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Academic literature on the topic 'House inflation'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "House inflation"

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Anari, Ali, and James Kolari. "House Prices and Inflation." Real Estate Economics 30, no. 1 (April 2002): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-6229.00030.

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van Rensburg, L. Janse, and P. Burger. "House Price Inflation in Johannesburg." Studies in Economics and Econometrics 35, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10800379.2011.12097227.

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Kuang, Weida, and Peng Liu. "International Real Estate Review." International Real Estate Review 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 217–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100200.

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In recent years, housing prices and inflation have been growing constantly in China. Higher house prices and higher inflation affect both household consumption and economic growth. We have developed a four-sector general equilibrium model of consumers, developers, firms, and the central bank to illustrate the relationship of house prices with inflation. The theoretical model demonstrates that house prices and inflation are positively correlated and endogenously determined. By using panel databases of 35 major cities in China during the period of 1996-2010, we find that the association between house prices and inflation is asymmetric. The impact of inflation on housing prices is greater than that of housing prices on inflation, which implies that housing prices effectively hedge inflation. Secondly, household income positively affects housing prices, but interest rates negatively influence housing prices. Accordingly, to curb soaring housing prices, policymakers not only should balance supply and demand, but also control for inflation. Thirdly, economic growth has less of an impact on inflation than housing prices. Hence, abnormal housing price increases are more likely to exacerbate inflation than economic growth. In addition, housing prices have a greater impact on inflation than rental prices, albeit the latter is a component of the consumer price index (CPI). Finally, money supply has much greater effects on inflation than housing prices and economic growth.
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Hedlund, Aaron. "Failure to Launch: Housing, Debt Overhang, and the Inflation Option." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 228–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20160371.

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Can inflating away nominal mortgage liabilities effectively combat recessions? I address this question using a model of illiquid housing, endogenous credit supply, and equilibrium default. I show that, in an ordinary recession, temporarily raising the inflation target has only modest or even counterproductive effects. However, during episodes like the Great Recession, inflation effectively boosts house prices, consumption, and dramatically cuts foreclosures, but only when fixed-rate mortgages are the dominant instrument. The quantitative implications of inflation also vary if other nominal rigidities or demand externalities are present. In the cross section, inflation delivers especially large gains to highly leveraged homeowners. (JEL D14, E31, E32, E52, G21, R31)
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Breitenfellner, Andreas, Jesús Crespo Cuaresma, and Philipp Mayer. "Energy inflation and house price corrections." Energy Economics 48 (March 2015): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2014.08.023.

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Eizenstat, Stuart E. "Economists and White House Decisions." Journal of Economic Perspectives 6, no. 3 (August 1, 1992): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.6.3.65.

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While I served in the White House, [as Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs and Policy and Executive Director of the White House Domestic Policy Staff from 1977–81], Ph.D. economists occupied the positions of Secretary of Labor, Secretary of Commerce, Secretary of Treasury, Director of the Council on Wage and Price Stability, the President's anti-inflation adviser, Chairman and Council Members of the Council of Economic Advisers, and many other senior positions throughout the government. Yet we presided over an economy with double-digit inflation and interest rates and a recession. Presidents of the United States and their White House Staff members expect economists to be omniscient prophets of the future course of the economy, unerring economic policy advisers, and teachers of the mysterious science of economics to often distracted pupils. They expect their economists to provide an economic blueprint for high growth, low inflation, and a guaranteed re-election—but without offending any important constituencies. What is the appropriate role for economists in the White House? What can they realistically be expected to do?
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Stern, David. "Explaining UK house price inflation 1971–89." Applied Economics 24, no. 12 (December 1992): 1327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036849200000093.

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Chinloy, Peter, Man Cho, Cheng Jiang, and Inho Song. "Housing Returns with Mortgage and Price Shocks." Journal of Real Estate Research 42, no. 1 (January 2020): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22300/0896-5803.42.1.105.

