homework sessions. In-depth open-ended interviews were taped with parents, and in some cases, grandparents, regarding their own perceptions of child-rearing, language habits, and value orientations. Extensive household histories, detailing residential, labor and family history, were also collected.
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Guo, Man. "Migration experience of floating population in China a case study of women migrant domestic workers in Beijing /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B35318387.
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Scoones, Ian Christopher. "Livestock populations and the household economy : a case study from southern Zimbabwe." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7424.
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Al-Atawi, Attiyah Mohammed. "Household travel and tour-based behaviour : a case study from Saudi Arabia." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2005. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55413/.
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The present study utilises the activity-based approach to investigate the nature and determinants of travel behaviour, and to reach a better understanding of travel complexity within households in an Islamic cultural environment. The main objectives of this study are, firstly to describe and explain the variation of behaviour between a sample of Saudi households and, secondly, to identify the likely response to specific transport policies. Results suggest that household head attributes (occupation, education and income), household socio-economic characteristics (car ownership, availability of a chauffeur, number of female students, number of females in employment and household size), and neighbourhood characteristics (density, accessibility to work) significantly influenced the choice of work tour type. The usefulness of applying tour-based analysis and its strength in showing interactions between household members' activities were confirmed in this study. Tour-based models revealed that Saudi households' travel activities were highly dependent on the household head, who is mainly responsible for serving household members' travel needs. In-depth interviews showed concerns about children's safety and security, lack of public and, in particular, school transport, ignorance of female travel needs, and car oriented neighbourhood design were main reasons for the high dependency on the car and its role as the dominant travel mode within Saudi cities. Interviewees were presented with five transport related policies to investigate their likely impact on households' travel behaviour. Interviewees agreed that the proposed policies would decrease car dependency and increase the travel independence of household members. Change in travel behaviour, in response to proposed policies, as identified by interviewees included decreased travel complexity (simpler tours), change in tour mode (more walking and public transport tours), and change in tour time. The study estimated a reduction in car trips generated by households as a result of introducing policies aimed to shift dependent groups (i.e. children and females) towards independence through walking and use of public transport
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Mohammed, Ahmed. "Household viability and the informal sector : the case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357124.
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Scoones, Ian. "Livestock populations and the household economy : a case study from southern Zimbabwe /." Online version, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.281919.
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Botengan, Mary Ann Pollisco. "Organization of household labor in agroforestry systems: Philippine cases." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185236.
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Agroforestry, though old as man, is a relatively new concept in land and natural resource management. Agroforestry "offers a means of bringing the activities of rural people into greater harmony with the environment by developing a complementary association between trees and agricultural crops" (Ffolliott and Thames, 1983). The capabilities of a people to sustain a system is a fundamental knowledge that resource managers should be equipped with. This study specifically investigated on household labor allocation in three different agroforestry systems, to qualitatively determine whether agroforestry is a viable natural resource management alternative that provides a compromise to government interests of conserving the natural resources, and supplementing and/or providing for a people's needs; and to establish the capabilities of a people to sustain agroforestry by analyzing household labor allocation patterns. The study was conducted in the Northern Philippines and data was gathered summer of 1989. Primary data gathering techniques were utilized, as well as secondary data. Agroforestry was found to be a viable land and natural resource management alternative. However, while natural resources are being managed, certain considerations should be made on: historical antecedents that give rise to the manner by which agroforestry is practiced, existing land use practices, and human activities present in the area. Aside from biophysical constraints, household labor allocation largely explains the nature of the agroforestry system. Labor allocation in Barangay Ambassador is flexible, and is affected by the availability of household labor, and the nature of the activities engaged in by the households, as well as the importance attached to the cited activities.
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Chirau, Takunda John. "Rural livelihood strategies of female headed households in former Bantustans of post-apartheid South Africa: The case of Cala, Eastern Cape Province." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1021301.
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Communal areas in contemporary South Africa (that is, the former Bantustans of apartheid South Africa) continue to bear and endure, albeit in new forms, socio-economic and political vulnerabilities which are negatively affecting household livelihoods. Current studies on rural livelihoods have failed to keep pace in exploring and analysing the lived experiences and ever-changing challenges faced by these rural households. This thesis provides an understanding and explanation of the livelihood activities of specifically de facto and de jure female-headed households in the former Transkei Bantustan, with a specific focus on villages in Cala. This is framed analytically by feminist theories with their emphasis on systems of patriarchy and by a rural livelihoods framework. It uses a multiplicity of research methods, including focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, life histories and survey questionnaires. The major findings of the thesis show that the female-headed households in Cala depend upon agricultural-based activities and non-agriculturally-based activities and income (including social grants) but that they exist under conditions of extreme vulnerability which are subject to fluctuation. In the end, the livelihoods of female-headed households are precarious and unstable as they live under circumstances of poverty. However, the female heads are not mere passive victims of the rural crisis in post-apartheid South Africa, as they demonstrate qualities of ingenuity and resourcefulness including through a range of coping mechanisms. At the same time, rural communities continue to be marked by patriarchal norms and practices, including systems of chieftainship, which disempower women (including female heads), though this affects de jure heads and de facto heads differently. The thesis contributes to an understanding of rural livelihoods in communal areas (or former Bantustans) of present-day South Africa by way of ‘thick descriptions’ of the everyday lives of female heads in Cala. Further, in examining rural livelihoods, it highlights the importance of bringing to bear on the livelihoods framework a feminist perspective in pinpointing the additional livelihood burdens carried by rural women.
