Journal articles on the topic 'Household energy systems'
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Dörre, Elias, Sebastian Pfaffel, Alexander Dreher, Pedro Girón, Svenja Heising, and Kay Wiedemann. "Flexibility Reserve of Self-Consumption Optimized Energy Systems in the Household Sector." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 23, 2021): 3017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113017.
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Energy generation and consumption in the power grid must be balanced at every single moment. Within the synchronous area of continental Europe, flexible generators and loads can provide Frequency Containment Reserve and Frequency Restoration Reserve marketed through the balancing markets. The Transmission System Operators use these flexibilities to maintain or restore the grid frequency when there are deviations. This paper shows the future flexibility potential of Germany’s household sector, in particular for single-family and twin homes in 2025 and 2030 with the assumption that households primarily optimize their self-consumption. The primary focus is directed to the flexibility potential of Electric Vehicles, Heat Pumps, Photovoltaics and Battery Storage Systems. A total of 10 different household system configurations were considered and combined in a weighted average based on the scenario framework of the German Grid Development Plan. The household generation, consumption and storage units were simulated in a mixed-integer linear programming model to create the time series for the self-consumption optimized households. This solved the unit commitment problem for each of the decentralized households in their individual configurations. Finally, the individual household flexibilities were evaluated and then aggregated to a Germany-wide flexibility profile for single-family and twin homes. The results indicate that the household sector can contribute significantly to system stabilization with an average potential of 30 GW negative and 3 GW positive flexibility in 2025. In 2030, the corresponding flexibilities potentially increase to 90 GW and 30 GW, respectively. This underlines that considerable flexibility reserves could be provided by single-family and twin homes in the future.
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Powroźnik, Piotr, Robert Szulim, Wiesław Miczulski, and Krzysztof Piotrowski. "Household Energy Management." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 1626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041626.
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Ensuring flexibility and security in power systems requires the use of appropriate management measures on the demand side. The article presents the results of work related to energy management in households in which renewable energy sources (RES) can be installed. The main part of the article is about the developed elastic energy management algorithm (EEM), consisting of two algorithms, EEM1 and EEM2. The EEM1 algorithm is activated in time periods with a higher energy price. Its purpose is to reduce the power consumed by the appliances to the level defined by the consumer. In contrast, the EEM2 algorithm is run by the Distribution System Operator (DSO) when peak demand occurs. Its purpose is to reduce the power of appliances in a specified time period to the level defined by the DSO. The optimization tasks in both algorithms are based on the Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure (GRASP) metaheuristic algorithm. The EEM1 and EEM2 algorithms also provide energy consumer comfort. For this purpose, both algorithms take into account the smart appliance parameters proposed in the article: sections of the working devices, power reduction levels, priorities and enablingof time shifting devices. The EEM algorithm in its operation also takes into account the information about the production of power, e.g., generated by the photovoltaic systems. On this basis, it makes decisions on the control of smart appliances. The EEM algorithm also enables inverter control to limit the power transferred from the photovoltaic system to the energy system. Such action is taken on the basis of the DSO request containing the information on the power limits. Such a structure of EEM enables the balancing of energy demand and supply. The possibility of peak demand phenomenon will be reduced. The simulation and experiment results presented in the paper confirmed the rationality and effectiveness of the EEM algorithm.
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Ahvenniemi, Hannele, and Tarja Häkkinen. "Households’ potential to decrease their environmental impacts." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 14, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-02-2019-0009.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to quantify the potential levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) and cost savings from a set of households’ energy saving measures, considered as “everyday choices”. Design/methodology/approach Four areas of living were selected for the study: household electricity, space heating, transport and food consumption. The study used a quantitative research approach in which the impact of selected scenarios of an average Finnish household was assessed. Findings Findings suggest that GHG savings from behavioural change regarding household electricity remain marginal in comparison to savings gained from transportation related measures. Transportation also provides the most cost-efficient ways to decrease GHGs but not in all cases. Based on the results, the authors suggest that smart technologies, such as on-line, active feedback systems could have a major role in guiding household energy use. Also, given the high GHG savings from transport, the authors highlight the importance of providing infrastructure and services for clean mobility, and in designing well-functioning and compact cities enabling shorter travels. Originality/value The aim of our study was twofold – by analysing the case household’s choices, we obtained information on environmental and economic impacts, but in addition to this, the aim was to open discussion on the role of households in tackling climate change and how to support households in making sustainable choices. Although research regarding household energy behaviour is vast, so far very few studies have focused on both economic and environmental impacts of households’ everyday actions.
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Oota, Masato, Yumiko Iwafune, and Ryozo Ooka. "Estimation of Self-Sufficiency Rate in Detached Houses Using Home Energy Management System Data." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040975.
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Japan’s energy consumption in 2018 was about 2.5 times that in 1975, with the increase in the household sector being the largest at 28%. Most of primary energy is still fossil fuel, and it is urgent to reduce energy consumption in the household sector. The purpose of this paper was to identify ways to reduce household energy consumption without compromising the quality of life in residence. However, the reduction methods vary by region, building specifications, household type, equipment specifications, season, and weather. The value of this paper is based on a systematic analysis of home energy management systems (HEMS) data from about 50,000 households under various conditions. We are analyzing ways to reduce energy consumption. Few studies have analyzed this much back-up data, which is likely to lead to a reduction in CO2 emissions across the household sector. To explore ways to reduce energy consumption in this sector, the company has introduced and provided services for home energy management systems (HEMS) since 2011 and is currently collecting HEMS data for up to 50,000 households. In order to grasp the actual state of energy consumption in each household, HEMS data are systematically analyzed, necessary conditions for energy reduction and self-sufficiency rate (SSR) improvement are analyzed, and energy consumption under certain conditions is estimated using storage batteries (SB) and heat pump water heaters (HPWH). In addition, energy consumption was investigated by actual measurement and simulation for several hundred households. Since power generation and consumption vary greatly depending on the region, building specifications, household type, equipment specifications, season, weather, etc., it is necessary to analyze these factors systematically. As a conclusion, in order to improve SSR, it is necessary to (1) reduce surplus power consumption and energy consumption of heat pump water heaters (HPWHs), (2) increase solar power generation, and (3) increase the size of SB. This study contributes to the spread of advanced housing and the reduction of CO2 emissions in the household sector.
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Amankwah, Desmond. "Analysis of Household Energy Efficiency in developing countries using the Long Energy Alternative Planning System (Case Study: Ghana)." Journal of Energy and Natural Resource Management 3, no. 2 (February 24, 2018): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26796/jenrm.v3i2.59.