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We examine the sum of the net rent-price ratio plus the expected real capital gains, which is the real return to holding a house. The rent-price ratio depends on expectations about interest rates, inflation, and real house prices. The shock coefficients are their incidences, which are the proportions of risk that occupants bear. Occupants are on the demand side, as tenants or owners. For U.S. houses with quarterly data between 1981 and 2016, these incidences are below 0.15, limiting rent-price volatility. The low-volatility yield forces real capital gains to near zero, leading houses to bond-like returns.
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Hay, Colin. "Good Inflation, Bad Inflation: The Housing Boom, Economic Growth and the Disaggregation of Inflationary Preferences in the UK and Ireland." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 11, no. 3 (August 2009): 461–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856x.2009.00380.x.

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This article presents a comparative analysis of the determinants, sustenance and broader macroeconomic consequences of the ultimately unsustainable housing boom in Ireland and the UK in recent years. It examines, in particular, the role played by ostensibly depoliticised monetary policy in both contexts in the development of a house price bubble that has served to fuel consumer-led growth. It assesses the viability, sustainability and reproducibility of the private debt-financed consumer boom that house price inflation has generated. In the process it draws attention to the increasingly differentiated character of both government inflationary preferences and counter-inflationary performance—with the shift to official measures of inflation that exclude mortgage interest repayments and, in the UK at least, to the covert re-politicisation of monetary policy. It concludes by suggesting that governments may well not have time-inconsistent inflationary preferences so much as sectorally specific inflationary preferences. This might be summarised in terms of the aphorism: ‘retail price inflation bad, house price inflation good’.
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Aladangady, Aditya, Elliot Anenberg, and Daniel Garcia. "House Price Growth and Inflation During COVID-19." FEDS Notes, no. 2022-11-17 (November 2022): None. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.3228.

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House prices have risen rapidly during the pandemic, creating $9 trillion in owner occupied housing wealth between the first quarter of 2020 and the first quarter of 2022. Both housing and non-housing inflation also moved up over this time period to its highest level in many decades.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "House inflation"

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Breitenfellner, Andreas, Cuaresma Jesus Crespo, and Philipp Mayer. "Energy Inflation and House Price Corrections." Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2014.08.023.

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We analyze empirically the role played by energy inflation as a determinant of downward corrections in house prices. Using a dataset for 18 OECD economies spanning the last four decades, we identify periods of downward house price adjustment and estimate conditional logit models to measure the effect of energy inflation on the probability of these house price corrections after controlling for other relevant macroeconomic variables. Our results give strong evidence that increases in energy price inflation raise the probability of such corrective periods taking place. This phenomenon could be explained by various channels: through the adverse effects of energy prices on economic activity and income reducing the demand for housing; through the particular impact on construction and operation costs and their effects on the supply and demand of housing; through the reaction of monetary policy on inflation withdrawing liquidity and further reducing demand; through improving attractiveness of commodity versus housing investment on asset markets; or through a lagging impact of common factors on both variables, such as economic growth. Our results contribute to the understanding of the pass-through of oil price shocks to financial markets and imply that energy price inflation should serve as a leading indicator for the analysis of macro-financial risks. (authors' abstract)
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Magnusson, Amanda, and Lina Makdessi. "Is there a relationship between oil prices and house price inflation?" Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44471.

