Dissertations / Theses: 'Household energy systems'

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Björk, Erik. "Energy Efficiency Improvements in Household Refrigeration Cooling Systems." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-93061.

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This thesis is based on eight articles all related to the characteristics of the cooling system and plate evaporator of a household refrigerator. Through these articles, knowledge is provided that can be used to increase the operational efficiency in household refrigeration. Papers A, B and C focus on heat transfer and pressure drop in a commonly used free convection evaporator – the plate evaporator. Applicable correlations are suggested on how to estimate the air side heat transfer, the refrigerant side pressure drop and the refrigerant side heat transfer. Papers D, E and F hold a unique experimental study of the refrigerant charge distribution in the cooling system at transient and steady state conditions. From this cyclic losses are identified and estimated and ways to overcome them are suggested. In paper G the topic “charging and throttling” is investigated in an unparalleled experimental study based on more than 600 data points at different quantities of charge and expansions device capacities. It results in recommendations on how to optimize the capillary tube length and the quantity of refrigerant charge. Finally, Paper H holds a thermographic study of the overall cooling system operating at transient conditions. Overall, a potential to lower the energy use by as much as 25 % was identified in the refrigerator studied. About 10 % was found on the evaporator’s air side. 1-2 % was identified as losses related to the edge effect of the evaporator plate. About 8 % was estimated to be cyclic losses. About 5 % was found in cycle length optimization. It is believed that most of these findings are of general interest for the whole field of household refrigeration even though the results come from one type of refrigerator. Suggestions of simple means to reduce the losses without increasing the unit price are provided within the thesis

QC 20120411

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Schutte, Adriaan Nicholaas. "A bi-directional, direct conversion converter for use in household renewable energy systems." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1726.

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Thesis (MScIng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
A bi-directional, direct conversion switch-mode converter is proposed for use in distributed household renewable energy systems. The converter is intended as the central interface between the household energy system’s low voltage Direct Current bus and the high voltage Alternating Current bus. The low voltage DC bus is connected to renewable generation and storage devices, while the high voltage AC bus is connected to the user’s equipment and the mains grid. The converter overcomes the inherent reverse-duty cycle problem associated with bi-directional converters by using a combination step-up / step-down half-bridge converter on the high voltage side of a high frequency transformer. The low voltage side of the transformer is driven by a full bridge inverter that acts as a rectifier during reverse mode. In order to control the flow of power in both directions the converter implements Average Current Mode Control. A method is developed to determine the transfer functions of common switch-mode converters by inspection alone. This method is applied to the proposed converter, and both current and voltage mode control loops are designed with the frequency response method. The control system is implemented using a Digital Signal Processor. A method of simultaneously simulating both the converter hardware and software is developed using VHDL. This method greatly reduced the development effort of the converter. The operation of the proposed converter is verified through this method of simulation. A prototype converter is constructed and successfully tested, thereby proving the viability of the proposed converter topology and control methodology.

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Oladokun, Michael Gbolagade. "Dynamic modelling of the socio-technical systems of household energy consumption and carbon emissions." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2827.

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There is a growing need to curtail the carbon emissions in the globe in order to achieve the climate stabilisation goals based on the climate change threat. And as such, different initiatives and schemes of Government have targeted a number of policies at reducing energy and carbon emissions targets with the housing sector of the economy not an exception. In order to explore the feasibility of achieving carbon emissions reduction targets within the housing sector of the UK, the research views the issue of household energy consumption and carbon emissions as complex sociotechnical problem involving the analysis of both the social and technical variables. This thesis therefore describes the development of the system dynamics based model to capture and solve the problem relating to the future profiles of household energy consumption and carbon emissions by providing a policy advice tool for use by the policy makers. In order to investigate the problem, the research adopts the pragmatist research strategy involving collection of both qualitative and quantitative data to develop the model. The developed model has six modules, which are: population/household, dwelling internal heat, occupants’ thermal comfort, climatic-economic-energy efficiency interaction, household energy consumption, and household CO2 emissions. In addition to the ‘baseline’ scenario, the developed model was used to develop four illustrative scenarios of household energy consumption and carbon emissions; which are: ‘efficiency’ scenario, ‘behavioural change’ scenario, ‘economic’ scenario, and ‘integrated’ scenario. The ‘efficiency’ scenario generally considers the effects of improvements in energy efficiency measures on household energy consumption and ultimately on household carbon emissions. Additionally, the ‘behavioural change’ scenario tries to model the effects of occupants’ change of energy consumption behaviour on household energy consumption and carbon emissions profile. The ‘economic’ scenario assumes a case of policy change by Government favouring energy prices reduction, thereby reducing the energy bills payable by the householders and its consequences on household energy consumption and carbon emissions. And the ‘integrated’ scenario combines the assumptions in the first three scenarios and then analyses its effects on household energy consumption and carbon emissions. The ‘baseline’ results indicate that about 49% savings in carbon emissions by the year 2050 below the base year of 1990 are possible. Additionally, the results of the developed model for all the illustrative scenarios indicate that carbon emissions savings of 46%, 55%, 58%, and 63% below the base year of 1990 are possible from the ‘economic’, ‘efficiency’, ‘behavioural change’, and ‘integrated’ scenarios respectively. The research concludes that it is unlikely for any of the scenarios by its own to meet the required legally binding reductions of 80% cut in carbon emissions by 2050 unless this is vigorously pursued. The unique contribution of the research is the development of a model that incorporates socio-technical issues that can be used for decision making over time.

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Kjeang, Are. "Goda råd är inte dyra! : Om personlig energirådgivning i ett alltmer digitaliserat samhälle." Licentiate thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörs- och kemivetenskaper (from 2013), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-68486.

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”Nu är goda råd dyra”, heter det sedan gammalt i en svensk krissituation. I denna licentiatavhandling, vars rubrik kopplar till talesättet, behandlas svensk energirådgivnings utveckling och framtid. Forskning visar att i ett alltmer digitaliserat samhälle behöver energirådgivningen utvecklas för att bättre nå målgrupperna - hushåll, småföretag och organisationer. Digitala tjänster ger många möjligheter, men den viktiga personliga kontakten med energirådgivaren går inte att ersätta fullt ut. Med hjälp av fokusgrupper, intervjuer och samtal med energirådgivare, villaägare och enskilda experter har kunnat konstateras att den personligt genomförda rådgivningstjänsten är efterfrågad, angelägen och framgångsrik när byte av värmesystem, större ombyggnationer eller nybyggnationer är aktuellt. Att pröva idéer och lösningar, helst i hemmamiljön inför en ombyggnad, är uppskattad rådgivning. I samtalet, där inte enbart tekniska detaljer och lönsamhet diskuteras, kan alla i hushållet engageras. Energirådgivningen kan bli mer framgångsrik, men då krävs ett större kommunalt engagemang och en tydligare samverkan med andra statliga styrmedel. Hållbara råd kan alla få i Sverige idag och de goda råden är gratis! Med hjälp av dessa kan kanske kriser undvikas…
Att använda energin effektivare än vad som görs idag inom både industri, transporter och byggnader är en väg till ett mer hållbart samhälle. Den rika delen av världen har här ett speciellt ansvar. I Sverige har den kommunala energirådgivningen under närmare fyrtio år varit ett av statens styrmedel för att på olika sätt bistå lokala beslutsfattare att effektivisera energianvändningen, men också öka andelen förnybar energi i systemet. Denna licentiatavhandling har studerat energirådgivningen under tidsperioden, men också dokumenterat och analyserat rådgivningen ur ett samhällsperspektiv. Forskning visar att i ett alltmer digitaliserat samhälle behöver energirådgivningen utvecklas för att bättre nå målgrupperna - hushåll, småföretag och organisationer. Internet är idag den vanligaste sökvägen för de som önskar information kring energirelaterade frågor. Digitala tjänster ger många möjligheter, men den viktiga personliga kontakten med energirådgivare går inte att ersätta fullt ut. I studien har fokusgrupper, intervjuer och samtal med energirådgivare, villaägare och enskilda experter genomförts och analyserats. Resultat visar att den personligt genomförda rådgivningstjänsten är efterfrågad, angelägen och framgångsrik när byte av värmesystem, större ombyggnationer eller nybyggnationer är aktuellt. Studien visar också att personliga samtal med energirådgivare är värdefullt för att pröva idéer och lösningar som är hämtade från internet samt att hemmet är den lämpligaste platsen för framgångsrik rådgivning. I denna situation är rådgivarens sociala kompetens central. Kvinnors synpunkter och erfarenheter har ofta gått förlorade. Vidare har ett för stort fokus lagts på tekniska detaljer och lönsamhet, medan många beslut tas av miljöskäl eller sociala orsaker som upplevd ökad komfort. Energirådgivningen kan bli mer framgångsrik, men då krävs ett större kommunalt engagemang och en tydligare samverkan med andra statliga styrmedel.
Improving the efficiency of energy use across all the sectors – industrial, transport and households – is one of the many necessary approaches to be adopted to ensure sustainable development. The countries of the developing world have to play a key role in such a transition. In Sweden, for close to half a century now, the municipal energy-advising function has been a governmental instrument to support decision-makers in bringing about systemic changes to improve energy efficiency on the one hand and the share of renewable energy in the mix, on the other. This licentiate thesis has its focus on this function over the said time-period. It has also documented and analysed the energy-advising function from a social perspective. The research shows that in an increasingly-digitalised society, energy-advising must be developed further to be able to reach and impact different categories of energy users – households, small and medium scale enterprises and organisations – more effectively. The Internet happens to be the first resort of most people seeking information on energy-related issues, these days. Digital services do offer a range of possibilities but cannot substitute for the much-needed personal contact, which is provided by the energy-advising function. In this thesis, focus groups, interviews and conversations with energy advisers, homeowners and experts have been availed of, and subsequently analysed. The results also show that personal energy advice is actually popular, indispensable and effective, where replacement of interior heating systems, refurbishment or new building constructions are concerned. This research also shows that interactions with energy advisers are useful to test and verify the suitability of ideas and solutions obtained from the Internet. Besides, the home in which these solutions may eventually be tried out, is the perfect place for having such conversations. In this context, the social skills of the energy adviser assume paramount importance. It has been noticed that the viewpoints and experiences of women in households have often been ignored. Further, the focus on finding solutions has sometimes been narrowed down to the technical and economic aspects, while at other times, decisions have been based on environmental or social factors like maintenance of comfort levels. In order to make the energy advising function more effective and avail of what it has to offer for the journey towards greater sustainability, it needs to be given the importance it deserves by the municipalities and there is also a need of stronger interplay among the other governmental instruments.
Bo och leva energieffektivt. Kommunal energirådgivning som medspelare i människors vardag

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Bengtsson, Peder. "Apply heat pump systems in commercial household products to reduce environmental impact : How to halve the electricity consumption for a household dishwasher." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörs- och kemivetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-48132.

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In the household appliance industry, heat pump systems have been used for a long time in refrigerators and freezers to cool food, and the industry has driven the development of small, high-quality, low-price heat pump components. In the last few decades, heat pump systems have been introduced in other household appliances, with the express purpose of reducing electricity consumption. Heat pump tumble dryers have been on the market since 2000 and dominate the market today. A heat pump dishwasher was introduced on the market in 2014 and a heat pump washing machine in 2016. The purpose of adding a heat pump system in these three products was to decrease electricity consumption. Papers I and II used a methodology where transient simulation models were developed and used to increase knowledge about how to decrease electricity consumption for a tumble dryer and a dishwasher by adding a heat pump system. Papers II to V showed that a lower electricity consumption and lower global warming potential together with an energy-efficient drying method, where no humid air evacuates to the kitchen, give a heat pump dishwasher competitive advantages compared to any conventional dishwasher currently on the market. Using simulations, this dissertation concludes that a future commercial heat pump dishwasher, using R600a as a refrigerant, will reduce electricity consumption and total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) by 50% compared to the conventional dishwasher. The willingness from the customer chain to pay extra for this heat pump dishwasher is because of the decreases electricity consumption and the fact that no humid air evacuates to the kitchen. This willingness makes the heat pump dishwasher to a variant which have possibility to succeed on the future market. The challenge for the manufacturer is to develop and produce a high-quality heat pump dishwasher with low electricity consumption, predict future willingness to pay for it, and launch it on the market at the right moment with the right promotion in order to succeed.
The competition in the household appliances industry is strong. Manufacturers are continuously trying to develop, produce and sell product functions and features with good profit. To continually develop new features that the customer chain is willing to pay for is a key factor for a manufacturer to survive. In this study has a heat pump system been added as a new feature to a dishwasher. The first heat pump dishwasher was introduced on the market in 2014 and the heat pump system was only used to heat the dishwasher. Comparing that first heat pump dishwasher was a new closed drying method introduced in this study where no humid air evacuates to the kitchen. Experiments and simulations showed that a dishwasher with an added heat pump system can decrease the total electricity consumption by 50% when cleaning and drying the dishware comparing to an on market conventional dishwasher. The willingness from the customer chain to pay extra for this heat pump dishwasher is because of the decreases in electricity consumption and the fact that no humid air evacuates to the kitchen. This willingness makes the heat pump dishwasher to a variant which have possibility to succeed on the future market.