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Ghana continues to face periodic energy crisis particularly in the power sector. The dominant household energy fuels in Ghanaare mainly biomass, oil products and hydropower. Efficient and wise use of available resources would consequently reduce theeffects and scarcity of these energy resources and make energy more accessible to many households in future. The objective ofthis paper is to use the LEAP model to develop three scenaria to depict a business as usual, assumed lower (10%) and higher(30%) energy savings on household energy intensities by 2030. Key factors relevant in the analysis included current and futurehousehold size, economic growth and saturation of household energy appliances. The results of this research shows a 30%reduction in total household energy consumption thus, higher energy saving scenario which would save about 1,552 ktoe andreduce GHG emission by 1,077.2 ktCO2 equivalent as compared to the baseline scenario by 2030. This scenario would reducehealth risk associated with biomass use and save households income on fuel. Effective implementation of policies and lawsbanning inefficient household electrical devices such as refrigerators, air-conditioners and lighting bulbs is necessary. In addition,awareness on energy savings on improved cooking stoves and automatic lighting control systems in buildings is beneficial inachieving this target. Meanwhile programs and policies in Ghana should aim at barriers in renewable energy technologies toensure its significance in the household energy mix.
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Keesstra, Saskia, Tamara Metze, Linda Ofori, Marleen Buizer, and Saskia Visser. "What Does the Circular Household of the Future Look Like? An Expert-Based Exploration." Land 11, no. 7 (July 12, 2022): 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11071062.
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Circularity is a necessity for the future of our society but individual households often find it difficult to contribute to this transition. This paper presents possible future visions of circular (and climate-neutral) households, inside and outside the house, regarding their contributions to the circular society, and taking into account food, energy, waste, household devices, and recreation. We combined expert interviews and a literature review to (1) explore imaginable futures for circular households, and (2) make a qualitative evaluation of the inside- and outside-house influences of households on a climate-neutral and circular society. Interviewees were selected to represent different scientific backgrounds. The four household types were organized according to more local or global, and collective or individual, levels: (1) the Househood (centering around neighborhoods); (2) the HouseNet (connecting households); (3) the Sharing Household (sharing goods between households); and (4) the Designing Household (input from circular-by-design products). The analysis shows that households can become more circular by connecting developments in social, ecological, and technological systems, such as those in price dynamics, policies, or land-use design. However, barriers and limitations need attention, including: (1) public awareness and willingness to change; (2) economic models; (3) waste; and (4) social justice.
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Pysar, Nadiia, Viktoriia Chornii, Andriy Bandura, and Yevgen Khlobystov. "Methods for estimating “Fuel poverty” in public administration and management systems." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 2 (June 13, 2018): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(2).2018.31.
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The Ukrainian energy market has been analyzed region-wise in terms of consumption of fuel and energy resources by household sector. Critical aspects of improving energy security have been reflected in the context of the use of energy resources. The principal directions of the socially responsible market economy system have been offered in the light of the country’s economic security in terms of overcoming “fuel poverty”. Cognitive features of the “fuel poverty” phenomenon have been defined. Mathematical modeling of the “fuel poverty” index has been carried out using the following approaches: “after fuel cost poverty”; energy expenditure above 10% of disposable income; the Low Income – High Costs, where households with relatively high energy costs and low income are emphasized. A model of the final calculation of household energy costs has been developed for the purpose of optimal management. The graphical abstract of the obtained “fuel poverty” index solutions has been presented, with the upper left corner – low income – high costs – serving as a critical zone. The block diagram of improving the socially responsible market economy system in the light of overcoming “fuel poverty” has been offered.
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Bartolucci, Lorenzo, Stefano Cordiner, Vincenzo Mulone, and Joao Luis Rossi. "Hybrid renewable energy systems for household ancillary services." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 107 (May 2019): 282–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.11.021.
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Alrawi, Omar, Islam Safak Bayram, Muammer Koc, and Sami G. Al-Ghamdi. "Economic Viability of Rooftop Photovoltaic Systems and Energy Storage Systems in Qatar." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 3040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093040.
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Renewable energy sources and sustainability have been attracting increased focus and development worldwide. Qatar is no exception, as it has ambitious plans to deploy renewable energy sources on a mass scale. Qatar may also investigate initiating and permitting the deployment of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems for residential households. Therefore, a research gap has been introduced regarding the system design, grid compatibility, economic viability, and energy consumption produced from household rooftop PV systems. Additionally, the lack of supporting policies and a feed-in tariff creates further research and development topics. Therefore, using collected data regarding household power consumption and rooftop PV generation, the purposes of this research study are as follows: (1) determining the economic aspects and practicality of using energy storage systems for self-consumption values; and (2) evaluating the economic viability of rooftop PV systems under different policies and electricity rate schemes. The insights of the results of this study can serve as a stepping stone for decisions and policymakers regarding the application of rooftop PV systems in Qatar. This study utilizes empirical evidence and an economic model to evaluate rooftop PV systems in Qatar and can also be applicable in the middle east region. A few studies in the region produce complementary results, which further supports our findings; however, what makes this paper unique is the use of different economic tools and real collected data while investigating multiple economic and energy policy scenarios.
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Poniatowska-Jaksch, Małgorzata. "Energy Consumption in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) Households in the Platform Economics." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 14, 2021): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041002.
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The ongoing digitization of the economy has led to the creation and functioning of platform model socio-economic systems. It is also reflected in the changes in patterns of energy consumption in households. In the first cross-section, it is an industrial revolution, with environmental benefits. However, platforms are primarily a revolution in the consumption sphere, and here, the effects of digitization are not fully recognized. Our social needs are increasingly met “through accessibility” without us leaving our home. Due to the home’s multifunctionality, based on the availability of platform services, household energy consumption should be viewed differently today than before. The article aims to show the changes in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) household energy consumption between 2008–2018 and their assessment through the prism of the economy’s platformization methods. The study presents the changes in energy consumption in households and determines the correlations between platformization (the author’s index) and changes in energy consumption in households with the use of taxonomic methods. The platformization leaders—Estonia and Lithuania—were subjected to a more detailed analysis. The presented method(s) may be useful in predicting the changes in households’ energy consumption caused by the digitization of other countries in the region (countries under transformation and outsiders-Bulgaria, Romania), in implementing household energy management systems, and in a better adjustment of regulations directed at these consumers.
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Narayana Palety, Badari, and C. Mahalakshmi. "Analysing the Residential Electricity Consumption using Smart Meter." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 10, no. 2s (December 31, 2022): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v10i2s.5910.
