Dissertations / Theses: 'Household work'

1

Geerdts, Penelope. "Masisebenzisane = Let us work together." The Black Sash, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/77026.

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Chang, Yung-Han. "Household Composition and Female Work Participation in Taiwan." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.525658.

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3

Olson, K. Brooke. "The Household Production of Health and Women's Work: New Directions in Medical Anthropology and Households Research." University of Arizona, Department of Anthropology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/112153.

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Recent discussions on the household production of health focus on how health and illness are produced in the household. New economic models of the household view it as a site where both production and consumption take place; neo-Marxist refinements have demonstrated that the household may also be characterized by conflicting interests, which often involve gender and age inequalities. This type of micro-level analysis is important in improving the understanding of health behaviors, which may then be used to increase the effectiveness of international health programs, many of which have been thus far criticized for their ineffectiveness. An analysis of women's roles towards this end is paramount as women are typically health managers in the domestic economy, a situation that is often noted, but on which research is scant. Recent studies have examined the impact of women's work, both inside and outside the home, on the production of household health. It is also essential to assess how resources (e.g., money, time, food, knowledge, health treatments, power) are distributed in the household and how this distribution may differentially affect the health of household members, especially women and children. Important topics which warrant further exploration in the household production of health literature include the impact of the domestic life-cycle, examination of the household production of health in female-headed households, and greater understanding of the role of men in household health, especially how it may inform international health policies.

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4

Hallberg, Daniel Klevmarken Anders Johansson Per. "Essays on household behavior and time-use /." Uppsala : Dept. of Economics, Uppsala University, 2002. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy042/2003504326.html.

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Thesis (doctoral)--Uppsala universitet, 2002.
"Essay 2 (with Anders Klevmarken) ... Essay 4 (with Per Johansson)"--Abstract. Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

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5

Martell, Christine RenÃ©e. "Women's work and household income: evidence from Bangkok's urban fringe." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41400.

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This research asks whether the patterns of women's economic contribution and marginalization that previously have been identified apply to the emerging metropolitan fringe areas. I argue that women in metropolitan fringe communities are more marginalized than men in tenns of type of employment, location of employment, hours of employment, and remuneration. Women contribute different amounts and proportions of time and income to the family than men and their contributions, productive and reproductive, significantly add to the household resources and are necessary for household survival. The research identifies women's economic contributions to the household and how they vary by household type and composition. This study uses data collected by Browder et al (1992) from a sample offamilies in Bangkok's metropolitan fringe to explore employment patterns and gender roles. Results show that women and men have different employment patterns~ with women much more likely to be involved with infonnal, self-employed work. Women make significant contributions to household incomes, but they do so while being economically marginalized. Even in a lower-middle to middle class area, residents--particularly women--rely on infonnal sector employment. An important conclusion, which was overlooked in a previous analysis, is that self employment is crucial to women's work patterns. Finally, all women significantly contribute to household income; unlike non-head males, non-head and non-spouse females contribute as much as female heads and spouses.

Master of Urban and Regional Planning

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6

Martell, Christine Renée. "Women's work and household income : evidence from Bangkok's urban fringe /." This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03042009-040557/.

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7

Kozak, Ladislav. "British cohabitation and the household division of labour." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a0011a5d-3df8-4ad1-9ba9-790fc5b07c9e.

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The structure of the family unit in the United Kingdom has undergone monumental changes in recent decades. The legal definition of a family has evolved substantially to include a wider range of family forms, most recently same-sex marriage, which became legal in the United Kingdom (excluding Northern Ireland) in 2014. Legal changes in the family accompany a range of social changes - among the most common of these is an expansion in the number of different-sex non-marital co-residential unions (concisely called "cohabitation") (Ermisch and Francesconi, 2000; Beaujouan and Bhrolcháin, 2011). Since the 1970s, these types of relationships have become widely accepted (Coast, 2009) and increasingly common (Office for National Statistics, 2012a). However, despite its prevalence, cohabitation in the United Kingdom is seldom studied independently of marriage. My dissertation strives to fill this gap in the literature. Specifically, my dissertation adds to the understanding of the household division of labour during cohabitation. Instead of merely examining cohabitation as one homogenous relationship type, Chapter 2 profiles three groups of cohabitants: 1) pre-marital cohabitants; 2) non-marital short-term cohabitants; 3) long-term cohabitants who reside together for five years or longer. Subsequent chapters examine how each of these groups, in turn, addresses the household division of labour - pre-marital and early couple formation cohabitation in Chapter 3, couples transitioning from cohabitation to marriage in Chapter 4, and during long-term cohabitation in Chapter 5. This dissertation is a significant contribution to the field of economic sociology because the household division of labour has not yet been explored during cohabitation in this way.

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Ruberto, Laura Ernestina. "Producing culture : representations of Italian and Italian American women at work /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9936840.

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9

Quint, Malcolm Morris. "Changing household structure and the impact on the journey to work." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76861.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1985.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH
Bibliography: leaves 134-137.
by Malcolm Morris Quint.
M.S.

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10

Othman, Mumtazah Binti. "Time use and sequence of tasks in management of household and agricultural work in rural households in the Philippines /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487683401441196.

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11

Suggs, Jacquelyn E. "The effectiveness of positive self-image training on single Black female heads of household." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1986. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/1538.

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The following study was developed to examine the factors, when present in the lives of low-income individuals, equal dependency, i.e., education level, employment history, number of children, and what can be done to change these factors. The research effort sought to prove that introduction of the independent variable (Positive Self-Image Training) into a self-help program would enable a select group of women to reach a level of relative self-sufficiency. The research design used was quasi-experimental. The population under investigation was a group of single black female heads of household, age 18 and older, participating in a government sponsored self-sufficiency program in Atlanta, Georg ia. A standard self-concept test, Tennessee Self Concept Scale, was administered to 20 single black mothers before and after positive self-image training. The anticipated outcome was formulated in the hypothesis: "A select number of Project Self-Sufficiency participants who receive positive self-image training will show a measurable difference in terms of improved self-concept over the participants who only receive the prescribed treatment." The major findings of the study showed that the experimental group improved in terms of self-concept while the control group showed little or no change. Although the quantitative outcomes were smaller than anticipated, the qualitative outcomes more than supported the general hypothesis of the study.

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Peterson, April L. "Picking up after the American family : domestic work in the world of television /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6182.

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13

Meldrum, Timothy. "Domestic service in London, 1660-1750 : gender, life cycle, work and household relations." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362798.

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Young people flooded into the capital in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, and for many their experiences were moulded by working and living in others' households. As metropolitan life-cycle service, the occupation of domestic service provided them with a means of maintaining themselves by providing access to remuneration amid the fluctuating metropolitan economy, but it also gave them shelter in a city most were experiencing as migrants. The historiography of this subject has been stymied by the concentration, often thanks to limited record availability, of an older generation of scholars on the writings and material evidence of elite employers. As a consequence, a picture has been painted of an occupation dominated by the male liveiy to the resident nobility and gentry, mirroring in miniature the polarised social relations allegedly found in London as a whole. This thesis has sought to revise the history of domestic service by exploring a wider range of sources, particularly the words of contemporary servants themselves found in the church court depositions, in order to examine the nature of the service experienced by most. Servants largely worked in the households of the middling sort, whose numbers were expanding in this period, and these households were overwhelmingly employers of female domestic servants. The gendered experience of service is one of the thesis's central themes: levels of remuneration, nature of work tasks, opportunities for a career in service, relationships with employers, all differed significantly between male and female servants. Examining the work servants did in London households, a pattern emerges of three categories of task - housewifery, luxurious consumption and 'production' - which demonstrated distinct differences according to household size and function, and in household relations, in which very real work generated social as well as economic value within a moral economy of service.

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O'Donovan, Susan E. "Transforming work : slavery, free labor, and the household in Southwest Georgia, 1850-1880 /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9808979.

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15

Kettle, Jennifer Emily. "Growing up to do 'women's work' : exploring two generations of mothers' relational narratives of household work over the life course." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12536/.