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Hassling, Andreas, and Simon Flink. "SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION OF A WASTE-FIRED CFB BOILER : Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Regression modeling (PLS-R)." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-34979.

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Heat and electricity production along with waste management are two modern day challenges for society. One of the possible solution to both of them is the incineration of household waste to produce heat and electricity. Incineration is a waste-to-energy treatment process, which can reduce the need for landfills and save the use of more valuable fuels, thereby conserving natural resources. This report/paper investigates the performance and emissions of a municipal solid waste (MSW) fueled industrial boiler by performing a system identification analysis using Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS-R) modeling. The boiler is located in Västerås, Sweden and has a maximum capacity of 167MW. It produces heat and electricity for the city of Västerås and is operated by Mälarenergi AB. A dataset containing 148 different boilers variables, measured with a one hour interval over 2 years, was used for the system identification analysis. The dataset was visually inspected to remove obvious outliers before beginning the analysis using a multivariate data analysis software called The Unscrambler X (Version 10.3, CAMO Software, Norway). Correlations found using PCA was taken in account during the PLSR modelling where models were created for one response each. Some variables had an unexpected impact on the models while others were fully logical regarding combustion theory. Results found during the system analysis process are regarded as reliable. Any errors may be due to outlier data points and model inadequacies.

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Moran, Enrique. "Improving waste management systems from households in Peru. : An economic, social and ecologic profitable investment." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggd miljö och energiteknik (BET), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-54504.

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In the waste management system of Peru, there is a lot to fix, change and improve from households areas. In this report is presented why and how necessary is the construction of landfills to have an appropriate place to dispose the waste of the collection .At the same time, the report shows how profitable can be from social, economic and ecologic way, with the investment of treatment plants that use biogas from the landfills to produce energy. Differents solutions – vehicle fuel production, electricity generation etc – are discussed in light of the different economy, geography and social situation in three selected cases.

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Bennich, Amelie. "Improving energy security for individual households during outages : A simulation study for households in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-374825.

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In this study, it was investigated how individual households could manage security of supply during an outage by installing a local energy system that could operate independently from the electricity grid. By installing local renewable off-grid energy systems, households could guarantee an uninterrupted supply of energy even during an outage on the electricity grid, while also increasing their energy autonomy during normal circumstances. The results showed that managing an outage during summer was fairly easy. Due to high electricity production, a small energy storage was enough to manage an outage during summer. However, managing an outage during winter was more critical. During winter, the systems needed to be almost fully reliant on the energy storage. This significantly increased the cost of these systems. Due to the high cost for the energy systems today, it was not considered a feasible solution to improve energy security at a national level. However, at a local level, this was considered to have the potential to improve energy security. First, it could to be of interest for people who already have installed solar panels, who could add a battery and thereby be able to manage an outage during summer. Second, it could be of interest for people who are more exposed to outages or have a low trust in the system to work properly. Lastly, this could be of interest for actors for whom backup energy is important, for instance for the industry.

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Haluza, Miroslav. "Využití znalostních systémů a bází pro výběr a hodnocení domovních elektroinstalací." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-364605.

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My doctoral thesis deals with use of the sophisticated methods for the selection of technical and economic solution of electrical wiring. This solution is based not only on a price but also on many other criteria such as a comfort, service, durability etc. The focus of the work is a treatise on wiring systems from a global perspective, where it is impossible to use a conventional approach for objective evaluation and selection of the appropriate electrical wiring system (because of the complexity of such systems and their interdependencies). In the four chapter are given information of an energy consumption (the total consumption and household consumption). In this chapter is given also a consumption prediction – especially for households. Following is an overview of possible measures for reducing electricity consumption in households. In the next part of this thesis are solved the knowledge, respectively expert systems for use in an electrical engineering – especially for a suitable tool for the selection and evaluation of households wiring electrical system. The result of this work provides a possible solution for a selection of wiring electrical system for households (focusing on the intelligent wiring) – from a technical and economic point of view and with using an innovative approach. The main contribution of this work is a proposal of the main part of the knowledge base. This base could be as a basis for knowledge, respectively for an evaluating technical and economical solution of an electrical wiring system – the expert system includes also a feedback function of an effectiveness solution, use value, price etc., which would also serve as a knowledge base.

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Opio, Peter. "Household energy information management system for Africa : a Ugandan case study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11145.

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Bibliography: leaves 86-89.
An information database built through regular planned surveys in a comprehensive manner is the objective of this study. A foundation for periodic up-date of household energy is necessary and requires a proper institutional or structural set up that gives priority to household energy issues. This study explores the fundamental need to shift away from the current ad hoc surveys to a more reliable, systematic, comprehensive and financially effective way of conducting household energy surveys to generate household energy information that is representative of national picture and which supports effective planning and policy-making. Promotion of the importance of the household energy sector in terms of social equity and improved living standards is vital for investors, developers, financiers and policy-makers and planners to improve the sector. Thus the study addresses the appropriate way of obtaining comprehensive household energy information and harmonized data collection methodology through cooperation in information exchange amongst African countries to achieve comparability of data for a common African energy database.

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Bengtsson, Peder. "Increasing the value of household appliances by adding a heat pump system." Licentiate thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörs- och kemivetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-33596.

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Historically, domestic tasks such as preparing food and washing and drying clothes and dishes were done by hand. In a modern home many of these chores are taken care of by machines such as washing machines, dishwashers and tumble dryers. When the first such machines came on the market customers were happy that they worked at all! Today, the costs of electricity and customers’ environmental awareness are high, so features such as low electricity, water and detergent use strongly influence which household machine the customer will buy. One way to achieve lower electricity usage for the tumble dryer and the dishwasher is to add a heat pump system. The function of a heat pump system is to extract heat from a lower temperature source (heat source) and reject it to a higher temperature sink (heat sink) at a higher temperature level. Heat pump systems have been used for a long time in refrigerators and freezers, and that industry has driven the development of small, high quality, low price heat pump components. The low price of good quality heat pump components, along with an increased willingness to pay extra for lower electricity usage and environmental impact, make it possible to introduce heat pump systems in other household products. However, there is a high risk of failure with new features. A number of household manufacturers no longer exist because they introduced poorly implemented new features, which resulted in low quality and product performance. A manufacturer must predict whether the future value of a feature is high enough for the customer chain to pay for it. The challenge for the manufacturer is to develop and produce a high-performance heat pump feature in a household product with high quality, predict future willingness to pay for it, and launch it at the right moment in order to succeed. Tumble dryers with heat pump systems have been on the market since 2000. Paper I reports on the development of a transient simulation model of a commercial heat pump tumble dryer. The measured and simulated results were compared with good similarity. The influence of the size of the compressor and the condenser was investigated using the validated simulation model. The results from the simulation model show that increasing the cylinder volume of the compressor by 50% decreases the drying time by 14% without using more electricity. Paper II is a concept study of adding a heat pump system to a dishwasher in order to decrease the total electricity usage. The dishwasher, dishware and water are heated by the condenser, and the evaporator absorbs the heat from a water tank. The majority of the heat transfer to the evaporator occurs when ice is generated in the water tank. An experimental setup and a transient simulation model of a heat pump dishwasher were developed. The simulation results show a 24% reduction in electricity use compared to a conventional dishwasher heated with an electric element. The simulation model was based on an experimental setup that was not optimised. During the study it became apparent that it is possible to decrease electricity usage even more with the next experimental setup.

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Ahmed, Alia Amber. "Techno-economic analysis of PV and energy storage systems for Swedish households." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278165.

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As more countries progress towards renewable energy, intermittency in the power system is causing an unreliable power supply. Flexibility solutions from prosumers, which both consume and produce electricity, is one solution to provide stability to the power system. Households with both PV and energy storage are studied for this purpose in this thesis where the following flexibility services for both a household and the electricity grid of Sweden are studied: Increasing PV self-consumption, peak shaving, energy arbitrage at the day-ahead electricity market and providing the frequency regulation reserves FCR-N, FCR-D, aFRR and mFRR. Each house is assumed to have a 10 kW PV capacity and a battery capacity of 7.68 kWh. The services are studied in the software HOMER Grid and are modelled in different scales to see how the load in different aggregated levels affect the services. The case studies are a single family house, an overloaded transformer, an energy community and on a national scale. For the aggregated case studies, the potential capacity for PV will be based on the existing Swedish policies and the number of energy storages will be inspired by one the leading countries in Europe in energy storage installations, Germany. The results showed that for a single household the self-consumption and self-sufficiency increased the most with an addition of a battery. The battery was most efficient in peak shaving and reducing the overall electricity cost when the electricity fee targeted both the electricity consumption during peak hours and the monthly peaks. With this price scheme, the payback time of the battery and PV system is around 14 years. However, when the electricity fee is only targeting the electricity consumption during peak hours, the results showed that the monthly electricity demand peaks actually increase with an addition of a battery. For the aggregated case studies, it showed that decentralized batteries are not as effective in decreasing the electricity demand peaks if the peak lasts more than a few hours. On a national scale the results show that 20% of the aggregated batteries capacity is sufficient to provide around 70-100% of each of the frequency reserves individually. The highest savings are gained for the households when both the primary frequency reserves, FCR-N and FCR-D, are provided by the aggregated batteries together with increasing the PV self-consumption, peak shaving and energy arbitrage. The battery payback time is then reduced to 11 years. Based on a sensitivity analysis, the costs that affects the battery payback the most are the investment cost and the power fee.
I takt med att fler länder använder sig mer av förnybar energi, ökar opålitligheten i kraftsystemet på grund av förnybar energis intermittenta natur. Flexibilitetslösningar från konsumenter som kan både producera och konsumera el är en lösning för att förse stabilitet till kraftsystemet. Hushåll med både PV och batteri studeras för detta ändamål i detta examensarbetet där följande flexibilitetstjänster för både hushållet och elnätet studeras: Öka egenkonsumtionen av solel, kapning av effekttoppar, energiarbitrage samt tillhandahålla frekvensregleringens reserver FCR-N, FCR-D, aFRR och mFRR. Varje hus antas ha en 10 kW installerad kapacitet för PV och 7.68 kWh för batteriet. Tjänsterna studeras i programmet HOMER Grid och modelleras i olika skalor för att undersöka hur elkonsumtionen i aggregerade nivåer påverkar dessa tjänster. Fallstudierna är ett enskilt hus, en överbelastad transformator, en samling av hus samt i nationell skala. För de aggregerade fallstudierna kommer den potentiella kapaciteten för PV baseras på Energimyndighetens målbild för produktion av solel och antalet batterier är inspirerade av ett av de ledande länderna i Europa inom energiinstallationer, Tyskland. Resultaten visar att för ett enskilt hushåll ökar egenförbrukningen och självförsörjningen som mest med både batteri och PV. Batteriet var mest effektiv med att minska effekttopparna och den totala elkostnaden när eltariffen innehöll både effekttariffen och tidstariffen. PV systemet med batteriet hade då en återbetalningstid på 14 år. Med endast tidstariffer visar resultatet att de månatliga effekttopparna ökar med tilläggen av batteriet. För de aggregerade fallstudierna visar resultatet att decentraliserade batterier inte är lika effektiva att minska effekttopparna om de varar mer än några timmar. På nationell skala visar resultaten att 20% av den sammanlagda batterikapaciteten är tillräcklig för att förse cirka 70–100% av varje frekvensreserv. Den högsta besparingen för hushållen för den nationella fallstudien fås när både av de primära frekvensreserverna, FCR-N och FCR-D tillhandahålls av de aggregerade batterierna, tillsammans med tjänsterna för att öka PV-konsumtionen, kapning av effekttopparna och energiarbitrage. Batteriets återbetalningstid reduceras då till 11 år. Känslighetsanalysen visar att de kostnader som påverkar batteriets återbetalning mest är investeringskostnaden och effekttariffen.

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Li, Yapeng. "Dynamic energy demand prediction and related control system for UK households." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2824.