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A massive amount of electricity usage may be accessed on an everyday and hourly basis due to the advancement of smart power measuring technology. Electricity demand management and utility load management are made easier by energy usage forecasts. The majority of earlier studies have concentrated on the power consumption of business clients or residential buildings, or they have experimented with individual household electricity usage using behavioral and occupant sensor information. This study used smart meters to examine energy usage at a single household level to enhance residential energy services and gather knowledge for developing demand response strategies.The power usage of various appliances in a single household is estimated, by utilizing Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) modeling technique, which is applied to daily, weekly, and monthly information granularity. To select the household’s energy consumption dataset for this study, a multivariate time-series dataset describing the four-year electricity usage of a household is provided. The use of Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is utilizedfor the selection of features and data visualization. The correlation coefficients with the daily usage of the household have been computed for the characteristics prepared for the forecast. The top three major determinants with the top three positive significance are "temperature," "hour of the day," and "peak index." A single household's usage is inversely related to the variables having negative coefficients. It should be noticed that the correlations among a household's attributes with usage vary from one another. Finally, the power prediction is analyzed in a single household.
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Pavlović, Boban, Dejan Ivezić, and Marija Živković. "Challenges of Energy Transition in the Individual Heating Sector." Energija, ekonomija, ekologija XXIV, no. 1 (2022): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/eee22-1.17p.
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This paper presents the results of a household survey about individual heating conducted in Serbia in 2020. The objective of the survey was to examine the details of individual heating systems in households and households’ attitudes regarding the energy transition. The results indicate the obsolescence of the heating system, low efficiency, insufficient investment in the implementation of energy efficiency measures, and lack of funds for investment in sustainable heating. The main priorities when choosing a mode of heating are heating system costs and fuel costs, while the impacts of environmental factors and energy transition awareness are relatively weak. The cost of heating systems has also been identified as the biggest barrier to replacing existing systems. On the other hand, about half of households have a positive attitude towards potentially subsidizing the replacement of current heating systems with new and more efficient ones.
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Poudel, Sumitra, Narayan Prassad Chaulagain, and Manoj Aryal. "Energy consumption pattern and renewable energy alternatives in Madi Kalyanpur, Chitwan, Nepal." Nepal Journal of Environmental Science 4 (December 5, 2016): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njes.v4i0.22724.
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Energy consumption pattern and greenhouse gases emission are interrelated. The unsustainable use of biomass and widespread use of commercial energy are of the major sources of greenhouse gas emission. The alternative to kerosene for lighting is solar home system (SHS), which is one of the potential renewable technologies for rural electrification. The present study has analyzed household energy consumption pattern and greenhouse gases emission from energy consumption practices as well as environmental and economic benefits of SHS in Madi Kalyanpur Village Development Committee of Chitwan district. For the purpose, the primary data were collected through household questionnaire survey, key informant interview (KII) and focus group discussion (FGD). The analysis has shown that 22% of household use all types of energy, i.e. fuel-wood, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), biogas and SHS as the sources of energy. Thirty-five percent households use fuel-wood, LPG and SHS, 24% use fuel-wood, biogas and SHS, 1% used LPG and SHS, 5% use biogas and SHS, 4% use LPG, biogas and SHS and 9% use fuel-wood and SHS as a source of energy. Almost all people have been using SHS for the lighting purpose. The average annual greenhouse gases emission per household from fuel-wood and liquefied petroleum gas consumption was 7.89 ton and 0.17 ton of CO2 equivalent respectively. Typically, a 40 Wp SHS reduced the consumption of kerosene by 42 liter annually for lighting that displaced 0.11 ton of CO2 equivalent per household per year. The simple payback period for typically 40 Wp SHS was found to be nine years with no subsidy, seven years with subsidy from Alternative Energy Promotion Centre and two years with Indian Government Grant. Similarly, the benefit-cost ratios were found to be 3.1, 3.5 and 4.6 for the systems with no subsidy, with AEPC subsidy and with Indian Grant, respectively.
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Löfström, Erica, and Jenny Palm. "Visualising Household Energy Use in the Interest of Developing Sustainable Energy Systems." Housing Studies 23, no. 6 (November 2008): 935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673030802425602.
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Mishra, R. V., T. Gupta, A. Patel, R. Kumar, I. Kaur, and V. Batra. "Transforming Conventional Switching Systems to Cost-Effective, Adaptable, Energy-Efficient Smart Switching Systems." Journal of Scientific Research 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v15i1.60070.
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Reducing energy consumption in the household and commercial sectors is a major global concern. Our objective is to develop a low-cost automation solution that will help improve adoption and reduce energy consumption. Proposed system has functionality that will help typical Indian households reduce electricity consumption in areas of infrequent usage such as stairs, and parking areas where manual switching of the electricity is difficult. In our proposed model, a manual switching system is replaced with a low-cost and adaptable smart automated switching system. Our design is based on the Passive/Pyroelectric Infrared Rays (PIR) motion-sensing mechanism where motion is used as a trigger to turn on/off electrical appliances. Detailed comparative analysis of daily energy usage of traditional switching with intelligent switching showed reduced electricity consumption by 33 %. Lower cost of equipment will increase the adoption of automated systems, leading to a reduction in electricity consumption. Further, a drop in energy consumption means reduced energy costs and less burden on the grid which leads to a clean environment.
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Chao, Kuo-Ming, Nazaraf Shah, Raymond Farmer, and Adriana Matei. "Energy Management System for Domestic Electrical Appliances." International Journal of Applied Logistics 3, no. 4 (October 2012): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jal.2012100104.
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A variety of energy management systems are currently available for domestic domain, and many are concerned with real-time energy consumption monitoring and display of statistical and real time data of energy consumption. Although these systems play a crucial role in providing a detailed picture of energy consumption in home environment and contribute to influencing energy consumption behavior, households are required to then take appropriate measures to reduce energy consumption. Some energy management systems provide energy saving tips but they do not take into account households’ profiles and energy consumption of home appliances. To generate an effective and real time appliance level advice on energy consumption, the system must be able to cope with a large volume of data. The proposed system addresses this issue by taking into account household profiles and energy consumption of domestic electrical appliances. The system also uses an approach based on functional data services to deal with the challenge of processing a large volume of data in real time.
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Kiprijanovska, Ivana, Simon Stankoski, Igor Ilievski, Slobodan Jovanovski, Matjaž Gams, and Hristijan Gjoreski. "HousEEC: Day-Ahead Household Electrical Energy Consumption Forecasting Using Deep Learning." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 25, 2020): 2672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102672.