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Muthwa, Sibongile Winnifred. "Economic survival strategies of female-headed households, the case of Soweto, South Africa." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261888.
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Lahiff, Edward Patrick. "Agriculture and rural livelihoods in a South African 'homeland' : a case study from Venda." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1997. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29102/.
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This is a socio-economic study of agriculture and its contribution to livelihoods in Venda, one of the black 'homelands' created in South Africa under apartheid. It is based on a survey of households on the Tshiombo irrigation scheme, a project in central Venda with approximately six hundred plot-holders. The alms of the study are to understand the opportunities and constraints facing small farmers, and to suggest ways in which public action can promote rural livelihoods and overcome the legacy of racial oppression and under-development in South Africa. The study includes a review of micro-studies of agriculture and livelihoods from the ten former homelands. A range of unpublished materials and original field research are also used to provide an overview of society and economy in Venda at the end of apartheid and to highlight the problems faced by households attempting to secure a livelihood from the land. The Tshiombo case found that agriculture, on average, contributed approximately a quarter of household income (in cash and kind), with the balance coming mainly from wages and state pensions. Wide disparities were found between households, however, in terms of land-holding, agricultural output and overall household income. Relative poverty was associated with a lack of wage income and poorer households tended to be disproportionately dependent on agriculture. Both arable and livestock farming were dominated by older men, some of whom had a history of off-farm employment but others who had been full-time farmers since the 1960s. The study concludes that there is scope for further development of the agricultural economy at Tshiombo but this will require comprehensive reform of existing state services such as tractor ploughing and agricultural extension. More flexible partnerships between the state and non-state organisations, including private entrepreneurs, individual farmers and the struggling Tshiombo Co-operative in the provision of credit, marketing and transport services are also identified as areas suitable for development. Constraints of land, capital and household labour suggest that in most cases agriculture is likely to remain supplementary to income obtained from the non-farm economy, but can be a valuable source of food and an important safety-net in times of crisis.
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Pappoe, Matilda Ethel. "Household participation in health development : some determining factors." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41220.
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This dissertation has explored the problem of a yawning gap between policy and the implementation of lay participation in health development activities in Ghana, using data from 577 households in 22 rural communities.A Health Systems model has been applied to data, to explain relationships and four sets of variables--household need for health services, predisposing attributes, participatory patterns, enabling factors--on household use of available health facilities and services.
Overall, results indicate a complex interdependence of factors which influence modern health services use. A multiple regression procedure identifies the presence of children under 5 years, the household's perception of its influence in the community, household participation in community health-related activities, household socio-economic and educational levels, to be significantly related to services use. Results suggest that Need for services is Not a sufficient condition for the Use of available health services.
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Malan, Antonia. "Households of the Cape, 1750 to 1850 : inventories and the archaeological record." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21617.
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Bibliography: p. 193-208.The purpose of the research was to study changes that occurred in the material culture of the Cape during the period when the British took over control of the colony from the Dutch. There were three phases for investigation: the colony under the Dutch East India Company in the 18th century, twenty transitional years of interim British and Netherlands governments between 1795 and 1815, and the Cape as a British colony after 1815. An historical archaeological approach was applied to material remains surviving from those years, such as excavated artefacts, documents and buildings, that assumed these sources of material culture reflected the larger cultural, or cognitive, contexts in which they were conceived, made and used. Particular emphasis was placed on examination of household inventory manuscripts (lists of fixed and moveable properties, goods and chattels). Selected information from the inventories of more than 800 households was recorded, and further detailed analysis made of seventy-nine documents. Room-by-room appraisals indicate the layout (house plan), room numbers (house size), room names and activities (functions of spaces) within the house. These probate records thus provided invaluable information about houses, their contents and the placement of objects within the household, and could be investigated from the level of individual rooms on the day of appraisal to a range of houses over a number of years. By constituting the documentary evidence in a form compatible with assemblages of excavated artefacts, as a series uf space and time blocks, integrated information provided enhanced material cultural detail. Patterns were observed through time and across a range of regional and socio-economic situations. The first period covered a "I Dutch" Cape under the control of the eastern arm of the Dutch East India Company, but households were organised in a way distinctive to the Cape. Then there was a short period of relative freedom from governmental control, as transition was made from Dutch to British colonial status and trade options broadened, resulting in the wealthier urban households reflecting fashion, and to the benefit of many farmers. Finally, the Cape was fully incorporated into the networks of the British Empire, undergoing widespread adaptations to colonial society and changes in the material culture of households.