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This thesis explores the ways in which women make sense of their experiences of household work over the life course and in the context of various relationships, with a particular focus on mother/daughter relationships. Using in-depth interviews with 24 heterosexual women (comprising 12 pairs of mothers and their adult daughters, who themselves were mothers of young children), this research investigates the role household work plays in women’s personal narratives and the construction of relational narrated selves and narrative identities. By moving away from a ‘snapshot’ approach to housework that focuses on the division of tasks within heterosexual couples, this thesis positions household work as part of our personal lives (Smart, 2007), and something that is made sense of relationally, despite dominant discourses of individualism. Similarly, conceiving of people within personal timescapes in which multiple dimensions of time intersect allows for an understanding of household work as part of our personal lives over the life course, as well as inter-generational relationships and broader historical change. Considering multiple social dimensions of gender, heterosexuality and family, allows for an understanding of how accounting for one’s household practices in relation to various discourses can be understood as doing gender, heterosexuality and family. The construction of relational narrated selves in process show how growing up as a woman is shaped particularly by discourses of emphasised femininity (in the context of normative heterosexuality) and good motherhood, and constructing narrative identities in relation to these discourses involves demonstrating acceptable femininity and maternal responsibility, which works to (re)produce gender, heterosexuality and family. By focusing on the themes of relationality, temporality and the interplay between gender, heterosexuality and family across multiple social dimensions, this thesis uses household work as a lens to draw out useful theoretical links between these key themes.

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Pylkkänen, Elina. "Studies on household labor supply and home production." Göteborg : Dept. of Economics [Nationalekonomiska institutionen], Handelshögsk, 2002. http://www.handels.gu.se/epc/archive/00002556/01/Pylkkanen_thesis.pdf.

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17

Taylor, Wanda Denise. "A study of the relationship between self-esteem and unemployment among Black single female heads of household." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1987. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/1871.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between self-esteem and unemployment among black single female heads of household who were enrolled in the Atlanta Urban League, Career Opportunities Project. The finding of this study indicated that there were no significant differences in the level of self-esteem before entering the program and during the time one was enrolled in the training program. Results Thirty black female single heads of household, ages 16-40 years of age were administered a standard test Index of Self Esteem. They were requested to respond on a pre-test and post-test format. The researcher recognized that a true pretest condition did not exist, inasmuch as the participants were already in the training program at the time of the pretest. They were asked to respond to the index for the pretest based on how they felt prior to entering the program.

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18

Smith, R. Patrick. "Paul's manual for church operation 1 Timothy for God's household today /." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2003. http://www.tren.com.

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19

Watson, Easter J. "A study of the relationship between black adolescent unwed pregnancy, self esteem and father presence in the household." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1987. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/988.

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The purpose of this study was to determinne if there was a relationship between Black adolescent unwed pregnancy and self esteem as well as if there was a relationship between Black adolescent unwed pregnancy and the adolescent's father's presence in the household. This study also reviews adolescent sexual behavior longitudinally from 1915 through the present. Research in the area of self esteem among unwed mothers and unwed adolescents mothers in general is examined. However/ this study concentrates on Black adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17 specifically. Further reviewing concentrates on studies in regard to father presence in the households of adolescents in general and Black adolescents in particular. The major findings of this study are that: there is a relationship between Black adolescent unwed pregnancy and self esteem and the presence of the adolescent's father in the household. The population studied was from a lower socioeconomic background and the subjects were receiving supportive services.

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OLIVEIRA, PRISSILLA MELLO DE. "IN THE INTIMACY OF THE HOUSEHOLD: WOMEN S WORK IN PRODUCING UNDERWEAR IN NOVA FRIBURGO." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=20129@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
A estrutura produtiva mundial vive uma intensa reestruturação desde o final do século XX, que tem influenciado na produção e reprodução do espaço e nas formas de organização e reprodução do trabalho. Essas transformações, ao longo das últimas décadas, têm repercutido em mudanças na organização das empresas e promovendo, com novas roupagens, antigas formas de trabalho que auxiliam a reprodução do capital, como o trabalho em domicílio, por exemplo. No Brasil, é em setores controlados pelos grandes capitais públicos e privados que as mudanças tecnológicas e organizacionais ocorrem de forma mais intensa. Já no conjunto da estrutura produtiva, as mudanças mais frequentes ficam a cargo da prática da subcontratação, promovendo a manutenção e intensificando da precarização de nosso mercado de trabalho. Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar e compreender a influência dessas transformações nos processos construtores do espaço da moda íntima do bairro de Olaria, do município de Nova Friburgo - Estado do Rio de Janeiro, onde se expande principalmente o trabalho feminino precariamente realizado em domicílio. Nova Friburgo, mesmo que de forma mais tardia, participa diretamente dos efeitos das mudanças reestruturantes do capital. O município concentra a maior produção de moda íntima do país, e sua expansão ocorreu a partir da década de 1980, quando grande parte dos operários locais foi dispensada de suas funções devido ao fechamento de diversas indústrias decorrente da crise estrutural que assolava o mundo produtivo desde a década de 1970. Desde então, a produção de moda íntima de Nova Friburgo é formada majoritariamente por trabalhadoras domiciliares. Neste contexto, consideramos a importância da mulher e do seu trabalho em domicílio elementos estruturadores desse espaço produtivo.
The structure of global production is experiencing a severe restructuring since the late twentieth century, which has influenced the production and reproduction of space and forms of organization and development work. These changes, over the past decades have passed on changes in the organization of enterprises and promoting, with new clothes, old ways of working that help the reproduction of capital, such as work at home, for example. In Brazil, in areas controlled by the major public and private capital that the technological and organizational changes occur more intensely. In the whole of the productive structure, the changes are more frequent over the practice of subcontracting, maintaining and promoting the increasing casualization of our labor market. In this sense, this research aims to analyze and understand the influence of these changes in the processes of space builders in the neighborhood of underwear in Olaria, in the city of Nova Friburgo - State of Rio de Janeiro, where it expands mainly female labor performed poorly at home. Nova Friburgo, even if it is later, is directly involved in the effects of changes reestruturantes capital. The city has the largest production of intimate apparel in the country, and its expansion occurred from the 1980s, when much of the local workers were dismissed from their duties due to the closure of many industries due to the structural crisis that plagued the world since production the 1970s. Since then, the production of underwear Nova Friburgo is formed mainly by home workers. In this context, we consider the importance of women and their work at home structuring elements of production space.

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Baldwin, Emory Luce. "The relationship of children's household work to measures of children's prosocial behaviors and positive self-perceptions." College Park, Maryland : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1665.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
Thesis research directed by: Family Studies. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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22

Heath, Rodgers Theresa. "Work, household economy, and social welfare : the transition from traditional to modern lifestyles in Bonavista, 1930-1960 /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ54919.pdf.

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23

Dhungel, Basundhara. "A Study of Nepalese Families' Paid and Unpaid Work after Migration to Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/375.

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The patterns of paid and unpaid work adopted by migrants families with dependent children are more or less similar to that of prevailing working pattern of men and women of Australian born couples. A case study with 28 couple families, 14 husbands and 14 wives who migrated from Nepal under "skill" or "professional" category and the literature review on paid and unpaid work of couple families with dependent children show that in both families the trend of change of working pattern in paid and unpaid work is similar. With the increased participation of married women in the paid labour force, men increased participation in household work. There is increased household work for both husbands and wives, but women tend to do more household "inside" and childcare work than men. In the mean time, men tend to do more work in the "masculine" sphere of "outside" work in house maintenance, repair and car care. The only factor that differentiates working pattern of migrant families with Australian born families is the experience of migration and the category that they migrated. The change of working practice of paid and unpaid work of migrant families are affected by the change of family type from extended family to two generational family and their education and previous work experience that they brought along with them. Professional migrants who migrated family as a "unit" migrated spouse and dependent children together and they made their own decision to migrate, unlike other categories of migrants who migrated from political or economic pressure. One of the important experiences of migrant families is that there are new opportunity, new lifestyle, new intimacy and companionship and new sharing of work between husbands and wives after migration. At the same time, there are losses of extended family relatives, close friends and cultural event which affects their day to day lives. There are Australian based friends who provided support in the initial period of migration but these families do not provide regular assistance or support which family relatives provided in Nepal.