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Short-term load forecasting is integral to the energy planning sector. Various techniques have been employed to achieve effective operation of power systems and efficient market management. We present a scalable system for day-ahead household electrical energy consumption forecasting, named HousEEC. The proposed forecasting method is based on a deep residual neural network, and integrates multiple sources of information by extracting features from (i) contextual data (weather, calendar), and (ii) the historical load of the particular household and all households present in the dataset. Additionally, we compute novel domain-specific time-series features that allow the system to better model the pattern of energy consumption of the household. The experimental analysis and evaluation were performed on one of the most extensive datasets for household electrical energy consumption, Pecan Street, containing almost four years of data. Multiple test cases show that the proposed model provides accurate load forecasting results, achieving a root-mean-square error score of 0.44 kWh and mean absolute error score of 0.23 kWh, for short-term load forecasting for 300 households. The analysis showed that, for hourly forecasting, our model had 8% error (22 kWh), which is 4 percentage points better than the benchmark model. The daily analysis showed that our model had 2% error (131 kWh), which is significantly less compared to the benchmark model, with 6% error (360 kWh).
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Amani, Konan Lambert, Raguilignaba Sam, and François Zougmoré. "Competitiveness Level of Photovoltaic Solar Systems in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso): Study Based on the Domestic Electric Meters Calibration." International Journal of Photoenergy 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9698070.
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The mean cost price of electricity in Burkina Faso at the end of the last quarter of 2012 was 158 FCFA/kWh for a country where more than 46% of the population lives below the national poverty threshold. To look for solution to that problem, the resort to photovoltaic solar energy is justified for that country. The purpose of this study is to promote the integration of both technical and economical surveys in solar energy preliminary projects in Ouagadougou. To reach that, investigations were carried out in some households and attention was paid from the calibration of the domestic electric meters. Energy demands collected within each household allow us to design a corresponding solar kit through optimization rules. An estimate was edited and financial viability study for each household was also carried out thereafter. In this study, only households using the national electricity network calibration meter on their disadvantage favorably answered to all financial indicators and appear as the only one that could profit from such project. This work is helpful to note that photovoltaic solar energy still stays at a primitive level of competitiveness compared to conventional energy resources for small systems in Ouagadougou.
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Nørgaard, Jacob, Tamás Kerekes, and Dezso Séra. "Case Study of Residential PV Power and Battery Storage with the Danish Flexible Pricing Scheme." Energies 12, no. 5 (February 28, 2019): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050799.
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The economic viability of renewable energy generation is vital for sustainability. Ensuring that optimal operation is always achieved, using energy management systems and control algorithms, is essential in this endeavor. Here, a new real-time pricing scheme, the Danish flexible pricing scheme, illustrates how residential PV and battery systems can optimize the electricity bill of households, without changing consumption behavior or providing grid services in exchange. This means that the only addition is PV production, storage, and control. A case study is constructed from Danish household consumption data, irradiance measurements, and recorded spot prices. With the input data, the pricing scheme, and the energy flow, simulation models are computed in MATLAB, thereby validating the algorithmic potential and finding the best strategy for charging and discharging the energy storage unit. Different methods are compared to list the viable options and evaluate them, based on the economic feasibility for the household. Furthermore, a discussion of the system implementation is also included to highlight technical difficulties, co-integration opportunities, short-comings, and advantages present in the case study. In conclusion, it is possible to make renewable energy generation, and storage, viable for a Danish residential household under the new pricing scheme.
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Adjei-Danso, Emmanuel, Emmanuel Yamoah Tenkorang, and Patrick Osei-Kufuor. "Factors influencing household energy choices in the Kumasi Metropolitan area of Ghana." Oguaa Journal of Social Sciences 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 74–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.47963/joss.v9i1.319.
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Reforms in the energy sector are expected to bring about essential efciency gains, which could result in energy diversifcation and welfare improvements among households. However, there are other unintended social and environmental consequences associated with the process. One signifcant social concern is the likely impact on how low-income families access new energy. The study used a cross-sectional design to undertake a comparative analysis of domestic energy choices. Data was collected from 405 households’ decision makers. An interview schedule and a guide were used for the data collection. The results showed that modern fuels are by far the most predominant source of energy for high and medium class residential households in Kumasi. However, residents in low-class areas preferred to use biomass fuel as their primary energy choice. Contextual variations revealed that general factors such as afordability and accessibility of energy source were exogenous determinants of energy choice. The fndings of the study also lend support to the energy ladder hypothesis that household income is a signifcant determinant of household energy choice. Further, social and demographic factors are critical determinants of cooking fuel type in residential zones. The study recommends the promotion of modern fuels through developing dependable energy distribution systems, and public education campaigns by the Energy Commission of Ghana.
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Chang, Kuo-Chi, Noel Hagumimana, Jishi Zheng, Godwin Norense Osarumwense Asemota, Jean De Dieu Niyonteze, Walter Nsengiyumva, Aphrodis Nduwamungu, and Samuel Bimenyimana. "Standalone and Minigrid-Connected Solar Energy Systems for Rural Application in Rwanda: An In Situ Study." International Journal of Photoenergy 2021 (October 5, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1211953.
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In recent years, several factors such as environmental pollution, declining fossil fuel supplies, and product price volatility have led to most countries investing in renewable energy sources. In particular, the development of photovoltaic (PV) microgrids, which can be standalone, off-grid connected or grid-connected, is seen as one of the most viable solutions that could help developing countries such as Rwanda to minimize problems related to energy shortage. The country’s current electrification rate is estimated to be 59.7%, and hydropower remains Rwanda’s primary source of energy (with over 43.8% of its total energy supplies) despite advances in solar technology. In order to provide affordable electricity to low-income households, the government of Rwanda has pledged to achieve 48% of its overal electrification goals from off-grid solar systems by 2024. In this paper, we develop a cost-effective power generation model for a solar PV system to power households in rural areas in Rwanda at a reduced cost. A performance comparison between a single household and a microgrid PV system is conducted by developing efficient and low-cost off-grid PV systems. The battery model for these two systems is 1.6 kWh daily load with 0.30 kW peak load for a single household and 193.05 kWh/day with 20.64 kW peak load for an off-grid PV microgrid. The hybrid optimization model for electric renewable (HOMER) software is used to determine the system size and its life cycle cost including the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and net present cost (NPC) for each of these power generation models. The analysis shows that the optimal system’s NPC, LCOE, electricity production, and operating cost are estimated to 1,166,898.0 USD, 1.28 (USD/kWh), 221, and 715.0 (kWh per year, 37,965.91 (USD per year), respectively, for microgrid and 9284.4(USD), 1.23 (USD/kWh), and 2426.0 (kWh per year, 428.08 (USD per year), respectively, for a single household (standalone). The LCOE of a standalone PV system of an independent household was found to be cost-effective compared with a microgrid PV system that supplies electricity to a rural community in Rwanda.