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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate further whether oil price has an effect on house price inflation and additionally if it has a link to house price turning points. The methodology is grounded on the previous research paper made by Breitenfellner et al. (2015). The results are based on quarterly data from the countries; Finland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden through the time span of 1990-2018. A linear fixed regression model was performed including the explanatory variables of monetary policy and credit developments, macroeconomic fundamentals, housing market variable and demographic variables. Secondly, a logit model was used to identify a relationship between oil price and house price turning points. The model used misalignment made from GDP per capita and real interest rate. The empirical analysis confirms that there is a positive relationship between oil prices and house price inflation. This evidence contradicts a major share of previous research papers (see Bernanke, 2010; Kaufmann et al., 2011). However, there are also some previous papers (see Yiqi, (2017); Antonakakis et al., 2016) and theoretical linkages in line with a positive correlation. Concerning, the oil price and house price inflation no empirical significance was found regarding their relationship. For future research, one could include regional aspects for the purpose of controlling for geographical differences.
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Hörnell, Fredrik, and Melina Hafelt. "Responsiveness of Swedish housing prices to the 2018 amortization requirement : An investigation using a structural Vector autoregressive model to estimate the impact of macro prudential regulation on the Swedish housing market." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-35533.

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This thesis analyzed and estimated the impact of the March 1, 2018 loan to income amortization requirement on residential real estate prices in Sweden. A four variables vector autoregressive model (VAR) was used to study the relationships between residential real estate prices, GDP, real mortgage rate and consumer price index over a time period from 2005 to 2017. First, a structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model was used to test how a structural innovation in the error term for real mortgage rate affected residential real estate prices. Secondly, an unconditional forecast from our reduced VAR was produced to estimate post 2017 price growth of the Swedish housing market. The impulse response function results stand in contradiction to economic intuition i.e. the price puzzle problem. The unconditional forecast indicates that the housing market will enter a period with slower price growth post 2017, which are in line with previous research. This thesis vector autoregressive model can give meaningful results with regard to trend forecasts but with regard to precise statements as anticipating drastic price depreciation, it falls short. We recommend the use of reduced VAR forecasting with regard to the Swedish housing market.
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Nilavongse, Rachatar. "Housing, Banking and the Macro Economy." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-281896.

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Essay 1: Expectation-Driven House Prices, Debt Default and Inflation Dynamics We contribute to the literature on dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models with housing collateral by including shocks to house price expectations. We also incorporate endogenous mortgage defaults that are rarely included in DSGE models with housing collateral. We use this model to study the effects of variations in house price expectations on macroeconomic dynamics and their implications for monetary policy. Model simulations show that an increase in expected future house prices leads to a decline in mortgage default rate and interest rates on household and business loans, whereas it leads to an increase in house prices, housing demand, household debt, business debt, bank leverage ratio and economic activity. In contrast to previous studies, we find that inflation is low during a house price boom. Finally, we show that monetary policy that takes into account household credit growth reduces the volatility of output and dampens a rise in housing demand, household debt and bank leverage ratio that enhances financial stability. However, a central bank that reacts to household credit growth increases the volatility of inflation.
Essay 2: House Price Expectations, Boom-Bust Cycles and Implications for Monetary Policy This essay examines the role of household expectations about future house prices and their implications for boom-bust cycles and monetary policy. Our findings are as follows. First, waves of optimism and pessimism about future house prices generate boom-bust cycles in house prices, financial activities (household debt, business debt, bank leverage, interest rates on household and business loans) and the real economy (housing demand, consumption, employment, investment and output). Second, we find that inflation declines during a house price boom and increases during a house price burst. Third, we find that monetary policy that reacts to household credit growth reduces the magnitude of boom-bust cycles and improves household welfare. Fourth, we find that the case for taking into account household credit growth becomes stronger in an economy in which the bank capital to asset ratio requirement is low, interest rates on loans and deposits adjust immediately to changes in the policy rate, or the household sector is highly indebted.
Essay 3: Credit Disruptions and the Spillover Effects between the Household and Business Sectors This essay examines the effects of credit supply disruptions in a New Keynesian DSGE model with housing collateral and working capital channels. A tightening of business credit conditions creates negative spillovers from the business sector to the household sector through labor income and housing collateral channels. A tightening of household credit conditions has negative spillover effects on the business sector via the housing collateral channel. We find that spillovers are more sensitive to changes in leverage where the shock occurs. A negative business credit shock creates upward pressure on inflation, whereas a negative household credit shock creates downward pressure on inflation. The working capital channel magnifies the response of inflation to a business credit shock, whereas it dampens the response of inflation to a household credit shock.
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Boulay, Guilhem. "Le prix de la ville : Le marché immobilier à usage résidentiel dans l'aire urbaine de Marseille-Aix-en-Provence (1990-2010)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10151/document.