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Dhungel, Basundhara. "A Study of Nepalese Families' Paid and Unpaid Work after Migration to Australia." University of Sydney. Social Work Social Policy and Sociology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/375.

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The patterns of paid and unpaid work adopted by migrants families with dependent children are more or less similar to that of prevailing working pattern of men and women of Australian born couples. A case study with 28 couple families, 14 husbands and 14 wives who migrated from Nepal under "skill" or "professional" category and the literature review on paid and unpaid work of couple families with dependent children show that in both families the trend of change of working pattern in paid and unpaid work is similar. With the increased participation of married women in the paid labour force, men increased participation in household work. There is increased household work for both husbands and wives, but women tend to do more household "inside" and childcare work than men. In the mean time, men tend to do more work in the "masculine" sphere of "outside" work in house maintenance, repair and car care. The only factor that differentiates working pattern of migrant families with Australian born families is the experience of migration and the category that they migrated. The change of working practice of paid and unpaid work of migrant families are affected by the change of family type from extended family to two generational family and their education and previous work experience that they brought along with them. Professional migrants who migrated family as a "unit" migrated spouse and dependent children together and they made their own decision to migrate, unlike other categories of migrants who migrated from political or economic pressure. One of the important experiences of migrant families is that there are new opportunity, new lifestyle, new intimacy and companionship and new sharing of work between husbands and wives after migration. At the same time, there are losses of extended family relatives, close friends and cultural event which affects their day to day lives. There are Australian based friends who provided support in the initial period of migration but these families do not provide regular assistance or support which family relatives provided in Nepal.

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Cole, Kenneth, and n/a. "Good for the Soul: The Relationship between Work, Wellbeing, and Psychological Capital." University of Canberra. Business and Government, 2007. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20081027.155000.

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Both economic and psychological research provides strong evidence that unemployment adversely affects a person's mental, emotional, and physical wellbeing, which in turn may impair his/her ability to regain employment. Studies also suggest a person's "psychological capital" (personality traits that influence the productivity of labour) may mediate (1) the impact of unemployment on wellbeing and facilitate re-employment. While the effects of unemployment have been well documented, the simultaneous relationship between wellbeing and labour market status and the influencing role of psychological capital have received much less attention, requiring further investigation. There is still concern in the literature that "the exact nature of the interrelationships between labour market experience and mental health remains unclear and complicated by questions over the direction of causality and heterogeneous impacts across individuals." (Dockery, 2006, p. 2) The purpose of this research is to explore the interrelationship between labour market status, wellbeing, and psychological capital in more detail. The thesis combines key concepts from various economic and psychological theories, each partially describing how labour market status, wellbeing, and psychological capital interact with each other. The validity of the integrated model is then tested by estimating structural equations for labour market status and wellbeing using cross-sectional and longitudinal data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. The HILDA Survey is a broad social and economic survey that focuses on family and household formation, income and work. The survey contains economic, psychological, and demographic data with sound psychometric qualities for a large sample of working aged Australians that makes it well suited to this type of analysis. As well as the regression analyses, the results of a case study conducted with a group of jobseekers at an employment agency are also reported. The study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of personal development training for the unemployed (designed to improve psychological capital), and its subsequent influence on their ability to regain employment. While the research was halted before completion, some valuable insights were gleamed from the study, and these warrant discussion. Findings of the research indicate a simultaneous relationship exists between labour market status and wellbeing. Individuals with healthier wellbeing are more likely to be employed, and employment contributes to healthier wellbeing. The results also indicate psychological capital is an important variable influencing wellbeing, partially mediating the impact of unemployment on wellbeing. Employed individuals have significantly higher psychological capital than those who are unemployed or not in the labour force, or those who transition in and out of employment. Psychological capital appears to be a relatively stable, but somewhat malleable, personality construct that does not vary greatly for individuals experiencing changes in labour market status (LMS). People who develop poor psychological capital during youth may therefore be predisposed to a higher risk of being unemployed when they enter the labour market. The results suggest programs/policies that foster healthier wellbeing and psychological capital during youth, or repair damaged psychological capital once in the labour market, could help lower unemployment or the duration of unemployment. Recent Australian government policy initiatives designed to improve labour force participation and productivity by enhancing human capital are likely to be more effective if they also target psychological capital. The research also highlights shortcomings in mainstream economic theory, which are discussed along with the weaknesses of the study, and opportunities for further research. (1) A mediator effect (or indirect effect) involves one or more "intervening variables" transmitting some or all of the causal effects of prior variables (e.g. unemployment) onto subsequent variables (e.g. wellbeing). See: Byrne, 2001).

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Brobbey, Charles. "Children’s Perspectives of their Responsibilities in Household Work in their Families in the Sekyere South District of Ghana." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Norsk senter for barneforskning, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-13866.

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There has been a lot of research about children’s household work. However, most of these researches in developing countries give less importance to children’s views and rely mainly on perspectives of adults when talking about what children do. It is for this reason that I decided to look at children’s unpaid household work mainly from children’s point of view. The main purpose of the study was to explore the everyday life experiences of children who take up many responsibilities within their own families in the Sekyere South District of Ghana. It examines the role children play vis-à-vis the position they occupy in their families and the society at large. The study also examines how a lot of workload on children in households can affect their education and social life. With increasing cost of living couple with high poverty in rural areas parents (adults) try any means possible to get money and food for their families leaving much of domestic work in the hands of children. The study made use of both children and adults as informants, though children were the main informants. The aim was to get in-depth information about the topic. As a qualitative study, it made use of qualitative methods which included participant observation, interviews and focus group discussions. As a framework the study is guided by the new sociology of childhood. In addition, some concepts and perspectives that have been employed to guide the study include responsibility, children as social actors and childhood as socially constructed children’s rights in relation to their work and gender. The findings from the study suggest that several factors and reasons make it impossible for parents to release their children from household work. It was also realized that in spite of children’s significant contribution to family economy, many of them feel that they do not get the needed respect, support and care from their parents. The study also revealed that in relation to household work both adults and children are co-participants. They complement each other’s role. Findings from the study also indicate that many children willingly and enjoy participating household chores. The study concludes that one, unpaid household work can be exploitative and also harm children like waged work. I argue that adults and children must be seen as depending on each other in an effort of sustaining families. Also children’s voice should be listened to with respect to what, how and when they ought to perform household chores.

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Hickman, Robin. "Reducing travel by design : a micro analysis of new household location and the commute to work in Surrey." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444739/.