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Chang, Kuo-Chi, Noel Hagumimana, Jishi Zheng, Godwin Norense Osarumwense Asemota, Jean De Dieu Niyonteze, Walter Nsengiyumva, Aphrodis Nduwamungu, and Samuel Bimenyimana. "Standalone and Minigrid-Connected Solar Energy Systems for Rural Application in Rwanda: An In Situ Study." International Journal of Photoenergy 2021 (October 5, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1211953.
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In recent years, several factors such as environmental pollution, declining fossil fuel supplies, and product price volatility have led to most countries investing in renewable energy sources. In particular, the development of photovoltaic (PV) microgrids, which can be standalone, off-grid connected or grid-connected, is seen as one of the most viable solutions that could help developing countries such as Rwanda to minimize problems related to energy shortage. The country’s current electrification rate is estimated to be 59.7%, and hydropower remains Rwanda’s primary source of energy (with over 43.8% of its total energy supplies) despite advances in solar technology. In order to provide affordable electricity to low-income households, the government of Rwanda has pledged to achieve 48% of its overal electrification goals from off-grid solar systems by 2024. In this paper, we develop a cost-effective power generation model for a solar PV system to power households in rural areas in Rwanda at a reduced cost. A performance comparison between a single household and a microgrid PV system is conducted by developing efficient and low-cost off-grid PV systems. The battery model for these two systems is 1.6 kWh daily load with 0.30 kW peak load for a single household and 193.05 kWh/day with 20.64 kW peak load for an off-grid PV microgrid. The hybrid optimization model for electric renewable (HOMER) software is used to determine the system size and its life cycle cost including the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and net present cost (NPC) for each of these power generation models. The analysis shows that the optimal system’s NPC, LCOE, electricity production, and operating cost are estimated to 1,166,898.0 USD, 1.28 (USD/kWh), 221, and 715.0 (kWh per year, 37,965.91 (USD per year), respectively, for microgrid and 9284.4(USD), 1.23 (USD/kWh), and 2426.0 (kWh per year, 428.08 (USD per year), respectively, for a single household (standalone). The LCOE of a standalone PV system of an independent household was found to be cost-effective compared with a microgrid PV system that supplies electricity to a rural community in Rwanda.
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Miroshnyk, O. "Comparison of the energy savings of household electricity supply systems." Bulletin of Lviv National Agrarian University. Agroengineering Research, no. 23 (December 17, 2019): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31734/agroengineering2019.23.100.
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Stern, Paul C. "Individual and household interactions with energy systems: Toward integrated understanding." Energy Research & Social Science 1 (March 2014): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2014.03.003.
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Horn, Michael S., Zeina Atrash Leong, Michael D. Greenberg, and Reed Stevens. "Kids and thermostats: Understanding children’s involvement with household energy systems." International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction 3-4 (January 2015): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2015.09.002.
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Zhang, Yingxin, Sainan Wang, Wei Shao, and Junhong Hao. "Feasible Distributed Energy Supply Options for Household Energy Use in China from a Carbon Neutral Perspective." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (December 9, 2021): 12992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412992.
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This contribution firstly proposed the concept of annual average power generation hours and analyzed per capita energy consumption, carbon emission, and the human development index from a macro perspective. On this basis, we compared the average household electrical energy consumption of urban and rural residents based on the data from CGSS-2015 from a micro perspective. The results show the positive correlation between carbon emissions per capita and the human development index and China’s regional imbalance characteristics between household electricity consumption and renewable energy distribution. Therefore, the distributed energy supply system is proposed as an effective complement to centralized power generation systems and is the key to synergizing human development and carbon emissions in China. Moreover, we analyzed the characteristics of distributed energy supply systems in the context of existing energy supply systems, pointing out the need to fully use solar energy and natural gas. Finally, two types of typical distributed energy supply systems are proposed for satisfying the household energy requirements in remote or rural areas of western and the eastern or coastal areas of China, respectively. Two typical distributed energy systems integrate high-efficiency energy conversion, storage, and transfer devices such as electric heat pumps, photovoltaic thermal, heat and electricity storage, and fuel cells.
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Kott and Kott. "Generic Ontology of Energy Consumption Households." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 28, 2019): 3712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193712.
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The smart concept has changed both household electrical systems (smart home) and the whole electric power system (smart grid). It has facilitated much more efficient electrical energy management. Therefore, there is a need to develop a detailed model and knowledge base at the micro-system level, which can respond to changes in the electric power system. Extensive knowledge (know-how), large financial outlays, and access to modern technologies are necessary in order to design and build a functional smart grid. The first installations were made in highly developed countries. Currently, a significant proportion of newly built power installations in Europe have the features of a smart grid type. Developing countries, such as Poland, should benefit from the experience of other countries in the process of building modern installations. The article addresses the energy performance of a household and the ontology of a household micro-system, while taking into account the possibility of it being controlled via energy management systems (EMS).
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Elweddad, Mohamed, Muhammet Güneşer, and Ziyodulla Yusupov. "Designing an energy management system for household consumptions with an off-grid hybrid power system." AIMS Energy 10, no. 4 (2022): 801–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2022036.
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<abstract> <p>This paper analyzes the effect of meteorological variables such as solar irradiance and ambient temperature in addition to cultural factors such as consumer behavior levels on energy consumption in buildings. Reducing demand peaks to achieve a stable daily load and hence lowering electricity bills is the goal of this work. Renewable generation sources, including wind and Photovoltaics systems (PV) as well as battery storage are integrated to supply the managed home load. The simulation model was conducted using Matlab R2019b on a personal laptop with an Intel Core i7 with 16 GB memory. The model considered two seasonal scenarios (summer and winter) to account for the variable available energy sources and end-user electric demand which is classified into three demand periods, peak-demand, mid-demand, and low-demand, to evaluate the modeled supply-demand management strategy. The obtained results showed that the surrounding temperature and the number of family members significantly impact the rate of electricity consumption. The study was designed to optimize and manage electricity consumption in a building fed by a standalone hybrid energy system.</p> </abstract>
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Hassan, Olumide, Stephen Morse, and Matthew Leach. "The Energy Lock-In Effect of Solar Home Systems: A Case Study in Rural Nigeria." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 6682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246682.
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Ongoing reductions in the costs of solar PV and battery technologies have contributed to an increased use of home energy systems in Sub-Saharan African regions without grid access. However, such systems can normally support only low-power end uses, and there has been little research regarding the impact on households unable to transition to higher-wattage energy services in the continued absence of the grid. This paper examines the challenges facing rural energy transitions and whether households feel they are energy ‘locked in’. A mixed-methods approach using questionnaire-based household energy surveys of rural solar home system (SHS) users was used to collect qualitative and quantitative data. Thematic analysis and a mixture of descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were applied. The results showed that a significant number of households possessed appliances that could not be powered by their SHS and were willing to spend large sums to connect were a higher-capacity option available. This implied that a significant number of the households were locked into a low-energy future. Swarm electrification technology and energy efficient, DC-powered plug-and-play appliances were suggested as means to move the households to higher tiers of electricity access.