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Domestic energy consumption is not only based on the type of appliances, weather conditions, and house type; it is also highly depended on related occupancy profiles. In order to manage and optimise energy generation and the effective use of energy storage, it is important to be able to accurately predict energy demand in advance. However, high-resolution (like below 1-min) occupancy profiles for domestic UK households are not ideally possible to be recorded or measured in nature. Therefore, an alternative approach to transfer particular electricity load to the number of active occupancy during selected time interval is identified by analysing the average electricity consumption of occupancy in this study. Real load data analysis for three type of participated UK households is presented throughout the year. Then the seasonal synthetic high-resolution (30s) occupancy patterns for each household are generated independently. Weekday occupancy profiles are collected seasonally and used in a Markov-Chain model to produce particular occupancy daily activity sequence for each household. A stochastic model by using Markov-Chain Monte Carlo is presented to randomly generate high-resolution occupancy profiles in dynamic. Then the predicted electricity loads are produced by mapping occupancy profiles to average electricity consumption. By validating the predicted results, it is found that maximum of sub-hourly aggregate result can mostly cover the measured demand in advance. Therefore, it is set the sub-hourly electricity demand boundary independently for each household during weekday throughout the year. Heat demand for each household is simulated in sub-hourly resolution by using DesignBuilder with EnergyPlus throughout the year. Thus, sub-hourly energy demand of each household is applied in the control system of Bio-fuel Micro Trigeneration with Hybrid Electrical Energy Storage. The control system is designed and implemented by using Siemens software STEP-7 S-300 and WinCC. In addition, the predicted energy demands are utilized into the optimization of the control system. The comparison of optimized and general control strategies shows that optimized strategies by applying prescient sub-hourly energy demand can improve system efficiency significantly.

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14

Sizmaz, Sezgi. "Optimization of a small-scale polygeneration energy system for a household in Turkey." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-200815.

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With environmental concerns, alternative solutions for generating electricity while decreasing the consumption of fossil fuels have gained a great importance. Polygeneration is one of these solutions which is also capable to increase the technical performance of electricity generation. Polygeneration systems are available in large scale, medium scale and small scale. This study focuses on small scale polygeneration systems specifically for residential applications. Type and size of the components and the system’s operational strategy plays a significant role in polygeneration system design as these factors affect the system cost and also environmental impacts. This study aims to propose a guide for component selection, sizing and addressing a suitable operational strategy for a predefined system configuration.Decision criteria is defined for component selection by a comprehensive literature review. Internal combustion engines, Stirling engines, micro gas turbines and fuel cells are investigated within these criteria. This provides the user an insight on component selection. When combined with factors such as market conditions, location and especially household demand profile, a selection can easily be made by the customer. For component sizing and operational strategy, a model has been implemented in Matlab. A baseline case model with a predefined system configuration and operational strategy was defined. The baseline case system includes a prime mover, a back-up auxiliary boiler, a vapor compression refrigeration chiller, a thermal energy storage and solar thermal collectors for the domestic hot water demand. The operational strategy is defined as thermal load following. For the case study, this model was altered for different cases with alterations on the operational strategy and the system configuration in order to identify the optimal solution for the user where the total annual cost is minimized while satisfying all kinds of end-use demands of a single-family household in Ankara, Turkey. The results also give insights on the effect of having solar thermal collectors and a thermal energy storage coupled with a CHP unit on the overall system.
Med hänsyn till miljön har alternativa lösningar för att generera elektricitet och samtidigt minska förbrukningen av fossila bränslen fått en stor betydelse. Polygenerering är en av dessa lösningar som också är kapabel att öka dent tekniska prestandan av elproduktionen. System för sådan kombinerad produktion är tillgängliga i sto, medelstor och liten skala. Denna studie fokuserar på småskaliga polygenereringssystem, speciellt för bostäder. Typ och storlek på komponenterna och driftstrategin för systemet spelar en viktig roll vid designav polygenereringssystem eftersom dessa faktorer påverkar systemkostnaden och även har miljöpåverkan. Denna studie syftar till att vara en guide för komponentval, dimensionering och beskriva en lämplig operativ strategi för en fördefinierad systemkonfiguration.Beslutskriterier definieras för komponentval genom en omfattande litteraturöversikt. Förbränningsmotorer, stirlingmotorer, mikro gasturbiner och bränsleceller undersöks med avseende på dessa kriterier. Detta ger användaren en insikt i komponentval. I kombination med faktorer som marknadsförhållanden, plats och i synnerhet hushållens efterfrågeprofil, kan ett urval enkelt göras av kunden. För komponentdimensionering och operativ strategi, har en modell utvecklats i Matlab. Ett referenssystem med en fördefinierad systemkonfiguration och operativ strategi definierades och modellerades. Referenssystemet innefattar en drivmotor, en reservpanna (backup), ett kompressordrivet kylaggregat, ett termiskt energilager och solfångare för det egna varmvattenbehovet. Driftstrategin definieras att följa behovet av termisk energi. För fallstudien ändrades denna modell för olika driftfall med avseende på den operativa strategin och systemkonfiguration, för att identifiera den optimala lösningen för användaren där den totala årliga kostnaden minimeras samtidigt som det uppfyller alla typer av slutanvändarkrav på en enfamiljs-hushåll i Ankara, Turkiet. Resultaten ger också insikter om effekten av att ha solfångare och en termisk energilagring i kombination med en CHP-enhet på det övergripande systemet.

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15

Ruokamo, E. (Enni). "Household preferences for energy goods and services:a choice experiment application." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2019. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526221885.

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Abstract This thesis includes three studies on household preferences for energy goods and services. The first study examines determinants of households’ heating system choices using a choice experiment. The choice sets include six main heating alternatives (district heating, ground heat pump, exhaust air heat pump, solid wood boiler, wood pellet boiler, and electric storage heating) that are described by five attributes (supplementary heating systems, investment costs, operating costs, comfort of use and environmental friendliness). The results imply that hybrid heating appears to be accepted among households. The results also reveal differing preferences for the main heating alternatives and show that they are affected by demographic characteristics. The studied attributes also play a significant role when heating systems are being chosen. The second study is a methodological one that extends the analysis of the first study. The second study explores the effect of perceived choice complexity on the randomness of choices in choice experiments. The study investigates how different self-evaluated factors of choice complexity affect mean scale and scale variance. The findings suggest that perceived choice complexity has a systematic impact on the parameters of econometric models of choice. However, differences exist between alternative self-evaluated complexity-related covariates. The results indicate that individuals who report that answering the choice tasks is more difficult have less deterministic choices. Perceptions of the realism of home heating choice options also affect scale and scale variance. The third study utilizes the choice experiment to analyze households’ willingness to participate in demand side flexibility. The study examines whether individuals are willing to time their electricity usage and heating; whether they are interested in dynamic pricing contracts such as real-time pricing, two-rate tariffs, or power-based tariffs; and how emissions reductions affect their choices. The results indicate that households’ sensitivity to restrictions in electricity usage is much stronger than their sensitivity to restrictions in heating. Households also require compensation to choose real-time pricing over fixed fees. The findings suggest that room may exist for new dynamic electricity distribution contracts, such as power-based tariffs, in the market. Other value-creating elements besides monetary compensation also exist that could incentivize households to offer demand side flexibility because households value power system level reductions in CO2 emissions
Tiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja koostuu kolmesta tutkimuksesta, joissa tarkastellaan kotitalouksien preferenssejä energiahyödykkeitä ja -palveluita kohtaan. Ensimmäinen tutkimus keskittyy kotitalouksien lämmitysjärjestelmävalintoihin ja niitä määrittäviin tekijöihin. Tämä tutkimus on tehty valintakoemenetelmällä, jonka valintatilanteet sisältävät kuusi eri päälämmitysjärjestelmävaihtoehtoa (kaukolämpö, maalämpöpumppu, puulämmitys, pellettilämmitys, varaava sähkölämmitys ja poistoilmalämpöpumppu). Päälämmitysjärjestelmiä kuvataan viiden ominaisuuden avulla, jotka ovat tukilämmitysjärjestelmä, investointikustannukset, käyttökustannukset, käyttömukavuus ja ympäristöystävällisyys. Tulosten mukaan kotitalouksien preferenssit päälämmitysjärjestelmävaihtoehtoja kohtaan ovat vaihtelevia. Valintaan vaikuttavat sekä tarkastellut ominaisuudet että kotitalouden demografiset tekijät. Tulokset myös paljastavat, että kotitaloudet suhtautuvat myönteisesti hybridilämmitykseen. Toinen tutkimus on menetelmällinen, missä hyödynnetään ensimmäisen tutkimuksen aineistoa. Tämä tutkimus keskittyy yksilöiden kokeman vastaamisen vaikeuden vaikutuksiin valintakoemenetelmässä. Vastaamisen epätarkkuus tunnistetaan valintakoemenetelmässä skaalan ja skaalavarianssin avulla. Tutkimus tarkastelee, kuinka itsearvioidut vastaamisen vaikeutta mittaavat tekijät vaikuttavat keskimääräiseen skaalaan ja skaalavarianssiin valintojen ekonometrisissa malleissa. Tulosten mukaan koettu vastaamisen vaikeus vaikuttaa systemaattisesti ekonometrisen valintamallin parametreihin. Vastaamisen vaikeutta mittaavien tekijöiden välillä on kuitenkin eroja. Tuloksien perusteella vastaajat, jotka kokevat valintatilanteisiin vastaamisen keskimääräistä vaikeampana, tekevät satunnaisempia valintoja. Myös valintatilanteiden koettu realistisuus vaikuttaa skaalaan ja skaalavarianssiin. Kolmannessa tutkimuksessa arvioidaan kotitalouksien halukkuutta osallistua energian kysyntäjoustoon valintakoemenetelmällä. Tämä tutkimus selvittää ovatko kotitaloudet halukkaitta siirtämään sähkönkulutusta ja lämmitystä, ja kuinka kiinnostuneita he ovat dynaamisista sähkön hinnoittelusopimuksista kuten pörssisähkösopimuksesta, yösähkösopimuksesta tai tehoperusteisesta sopimuksesta. Lisäksi tutkitaan vaikuttavatko järjestelmätason päästövähennykset kotitalouksien valintoihin. Tulosten perusteella kotitaloudet suhtautuvat sähkönkulutuksen rajoituksiin selvästi negatiivisemmin kuin lämmityksen rajoituksiin. Kotitaloudet myös vaativat rahallista korvausta valitakseen pörssisähkösopimuksen kiinteähintaisen sopimuksen sijaan. Tulosten mukaan markkinoilla voisi olla tilaa uudenlaisille sopimustyypeille, kuten tehoperusteiselle vaihtoehdolle. Tulokset osoittavat, että kotitaloudet arvostavat järjestelmätason hiilidioksidipäästövähennyksiä. Täten rahallisen korvauksen lisäksi on olemassa myös muita arvoa luovia tekijöitä lisätä kotitalouksien osallistumista kysyntäjoustoon

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16

Flink, Julia. "The effectiveness of different heating systems in New Zealand households : A study of energy performance by IDA Indoor Climate and Energy." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-120158.

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The energy demand is a complex issue for householders in New Zealand, since a large number of dwellings were built before energy efficiency regulation came into force in 1979. To heat the average New Zealand home takes a lot of energy, and therefore many householders choose to limit their heating space. Powerco, New Zealand’s second-largest distribution company is conducting a two-year study, called Powering tomorrow’s homes. The project aims to uncover opportunities to shift peak loads on Powerco’s electricity network, by using a range of networks surveys. The dwellings that have been chosen to contribute to this study have gone through a large retrofit in 2014. This study has been limited to verifying the effectiveness of three different heating systems, within three houses in New Zealand. It has been based on global data such as climate, temperature, humidity, design of the house and the family’s different behavioural patterns. Three case models have been established in the program IDA ICE, to simulate and calculate the amount of used and delivered energy for space heating. Thereafter four main energy simulations were conducted to study the heating system before the intervention, after the intervention and a trial to see which heating system that is best suitable for each house. The new settings together with the original heating systems were also calculated. The simulations are also limited to summer respective winter because the heating systems are used differently depending on season. Data of location and climate files have been limited to Auckland and Wellington. The results show that the most energy efficient heating system for dwelling A is the heat pump and infrared panel it uses today and for dwelling C its dwelling A’s heating system. Data demonstrate that the most effective heating system for dwelling B varies depending on climate, showing that dwelling C’s gas heating is more efficient for a warmer humid climate in Auckland and that dwelling A’s heat pump is better for a colder climate in Wellington. Comparison between the new settings and the old heating system (two radiators) shows that dwelling A’s new heating system (infrared panel & a heat pump), requires less delivered energy than the old heating system. Dwellings B’s new heating system (gas fire, an infrared panel & a radiator) is the most effective in Auckland however the old heating system (an air source heat pump, oiled-filled radiators & a gas wall heater) is the most energy efficient in Wellington. Dwelling C’s new heating system (gas central heating & a gas fire) has a lower delivered energy than the old heating system (gas fire, two heat pumps, radiators and heating panels) for summer in Auckland, while it has a higher delivered energy for winter in both Wellington and Auckland, and also summer in Wellington. In conclusion, the new heating systems deliver warmer, more comfortable dwellings for less delivered energy than the previous. This presents an opportunity for Powerco to use newer gas heating to curb electricity load, and also shows the opportunity to use heat pumps to reduce peak demand through increased energy efficiency.