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Traffic volumes (and hence energy consumption) from the transport sector continue to rise, yet the potential fundamental role of urban planning in helping to reduce transport energy consumption remains to be poorly understood and hugely underplayed. Current urban planning practice, particularly in suburban areas, tends to increase traffic volumes by dispersing activities and hence facilitates private car travel rather than travel by public transport, walking or cycling. Public transport orientated development as an evolving practice tends to be focused very much on urban areas. This thesis seeks to understand the logic behind travel and suggests that urban planning can be applied more fully, at the strategic and local levels, to reduce energy consumption in car use (at least in the journey to work). The detailed analysis assesses the extent to which the design of the urban environment affects travel behaviour. The research hypothesis is that: "Journey to work travel behaviour generated by new residential development is dependent on a number of land use and socio-economic variables. The strength, significance and range of interaction vary spatially and over time." Within the analysis, the journey to work is used as the dependent variable, and is measured in terms of journey length and time, mode share and composite energy consumption. The independent variables considered include: Land use: resident population density, resident employment density, workplace population density, workplace employment density, resident population size, workplace population size, distance from urban centres and strategic transport networks, jobs-housing balance, resident classification (relative to the urban area), type of journey to work, neighbourhood streetscape design, public transport accessibility, and resident location (relative to the green belt). Socio-economic: household tenure, house type, house size, number of children, car availability, company car ownership, household income, house value, respondent sex, respondent age, marital status, occupation, qualification, attitude to travel, attitude to home and home location, reason for moving home and choosing new home location, relative levels of mobility, and dual income households. The methodological approach is to systematically examine the study hypothesis and a series of related research questions using data from the county of Surrey, UK. The empirical analysis is based on two new household occupier surveys carried out in 1998 and 2001, together with additional, complementary data taken from local authority datasets and the Census 2001. The thesis's particular originality is in providing: An examination of the complexity of the land use and transport interaction field, using energy consumption as the dependent variable and an estimation of the strength and significance of a wide range of land use and socio-economic variables - both previously researched and under researched variables A segmentation of respondents into different groups, such as stayers, inmovers and outmovers, showing the different manifestation of the land use and transport relationship for different groups within society A systematic tracking of the impact of time on the land use and transport relationship, with temporality and adaptation (including "co-location" effects) noted as critical features in travel behaviour, with the analysis controlling for potential attrition factors Analysis of a seldom-studied London fringe/suburban county such as Surrey - much previous work is concentrated on the city or other urban areas. The key findings and recommendations are that each land use, socio-economic and attitudinal variable, when considered on its own or even in small groupings, offers limited explanatory power in explaining travel behaviour. When a number of variables are brought together, including some variables not usually considered in the literature, the explanatory power of the modelling begins to work. Linear regression analysis shows that the land use and socio-economic variables, when considered together, explain 60% of the variation in energy consumption in 1998 and 54% in 2001 and for the stayers data only explain 65% of the variation in energy consumption in 1998 and 54% in 2001. Land use variables by themselves contribute approximately 10% of the variation in transport energy contribution hence a major part of the logic behind travel. In terms of temporal change from 1998-2001, although aggregate distance co-location might occur, aggregate energy consumption is likely to increase due to increased car dependency. Also, focusing on the aggregate trends also hides several detailed kurtosis effects: households located at higher densities, closer to major strategic centres, in areas with good public transport accessibility and strong jobs-housing balance are all likely to reduce their commuting travel distance. Other groups are likely to increase their composite transport energy consumption, for example, the higher income cohorts. Integration thus requires action across a wide range of fields.

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Meier, Cristian L. "Examining geographic, neighborhood composition, and household factors associated with primary food store selection." Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6207.

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Healthy food store availability is by no means equitable, that is supermarkets and supercenters are not located nearby for certain populations. Shopping at healthy food stores is important, as dietary intake is associated with adverse health outcomes, which disproportionally affects racial and ethnic minorities. Yet rural areas and disadvantaged neighborhoods—low income or predominantly racial/ethnic minority compositions—have few healthy food store options available near home. Thus residents must use more resources to access them or make do with what is available close by. However, little is known about the characteristics associated with shopping at healthy food stores or shopping near home. Thus the purpose of this study was to examine predictors of shopping at healthy food stores and shopping within increasing distances from home. This study used data from the USDA’s National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS) which asked about household food purchasing behaviors. The FoodAPS data set was used to conduct a secondary data analysis of US households (N = 4,826) that was a nationally representative sample. A series of multilevel logistic regression models were conducted to examine the four research questions guiding this study. The four questions examined predictors of: (1) shopping at a healthy food store, (2) shopping at a healthy food store among rural and suburban respondents, (3) shopping within increasing distances from home, and (4) shopping within increasing distances from home among healthy food store shoppers. Results indicated that Hispanic/Latino and other racial/ethnic minority, the distance of travel to the store, and the number of food stores available within 5.0 miles were negatively associated with shopping at a healthy food store. In addition, among rural and urban/suburban respondents had differing predictors of shopping at a healthy food store. Predictors of shopping within increasing distances from home included car to store and living in rural areas. Respondents who used a car as the transportation to the store were less likely to shop within 2.0 miles of home or less. Not surprisingly, rural respondents were also less likely to shop within 5.0 miles of home or less. Several control variables were significant predictors of shopping within increasing distances from home which were unexpected. Results in some instances were surprising and contradictory to findings from past studies. Thus these results are discussed and are compared and contrasted with past studies. The results of this study have practice implications for social workers. Social work practitioners working with individuals can advocate for improving client access in their communities by improving and introducing programming whose goal is to connect people to food resources. Social workers engaged in policy efforts can work at the local, state, and national levels by working in multidisciplinary groups to improve existing programs and prioritize funding that improves issues of equality. While this study examined predictors among a nationally representative sample, it is important for future research to look at differences specifically among age groups, racial and ethnic minorities, and rural residents.

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Olivier, Korita. "An HIV and AIDS group work programme empowering adolescents for the possible death of their caregivers / Korita Olivier." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/5103.

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The overarching objective of this study was to develop and empirically evaluate an HIV and AIDS group work programme empowering adolescents to deal with the possible death of their parents/caregivers. This thesis comprised five sections: Section A contains the problem statement, research objectives and the procedures that were followed. Furthermore the limitations of this study were discussed, the definitions of key words were given and an exposition was given of the composition of the research report. The problem statement can be condensed as follows: The large and growing number of adolescents affected by HIV and AIDS makes knowledge concerning their needs essential so as to provide effective interventions. A better understanding of the emotional, social and health needs of adolescents of HIV-infected parents is essential. Responses to adolescents affected by HIV and AIDS should address their needs. Programme development must be done in response to adolescents' needs via their active participation in the entire process. The problem statement led to five research aims. The concurrent embedded strategy was used in this study and was implemented with a mixed method design model. Interviews and questionnaires were used to collect qualitative and quantitative data simultaneously. Literature studies were conducted on the themes HIV and AIDS, adolescence, the needs of adolescents and group work. Section B consists of four articles that together formed the report on the research outcomes. Each article was a report on a particular sub-project of the research and had, as a self-contained unit, an own research aim, research method and report. Each article was linked to the central aim, the objectives and the content of the umbrella research project. The four articles were: > ARTICLE 1: A profile of adolescents' households infected with or affected by HIV and AIDS: A comprehensive profile of adolescents' households infected with or affected by HIV and AIDS was drafted, based on the results gained from interviews with and the completion of questionnaires by 169 households. Data collected and discussed included various demographic data regarding the households, their health and well-being, school attendance as well as information on child-headed households. > ARTICLE 2: The needs of adolescents in households infected with or affected by HIV and AIDS: The needs of adolescents whose caregivers are infected with or affected by HIV and AIDS were discussed. Various basic and developmental needs of adolescents were discussed as well as specific needs they may experience when their caregivers become infected with or affected by HIV and AIDS. > ARTICLE 3: An HIV and AIDS group work programme empowering adolescents to deal with the possible death of their parents/caregivers: An HIV and AIDS group work programme was developed, preparing adolescents for the death of their parents/caretakers and empowering them with skills to be able to deal with it. A needs assessment was done on a large number of adolescents from households infected with or affected by HIV and AIDS. The selection of members for this programme, as well as guidelines for group work with adolescents, were discussed. This article focused mainly on the themes and contents of the designed group work programme. > ARTICLE 4: The evaluation of an HIV and AIDS group work programme empowering adolescents for the possible death of their parents/caregivers: The programme was implemented with 8 adolescents in an experimental group and 8 adolescents in the control group. The Child Functioning Inventory High School (CFI-HIGH) and the Generalized Contentment Scale (GCS) were used as quantitative measuring instruments at two occasions with both groups. The experimental group was also qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated by means of a self-developed questionnaire. Section C provided a summary of the findings and conclusions of the research report in total and some recommendations are provided. Section D consisted of various addenda, such as questionnaires and measuring instruments that were used. Section E contained an integrated bibliography.
Thesis (Ph.D. (Social Work))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

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Rivera, Rigoberto. "The rise of temporary rural work in Chile under the neo-liberal development policy : regional effects and household strategies." Thesis, Durham University, 1985. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7040/.