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Gholami, Roya, Rohit Nishant, and Ali Emrouznejad. "Modeling Residential Energy Consumption." Journal of Global Information Management 29, no. 2 (March 2021): 166–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgim.2021030109.
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Smart meters that allow information to flow between users and utility service providers are expected to foster intelligent energy consumption. Previous studies focusing on demand-side management have been predominantly restricted to factors that utilities can manage and manipulate, but have ignored factors specific to residential characteristics. They also often presume that households consume similar amounts of energy and electricity. To fill these gaps in literature, the authors investigate two research questions: (RQ1) Does a data mining approach outperform traditional statistical approaches for modelling residential energy consumption? (RQ2) What factors influence household energy consumption? They identify household clusters to explore the underlying factors central to understanding electricity consumption behavior. Different clusters carry specific contextual nuances needed for fully understanding consumption behavior. The findings indicate electricity can be distributed according to the needs of six distinct clusters and that utilities can use analytics to identify load profiles for greater energy efficiency.
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Munzke, Nina, Bernhard Schwarz, and Marc Hiller. "Intelligent control of household Li-ion battery storage systems." Energy Procedia 155 (November 2018): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.069.
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Zampaligré, Nouhoun, and Lisa Elena Fuchs. "Determinants of Adoption of Multiple Climate-Smart Adaptation Practices in Sudano-Sahelian Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Production Systems." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 4, 2019): 4831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184831.
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To improve their ability to plan for and respond to potential negative impacts of climate shocks, such as droughts and dry spells, in the Sahelian agricultural production systems, many farmers have adopted diversified coping and adaptation strategies to secure their livelihoods. However, the scientific understanding of the key factors that determine the decisions that these pastoralist and agro-pastoralist households make, as well as the relation between existing human, social, natural, physical and financial assets and the adoption of adaptation practices at the household level has remained insufficient. Therefore, multivariate probit estimates were used to identify the key drivers of multiple adoption of climate-smart agro-pastoral adaptation practices in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Burkina Faso. The results indicated that respondent households adopted a combination of adaptation practices rather than a single practice. Most of these practices aimed at enhancing household food security and livelihoods. Regarding the variables that are related to the adoption of these adaptation practices overall, a few assets were found to contribute significantly to the decision to adopt the assessed adaption practices. These include the possession of household and farm assets and equipment, membership in associations and assistance from government, farming experience of the household head, access to credit, as well as ownership and size of farmland. In addition, access to climate and agronomic information, as well as a household’s location within a specifically dedicated pastoral zone, enhanced uptake of various adaptation practices in this study. Access to these assets and features hence plays a critical role in pastoralists’ and agro-pastoralists’ adaptive capacity. This study provides insights for policy makers in view of climate change adaptation and wider sustainable development planning in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Africa.
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Retamal, Monique, and Andrea Turner. "Unpacking the energy implications of distributed water infrastructure: how are rainwater systems performing?" Water Supply 10, no. 4 (September 1, 2010): 546–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.136.
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Drought and concern over climate change has led to the increased use of distributed water systems in Australia to supplement centralised supply systems. A literature review carried out by the Institute for Sustainable Futures (ISF) into the energy consumption of water infrastructure found that very little data on energy consumption exists, particularly for distributed systems. This paper reviews the findings of the literature review and presents results from a preliminary monitoring study on the energy implications of household rainwater systems. Typical household systems that are currently being installed in ouses cross Australia use approximately 1.5 kWh/kL.
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Saleem, Umer, Takeshi Mizunoya, Yabar Helmut, Muhammad Saad Moeen, and Ammara Ajmal. "Application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Measuring the Impact Income Vulnerability on Rural Households: A Case Study of the 2010 Floods in Pakistan." Journal of Sustainable Development 13, no. 2 (March 30, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v13n2p1.
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While the economic impact of natural disasters has been studied extensively, there are rather few studies that have addressed their impact on household income. This research tries to fill this gap by analyzing their actual effect on household income caused by the 2010 floods. We look at the impact of natural disasters on rural households in Pakistan after a massive flooding event in 2010. We used the difference-in-difference (DID) approach, which showed statistical significance at 1 percent. We also calculated the household distance from the rivers to see how vulnerable household income is to such kinds of shock-like floods. The results showed that the sample households living near had more impact as compared to the ones living far. Stata and Geographical Information System (GIS) software packages have been used for regression analysis and calculation of distance, respectively. This research will not only give insight in order to understand household income losses but will allow government, policymakers, and International Aid agencies to plan, make countermeasure strategies before designing post-disaster projects. After taking into account the effect of floods, which tend to have far more impact on the households, which are located near the source of the flooding. In this case, they need to focus more in terms of reconstruction of infrastructure, particularly for the households which are near these flooded areas. Firstly, this finding can give policymakers insight in terms of strategies to develop agriculture and non-agriculture employment opportunities. Secondly, it is essential to reduce income vulnerability and improve rural household finance economic conditions.
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Sami, Ben Slama. "A Survey of Hydrogen Energy and I-Energy Applications: Household Intelligent Electrical Power Systems." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 55181–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2981349.
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Scott, Nigel, Melinda Barnard-Tallier, and Simon Batchelor. "Losing the Energy to Cook: An Exploration of Modern Food Systems and Energy Consumption in Domestic Kitchens." Energies 14, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 4004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14134004.
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The Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS) programme has generated data on the amount of energy required to cook meals using different fuels and cooking devices. Fuel stacking is commonplace, especially among households with access to modern fuels. Experience shows that people tend to use modern fuels for quick tasks, such as preparing a cup of tea, but prefer to use biomass fuels for foods that take longer to cook. Therefore, changes in the choice of foods in the household menu have the potential to affect the transition to modern fuels. This paper discusses the potential of innovative and emerging aspects of food systems in low-income countries to impact on households. It starts by looking at the processing of indigenous crops to create convenient and nutritious food products. This leads to an overview of the rapid growth of the food processing industry and future opportunities. Consuming food that has been prepared outside of the home is also a common and rapidly growing practice, which is likely to be driven (and disrupted) by technological innovation. Cooking energy considerations depend largely on fuel stacking behaviours, and the paper argues that modern food systems have the potential to reduce energy consumption in the kitchen, and to play a role in displacing traditional biomass fuels with modern fuels.