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17

Bauer, Michael, Andrea Höltl, and Roman Brandtweiner. "Greener households? The effectiveness of smart meters in reducing energy consumption levels in the DACH region." WIT Press, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5886/1/SDP130209f.pdf.

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With public opinion shifting to a believe in climate change in the early 2000s the interest in energy efficiency has been increasing. EU Directives set the goal of deploying smart meters if cost efficient for providing more detailed energy consumption. The main goal is to better inform consumers and to give individual households the power to change possibly energy wasting behaviours. This paper evaluates through a literature review the effectiveness of intelligent electricity metering systems with a focus on the DACH region, the provision of different types of feedback and its persistence. It can be concluded that energy feedback enabled by smart meters can lead to savings in the range of 0% to 4.5% in this region. If feedback is provided continuously savings persist. However, several aspects have to be considered to ensure effectiveness of smart meter deployment.

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18

Lorenzo, Guevara Emiliano Gabriel. "Design of an Off-grid PV System for Households in Perú and Sweden." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-34132.

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Because of global warming and the Paris agreement from 2015, countries need to switch their energy sources into clean sources. For some countries, like Perú, electricity produced from renewable energy sources is still a new technology. Its electricity demand depends entirely on traditional hydropower and thermal plants. Despite the high solar radiation in the coast and Andes (mountain range that passes through the entire South American continent), solar electricity is not developed and it fairly reaches the 1% of the national electricity production. Sweden, similarly, also produces its highest share on electricity from hydropower. However, nuclear energy and renewables like biomass and wind cover the rest of the demand, compared to thermal plants for Perú. On the other hand, most of the poor citizens of Perú live in the Andes, especially in remote villages, disconnected from the national grid and suffering from the cold during winter. Because their energy demand is low, it is not profitable for the electrical companies to give them electricity. The Swedish population, however, has 100% access to electricity. Despite that, high prices on maintaining the connection to the electricity network, and constant failures because of bad weather (more common nowadays because of global warming), brings the idea to disconnect from the grid and produce one´s own electricity, with, for example, photovoltaic systems. These problems occur not exclusively in Sweden. The work done on this thesis consists on a design of an off-grid solar PV system using batteries for energy storage, both for a remote farmer village in the high Andes in Perú (Ungalluta 2) and for a rural, low populated village in the center of Sweden (Gåsborn). The design is done manually and by software (PVSyst), with real life components, analyzing costs and the possibility to live entirely on solar power. The priority when choosing the components is the lowest price. For Ungalluta 2, with a demand of 17.1kWh/d (11 people), 13 PV modules and 1600Ah of battery capacity (Lead Acid) are needed, with a payback in approximately 40 years, renewing the PV panels on year 25 because of degradation. The initial investment is 21540EUR. For Gåsborn, with a demand of 36.44kWh/d (average Swedish family with children), 42 PV modules and 2850Ah of battery capacity (Lithium) are needed, with a negative payback, even increasing the PV modules to cover the entire year (more than 400). This is because the solar irradiation is quite low during winter and the load demand needs to be satisfied with considerable amounts of Diesel with a backup generator. After analyzing the results, it is possible and viable to build PV systems for the villagers in the Andes of Perú, but they will need monetary help of the government (high initial cost). For Sweden, it is not profitable to depend entirely on PV power. Other renewable sources must complement it, such as wind, to compensate the low solar irradiation and reduce the diesel consumption.
På grund av global uppvärmning och Parisavtalet från 2015, måste länderna byta sina energikällor till förnybara alternativ. För vissa länder, som Perú, är el från förnybara källor fortfarande en ny teknik. Dess elbehov beror helt och hållet på traditionella vattenkraftverk och termiska anläggningar. Trots den höga solinstrålningen vid kusten och i Anderna (bergskedja som går genom hela den sydamerikanska kontinenten) är el från PV inte utvecklad och den täcker knappt 1 % av den nationella elproduktionen. Sverige producerar på motsvarande sätt sin högsta andel av el från vattenkraftverk. Den resterande delen av elbehoven täcks av kärnkraftverk och förnybar energi som biomassa och vindkraft jämfört med de termiska anläggningarna i Perú. De flesta fattiga invånarna i Perú bor i Anderna, särskilt i avlägsna byar, bortkopplade från det nationella elnätet och blir således lidande under de kalla vintrarna. På grund av deras låga energibehov är det inte lönsamt för elföretag att förse dem med elektricitet. I Sverige är det dock annorlunda. Befolkningen har 100 % tillgång till elektricitet. Trots det är priserna för underhåll av anslutning till elnäten höga och återkommande strömavbrott på grund av dåligt väder är vanligt, särskilt på landsbygden. Detta ger upphov till idén om att koppla bort från nätet och producera egen elektricitet med exempelvis solcellssystem. Arbetet i denna uppsats består av en konstruktion av ett off-Grid system med solceller som använder batterier för energilagring, både för en by högt upp i Anderna i Perú (Ungalluta 2) och för en mindre befolkad by på landsbygden i mitten av Sverige (Gåsborn). Systemen är beräknade både för hand och med mjukvara (PVSyst) med verkliga komponenter för att analysera kostnaden och möjligheten att helt och hållet leva på solenergi. Vid val av komponenterna har lägsta pris varit en prioritering. För Ungalluta 2, med ett behov på 17.1 kWh/d (11 personer), behövs 13 solcellsmoduler och en batterikapacitet på 1600Ah (Bly-syra). Den ursprungliga investeringen uppgår till 21540 EUR och återbetalningstiden till 40 år där modulerna byts ut efter 25 år på grund av degradation. För Gåsborn, med ett behov på 36.44 kWh/d (genomsnittet for en Svensk familj med barn), behövs 42 solcellsmoduler och en batterikapacitet på 2850Ah (Litium) vilket ger en negativ återbetalning även om solcellsarean ökas för att täcka hela året (mer än 400 solcellsmoduler). Detta beror på att solinstrålningen är låg under vintern och att behovet måste täckas med stora mängder diesel och med en backupgenerator. Efter att ha analyserat resultatet är det möjligt och genomförbart att bygga solcellssystem för de byborna i Anderna i Perú men de kommer att behöva kapital från regeringen (hög initial kostnad). För Sverige, är det varken lönsamt eller miljövänligt att vara helt beroende på solenergi utan andra förnybara källor så som vind måste komplettera den för att kompensera den låga solinstrålningen och för att reducera dieselförbrukningen.

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19

Quiggin, Daniel. "Modelling the expected participation of future smart households in demand side management, within published energy scenarios." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16220.

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The 2050 national energy scenarios as planned by the DECC, academia and industry specify a range of different decarbonised supply side technologies combined with the electrification of transportation and heating. Little attention is paid to the household demand side; indeed within many scenarios a high degree of domestic Demand Side Management (DSM) is implicit if the National Grid is to maintain supply-demand balance. A top-down, bottom-up hybrid model named Shed-able Household Energy Demand (SHED) has been developed and the results of which presented within this thesis. SHED models six published national energy scenarios, including three from the Department for Energy and Climate Change, in order to provide a broad coverage of the possible energy scenario landscape. The objective of which is to quantify the required changes in current household energy demand patterns via DSM, as are implicit under these highly electricity dominated scenarios, in order to maintain electrical supply-demand balance at the national level. The frequency and magnitude of these required household DSM responses is quantified. SHED performs this by modelling eleven years of supply-demand dynamics on the hourly time step, based on the assumptions of the published energy scenarios as well as weather data from around 150 weather stations around the UK and National Grid historic electricity demand data. The bottom-up component of SHED is populated by 1,000 households hourly gas and electricity demand data from a recently released dataset from a smart metering trial in Ireland. This aggregate pool of households enables national domestic DSM dynamics to be disaggregated to the aggregate household level. Using household classifications developed by the Office for National Statistics three typical ' households are identified within the aggregate pool and algorithms developed to investigate the possible required responses from these three households. SHED is the first model of its kind to connect national energy scenarios to the implications these scenarios may have on households consumption of energy at a high temporal resolution. The analysis of the top-down scenario modelling shows significant periods where electrical demand exceeds supply within all scenarios, within many scenarios instances exist where the deficit is unserviceable due to lack of sufficient spare capacity either side of the deficit period. Considering the level of participation required within the modelled scenarios in order to balance the electricity system and the current lack in understanding of smart metering and Time-Of-Use (TOU) tariffs within households, it would seem there is a disconnect between the electricity system being planned, the role this system expects of households and the role households are willing to play.

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Syed, Usman Hassan. "Estimation of Un-electrified Households & Electricity Demand for Planning Electrification of Un-electrified Areas : Using South Africa as Case." Thesis, KTH, Energisystemanalys, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-125590.

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“We emphasize the need to address the challenge of access to sustainable modern energy services for all, in particular for the poor, who are unable to afford these services even when they are available.” Section 126: The Future We Want (Out Come Document of Rio+20-United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development June 20-22, 2012). The lack of energy access has been identified as a hurdle in achieving the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals, leading towards the urge to set a goal for universal electrification till 2030. With around 600 million people in Africa without access to electricity, effective and efficient electrification programs and policy framework is required to achieve this goal sustainably. South Africa is an example in the continent for initiating intense electrification programs and policies like “Free Basic Electricity”, increasing its electrification rate from 30% in 1993 to 75% in 2010 and a claimed 82% in 2011. The case of South Africa has been analysed from the perspective of universal electrification in the coming years. The aim was to estimate the un-electrified households for each area of South Africa in order to provide the basis for electrification planning. The idea was to use available electrification statistics with GIS (Geographic Information System) maps for grid lines and identifying the suitability of on-grid or off-grid electrification options, which may help in planning the electrification of these areas in the near future. However, due to lack of readily available data, the present work has been able to estimate the un-electrified households & their possible electrical load. The estimates have been distributed in different income groups for each province and district municipality of South Africa, which can be used for electrification planning at national, provincial and municipal level. As a result, some simple and useful data parameters have been identified and an estimation methodology has been developed, which may be employed to obtain similar estimates at lower administrative levels i.e. local municipalities and wards. The work can be utilized further and feasible electrification options may be suggested for different areas of South Africa, with the help of GIS maps and data. Depending on the availability of useful data, the data parameters & indicators used in this work will be helpful for planning the electrification for rural households in other places of Africa.

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21

Abushnaf, Jamal. "Smart home energy management: An analysis of a novel dynamic pricing and demand response aware control algorithm for households with distributed renewable energy generation and storage." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2017. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1982.

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Home energy management systems (HEMS) technology can provide a smart and efficient way of optimising energy usage in residential buildings. One of the main goals of the Smart Grid is to achieve Demand Response (DR) by increasing end users’ participation in decision making and increasing the level of awareness that will lead them to manage their energy consumption in an efficient way. This research presents an intelligent HEMS algorithm that manages and controls a range of household appliances with different demand response (DR) limits in an automated way without requiring consumer intervention. In addition, a novel Multiple Users and Load Priority (MULP) scheme is proposed to organise and schedule the list of load priorities in advance for multiple users sharing a house and its appliances. This algorithm focuses on control strategies for controllable loads including air-conditioners, dishwashers, clothes dryers, water heaters, pool pumps and electrical vehicles. Moreover, to investigate the impact on efficiency and reliability of the proposed HEMS algorithm, small-scale renewable energy generation facilities and energy storage systems (ESSs), including batteries and electric vehicles have been incorporated. To achieve this goal, different mathematical optimisation approaches such as linear programming, heuristic methods and genetic algorithms have been applied for optimising the schedule of residential loads using different demand side management and demand response programs as well as optimising the size of a grid connected renewable energy system. Thorough incorporation of a single objective optimisation problem under different system constraints, the proposed algorithm not only reduces the residential energy usage and utility bills, but also determines an optimal scheduling for appliances to minimise any impacts on the level of consumer comfort. To verify the efficiency and robustness of the proposed algorithm a number of simulations were performed under different scenarios. The simulations for load scheduling were carried out over 24 hour periods based on real-time and day ahead electricity prices. The results obtained showed that the proposed MULP scheme resulted in a noticeable decrease in the electricity bill when compared to the other scenarios with no automated scheduling and when a renewable energy system and ESS are not incorporated. Additionally, further simulation results showed that widespread deployment of small scale fixed energy storage and electric vehicle battery storage alongside an intelligent HEMS could enable additional reductions in peak energy usage, and household energy cost. Furthermore, the results also showed that incorporating an optimally designed grid-connected renewable energy system into the proposed HEMS algorithm could significantly reduce household electricity bills, maintain comfort levels, and reduce the environmental footprint. The results of this research are considered to be of great significance as the proposed HEMS approach may help reduce the cost of integrating renewable energy resources into the national grid, which will be reflected in more users adopting these technologies. This in turn will lead to a reduction in the dependence on traditional energy resources that can have negative impacts on the environment. In particular, if a significant proportion of households in a region were to implement the proposed HEMS with the incorporation of small scale storage, then the overall peak demand could be significantly reduced providing great benefits to the grid operator as well as the households.