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La France a comme beaucoup de pays de l’OCDE connu une très forte inflation immobilière ces quinze dernières années. La hausse des prix a été particulièrement prononcée dans l’aire urbaine de Marseille-Aix-en-Provence, mettant en relief les limites des catégories et des méthodes d’analyse des marchés immobiliers de l’économie standard. L’apriorisme et les hypothèses anthropologiques de cette dernière ne permettent pas de rendre compte des dynamiques spatio-temporelles des prix. En se fondant alternativement sur les travaux de Simiand et Halbwachs d'une part et sur ceux des néo-ricardiens et néo-marxistes d'autre part, on montre qu’il est plus approprié de recourir aux notions de rente et de valeur d’opinion pour comprendre les mécanismes de formation et de différenciation spatiale des prix. A partir de données désagrégées et localisées à échelle fine sur les transactions immobilières, on identifie alors différents modes de formation des prix qui permettent d’expliquer le paradoxe apparent entre la puissante homogénéisation spatiale des prix et la très grande permanence des hiérarchies spatiales héritées de la période antérieure à l’inflation immobilière que révèle l’analyse spatiale de la hausse. Cette identification des régimes de formation des prix met en valeur le rôle des dispositifs de marché qui, à toutes les échelles, permettent le fonctionnement du marché et garantissent socialement les prix. Ces dispositifs (discours et structures géographiques avant tout) confèrent à certains territoires un rôle assurantiel qui peut exacerber à terme les inégalités inhérentes au modèle d’accession à la propriété
In the last fifteen years, real estate prices have steeply increased in France, as in other OECD countries. Price increases have been particularly strong in the urban area of Marseille-Aix en Provence, challenging conventional economic categories, analytical methods and interpretations of real estate markets. Apriorism and the anthropological assumptions lying at the core of orthodox economics cannot account for spatial-temporal price dynamics in the Marseille region. By drawing on the work of both Simiand and Halbwachs, and of neo-Ricardian and neo-Marxist economists, this dissertation develops a framework based on the notions of "economic rent" and "opinion value" that provides a better account of price formation and spatial differencing in real estate markets. Different modes of price formation are evidenced using spatially localized, highly disaggregated data of real estate sales: the spatial analysis of real estate inflation helps explain the apparent contradiction between an increased spatial homogeneity of prices and the preservation of pre-existing price hierarchies. Further analysis of price formation regimes highlights the importance of those market devices that allow the market to work and act as price guarantees of a social nature. Such devices (essentially geographical discourses and structures) provide a form of spatial insurance against price decreases that calls into question the legitimacy and sustainability of the 'home ownership for everyone' model
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ku, shiow fang, and 古琇芳. "A study of the relationship between inflation and house prices." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61836086764097798182.

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碩士
世新大學
財務金融學研究所(含碩專班)
103
January 2005 until March 2015, during the time period of this study, the empirical decade and has made 123 pen monthly, this study focuses on the impact of rising prices in Taipei factors, in addition to general economic factors, the most crucial factor is the convenient transportation. Observed from January 2005 to March 2015 operating Visitors MRT Taipei Sinyi house price index data, and the Taipei City Government Information Office, the MRT export number, as the sample data. In EVIEW software as a research tool, the dependent variable Y Taipei City Home Price Index, from variable to transit operations people, the inflation index, text Neihu Line exit station number, number of outlets Danshui Line Station, Matsuyama Line station exit number, and the line exit station number, Bannan line station exit number, the luxury tax, bequest tax. And temporal dynamic EVIEW do regression analysis. Conclusion: The convenience of mass transit, shorten the distance between the city and the city, rising operating MRT passengers, and the number of export five perfect MRT station network, the increase, is another explanation for high prices Taipei .
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Mutsvunguma, Priscilla Tatenda. "Monetary policy transmission and house prices, a VAR approach: a case study of South Africa (1994 to 2011)." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/13054.