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Zhang, Lixiao, and Changbo Wang. "Energy and GHG Analysis of Rural Household Biogas Systems in China." Energies 7, no. 2 (February 17, 2014): 767–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en7020767.
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Barbieri, Enrico Saverio, Pier Ruggero Spina, and Mauro Venturini. "Analysis of innovative micro-CHP systems to meet household energy demands." Applied Energy 97 (September 2012): 723–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.11.081.
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Martinot, Eric, Akanksha Chaurey, Debra Lew, José Roberto Moreira, and Njeri Wamukonya. "Renewable Energy Markets in Developing Countries." Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 27, no. 1 (November 2002): 309–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.27.122001.083444.
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▪ Abstract Renewable energy is shifting from the fringe to the mainstream of sustainable development. Past donor efforts achieved modest results but often were not sustained or replicated, which leads now to greater market orientation. Markets for rural household lighting with solar home systems, biogas, and small hydro power have expanded through rural entrepreneurship, government programs, and donor assistance, serving millions of households. Applications in agriculture, small industry, and social services are emerging. Public programs resulted in 220 million improved biomass cook stoves. Three percent of power generation capacity is largely small hydro and biomass power, with rapid growth of wind power. Experience suggests the need for technical know-how transfer, new replicable business models, credit for rural households and entrepreneurs, regulatory frameworks and financing for private power developers, market facilitation organizations, donor assistance aimed at expanding sustainable markets, smarter subsidies, and greater attention to social benefits and income generation.
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Lazzeroni, Paolo, Ivan Mariuzzo, Michele Quercio, and Maurizio Repetto. "Economic, Energy, and Environmental Analysis of PV with Battery Storage for Italian Households." Electronics 10, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020146.
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The use of renewable energy sources is one way to decarbonize current energy consumption. In this context, photovoltaic (PV) technology plays a direct fundamental role since it can convert sun irradiance into electricity to be used for supplying electric loads for households. Despite the huge availability of the solar resource, the intermittence of PV production may reduce its exploitation. This problem can be solved by the introduction of storage systems, such as batteries, storing electricity when PV overproduction occurs and acting as a source when PV generation is absent. Consequently, increase in self-sufficiency and self-consumption can be expected in residential end users, paving the way for more sustainable energy systems. In this paper, an economic, energy, and environmental analysis of PV systems (without and with batteries) for the household is performed for the whole of Italy, by means of a Geographical Information Systems (GIS) approach. A model to simulate energy balance and to manage batteries is defined for households to assess the profitability of such systems under an Italian regulation framework. Concerning results, indicators are provided at a national scale using GIS tools to highlight areas where investments are more profitable, boosting the CO2 emission reduction.
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Lazzeroni, Paolo, Ivan Mariuzzo, Michele Quercio, and Maurizio Repetto. "Economic, Energy, and Environmental Analysis of PV with Battery Storage for Italian Households." Electronics 10, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020146.
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The use of renewable energy sources is one way to decarbonize current energy consumption. In this context, photovoltaic (PV) technology plays a direct fundamental role since it can convert sun irradiance into electricity to be used for supplying electric loads for households. Despite the huge availability of the solar resource, the intermittence of PV production may reduce its exploitation. This problem can be solved by the introduction of storage systems, such as batteries, storing electricity when PV overproduction occurs and acting as a source when PV generation is absent. Consequently, increase in self-sufficiency and self-consumption can be expected in residential end users, paving the way for more sustainable energy systems. In this paper, an economic, energy, and environmental analysis of PV systems (without and with batteries) for the household is performed for the whole of Italy, by means of a Geographical Information Systems (GIS) approach. A model to simulate energy balance and to manage batteries is defined for households to assess the profitability of such systems under an Italian regulation framework. Concerning results, indicators are provided at a national scale using GIS tools to highlight areas where investments are more profitable, boosting the CO2 emission reduction.
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Priedniece, Vivita, Vladimirs Kirsanovs, Ritvars Freimanis, Ivars Veidenbergs, and Dagnija Blumberga. "Emissions and Efficiency Limits of Small-Scale Biomass Heating Systems: Regulations, Standards, and Ecolabels." Environmental and Climate Technologies 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1032–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2022-0077.
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Abstract The household sector has a significant role in the consumption of energy resources and related emissions. The household sector is responsible for around 1/3 of the total energy resource consumption in Latvia. This study aims to determine the level of control measures regarding household boilers by summarising the existing information on legislation and quality labels regulating the efficiency and emissions of household boilers in the EU. The focus is on PM emissions and small-scale heating system regulations in Latvia. The study shows that small-scale biomass heating systems lack proper control measures to limit created emissions. The situation regarding PM emissions is the worst in Latvia, in comparison to the EU and 8 other studied countries.
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Schröter, Tamara, André Richter, Jens Götze, André Naumann, Jenny Gronau, and Martin Wolter. "Substation Related Forecasts of Electrical Energy Storage Systems: Transmission System Operator Requirements." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 25, 2020): 6207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236207.
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The growth in volatile renewable energy (RE) generation is accompanied by an increasing network load and an increasing demand for storage units. Household storage systems and micro power plants, in particular, represent an uncertainty factor for distribution networks, as well as transmission networks. Due to missing data exchanges, transmission system operators cannot take into account the impact of household storage systems in their network load and generation forecasts. Thus, neglecting the increasing number of household storage systems leads to increasing forecast inaccuracies. To consider the impact of the storage systems on forecasting, this paper presents a new approach to calculate a substation-specific storage forecast, which includes both substation-specific RE generation and load forecasts. For the storage forecast, storage systems and micro power plants are assigned to substations. Based on their aggregated behavior, the impact on the forecasted RE generation and load is determined. The load and generation are forecasted by combining several optimization approaches to minimize the forecasting errors. The concept is validated using data from the German transmission system operator, 50 Hertz Transmission GmbH. This investigation demonstrates the significance of using a battery storage forecast with an integrated load and generation forecast.
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Ceresuela, Jesús M., Daniel Chemisana, and Nacho López. "Household photovoltaic systems optimization methodology based on graph theory reliability." Energy Reports 8 (November 2022): 11334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.08.262.
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Buzar, Stefan. "When Homes Become Prisons: The Relational Spaces of Postsocialist Energy Poverty." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 39, no. 8 (August 2007): 1908–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a38298.
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In this paper I aim to develop a relational geographical interpretation of energy poverty in the postsocialist states of Eastern and Central Europe, through a field-based study of inadequately heated homes in the Macedonian cities of Skopje and Štip. According to the reviewed evidence, domestic energy deprivation simultaneously shapes, and is shaped by, the institutional relationships between policy actors at different levels of governance, and the day-to-day interactions between vulnerable households and the built environment. It is contingent on three sets of processes: the socioeconomic implications of energy reforms in postsocialism, the inadequate energy efficiency of the homes of energy-poor households, and the mismatch between housing needs and heating systems at the household level. As a result of such interdependencies, households may become ‘imprisoned’ in particular types of sociospatial arrangements that contribute to the emergence of poverty.