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This thesis deals with the development of a now social sector of Chilean society: the temporary wage workers who live in rural shantytowns. The research, which was carried out in 1982, aimed to obtain a general overview of this population, focussing on four main fields: population changes, employment, household income and expenditure, and living conditions. The theoretical framework aims to relate the general processes of socio-economic change to the actual behaviour of households in an environment characterized by high unemployment and uncertainty. It does this through using concepts such as styles of development and differential regional capitalist expansion, together with the notions of social marginality and survival strategies. The research project was implemented by surveying 20 localities throughout the country, where new rural shantytowns had developed. These surveys wore combined with the collection of case studies of households in order to illustrate the general social tendencies. Special efforts were made to obtain labour histories, through administering questionnaires and taped interviews. Four localities were selected for special attention so that one might develop a comparative analysis of regional processes and their importance in shaping household patterns.

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Robertson, Lindsey G. "Mothers and Mental Labor| A Phenomenological Focus Group Study of the Thinking Work Involved in Parenting and Household Management." Thesis, Biola University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10286088.

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“Mental Labor” has been identified as an important, taxing, yet often invisible, aspect of family work that is disproportionately performed by mothers compared to fathers (DeVault, 1991; Lee & Waite, 2005; Mederer, 1993; Offer, 2014; Thorstad, 2003; Walzer, 1996; Winkler & Ireland, 2009). While researchers agree that mental labor (ML) needs to be included in family work measures, there has been no unified application of terminology, nor has any study been conducted for the express purpose of understanding ML phenomena. To provide a more comprehensive understanding of this construct, a phenomenological focus group study was designed to elicit rich descriptions of the thinking work performed by mothers of young children. Twenty-five women parenting children under age 12 in two-parent homes were recruited from community-based groups. Seven focus groups were conducted and verbatim transcripts were submitted for Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) following Smith and Osborn’s (2003) guidelines and Palmer, Larkin, de Visser, and Fadden’s (2010) recommendations for IPA with focus groups. Quality assurance included independent coding, peer review, member check, follow-up questionnaires, analysis of group-process, and self-reflection. ML emerged as a diverse set of mental activities and preoccupations unified by their function in family life. The following definition is proposed: ML is thinking performed for the purpose of accomplishing family goals. Effective mental laboring is the means by which parents leverage resources and coordinate family operations to ensure productivity and well-being. A thematic hierarchy describing the nature, content, impact, and context of ML is presented. In the content domain, six forms of ML were identified: (a) planning and strategizing, (b) monitoring and anticipating needs, (c) metaparenting (i.e., meta-reflection involved in developing and applying a parenting philosophy), (d) knowing (e.g., information processing, learning, remembering), (e) managerial thinking (e.g., coordination, delegation, instruction, evaluation), and (f) self-regulating. Effective mental labor can be empowering. However, the themes “mothers as mental laborers” and “mental labor invisibility” confirm that unrecognized mental labor is problematic. Invisible mental work can isolate a mental laborer and distort her sense of self. These and other findings are described, followed by a discussion of clinical implications and directions for future research.

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Walvoord, Ashley G. "Work-family conflict, eating behaviors, and the role of coping." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?e14.2923.

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Taniguchi, Kyle Ken. "Work Trips on Public Transportation: An Analysis of Trends, Select Markets, and Users Using the National Household Travel Survey Series." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4411.

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Work trips are considered one of public transportation's biggest markets. It is important to understand this market as fully as possible because of the potential for congestion mitigation or air quality improvements, among other things. While much effort has been invested in researching travel on public transit, very little effort has been concentrated in understanding the work travel market. This document attempts to be a comprehensive resource which can provide current information on the persons and trips being taken on public transit for travel to/from work. This research looks at the 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) to examine the difference between work and non-work transit trips and riders, choice and captive work trips and riders, and New York City (NYC) and non-NYC work trips and riders. In addition, transit mode share for work trips across an array of socio-demographic factors is examined. As a supplement, historical trend data utilizing past NHTS/Nationwide Personal Transportation Surveys (NPTS), the American Community Survey, and American Public Transportation Association data is used. The data analysis is primarily descriptive in nature and is performed in SPSS (a statistical analysis software) and then graphed in Microsoft Excel. Interpretation of the results is based upon a comprehensive literature review and the author's knowledge and familiarity in the field of public transit. There were several interesting and noteworthy findings uncovered during this research. In the historical trend analysis, it was discovered that the proportion of transit trips being for travel to/from work has declined since 1983. Further analysis appears to indicate that the decline is being caused by new riders who are making new non-work trips. This comes as the existing work riders and trip numbers appear to be holding steady. More research is needed to confirm this finding and to probe for more specific reasons on why this is occurring. In terms of work transit trips, it was discovered that they tend to be taken on faster modes (such as commuter rail and elevated/subway) resulting in slightly higher in-vehicle speeds than non-work transit trips (11.8 MPH versus 11.2 MPH). The analysis also showed that those commuting via non-transit modes were 20 percent more likely to make a stop on their commute than those that took transit. Of those commuting on transit, riders were more likely to make a stop on their way home from work rather than to work. An analysis of choice and captive riders found that in the 16-24 year old age group, 85 percent of riders were choice riders. This finding could perhaps signify that more young adults are choosing to ride transit. However, this result should be interpreted with caution because of the small sample size and potential data issues with the 2009 NHTS dataset. More research should be carried out in the future to verify these results.

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Öun, Ida. "Conflict and concord in work and family : Family policies and individuals' subjective experiences." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-61668.

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Background This thesis explores the relationship between individuals’ subjective experiences and the welfare state setting. The research questions in focus deal with the outcomes of women’s and men’s increasing dual roles in work and family in contemporary welfare states. The studies analyse women’s and men’s subjective experiences of combining work and family, and their perceptions of fairness in the division of household work. Methods The thesis applies a comparative perspective where the unit of analysis is country and/or family policy model. A broad perspective with the aim to capture general patterns across a broad range of welfare states is combined with a narrower case-oriented approach. Multilevel analysis is used to analyse patterns at national as well as individual levels in the same model. Latent Class Analysis is used to capture patterns of latent dimensions with regard to the central concept of subject experiences. Results The results indicate that the introduction of policies aiming to promote dual roles among women and men and the articulation of gender equality can matter for individuals’ subjective experiences of work-family conflict. In dual-earner countries, the probability that a high level of conflict is counterbalanced by feelings of life satisfaction is higher than in other policy models. A class asymmetry is found when it comes to effects of policy on men’s and women’s levels of work-family conflict and work-family satisfaction; women in the working class and the salaried class are more similar when it comes to experiences of work-family conflict and satisfaction in Sweden than in Germany and the UK. The analysis also shows that perceptions of fairness in the division of housework are moderated by the institutional and normative context. The politicisation of gender equality increases the correspondence between actual share of housework performed and the perceptions of fairness in the division of housework. The effect of politicisation is more important for men’s perceptions than for women’s. Conclusion The thesis contributes to a deepened understanding of the relationship between policy and work-family conflict and the integration of the perspectives of role conflict and role expansion; knowledge about the ways in which both class and gender relations are structured concerning the patterns of work-family conflict and satisfaction in different policy contexts; and new knowledge about the relationship between policy and men’s – and not only women’s – perceptions of fairness in the division of household work.

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Sousounis, Panagiotis. "Work-related training persistence and the effect of training financing on employee earnings : evidence from the British household panel survey, 1991-2005." Thesis, Keele University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496324.

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The aim of this thesis is to consider the role and effect of state dependence in the determination of participation in work-related training amongst employees in Great Britain and to investigate the predictive power of standard human capital theory, compared to alternative theories of imperfect competition, in the financing decision of investment in learning.

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Hirasawa, Hanna. "Conditions of life for child-headed households : an explorative interview study from South Africa." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Social Work, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6722.

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The objective of the study was to explore the conditions of every day life of child-headed households in South Africa. Following research questions were developed:

• How do South African children who are the head of the household perceive his or her life situation and the role as the household-head?

• How are the relations with siblings and other relatives?

• What kind of support do they need?