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Radebe, Thandwefika. "Are solar home systems a more financially viable method of electrifying Ghana households?" Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33001.

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Africa still has the lowest electrification rates in the world with over 600 million people estimated to be living without access to electricity. What makes the challenge even greater for Africa is that the continent is so sparsely populated that building grid infrastructure is not viable in many cases. However, “pay-as-you-go” solar home systems have provided the continent with the opportunity to correct its electrification deficit. These innovations are not new and many of the costs of operating these systems have reached grid parity when one considers the Levelized Cost of Energy Model. However, these projects still fail to meet institutional investors' bankability criteria. The aim of this study is to try and understand whether solar home systems provide the investor with an opportunity to make a larger risk-adjusted return versus existing grid-based power station projects being considered on the continent. This study uses Ghana's recently built Kpone power station as a case study to complete this analysis. The study also seeks to assess what viability criteria is employed by a broad base of investors if they were to consider funding off-grid power. The study makes use of the Net Present Value model to compare the returns for Kpone and Zola Electric's Infinity solar home system. The study also conducts inductive qualitative analysis to try and ascertain what criteria is assessed for project viability and then builds a conceptual framework for assessing future projects. The study found that Kpone provided a better risk-adjusted return to that of Zola Electric's solar home system, largely because of Kpone's project finance structure reducing the risk of the investment. Our findings also show that investment ticket size, company track record and management track record are among the most highly considered criteria for investments into off-grid companies.

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Lewis, James R. "Modelling complex human-based industrial systems." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/95884/1/James_Lewis_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis is a case study in modelling a complex human-based industrial system which addresses the problem of network peak demand for electricity by residential customers. The study demonstrates the importance of designing interventions aimed at reducing peak demand that take into account the interactions of the various elements of the system. Available data from industry-specific and public sources was combined with data from relevant expert opinion through a Bayesian network (BN) approach. Applying the BN to investigate various market-based and government interventions provided insights into the major influencing factors in the system.

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Angenendt, Georg [Verfasser], Dirk Uwe [Akademischer Betreuer] Sauer, and Bernd [Akademischer Betreuer] Engel. "Operation, optimization and additional market participation of households with PV battery storage system and power-to-heat application / Georg Angenendt ; Dirk Uwe Sauer, Bernd Engel." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1217789839/34.

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Löfström, Erica. "Visualisera energi i hushåll : Avdomesticeringen av sociotekniska system och individ- respektive artefaktbunden energianvändning." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema teknik och social förändring, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11936.

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Ett centralt problem i strävan efter att minska energianvändningen i hushåll genom beteendeförändringar är att energi till stora delar är en osynlig produkt. Avhandlingen strävar efter att utveckla kunskap som kan bidra till mer hållbar utveckling genom att analysera tre företeelser som på ett konkret sätt synliggör energi och energirelaterat beteende: ett lokalt värmesystem, en s.k. Power Aware Cord och en dagboksmetod. Hur människor förstår sin energianvändning analyseras med hjälp av en modifierad version av den domesticeringsteori som utvecklats av Silverstone et al (1992). I centrum står paradoxen att de visualiserande företeelserna riskerar att själva osynliggöras genom att de domesticeras. Värmesystemet har haft en bristande funktion, vilket har varit den faktor som mest effektivt visualiserat systemet. Solfångarnas visuella dominans i områdets arkitektur har bidragit till att medvetandegöra solen som energikälla. Ett teknikrum och olika experter har också medvetandegjort själva värmesystemets existens. Såväl systemet som helhet som hushållens egen del i detta har visualiserats. Power Aware Cord liknar en vanlig grendosa, men den visar elanvändningen (effekten) hos den utrustning som kopplas till den. Energin visualiseras med hjälp av ett blått ljus i sladden vars intensitet anpassas efter watttalet som passerar genom sladden. Power Aware Cords styrka ligger i att den bidrar till att apparaters energianvändning visualiseras. Tidsdagboken visualiserar hushållsmedlemmarnas vardagliga aktiviteter på ett bredare plan än enbart i relation till energianvändning. Analysen visar att den redan osynliga resursen energi, som blivit än mer osynliggjort genom domesticering, kan avdomesticeras genom olika former för visualisering. Visualiseringsformerna riskerar dock att själva domesticeras. För att dessa ska ha varaktig effekt behövs strategier för att undvika detta.
One problem in promoting sustainable energy use is that energy is taken for granted. Energy as resource needs to be made visible. This dissertation aims to develop knowledge that can contribute to more sustainable development by analyzing different ways to visualize domestic energy systems. Three different forms of visualization are analyzed: a locally situated heating-system, the Power Aware Cord, and a diary method. How people understand their energy use is analyzed using a modified version of domestication theory as developed by Silverstone et al. (1992). Another focus is the paradox that forms of visualization themselves risk becoming invisible by virtue of being domesticated. The heating system still does not function as intended, and the non-functioning of the heating system has been the most effective means of visualizing the system. The solar collectors are visible and are a dominant element of the area’s architecture; this has helped visualize, make people aware of, and confer an understanding of the sun as an energy source. A technical control room and technicians have also helped visualize the existence of the heating system. The system as a whole, and the households’ own parts of it, has been visualized. The Power Aware Cord is the general shape of an extendable power strip, with the additional integration of voltage-measuring electronics and electroluminescent wire. This additional wire contains a phosphor layer that glows when an altering current is introduced. The cords’ strength lies in visualizing the household energy use of particular electrical devices. The time diary method visualizes the household members’ individual and inter-related ctivity patterns in a broader, more general way. The analysis shows that the already invisible resource energy, which has been made doubly invisible through domestication, can be de-domesticated through the domestication of forms of visualization. At the same time, the forms of visualization themselves risk being made invisible by being domesticated; for forms of visualization to have any lasting effect, strategies for avoiding this must be developed.

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Al, Naami Adam. "Techno-economic Feasibility Study of a Biogas Plant for Treating Food Waste Collected from Households in Kartamantul Region, Yogyakarta." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-228232.

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This thesis presents the potential of biogas production using food waste collected from the region of Kartamantul in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biogas can be used for cooking and generating electricity. The study compares two different end uses or markets for utilizing the biogas in the region. The daily food waste collected in the region of Kartamantul is 120 tonnes. This corresponds to a daily biogas production of 13 087 m3. Electricity generated from biogas can replace fossil-based coal electricity while cooking biogas can substitute the common fossil fuel liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). The price for selling one kWh of electricity to the state owned enterprise PLN is 16.5 USD cents. The price for selling one m3 of biogas for cooking is 38.5 USD cents, which is equivalent to the available price of LPG. The study finds that the avoided emission due to the substitution of fossil-based coal electricity and cooking LPG-gas is around 64 GgCO2-eq per year. Considering the economical results for a life span of 20 years in the first utilization option Biogas for Electricity gives a net present value (NPV) of 2 MUSD while for the utilization option Biogas for Cooking gives a net present value (NPV) of 5.82 MUSD. The breakeven for Biogas for Electricity is 13.8 USD cents per kWhe while for Biogas for Cooking is 25.5 USD cents per m3-biogas. The study concludes that it is feasible to invest in AD plant in the region of Kartamantul where both markets are profitable and environmentally friendly.
Denna avhandling visar potentialen för biogasproduktion med hjälp av matavfall som samlats från regionen Kartamantul i Yogyakarta, Indonesien. Biogas kan användas för matlagning och elproduktion. Studien jämför två olika slutanvändningar eller marknader för att utnyttja biogasen i regionen. Det dagliga matavfallet som samlas i regionen Kartamantul är 120 ton. Detta motsvarar en daglig biogasproduktion på 13 087 m3. Elektricitet som genereras från biogas kan ersätta fossilbaserad koldioxid, medan tillagning av biogas kan ersätta det gemensamma fossila bränslet flytande petroleumgas (LPG). Priset för att sälja en kWh el till det statligt ägda företaget PLN är 16,5 USD cent. Priset för att sälja en m3 biogas för matlagning är 38,5 USD cent, vilket motsvarar det tillgängliga priset på LPG. Studien konstaterar att den undvikna utsläppet på grund av substitutionen av fossilbaserad kolkraft och matlagning av gasol är cirka 64 GgCO2-ekv per år. Med tanke på de ekonomiska resultaten för en livslängd på 20 år i det första utnyttjandegradet ger Biogas for Electricity ett nettopåverkande värde (NPV) på 2 MUSD medan för utnyttjandegraden Biogas for Cooking ger ett nettoförskott (NPV) på 5,82 MUSD. Breakeven för biogas för el är 13,8 USD cent per kWhe medan för Biogas for Cooking är 25,5 USD cent per m3-biogas. Studien drar slutsatsen att det är möjligt att investera i AD-anläggningar i regionen Kartamantul där båda marknaderna är lönsamma och miljövänliga.

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Maitan, Andre Raj. "Aplicação do modelo discreto-contínuo para o caso da escolha do sistema de aquecimento de água domiciliar e o efeito sobre o consumo de energia elétrica." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/8480.

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Our target here is to understand how non observables factors on water heating choice can affect electricity usage by individual consumers. In order to understand this, we will apply a discrete/continuous model in order to understand the impact of household water heating system discrete choice on household electricity consumption, continuous choice. First it was used a LOGIT model as a way to understand which variables influence consumer discrete choice. Hereafter with Discrete model results we verified if consumer choice is relevant on electricity consumption intensity. Hausman method results demonstrated that if we do not specify discrete choice at continuous model, it will bring biased estimators to our model, this occurs due to the fact that discrete choice variable is significant and it helps to explain continuous model. Results show that we have roughly 10% differences on estimators when we ignore discrete choice. It’s important to note that this kind of miscalculation can bring a important difference on government investment decision. This work and the results obtained reinforced Dubbin and McFadden (1984) work that it was used as principal reference to this work.
O objetivo deste trabalho passa por entender o impacto dos fatores não observáveis na escolha do sistema de aquecimento de água na intensidade do consumo de eletricidade domiciliar. Para isto será aplicado um modelo discreto-contínuo para entender o efeito da escolha discreta do tipo de aquecimento de água domiciliar sobre o consumo de energia elétrica do mesmo domicílio, escolha contínua. Primeiramente foi usado um modelo LOGIT e por meio deste foram entendidos os fatores que influenciam a escolha discreta do consumidor. Com os resultados encontrados na escolha discreta, temos em um segundo momento que constatar se esta escolha é significante para a intensidade do consumo de energia elétrica. Os resultados obtidos usando o método de Hausmann demonstraram que ignorar este fator (escolha discreta) pode levar a estimadores viesados para a parte contínua do modelo, ou seja, a escolha discreta é significante e ajuda a explicar o consumo de energia elétrica domiciliar. Os resultados mostraram que temos diferenças de até 10% no estimador obtido quando ignoramos este fator. É importante notar que este tipo de falha no cálculo, pode trazer problemas na decisão e na quantidade de investimento de um país. Além disso, os resultados reforçaram e ratificaram o trabalho desenvolvido por Dubbin e McFadden (1984) que foram usados como base para o estudo.