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Babatunde, Olubayo M., Josiah L. Munda, and Yskandar Hamam. "Selection of a Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for a Low-Income Household." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 8, 2019): 4282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164282.
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The use of a single criterion in the selection of the most suitable hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) has been reported to be inadequate in terms of sustainability. In order to fill this gap, this study presents a multi-criteria approach for the selection of HRES for a typical low-income household. The analysis is based on two energy demand scenarios viz: consumer demand based on energy efficient equipment (EET) and consumer energy demand without energy efficiency. The optimization of the HRES is performed using hybrid optimization of multiple energy renewables (HOMER) while the multi-criteria analysis is carried out using Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Results show that the optimal HRES alternative returned based on both energy demand scenarios is a PV/GEN/BAT system. The analysis further shows that a reduction of 44.6% in energy demand through EET leads to: 51.38% decrease in total net present cost, 11.90% decrease in cost of energy, 96.61% decrease in CO 2 emission and 193.94% increase in renewable fraction. Furthermore, the use of multi-criteria approach for HRES selection has an influence in the selection and ranking of the most suitable HRES alternatives. Overall, the application of EETs is environmentally and economically beneficial while the application of MCDM can help decision makers make a comprehensively informed decision on the selection of the most suitable HRES.
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Choi, Sunghee. "Does Salience of Neighbor-Comparison Information Attract Attention and Conserve Energy? Eye-Tracking Experiment and Interview with Korean Local Apartment Residents." Information 12, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12030125.
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The purpose of this paper is to examine whether salience of neighbor comparison information attracts more attention from residents and consequently leads to significant energy conservation. An eye-tracking experiment on 54 residents in a local apartment complex in Korea found that the average time of attention to the neighbor comparison information increased to 277 ms when the size of the information was four times larger and the information was located to the far left. However, the interviews with the subjects suggest that salience of the information is seemingly unrelated to energy conservation, because most of them did not agree with the social consensus that individuals need to refrain from consuming energy when they know that they have consumed more than the neighbor’s average. Utility data on 502 households in the apartments revealed that, of the households notified that they consumed more than their neighbors, only less than 50% reduced their energy consumption, which supports the interview results. Therefore, it was concluded that neighbor comparison information did not lead to significant energy conservation effects in the community, although salience of the information contributed to attracting more attention to the information. Unavailable household data remained as limitation to clarify the effect by households.
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Su, Shu, Xiaodong Li, Borong Lin, Hongyang Li, and Jingfeng Yuan. "A Comparison of the Environmental Performance of Cooling and Heating among Different Household Types in China’s Hot Summer–Cold Winter Zone." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 16, 2019): 5724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205724.
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Cooling and heating consume a large amount of energy during the operation of residential buildings in the hot summer–cold winter zone. It causes serious ecological damage and negatively affects natural resources. Occupant usage behaviors of cooling and heating systems are driven by various factors, and correlations between the driving factors and corresponding environmental impacts (EIs) are not well quantified. This study focuses on two occupant-related driving factors: household size and age composition, and combines a questionnaire survey, an energy simulation, and an EIs assessment into an integrated model. A case study is conducted in Jiangsu, China, to demonstrate the model. Nearly 1800 samples are collected from a large sample questionnaire survey and then classified into nine household types according to their household sizes and age compositions. The EIs due to cooling and heating of different household types in a typical year are then assessed and compared. The assessment results show that different household types have various environmental performance. Households with larger size, elderly people, and children have higher EIs. This newly established model is applicable and builds a bridge between driving factors and the environmental performance of cooling and heating. These assessment results will help better understand the role of household type.
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Siepermann, Markus, Christian Rehtanz, Volker Liebenau, Richard Lackes, and Martin Gebauer. "The potential of shifting residential energy consumption for the energy transition." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 15, no. 3 (February 9, 2021): 628–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-01-2020-0006.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to analyse the contribution of shifting the load of household devices from periods of renewable energy underproduction to surplus periods in order to better match energy production and demand. Design/methodology/approach An optimisation model for load shifting of household devices is developed and analysed with the help of a simulation of energy loads for the year 2030 in Germany. Findings About 1.48% of the renewable surplus energy can be used in addition which equals total savings between €15.06m and €106.71m. However, 24.47% of the surplus periods can be compensated completely and 6.38% up to a level of 94%. Research limitations/implications A 100% diffusion of smart metres and devices and a high acceptance among consumers are assumed so that the results of this study present an upper bound for the contribution of household load shifting. Practical implications Load shifting of household devices provides only a small contribution and can only be one measure among others. It is crucial to find and invest in new energy storage systems so that more renewable spill-over energy can be used. Originality/value An optimisation model for load shifting is developed. Customer behaviour and devices are considered individually and not only a fixed percental share. Beside peak load periods also periods of renewable spill-over energy are considered.
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Li, Xintao, Xue’er Xu, Diyi Liu, Mengqiao Han, and Siqi Li. "Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for the Solar Photovoltaic System in the Post-Subsidy Era: A Comparative Analysis under an Urban-Rural Divide." Energies 15, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 9022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15239022.
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Concerns about the environment and renewable energy are growing. Improving the perception of renewable energy in urban and rural households is required to promote green development and to learn about consumer preferences for renewable energy based on the gradual reduction in financial subsidies for photovoltaic (PV) power generation. This paper aims to estimate the willingness of consumers to pay for a Household PV system and explores the factors that affect consumers’ product selection, which is conducive to optimizing Household PV products and policies and is important for achieving the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. Using a discrete choice model, this paper surveyed 765 urban and rural residents without installing Household PV systems in Tianjin, China. Subsequently, the respondents’ attribute preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for a Household PV system were analyzed using a logit regression analysis model. The influence of respondents’ socio-economic characteristics on WTP was analyzed. The empirical results showed that (1) price significantly impacts consumers’ PV adoption behaviors and consumers tend to choose cheaper PV products; (2) consumers are more willing to pay for the after-sales service (3959 USD/level) and traceable information (2176 USD/level), indicating their preference for these two attributes when considering options; (3) socio-economic variables, including gender and the number of minor children (i.e., children under the age of 18) at home, significantly impact consumers’ PV adoption behaviors. Males and consumers without minor children at home will pay more attention when selecting the products. Our research findings will provide valuable insights into policy making and the wide-ranging use of Household PV systems.