In order to fulfil the objective an interview study with the design as a case study was con-ducted. Seven children and young adults who had been heading household since under the age of 18 were found to be interviewed about their conditions of life. The result is presented as six case studies and is then discussed in the light of earlier knowledge on the subject as well as focusing on unique and mutual experienced of the informants. The results strongly support results in earlier research on life conditions for Child-headed households (CHH). Children living in CHHs face immense challenges and difficulties in their every day life and the sup-port given is not enough. Conclusions that are made include that improving assistance must be offered both in the dimensions of prevention of children living alone and immediate support to children already living in CHHs.

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Stetson, Randall. "Exploring the association between perceived safety of household children in the neigborhood and levels of depressive symptoms among Spanish speaking Latina adults living in a high crime, low income neigbhorhood." Thesis, State University of New York at Albany, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10108202.

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Previous research has confirmed that neighborhood level social factors (e.g. crime, safety) present chronic stressors that increase risk for depression in residents of economically disadvantaged neighborhoods. U.S. Latinos experience higher levels of poverty and thus are more likely to live in poor neighborhoods. In this study it was hypothesized that adult Latina women who reported (1) higher levels of worry regarding the general safety of their household children in the neighborhood, (2) higher levels of worry regarding influence of bad friends on their household children, and (3) higher levels of worry regarding their household children being exposed to drugs and alcohol, would also report higher levels of depression after controlling for the individual level characteristics of level of acculturation, education, age, income and marital status. This study used a cross-sectional survey design and a convenience sample of 136 Latina women. Depression was measured using the CES-D Spanish version. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the first step consisting of control variables was significantly correlated with depression, R² =.14, F (5,130) =4.261, p = .001. In step two, after entering the neighborhood level variables, the resulting R² increased significantly, R² = .21, F (1, 129) = 10.937, p < .001. The relationship between depression and each CES-D subscale was also explored. Understanding both micro and macro level factors that contribute to depression is essential for developing complex multi-level explanatory models and designing effective interventions. This study contributes to an emerging critical framework that illustrates how public policy influences the more proximal mechanisms that contribute to mental health and health problems.

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Yoshikai, Livia Midori Okino. "Análise psicossocial da trabalhadora doméstica através das representações sociais do trabalho." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47134/tde-17122009-104707/.

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O trabalho doméstico remunerado, apesar de pouco valorizado e permanecer na invisibilidade, é uma das modalidades de trabalho mais comuns entre as mulheres representando cerca de 17% da participação feminina na PEA. Encontra-se entre a formalidade, no que tange aos direitos estendidos a esta categoria, e a informalidade, quanto à relação profissional que as trabalhadoras domésticas estabelecem com as patroas. No Brasil, tem suas raízes no escravagismo e está atrelado à divisão sexual do trabalho que, sócio-historicamente, construiu a distinção entre os papéis de gênero, ficando a cargo da mulher a responsabilidade pelos cuidados da casa e da família. Além disso, sofre o atravessamento de questões de classe, pois as trabalhadoras domésticas são mulheres da massa urbana que cuidam da casa e da família para que as mulheres da camada social superior exerçam outras modalidades de trabalho remunerado. Portanto, instala-se a bipolaridade quanto ao trabalho feminino, isto é, por um lado verifica-se um aumento da participação no mercado de trabalho e a inserção em profissões de nível superior de prestígio e, por outro, há forte presença em trabalhos precarizados e de pouca valorização social como a responsabilidade pelos afazeres domésticos e o trabalho doméstico assalariado, herdeiros do escravagismo, num coorte de raça, gênero e classe social claramente definido. Os objetivos principais desta pesquisa foram reconstruir a história do trabalho doméstico localizada dentro do processo de construção sócio-histórica do trabalho e compreender suas representações sociais a partir do relato de cinco trabalhadoras domésticas obtido através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas analisadas pelo método de associação de idéias. Os resultados centrais indicaram que a configuração desta relação inerente ao trabalho doméstico, torna esta atividade mais próxima da servidão: a trabalhadora doméstica está isolada, suas humilhações não estão compartilhadas, está diretamente submetida à patroa por conta de uma relação assimétrica e não formalizada de poder que não deixa claro quais seriam as regras do contrato de trabalho, permitindo abusos e fraudes de ambas as partes. Conclui-se que o trabalho doméstico é uma modalidade de trabalho remunerado que faz transparecer o lugar e o papel social da mulher na sociedade brasileira atravessada pelas questões de raça, gênero e classe, e que apresenta uma ambigüidade às trabalhadoras domésticas e às suas patroas. Em relação às patroas, elas se libertaram parcialmente do papel de responsáveis pelos afazeres domésticos (questão de gênero), mas contratam outras mulheres de uma camada social inferior (questão de classe) para executarem esse trabalho, reforçando o papel social do qual estão, gradativamente, se emancipando. No tocante às trabalhadoras domésticas, seu trabalho permite uma renda e certa independência financeira, indicando uma relativa emancipação, entretanto reproduz o lugar de responsável pelos afazeres domésticos (questão de gênero) e submetida a relações informais que remeteriam às raízes escravagistas desta modalidade de trabalho (questão de raça) estabelecidas por suas patroas, que se emanciparam destas atribuições (questão de classe). Vale salientar que o trabalho doméstico é uma dentre tantas outras possibilidades para o grupo de trabalhadores da massa urbana, que tem seu trabalho marcado, em geral, pela precarização e pela informalidade.
The paid domestic work, although somewhat not valued and invisible, is one of the most common ways of work among women, representing about 17% of female participation in the Economically Active Population. It can be find among the formality, in regard to the rights of this category; and informality, by the professional relationship that the domestic workers lay with the employers. In Brazil, has its roots in slavery and is linked to the sexual division of labor which defined the distinction between the roles of gender, attributing to the wife the responsibility for the care of home and family. Moreover, there are issues of class, because the domestic workers are women of the urban mass that take care of home and family so that women of higher social layer perform other types of paid work. So, a bipolarity of the women working is installed. On one hand, there is an increase in labor market participation and inclusion in professions of higher level. And, on the other hand, there is a strong presence in precarious work and socially bad evaluated as the responsibility for domestic activities and the paid domestic work, heirs of slavery, in a clearly defined cohort of race, gender and social class. The main objectives of this research were: the reconstruction of the domestic work history; and the understanding of its social representations from the reporting of five domestic workers obtained through semi-structured analyzed by the method of the association of ideas. The main findings indicated that the way that the domestic work is built makes this activity more closer of the slavery: the domestic worker is isolated, their humiliations are not shared, she is directly submitted to the boss, which establishes an asymmetrical and not formalized relationship of power that leaves not clear what are the rules of the employment contract, allowing abuses and fraud on both sides. As a conclusion, the domestic work is a form of paid work that makes clear the place and social role of women in Brazilian society crossed by issues of race, gender and class, and it presents an ambiguity for the domestic workers and their employers. The employers are partially released of responsibility of the domestics tasks (issues of gender), but hire other women of a lower social layer (issues of social class) to perform such work, reinforcing the social role from which they are gradually being emancipated. With regard to domestic workers, their work allows for certain income and financial independence, indicating a partial emancipation, however they continue to have the responsibility by the domestic tasks (issues of gender) and to be submitted to informal relationships by their employers emancipated of these tasks (issues of social class), what are related to the roots of slavery of this modality of work (issues of race). It is important to say that domestic work is one among many other work possibilities for the group of employees of the urban mass, which, in general, have their work marked by precariousness and informality.