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Черкашина, Галина Ігорівна. "Підвищення енергоефективності системи електропостачання за рахунок управління електричним навантаженням у побутовому секторі." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/17133.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.14.02 – електричні станції, мережі і системи. – НТУ "ХПІ". – Харків, 2015. Дисертацію присвячено теоретичному обґрунтуванню і вирішенню наукового завдання стосовно розробки методів керування електричним навантаженням в системах електропостачання побутових споживачів, які доведені до стадії практичного застосування та можуть використовуватись для вирівнювання ГЕН та симетрування режимів електропостачання у побутовому секторі. Для цього розроблена нова схема системи електропостачання побутових споживачів з можливістю управління виділеним навантаженням. Визначені тип та основні характеристики побутових споживачів-регуляторів, що дозволяють керувати ними на протязі доби. Заохочення побутових споживачів до надання "послуг з регулювання" здійснюється за рахунок методики визначення плати побутовим СР за послуги регулювання. Проведена оцінка загального ефекту від вирівнювання ГЕН ОЕС України, значення якого в порівнянні з вартістю розробленої системи управління дає відповідь щодо економічної доцільності її впровадження.
The dissertation for the degree of technical sciences candidate by specialty 05.14.02 – power plants, networks and systems. – NTU "KhPI". – Kharkiv, 2015. The dissertation is devoted to theoretical substantiation and scientific problem solution concerning designing techniques of residential consumers’ electric load management. The techniques are brought to the stage of practical application to result in electric load leveling and power supply mode balancing in the residential sector. To solve this problem, a new residential power supply scheme is worked out with the ability to control the load assigned. The type and the main characteristics of household consumers-regulators are specified to allow controlling them through the day. Household consumers’ motivation for rendering of the "regulation services" is based on a proposed payment methodology taking into account participation in the load management. The overall effect of the electric load leveling based on the developed load management techniques within the United Power System of Ukraine is assessed and compared with the introduced management system cost to show the economic expediency of its implementation.

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Черкашина, Галина Ігорівна. "Підвищення енергоефективності системи електропостачання за рахунок управління електричним навантаженням у побутовому секторі." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/17119.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.14.02 – електричні станції, мережі і системи. – НТУ "ХПІ". – Харків, 2015. Дисертацію присвячено теоретичному обґрунтуванню і вирішенню наукового завдання стосовно розробки методів керування електричним навантаженням в системах електропостачання побутових споживачів, які доведені до стадії практичного застосування та можуть використовуватись для вирівнювання ГЕН та симетрування режимів електропостачання у побутовому секторі. Для цього розроблена нова схема системи електропостачання побутових споживачів з можливістю управління виділеним навантаженням. Визначені тип та основні характеристики побутових споживачів-регуляторів, що дозволяють керувати ними на протязі доби. Заохочення побутових споживачів до надання "послуг з регулювання" здійснюється за рахунок методики визначення плати побутовим СР за послуги регулювання. Проведена оцінка загального ефекту від вирівнювання ГЕН ОЕС України, значення якого в порівнянні з вартістю розробленої системи управління дає відповідь щодо економічної доцільності її впровадження.
The dissertation for the degree of technical sciences candidate by specialty 05.14.02 – power plants, networks and systems. – NTU "KhPI". – Kharkiv, 2015. The dissertation is devoted to theoretical substantiation and scientific problem solution concerning designing techniques of residential consumers’ electric load management. The techniques are brought to the stage of practical application to result in electric load leveling and power supply mode balancing in the residential sector. To solve this problem, a new residential power supply scheme is worked out with the ability to control the load assigned. The type and the main characteristics of household consumers-regulators are specified to allow controlling them through the day. Household consumers’ motivation for rendering of the "regulation services" is based on a proposed payment methodology taking into account participation in the load management. The overall effect of the electric load leveling based on the developed load management techniques within the United Power System of Ukraine is assessed and compared with the introduced management system cost to show the economic expediency of its implementation.

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Donnellan, Brett John. "Household Energy System Sizing Technique to Minimise Household Energy Cost and Estimate Optimal System Size." Thesis, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2440/136631.

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The goal of this research is to analytically optimise a Household Energy System (HES), consisting of solar PV generation and energy storage, such that the household’s annual energy cost is minimised for a given capital investment. The household’s annual energy cost is shown to depend only on the amount of energy it is supplied from the grid, called grid sourced energy (GSE). Note if it is assumed that PV generation will first be used to supply the load, then it can be shown that any excess energy the PV system would feed-into the grid is related to the grid sourced energy (GSE). The analytical solution for optimal HES size is derived from two equations: i) a closed-form equation for the GSE in terms of storage capacity for a fixed PV rating, and ii) an estimation equation of the sensitivity of the GSE to variations in PV rating. The relationship between GSE and storage capacity, for a fixed PV rating, is found by identifying that the GSE is a piecewise-linear function of storage capacity, under the given assumptions. A piecewise-linear function can be expressed, in closed form, as a finite series where the series partial sums consists of both a constant term and a variable term (storage capacity). For the relationship between the GSE and storage capacity these constant terms are called the critical capacities and are found using a technique developed in Chapter 2. This technique and the piecewise-linear equation is validated against a conventional numerical approach and the two methods are shown to produce identical results. However the piecewise-linear equation provides a faster computational solution compared to the conventional approach. The critical capacities identified in Chapter 2 also provides analytical insight into the trade-off between storage capacity and annual energy cost for a given PV rating. There currently does not exist a closed-form equation between GSE and PV rating and hence no closed-form equation exists for the sensitivity of GSE to variation in PV ratings. This sensitivity is important since it can be used to find the optimal HES size for a given investment. However by using the GSE to storage capacity equation and the critical capacities, an equation is constructed in Chapter 2 which describes the GSE to PV rating relationship for a discrete set of PV ratings. By using this constructed equation and the sensitivity of GSE to variations in PV rating can be estimated for a given set of assumptions. The GSE to storage capacity relationship and the sensitivity of the GSE to variations in PV rating can be combined to derived an equation which estimates the optimal HES size, for a given investment. The estimation of the optimal HES size is validated against the conventional search based solutions and it is shown that the approximation provides a reasonably accurate but computationally faster solution. The estimation equation can also provide useful insights into the sensitivity of the optimal HES size to variations in the cost parameters.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2022

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"Dispatch Strategy Development for Grid-tied Household Energy Systems." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.29931.

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abstract: The prevalence of renewable generation will increase in the next several decades and offset conventional generation more and more. Yet this increase is not coming without challenges. Solar, wind, and even some water resources are intermittent and unpredictable, and thereby create scheduling challenges due to their inherent “uncontrolled” nature. To effectively manage these distributed renewable assets, new control algorithms must be developed for applications including energy management, bridge power, and system stability. This can be completed through a centralized control center though efforts are being made to parallel the control architecture with the organization of the renewable assets themselves—namely, distributed controls. Building energy management systems are being employed to control localized energy generation, storage, and use to reduce disruption on the net utility load. One such example is VOLTTRONTM, an agent-based platform for building energy control in real time. In this thesis, algorithms developed in VOLTTRON simulate a home energy management system that consists of a solar PV array, a lithium-ion battery bank, and the grid. Dispatch strategies are implemented to reduce energy charges from overall consumption ($/kWh) and demand charges ($/kW). Dispatch strategies for implementing storage devices are tuned on a month-to-month basis to provide a meaningful economic advantage under simulated scenarios to explore algorithm sensitivity to changing external factors. VOLTTRON agents provide automated real-time optimization of dispatch strategies to efficiently manage energy supply and demand, lower consumer costs associated with energy usage, and reduce load on the utility grid.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Engineering 2015

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Bhupathiraju, Praneeth Varma. "Deep Neural Networks Based Disaggregation of Swedish Household Energy Consumption." Thesis, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-20095.

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Context: In recent years, households have been increasing energy consumption to very high levels, where it is no longer sustainable. There has been a dire need to find a way to use energy more sustainably due to the increase in the usage of energy consumption. One of the main causes of this unsustainable usage of energy consumption is that the user is not much acquainted with the energy consumed by the smart appliances (dishwasher, refrigerator, washing machine etc) in their households. By letting the household users know the energy usage consumed by the smart appliances. For the energy analytics companies, they must analyze the energy consumed by the smart appliances present in a house. To achieve this Kelly et. al. [7] have performed the task of energy disaggregation by using deep neural networks and producing good results. Zhang et. al. [7] has gone even a step further in improving the deep neural networks proposed by Kelly et. al., The task was performed by Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) technique. Objectives: The thesis aims to assess the performance of the deep neural networks which are proposed by Kelly et.al. [7], and Zhang et. al. [8]. We use deep neural networks for disaggregation of the dishwasher energy consumption, in the presence of vampire loads such as electric heaters, in a Swedish household setting. We also try to identify the training time of the proposed deep neural networks. Methods: An intensive literature review is done to identify state-of-the-art deep neural network techniques used for energy disaggregation. All the experiments are being performed on the dataset provided by the energy analytics company Eliq AB. The data is collected from 4 households in Sweden. All the households consist of vampire loads, an electrical heater, whose power consumption can be seen in the main power sensor. A separate smart plug is used to collect the dishwasher power consumption data. Each algorithm training is done on 2 houses with data provided by all the houses except two, which will be used for testing. The metrics used for analyzing the algorithms are Accuracy, Recall, Precision, Root mean square error (RMSE), and F1 measure. These software metrics would help us identify the best suitable algorithm for the disaggregation of dishwasher energy in our case. Results: The results from our study have proved that Gated recurrent unit (GRU) performed best when compared to the other neural networks in our study like Simple recurrent neural network (SRN), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Long short-Term memory (LSTM) and Recurrent convolution neural network (RCNN). The Accuracy, RMSE and the F1 score of the GRU algorithm are higher when compared with the other algorithms. Also, if the user does not consider F1 score and RMSE as an evaluation metric and considers training time as his or her metric, then Simple recurrent neural network outperforms all the other neural nets with an average training time of 19.34 minutes.

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Reinhardt, Walter William. "Knowing more, using less : the prospects for household-led change in energy and Water Systems." Phd thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150746.

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Energy and water systems are under pressure. In particular, electricity and urban water systems suffer from environmental and social constraints on the expansion of supply yet growing demand with population and development. Reductions in per capita electricity and water use may be necessary on a scale that is transformative. What role will households have in the transformation of electricity and urban water systems? To conceptualise the role of households I argue that electricity and urban water exhibit common pool resource characteristics, which invites the use of the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework. Under the IAD framework, participation in resource use and participation in governance are identified as key roles for households. Analysis of household resource use and participation in governance are the two major sections of analysis in the study. South Eastern Australia is used as a case study since it is representative of much of the challenges faced in the developed world. Research methods include policy analysis of the current institutional arrangements, an online survey of household electricity and water consumption, behaviours, technology, perceptions of policy, socio-demographics and housing stock (N=1,254) in June 2013, and electricity and water industry surveys of perceptions of policy (N=53 and N=64, respectively) in March 2013. For household resource use, I investigate whether environmentally concerned and knowledgeable individuals have lower household electricity and water consumption. I define knowledge as an understanding of energy or water use in daily life and develop a novel measurement method. I find that people with high environmental concern and high knowledge are more likely to act to save energy and water, but these actions do not generate significant reductions in consumption. The limited capacity of motivated individuals to change household consumption is recognised as constraining autonomous change, and thus limiting the capacity of households to lead change in electricity and urban water use. For governance of resources, I investigate demand management policy and public participation in policy making. Demand management is defined as deliberate reductions in consumption in time or place, and demand management policy is conceptualised in the IAD framework as a collective-choice decision. I develop a novel typology to analyse policy selection in practice, and compare practice with public perceptions. I find that there is little public participation in electricity and water policy making and that diverse public perspectives on policy may inhibit greater levels of participation. However, I find areas of policy design and selection where public perceptions can contribute to improved demand management policy making. Overall, I find that households will not lead transformation of electricity and urban water systems, either in changing resource use or through governance participation. However, I demonstrate the necessity of household participation and thus contribute a nuanced analysis of the nature and scale of household contribution to change in electricity and urban water systems. I conclude by showing that the framework developed in this thesis may provide a foundation for future research to enable transformative change.