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Du, Toit David. "“For better or worse” : domestic work and outsourced housecleaning services in Stellenbosch." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/7701.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the domestic work sector, the employment relationship between employer and domestic worker has undergone various transitions over the years. The first transition saw the transformation of a characteristically abusive master-servant employment relationship into a madam-maid employment relationship. During this transition, domestic servants moved out of masters’ houses and opt for live-out and part-time working arrangements. However, this transformation did not improve domestic work much, as the employment relationship was maternalistic in nature. Various authors documented how the personal maternalistic employment was not only emotionally draining to both maid and madam, but also that maids were still prone to exploitation by madams, as domestic work was not regulated by law. This resulted in a second transition, where outsourced housecleaning service companies transformed this personal maternalistic employment relationship into a triangular employment relationship between manager, domestic employee (former domestic servant/maid/domestic worker) and client (former master/madam/employer). The triangular employment relationship creates distance between clients and domestic employees as domestic employees are under the authority and supervision of a third person (the manager/owner of housecleaning service company). In this study, these general trends are analysed with reference to the evolution of domestic work in South Africa. While there have been many studies focusing on domestic work, few studies have documented whether this transition has transformed domestic work ‘for better or worse’ with reference to the growth in housecleaning service companies in South Africa. This study attempts to fill this void by analysing managers’, domestic employees’ and clients’ perspectives of two housecleaning service companies in the Stellenbosch area. Throughout this study, every transition is discussed in terms of nature of employment, employment relationship, working conditions and benefits for both client and domestic employee. The final chapter tries to answer the question whether housecleaning service companies are ‘for better or worse’ on both micro and macro level and the need for future research in this field of academic endeavour is spelt out.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die diensverhouding tussen werkgewer en huishulp het verskeie veranderinge oor die jare ondergaan. Die eerste oorgang sien die transformasie van 'n kenmerkende beledigende meester-dienaar in ŉ Mevrou-bediende diensverhouding. Gedurende hierdie oorgang, het bediendes uit die huise van die meesters beweeg na ŉ leef-uit en deeltydse werk reëling. Hierdie transformasie het egter nie huishoudelike werk verbeter nie, omdat die diensverhouding maternalisties in aard is. Verskeie outeurs dokumenteer hoe die persoonlike maternalistiese indiensneming nie slegs emosioneel dreineerend vir beide die Mevrou en bediende is nie, maar ook dat bediendes uitgebuit is deur hul werkgewers, omdat huishoudelike werk nie deur die wet gereguleer is nie. Dit het gelei tot 'n tweede oorgang, waar uitgekontrakteerde huisskoonmaakdienste die persoonlike maternalistiese diensverhouding in ŉ driehoekige diensverhouding tussen die bestuurder, werknemer (voormalige dienaar/bediende) en die kliënt (voormalige Meester/Mevrou/werkgewer) verander. Die driehoekige werksverhouding skep afstand tussen kliënte en werknemers, omdat werknemers onder die gesag en toesig van 'n derde persoon (die bestuurder) is. In hierdie studie, word hierdie algemene tendense met betrekking tot die evolusie van betaalde huiswerk in Suid-Afrika geanaliseer. Alhoewel daar ŉ aantal hoeveelheid studies oor betaalde huiswerk gedoen is, fokus min studies of hierdie oorgang, huishoudelike werk "vir beter of slegter" verander het in terme van die groei in huisskoonmaakdienste in Suid-Afrika. Hierdie studie poog om hierdie leemte te vul deur die ontleding van bestuurders, huishoudelike werknemers en kliënte se perspektiewe van twee huisskoonmaakdienste in die Stellenboschomgewing te analiseer. Deurgaans in hierdie studie, word elke oorgang bespreek in terme van die aard van indiensneming, die diensverhouding, die werksomstandighede en voordele vir beide die kliënt en die werknemer. Die finale hoofstuk probeer die vraag antwoord of huisskoonmaakdienste huishoudelike werk "vir beter of slegter” verander het op beide die mikro en makro-vlak en die noodsaaklikheid vir toekomstige navorsing in hierdie veld van akademiese strewe word uitgespel.

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Valdivia, Santa Cruz Segundo. "Mamá, ¿ya estás viniendo? Varones y mujeres proveedores de recursos y cuidados." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115229.

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This paper analyses how labor, family and labor-family relationships have changed recently in Peru and analyses also their effects on the household division of work in families where both parents perceive salaries. Our findings focus on: a) the roles of both parents (male and female) as household providers and their views on parenting, b) the scheduling of family activities and labor flexibility, c) the tensions in labor-family relationships d) the social practices related to domestic activities and childcare and e) the struggles for power in daily interactions related to the division of labor.
Hemos investigado cómo los cambios por los que han pasado en los últimos tiempos el trabajo, la familia y la relación trabajo-familia han afectado a su vez a la relación y la división entre el trabajo remunerado y el trabajo familiar o doméstico de cuidados, sobre todo en familias donde tanto el varón como la mujer tienen trabajos remunerados. Nuestros principales hallazgos y reflexiones están relacio- nados con: (i) los roles del varón y la mujer: en la proveeduría de recursos, la maternidad y paternidad;(ii) la organización del tiempo en las familias y las condiciones de flexibilidad en los trabajos; (iii) las tensiones en la relación trabajo-familia
(iv) las prácticas en las tareas domésticas y de cuidados, y (v) las confrontaciones de poder en la interacción cotidiana para la realización de la división del trabajo.

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Jonsson, Malin. "Kvinnors arbete och hushållens försörjning. Vävinkomsternas betydelse för hushållsekonomin i Siljansbygden 1938–1955." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economic History, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7077.

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The principal purpose of this thesis has been to analyse the importance of women´s waged work with handicrafts for the household economy in the Swedish countryside during a period of rapid industrialisation and growth. The point of departure for the analysis has been a theoretical and methodological frame of interpretation on three levels. The levels that have been studied are the national institutional level of society, the level of the local society and the household level.

This thesis has shown that women’s ways of providing for themselves cannot be explained with reference to any one factor. The explanation for the gender division of labour must be seen as the result of the interplay of several different factors on different levels. By investigating how the conditions for making a living looked like on the three different levels, the thesis has shown that, together, factors on the national institutional and the local societal levels, as well as on the individual household level, affected women’s work and how it can be understood.

The thesis has described how the ideal of the breadwinner has changed during the transition from an agrarian to an industrial society. By studying a traditional form of female wage work – handicrafts – during a period when women were not expected to be gainfully employed, the thesis has shown that this transition was a slow process that manifested itself differently on different levels and that the old agrarian gender order survived for a long time despite the fact that people’s means of making a living had changed in a fundamental way. Women’s handicraft work was a continuing feature during this transitional period.

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Reyneke-Barnard, Elisabeth. "Holistic care of vulnerable children determining the fundamental needs of children, orphaned and otherwise made vulnerable by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, in the household /." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09112007-104242/.

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Graff, Tyler C. "Married Mothers' Multiple Roles: Implications for Cardiovascular Health." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2021. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8950.

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In recent years, the traditional nuclear family, as defined by social role theory with mother at home and father in the workplace, is no longer the norm. Nearly three out of every four women with children under the age of 18 are part of the workforce. Mothers are frequently juggling multiple roles as well as most of the responsibilities that are inherent in these roles. The current project examined diurnal ambulatory blood pressure influences associated with the responsibility of having a greater number of roles. We investigate differences between a self-reported healthy population of 112 married stay-at-home and 112 married employed mothers, all of whom have children under the age of 18 currently living in the home. Using a mixed multilevel model analysis, we found that the perception of equity in the division of childcare responsibilities between mothers and their husbands significantly contributed to lower systolic ambulatory blood pressure. We also found that married couples in relationships containing high positivity and low negativity had lower systolic ambulatory blood pressure than those which contained simultaneously high positivity and negativity. Additionally, there was a crossover interaction between these variables such that effect of relationship quality on both systolic and diastolic ambulatory blood pressure was moderated by the perception of equity in the division of childcare responsibilities between spouses. Lastly, we found that there were no ambulatory blood pressure differences between the employed and SAH mother conditions. These findings have applicable implications regarding dynamics and processes within marital relationships. These results demonstrate important social and relational influences on mothers' cardiovascular health.

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Standridge, Daniel. "The Economic Impact of Veteran Status: The Effect of Veteran and Demographic Statuses on Household Income." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/977.