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34

Gwerder, Yvonne Alexandra Vogt. "Life Beyond the Grid: A Life-Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Household Energy Demand." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/86761.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Energia para a Sustentabilidade apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Este trabalho avalia a sustentabilidade associada à satisfação das necessidades de eletricidade e aquecimento em casas sem acesso às redes de abastecimento convencionais, realizando um estudo que combina Avaliação da Sustentabilidade de Ciclo de Vida (LCSA) e Análise de Decisão Multicritério (MCDA) aplicado a duas casas nessas condições em Benfeita, uma pequena vila de Portugal que atraiu uma comunidade com consciência ecológica. Foram selecionadas duas casas (1 e 2) como casos de estudo por possuírem necessidades energéticas e acesso a recursos energéticos endógenos distintos, que exigem o uso de diferentes tecnologias, tornando-as representativas dos diversos desafios de viver sem acesso às redes convencionais. A Casa 1 usa os seguintes sistemas de geração de eletricidade: painéis fotovoltaicos, um gerador pico-hídrico, um gerador a gasolina e baterias de chumbo-ácido; enquanto a Casa 2 usa um micro-gerador hidráulico e baterias de chumbo-ácido e de iões de lítio. Para aquecimento, a Casa 1 usa os seguintes sistemas: um forno a lenha, um fogão a gás de petróleo liquefeito e um fogão solar; enquanto a Casa 2 usa um forno a lenha, um fogão a gás butano e um fogão solar. Com base em visitas ao local, entrevistas e inquéritos a membros da comunidade, foram desenvolvidos inventários desses sistemas que foram utilizados para construir modelos de ciclo de vida. Foram selecionados 12 indicadores para avaliar a sustentabilidade de ciclo de vida: seis critérios ambientais: Aquecimento Global (AG), Requisitos de Energia Fóssil Não Renovável (EF), Ecotoxicidade Aquática de Água Doce (EAAD), Acidificação Terrestre (AT), Eutrofização de Água Doce (EAD) e Eutrofização Marinha (EM); três critérios económicos: custo de investimento, custo de operação e manutenção e Custo Nivelado de Energia (CNE); e três critérios de saúde/sociais: Toxicidade Carcinogénica (TC), Toxicidade Não Carcinogénica (TNC), e Emprego Local.A sustentabilidade da satisfação das necessidades de energia nas casas desconectadas das redes de abastecimento convencionais quando comparada com o uso das redes mostrou ser dependente dos critérios considerados. O uso de energia elétrica em casas desconectadas da rede teve menores impactes em AG e EF, mas mais altos em EAAD, AT, EAD e EM; enquanto o uso de sistemas de aquecimento desconectados da rede convencional teve menores impactos em AG, EF, AT e EAD, e maiores em EAAD e EM. O custo da eletricidade da rede de abastecimento foi 57-65% mais baixo do que o da eletricidade gerada pelos sistemas desconectados da rede, mas 108-288% mais elevado do que o aquecimento produzido sem recurso às redes convencionais. O consumo de eletricidade com recurso aos sistemas desconectados da rede teve maiores impactos em TC e TNC, enquanto o aquecimento com recurso às redes convencionais foi menor. Os resultados das categorias de impacto do método USEtox (EAAD, TC, TNC) foram significativamente diferentes quando foram considerados os fatores de caracterização (FCs) "recomendados" versus "indicativos", pelo que a consideração de ambos é importante para melhorar a robustez dos resultados. Os sistemas de eletricidade e aquecimento desconectados das redes convencionais estimularam níveis mais altos de Emprego Local em Benfeita.Os resultados Base (situação atual) foram também comparados com quatro cenários de abastecimento de energia (A1, A2, A3, e A4) usando a Teoria de Valor Multiatributo (TVM) para classificar as alternativas com base no seu desempenho de sustentabilidade. Os cenários consideraram os impactos de estender e conectar a rede a ambas as casas para permitir o consumo de eletricidade da rede ou a injeção do excesso de eletricidade gerada na rede. O ranking das alternativas dependeu principalmente da distância da casa à rede e se os FCs “recomendados” ou “indicativos” eram considerados nos cálculos do USEtox. A principal razão para essa divergência é a maneira como os metais são contabilizados em cada tipo de FC. FCs “indicativos” têm em consideração os metais no cálculo do potencial de toxicidade, pelo que, como a extensão da rede requer a utilização de metais, os seus impactes são muito mais altos quando comparados com os FCs “recomendados”, que omitem os metais do cálculo devido à sua elevada incerteza.Atender às necessidades domésticas de eletricidade e aquecimento de maneira sustentável requer uma análise do contexto local e dos recursos energéticos endógenos disponíveis. Para habitações em locais remotos, sistemas com base em energia renovável desconectados da rede fornecem uma forma confiável e sustentável para o fornecimento de eletricidade e aquecimento, exigindo que os proprietários tenham o capital inicial para investir em tais sistemas. Proprietários de casas localizadas em áreas com fácil acesso à rede, ou que já estão conectados à rede, não devem considerar sair da rede. Para compreender o valor das alternativas de abastecimento de energia é fundamental ter em conta estes diversos trade-offs.
This work assesses the sustainability of meeting electricity and heating needs in off-grid homes by performing a combined Life-Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) study on two off-grid houses in Benfeita, a small village in Portugal that has attracted an ecologically inclined community. Two homes (Off-Grid House 1 and 2) were selected to serve as case studies because they have unique energy needs as well as distinct resource constraints that require the use of different technologies, making them representative of diverse challenges of off-grid living. Off-Grid House 1 uses the following off-grid electricity systems: photovoltaic panels, a pico-hydro generator, a petrol generator, and lead-acid batteries; Off-Grid House 2 uses: a micro-hydro generator, lead-acid, and lithium-ion batteries. Off-Grid House 1 uses the following off-grid heating systems: a wood burning furnace, a liquefied petroleum gas stove, and a solar cooker; Off-Grid House 2 uses: a wood burning furnace, a butane gas stove, and a solar cooker. Based on site visits, interviews, and surveys with community members, inventories for these systems were developed and used to build original life-cycle models. Twelve indicators were selected to evaluate life-cycle sustainability performance: six environmental criteria: Global Warming (GW), Non-Renewable Fossil Energy Demand (nREn), Freshwater Aquatic Ecotoxicity (FAE), Terrestrial Acidification (TA), Freshwater Eutrophication (FE), Marine Eutrophication (ME); three economic criteria: Investment Cost, Operation & Maintenance Cost, and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE); and three health/social criteria: Carcinogenic Toxicity (CT), Non-Carcinogenic Toxicity (NCT), and Local Employment. The sustainability of meeting energy needs in the off-grid homes, compared to using the grid, was found to be dependent on the criteria under consideration. Off-grid electricity use had lower impacts in GW and nREn, but higher levels of FAE, TA, FE, and ME; while off-grid heating use had lower impacts in GW, nREn, TA, and FE, and higher ones in FAE and ME. The cost of electricity from the grid was found to be 57-65% less expensive than that of off-grid electricity, but 108-288% more expensive than off-grid heating. Off-grid electricity use had higher impacts in CT and NCT, while off-grid heating´s were lower. The results of the USEtox impact categories (FAE, CT, NCT) were significantly different when “recommended” versus “indicative” characterization factors (CFs) were presented, thus the consideration of both is important to improve robustness of results. Both off-grid electricity and heating systems stimulated higher levels of Local Employment in Benfeita.Baseline results (the current situation) were compared to four energy provisioning scenarios (A1, A2, A3, and A4) using Multi-Attribute Value Theory (MAVT) to rank alternatives based on their sustainability performance. The scenarios considered the impacts of extending and connecting the grid to the homes to allow for either electricity consumption from the grid, or injection of excess electricity generated to the grid. The resulting ranking of alternatives was mainly dependent on the house´s distance from the grid and whether “recommended” or “indicative” CFs were considered in USEtox calculations. The primary reason for this divergence is the way metals are accounted for in each CF. “Indicative” CFs take into consideration metals in the calculation of toxicity, and because grid extension requires the use of many metals, the impacts from grid extension are much higher compared to when “recommended” CFs are used, which omit metals due to the relatively high uncertainty of addressing the fate of these chemicals within substance groups. Meeting household electricity and heating needs in a sustainable way requires an analysis of the local context and available resources. For extremely remote homes, off-grid, renewable energy solutions provide a reliable and sustainable form of electricity and heating, required that homeowners have the upfront capital to invest in such systems. Homeowners that live in places with easy access to the grid, or are already connected to the grid, should not consider going off-grid. A consideration of trade-offs is central to understanding the value of alternative possibilities for energy provisioning.

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Chlobowski, Andrzej. "Influence of Trust Concerns and Benefits of Visibility on Participation in Green Electricity Programs: a Case-Study of Residential Solar-PV Systems in Ontario." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/7361.

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This study examines two of the reasons that prevent people from taking part in green electricity programs: trust concerns that these programs may raise, and lack of benefits that come with visibility of participants’ involvement. While the current literature takes notice of their influence, in this study it was decided to investigate both factors in more detail. In particular, with the help of a survey, the study focused on the reactions of electricity consumers to the proposition of participation in green electricity programs in a controlled setting, in which levels of trust concerns raised and benefits of visibility provided by the programs could be varied. The study was conducted in Oakville, an affluent southern Ontario (Canada) suburb. The results are based on 160 received responses to 500 questionnaires that were sent out by mail. While the results of this study point towards the conclusion that both factors have an influence on participation in green electricity programs, their relative strength cannot be estimated by these results. One can, however, claim that the combined influence of trust concerns and benefits of visibility is quite strong. This research shows that at a 95% confidence level, willingness to participate in a program that proposes paying premium for electricity from solar panels installed on a participant’s roof (low trust concerns, high benefits of visibility) is 30% + 19.3% higher than willingness to participate in a program that proposes paying premium for electricity from undisclosed solar farms (high trust concerns, low benefits of visibility). Additional data about trust concerns, appreciation of benefits of visibility, and concerns about installation of solar panels on one’s own roof, provided by the survey, are also presented in the text. In conclusion, it is recommended that future research should more clearly separate the strength of influence of trust concerns from the influence of benefits of visibility on green electricity program participation. It is also important to study which features of these programs make them more trustworthy and visible. An important implication of this study for policy makers and green electricity proponents is to concentrate on allaying trust concerns, and enhancing benefits of visibility when designing policies or drafting plans for green electricity programs. The creation of an independent green electricity program certification system and a greater accent on the local presence of such programs is suggested.

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36

Avdic, Fahrudin [Verfasser]. "Application of the porous medium gas combustion technique to household heating systems with additional energy sources / vorgelegt von Fahrudin Avdic." 2005. http://d-nb.info/973413522/34.

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37

Penn, Joseph J. "The use of steady-state level combinations and signal event edge correlations in the disaggregation of total power measurements." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/22697.

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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in ful lment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. Johannesburg, 2015
The work presented extends and contributes to research in Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), focussing on steady-state and transient power measurement disaggregation techniques for circuits containing household ap- pliances. Although previous work in this area has produced and evaluated a wide range of NILM approaches, much of it has involved the use of datasets captured from real-world household implementations. In such cases, the lack of accurate ground truth data makes it di cult to assess disaggregation tech- niques. In the research presented, three NILM techniques are comparatively evaluated using measurements from typical household appliances assembled within a laboratory environment, where accurate ground truth data could be compiled to complement the measurements. This allows for the accu- racy of the various disaggregation approaches to be precisely evaluated. It is demonstrated that the correlation of transient event edges in aggregated power measurements to individual appliance transient exemplars performs better than the matching of steady-state power levels against individual ap- pliance state combinations. Furthermore, the transient approach is shown to be the most appropriate technique for further development.
MT2017

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38

Chang, Yi-Hao, and 張益豪. "Implementation of Household Photovoltaic Generation System with Battery Energy Storage." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/kbkfu7.

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碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
電機工程系博碩士班
101
High penetration of grid-connected photovoltaic generation system will degrade the power quality of the grid due to its intermittent characteristic and unstable output power. For reduce the negative impacts of grid-connected photovoltaic generation systems on the grid and improve the penetration of photovoltaic generation systems, this thesis will develop a household photovoltaic generation system with battery energy storage. The photovoltaic generation system is composed of a DC-DC boost converter, an isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter and a full bridge inverter. When the utility is normal, the photovoltaic generation system can tracking the maximum output power of the solar cell array and control the charge/discharge of battery set. When the utility is failed, the photovoltaic generation system can supply AC power to load. The hardware prototype of the proposed household photovoltaic generation system with battery energy storage this system is developed and tested to verify its performance. The experimental results show that the performance of the proposed photovoltaic generation system is as expected.

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CHENG, SHENG-HAO, and 程聖皓. "Cost-Benefit Analysis of Household Energy Storage System Installation in Advanced Countries." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63398815965017249931.

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碩士
輔仁大學
科技管理學程碩士在職專班
104
The United Nations reached a "Paris agreement" at December 12, 2015. All members of the United Nations will jointly prevent the global warming crisis in the future. The global traditional economic model of fossil fuels will be changed to a new model of renewable and clean energy. Energy Storage System plays a key role to maximize the effect of renewable energy development. Smart Grid is the combination and integration of the energy storage system and micro-grid renewable energy applications. Household energy storage system is also an important part of smart grid. In this study, I would like to use “Levelized Cost of Energy (LCoE)” to evaluate the cost targets of household energy storage system to see if it could be widely adopted in the market. Further, with considering each countries’ economic conditions and each technique capability of batteries, I use “Return on investment (ROI)” to estimate the payback period and rate of payback on household energy storage system installation. And then propose the Cost-Benefit analysis on household energy storage system installation in advanced countries. In the end, I use sensitivity analysis to identify the greatest impact on the parameters of the cost-effectiveness. Base on the analysis result of LCoE trend, 0.2 (USD / KWh) in AD 2015~2017 is lower than the average electricity price in most of the advanced countries except from US. Thus, it does have economic benefits to install the energy storage system in those area. However, till AD 2019~2020, the LCoE will reach 0.13 ~ 0.15 (USD / KWh) level that finally close to the average electricity prices in US. Base on the assumption of 50% to 70% of everage household electricity consumption, the recommend installation capacity of household energy storage system would be as below. 4.61 ~ 6.45 (KWh) in Germany. 5.93 ~ 8.31 (KWh) in UK. 3.66 ~ 5.13 (KWh ) in Italy. 7.71 ~ 10.79 (KWh) in Japan. 17.13 ~ 23.98 (KWh) in US. With considering 10-years-warranty and price down trend of the energy storage system in 2016~2027, the estimated ROI of each advanced country is as below. 55~366% in Germany. 1~202% in UK. 21~262% in Italy. 0~199% in Japan. -51~47% in US.

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Chen, Yung-Nan, and 陳勇男. "A Study of Household or Commercial Heat Pump System with Shallow Geothermal Energy." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42251856223799183602.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
105
A Study of Household or Commercial Heat Pump System with Shallow Geothermal Energy By Yung-Nan Chen Master Degree of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering National Taiwan University July 2016 Adviser：Sih-Li Chen, Ph.D. The purpose of this study is to test a geothermal heat pump system with two apply ways, which includes raft foundation water energy and groundwater energy. For shallow geothermal energy which temperature is lower than outdoor air in summer and higher in the winter. With this property, we want to replace the traditional heating and cooling equipment by geothermal heat pump system. In the application of raft foundation water energy and groundwater energy we via six different mode to combine heat pump system with geothermal energy for heating and cooling purpose. For groundwater energy, we used Multi-U type Borehole Heat Exchangers (MUBHEs), made of PVC material tubes to exchange heat from the evaporator or condenser of heat pump. Through experiment, we want to realize the advantages and disadvantages for this two different ways in using shallow geothermal energy. At the same time, we will compare the efficiency and cost with commonly heating and cooling household equipment in Taiwan. According to the experiment, the heating mode with raft foundation water, a high efficiency in COP 4.3 is present. And the cooling mode with raft foundation water has cooling efficiency in COP 4 with providing refrigerating capacity 18 kW. Besides, the dual mode that heating and cooling simultaneously, can provide high efficiency when operating heat pump system in right situation. In the study of these experiment, we will compare two apply modes of geothermal energy and conclusion experimental analysis, find the way to improve design to reach more high efficiency. Keywords : Shallow Geothermal Energy, Heat pump, Multi-U type Borehole Heat Exchangers, raft foundation water

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Du, Preez Mathilda. "Household energy use in South Africa : a systemic study of an individual intervention." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/44253.

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The world-wide problem of increasing greenhouse gas emissions has received considerable attention in recent decades. In South Africa, several factors necessitate residential energy efficiency research. These include the high levels of pollution caused by the generation of electricity with low quality coal, which is fairly readily available, the increasing consumer base since 1994, and electricity price increases of 20% per annum since 2008. This study investigates qualitative and quantitative aspects of energy efficiency strategies employed in 41 South African households from diverse socio-economic backgrounds, within the Pretoria region. Field work was conducted during 2010 and 2011. This research was conducted using a multi-phased combined experimental and ex post facto mixed methodology. Actual electricity consumption levels were recorded in all participating households, which were divided into two experimental groups, but only participants in the first experimental group participated in an interview and intervention to reduce electricity consumption. Measurements were followed by focus group sessions open to all participants. Thematic analysis was used to identify participants’ main strategies for energy efficiency, and the effectiveness of these strategies was quantified. The qualitative and quantitative findings are discussed both separately from and in conjunction with one another. Feedback was shown to be a key factor in enabling behaviour change. Needs not only for information but for guidance in its interpretation are highlighted, particularly where literacy levels are lower. Erroneous beliefs about the functioning of appliances were identified and quantified. Winter was identified as the best time to introduce an intervention and improve energy savings due to the ‘normal’ steep increase during that time. Popular and effective strategies employed in households to reduce electricity consumption were also identified. This study culminates in a theoretical model, placing the micro, meso and exo implications of residential energy efficiency in a cyclical empowerment model of environmental concern, the need for information, behaviour change and the resulting need for feedback. Suggestions for policy development and future research are made focussing specifically on the role of females in designing energy efficiency measures, measuring quality of life and not just kWhs and emphasising the importance of real-time feedback on consumption.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Psychology
Unrestricted

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42

Liu, Chang-Cheng, and 劉振昌. "R&D of the energy-saving hot water system by integrating household air conditioner and solar water heater." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50025473463731531970.

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碩士
崑山科技大學
材料工程研究所
101
Taiwan is location at the subtropical zone of the earth, south of Chiayi, however, located at the southern in the tropic. Therefore, it is beneficial to develop the solar water heater and heating pump in the Tainan and Kaohsiung areas. The thesis develops a system integrating the household air conditioner and solar water heater. The system can effective promotes the conversion efficiency of the overall heating. The thesis reports that this system; integrated solar water heater and household air conditioner, can promote the conversion efficiency of energy over two times compared with the traditional solar water heater. Moreover, we find that, at fixed volume of thermal storage water tank, the air conditioner provided a more rapid and more efficiently energy conversion as a higher tonnage. Therefore, the thesis indicated that the condenser of air conditioner can be made instead of the water-cooled system to promote the energy efficiency and also to increase the cooling efficiency of air conditioner. On the other hand, the hot water produced by air conditioner can integrate that by solar water heater to increase the supply amount of hot water. This thesis provides the energy-saving and carbon-reducing system to protect our life and Earth.

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43

Miguel, Pedro Carvalho. "Methodology to simulate the impact of a large deployment of a residential energy management system in the electricity grid." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/29809.

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Tese de doutoramento em Sistemas Sustentáveis de Energia, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra
Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para avaliar os recursos de energia e de potência que podem ser disponibilizados através da disseminação e utilização de um sistema de gestão de energia no sector residencial, como a Energy Box (EB) proposta por Livengood & Larson (2009). O impacto de tal tecnologia sobre o sistema de distribuição de energia elétrica irá resultar de mudanças no uso da eletricidade por utilização final de clientes em resposta a estímulos como mudanças em tempo real no preço da electricidade, correspondendo ao amplamente conhecido conceito de gestão da procura (DR). No entanto, a natureza dispersa e não controlada da gestão destas cargas exige uma abordagem que tenha em conta o caráter aleatório do comportamento desta procura para efetuar uma estimativa agregada do consumo de energia e da potência causados por um elevado número de dispositivos EB. A abordagem que foi seguida exigiu a simulação de um determinado universo de consumidores de uma determinada cidade, utilizando informações sobre o consumo total de energia eléctrica, bem como o consumo por eletrodoméstico. A metodologia proposta faz uso de dados consultados sobre a disponibilidade dos consumidores para adiar o início da operação dos seus aparelhos, bem como de protótipos horários de diagramas de preços. Esses protótipos foram obtidos através de um exercício de agrupamento de dados que também foi proposto como parte da metodologia. O possível impacto ambiental da utilização agregada das EB também foi estimado. Os resultados da metodologia fornecem a gama de energia libertada e da potência adicional requerida como resultado agregado das EB, sendo o último um fenómeno relevante que apresenta novos desafios para a gestão da rede, e para o qual foram sugeridas algumas medidas preventivas. A análise ambiental do recurso EB agregada mostra que a DR não é por si só uma ferramenta para reduzir as emissões de CO2, sendo fortemente dependente das tecnologias de geração que são utilizadas para compensar as variações de procura. O trabalho futuro sugere investigação para atuais e para novos tipos de cargas, bem como o estudo para as técnicas de controlo não consideradas. Esta visão alargada irá fornecer uma imagem mais ampla do potencial crescente para os sistemas de gestão de energia, como a Energy Box.
This work proposes a methodology to evaluate the energy and power resources that can be made available through the deployment and use of a residential energy management system, as the Energy Box (EB) proposed by Livengood & Larson (2009). The impact on the electricity distribution system of such technology will result of changes in the electricity usage by end-use customers in response to stimuli like real-time changes in the electricity price, corresponding to the widely known demand response (DR). However, due to the dispersed and uncontrolled nature of the management of end-use appliances, estimating the energy and power output of the aggregation of a high number of EB’s requires a specific approach which can take into account the random nature of load response. The approach that was followed simulated a certain universe of consumers from one particular city, using information regarding total electricity consumption as well as the segregated consumption per main appliance. The proposed methodology makes use of queried data regarding the willingness of consumers to postpone the start of appliances, as well as prototypes of hourly price diagrams. These prototypes were obtained through a data clustering exercise that was also proposed as part of the methodology. The possible environmental impact of the aggregated use of EB’s was also estimated. The output of the methodology includes the range of released network capacity as well as load rebound, both caused by the aggregated EB response. In particular, load rebound is a relevant phenomenon that presents new challenges to the management of the grid, and for which some preventive measures are suggested. The analysis of the environmental significance of the aggregated EB resource shows that DR is not per se a tool to reduce CO2 emissions, being strongly dependent of the generation technologies that are used to compensate demand variations. Future work is also proposed including new load research for existing and for new types of loads, as well as for control techniques not considered. This extended view seeks to provide a wider image of the increasing potential of energy management systems such as the Energy Box.

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Aramburu, Geronimo Martin Piñeiro. "Circular household waste management : a study about the transition from a linear to a circular waste management system and the potential for commercial opportunities in Europe through the example of Brussels Capital Region." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/35636.

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Abstract:

As the worldwide population increases, along with consumption trends, our current global waste generation has become a real environmental and health concern. The way governments, cities and municipalities decide to manage solid waste has a major impact on our society, our economies and the earth’s climate. The subject of municipal solid waste management is a complex and multilevel issue that needs to be extensively analyzed if ever to be improved. Nevertheless, solutions are available as the EU aims to evolve within the spectrum of a Circular Economy to tackle this predicament. By doing so, European countries are inevitably shifting their behavior from a linear model, consuming and disposing products without any regards for the environmental impact, to a circular approach, where waste streams are reintroduced inside the economy and appreciated as valuable materials. Thus, there will be lucrative commercial opportunities for the entire waste management circle in the years to come. The European Environment Agency estimates value generation between 245 billion and 604 billion euros by 2030 for this industry. The aim of this paper is to, first, highlight the main characteristics of a circular waste management system. Secondly, it will consider how necessary are Waste to Energy incineration technologies when it comes to residual waste treatment from household. Finally, by looking at the example of Brussels Capital Region, this paper will explore upcoming commercial opportunities which promote such a circular scheme.
À medida que a população mundial aumenta, assim com as tendências de consumo, a nossa geração global atual de resíduos tornou-se uma verdadeira preocupação ambiental e de saúde. A forma de como os governos, cidades e municípios decidem gerir os resíduos sólidos tem um grande impacto na nossa sociedade, nas nossas economias e nas alterações climáticas. O tema da gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos é uma questão complexa e precisa de ser amplamente analisada se almejarmos resolvê-la. Não obstante, as soluções estão disponíveis uma vez que a UE quer evoluir dentro de uma Economia Circular para enfrentar esta situação. Ao fazê-lo, os países europeus estão a mudar o seus comportamentos de um modelo linear, consumindo e eliminando produtos sem consideração pelo impacto ambiental, para uma visão circular, onde os fluxos de resíduos são reintroduzidos dentro da economia e apreciados como materiais valiosos. É por isso que haverá oportunidades comerciais lucrativas na gestão de resíduos nos próximos anos. A Agência Europeia do Ambiente estima uma geração entre 245 mil milhões e 604 mil milhões de euros até 2030 nesta indústria. O objetivo desta dissertação é, em primeiro lugar, destacar as principais características de um sistema circular de gestão de resíduos. Em segundo lugar, irá a estudar a necessidade das tecnologias de incineração de resíduos com recuperação de energia para o tratamento de resíduos residuais domésticos. Finalmente, através de o exemplo da Região de Bruxelas-Capital, este documento irá explorar as futuras oportunidades comerciais que promovem um sistema circular.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Household energy systems'

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