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Determining the effects of military service on those who volunteer is of vital importance in an age when service may lead to the loss of bodily function or life. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of military service with consideration for the demographic statuses of race, gender, and educational attainment on economic outcomes. Data for this study came from the Current Population Survey July 2010 with Veterans Supplement (N=83,000). Results from this study suggest that some veterans, namely those of minority racial status and lower educational attainment benefit from their military serve by achieving increased levels of household income as compared to similar non-veterans. Conversely, non-Hispanic White veterans and those with higher levels of educational attainment suffer negative consequences to levels of household income. Furthermore, differences among veterans were assessed. These results provide further insight into the experiences of veterans in the United States.

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Ahonen, Emily. "Immigrants, work and health: a qualitative study." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7165.

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Este estudio cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo en cinco ciudades examina las condiciones de trabajo, los riesgos, los factores influyentes y los efectos en salud experimentados por trabajadores inmigrantes en España. Se diseñó una muestra por criterio.
El tamaño de la muestra final de 158 hombres y mujeres documentados e indocumentados se determinó por saturación del discurso. Los datos fueron recogidos entre septiembre del 2006 y mayo de 2007 mediante entrevistas individuales y grupos focales, ambos semiestructurados y con un guión de temas. Se empleó un análisis narrativo del contenido, siguiendo un esquema de generación mixta. Los datos muestran una exposición frecuente a una variedad de riesgos laborales, horas largas de trabajo y pocos días de descanso, además de prácticas discriminatorias en cuanto a la asignación de tareas. Los informantes carecían de formación en seguridad laboral y de experiencia en sus puestos de trabajo. La mayoría tenía poco control sobre su ambiente de trabajo. Finalmente, relataron abusos en términos de sus condiciones de empleo. Los efectos en salud relatados cubrían un rango, desde la experiencia o el miedo de sufrir lesiones agudas, lesiones de estrés crónico, problemas respiratorios y dermatológicos, la acumulación de fatiga, afectaciones del sueño, síntomas somáticos y síntomas de salud psicológica pobre tales como ansiedad y depresión. Se examinan las diferencias halladas por estatus administrativo y género. Estos resultados no dejan lugar a duda en cuanto a la necesidad de mejorar el apoyo a los inmigrantes trabajadores. También son necesarios mejores datos y vigilancia a la salud de esta población como elementos centrales de tal apoyo. Se discuten áreas específcas que requieren más atención desde la investigación y la polítca.
This qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study in five cities examines the working conditions, hazards, influencing factors and effects on health experienced by immigrant workers in Spain. A criterion sample was designed. The final sample of 158 documented and undocumented immigrant men and women was determined by saturation of the discourse. Data were collected between September 2006 and May 2007 through semistructured individual interviews and focus groups, using a topic guide. We employed narrative content analysis to examine data according to a mixed-generation scheme. The data demonstrated widespread exposure to a variety of occupational hazards, long work hours, and few days off, as well as discriminatory assignation of tasks. Informants lacked worker safety training, appropriate personal protective equipment, and experience in current jobs.
Most had very little control over elements of their work environment. Finally, informants reported abuses in terms of employment conditions. Health effects reported ranged from the experience or fear of acute injuries, to chronic strain injuries, respiratory and dermatologic responses, to the accumulation of fatigue, sleep affectations, somatic symptoms, and mental health concerns such as anxiety and depressive mood. Differences by documentation status and gender are discussed. These results leave little doubt about the need for better outreach and support for immigrant workers in Spain. Better data collection and surveillance of this worker population is a centrally necessary element of stronger immigrant worker support. Specific areas in need of more study and policy consideration are discussed.

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Visel, Stefanie. "Geringfügige Beschäftigung und haushaltsnahe Dienstleistungen im Spannungsfeld von Familien- und Arbeitsmarktpolitik : Schaffung eines Frauenarbeitsmarktes im Niedriglohnsektor oder Lösung des Vereinbarkeitsdilemmas? ; Eine Analyse am Beispiel des 2. Gesetzes für moderne Dienstleistungen am Arbeitsmarkt und des Familienleistungsgesetzes." Master's thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7074/.

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Die Magisterarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der politischen Förderung der geringfügigen Beschäftigung sowie der Inanspruchnahme haushaltsnaher Dienstleistungen und deren Bedeutung für eine gleichstellungsorientierte Familien- und Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Als Ausgangspunkt wird die Frage gestellt, ob geringfügige Beschäftigung und haushaltsnahe Dienstleistungen einen Arbeitsmarkt für Frauen im Niedriglohnsektor schaffen oder ob sie eine Perspektive zur besseren Vereinbarkeit von Erwerbsarbeit und Carearbeit bieten. Dazu wird die Perspektive der Beschäftigten in sogenannten Minijobs als auch der NutzerInnen haushaltsnaher Dienstleistungen analysiert. Als theoretischer Rahmen liegt der Arbeit die These der geschlechterkritischen, vergleichenden Wohlfahrtsstaatforschung zugrunde, dass Policies familialisierende und defamilialisierende Wirkungen haben können. Auf Grundlage dieses Rahmens werden zwei Gesetze und deren gleichstellungspolitische Wirkung analysiert (Familienleistungsgesetz und 2. Gesetz für moderne Dienstleistungen am Arbeitsmarkt – Hartz II). Die Arbeit gelangt zu dem Ergebnis, dass trotz der engen Verflechtung der beiden Politikfelder Arbeitsmarkt- und Familienpolitik ein Mismatch zwischen den analysierten Gesetzen besteht. Insbesondere hinsichtlich der geringfügigen Beschäftigung gelangt die Arbeit aus einer gleichstellungspolitischen Perspektive zu dem Urteil, dass sie sich am modernisierten Ernährermodell orientiert und Frauen auf die Rolle als Zuverdienerin festlegt. Auf diese Weise werden Anreize für eine geschlechterspezifische Arbeitsteilung gelegt.
The M.A. thesis deals with current political reforms in the field of family and employment policies. The main question of the analysis is if employment in household and care services is helping to better facilitate work and life balance of women or if they are merely creating feminized jobs in the low wage sector. Based on theories of feminist welfare state research, the policy analysis is looking at recent legislation in Germany promoting employment of domestic workers on the one hand and on the other hand combating irregular employment in private households („Hartz II“, a labour market reform promoting service sector jobs and „Familienleistungsgesetz“ a family policy reform). Focusing on the macro-level the author raised the key question how labour policies regulated domestic work and care work. The analysis concentrates on the objectives of the two recent laws, their implementation and concrete outcomes as well as the political debate. Therefore data from the German employment bureau and the Federal Statistical Office is analysed. Since domestic work mostly affects women - be it as domestic workers to earn a living, or be it as their employers in order to facilitate work and family life – a perspective that allowed investigating the gender equality in Germany is adopted. Therefore the thesis focused not only on domestic workers but also on their employers. In Germany employing domestic workers has become an individual female solution for a general societal problem, the still difficult reconciliation of work and family life.

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Lee, Shing-Yun, and 李星雲. "Parents Assign Household Work to Children." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45799638406915494168.

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Djafar, Fariastuti. "Women, work and household dynamics in urban Kalimantan." Phd thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/144295.

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Chen, Caiyan Wendy. "More Work, Less Play: Power, Household Work and Leisure Expereinces of Chinese Immigrant Women in Canada." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/35113.

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This thesis focuses on Chinese immigrant women’s experiences of household work and leisure in Canada. Socialist feminist perspective is used for an analysis of in-depth conversations with ten Chinese immigrant women with children. Results show that Chinese immigrant women experienced a significant increase of household work and a dramatic decrease on leisure pursuits after immigration and/or the birth of their children, implying that gender inequalities are reproduced and reinforced. Chinese immigrant women encounter and negotiate forms of tension resulted from the striking difference of being in China and being in Canada, their change in social status and their changed gender status. This thesis may contribute background knowledge for the practitioners in recreational programs and social works specialized in immigrant settlement services. Future research could be the motives for immigration, the actual experiences of immigration; a comparative study between Chinese immigrant women and women of other ethnicities is also suggested.

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Meagher, Gabrielle. "Ultimate lousy job? : evaluating the construction of paid household work." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1881.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Household work'

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