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Thesis (M.M. (Finance & Investment))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Graduate School of Business Administration, 2013.
We analyse the role of financial and macro-economic variables in the conduct of monetary policy, particularly the role played by monetary policy in the house price boom of the early 2000s. The analysis is performed in the setup of a New Keynesian open economy. We estimate a five variable Recursive Vector Autoregressive model consisting of the short term interest rate, house prices, inflation, output and the exchange rate. Quarterly data from 1994 to 2011 was inputted in Eviews (6) to run the model. We find a significant causal relationship between the short term interest rate and house prices; the impulse response results show an instant response of house prices to a shock in monetary policy. We conclude that the house price boom of the early 2000s was partially attributed to an overreaction to a shock in monetary policy. We also find evidence of exchange rate pass- through to the consumer price index as in (Mishkin, 2008).We conclude that perhaps monetary policy should take cognisance of asset price fluctuations and exchange rate volatility in determining the policy instrument
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Books on the topic "House inflation"

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Fletcher, June. House Poor. New York: HarperCollins, 2010.

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Maclean, Dinah. The role of house prices in regional inflation disparities. [Ottawa]: Bank of Canada, 1994.

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Barlow, James. Who plans Berkshire?: Land supply, house price inflation and housing developers. Brighton: University of Sussex,Centre for Urban and Regional Research, 1990.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. Subcommittee on Housing and Urban Affairs. Homeownership affordability: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Housing and Urban Affairs of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, first session ... July 1, 1987. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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Fleming, Mike. The development of standardised indices for measuring house price inflation incorporting physical and locational characteristics. Cranfield: Cranfield School of Management, 1991.

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United, States Congress House Committee on Banking Finance and Urban Affairs Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy. The threat of inflation: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy of the Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs, House of Representatives, One hundredth Congress, first session, June 4, 10, 11, and 17, 1987. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Budget. Interest rates, wages, employment, and inflation: Hearing before the Committee on the Budget, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, second session, June 22, 1994. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.

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The relationship of monetary policy and rising prices: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy and Technology of the Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, first session, March 17, 2011. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2011.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs. Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy. Zero inflation: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy of the Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session-, on H.J. Res. 409 ... Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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Fletcher, June. House poor: Pumped up prices, rising rates, and mortgages on steroids : how to survice the coming housing crisis. New York: Collins, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "House inflation"

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Davidson, Paul. "Testimony Before the House of Representatives Committee on Ways and Means (6 March 1975)." In Inflation, Open Economies and Resources, 575–88. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11516-7_38.

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Diewert, W. Erwin, Kiyohiko G. Nishimura, Chihiro Shimizu, and Tsutomu Watanabe. "A Comparison of Alternative Approaches to Measuring House Price Inflation." In Property Price Index, 81–125. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55942-9_3.

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Longford, Nicholas T., Iona McCarthy, and Garry Dowse. "Patterns of House-Price Inflation in New-Zealand." In Longitudinal Models in the Behavioral and Related Sciences, 403–33. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315091655-17.

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Coombes, Mike, Tony Champion, and Moira Munro. "House price inflation and local labour market influences in Britain." In Housing and Labour Markets, 167–90. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429021329-9.

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Knight, John, Shi Li, and Haiyuan Wan. "The Increasing Inequality of Wealth in China." In Changing Trends in China's Inequality, 109–44. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190077938.003.0004.

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The inequality of wealth in China has increased rapidly in recent years. Prior to 1978 all Chinese households possessed negligible wealth. China therefore presents a fascinating case study of how inequality of household wealth increases with economic reforms, marketization, and capital accumulation. Wealth inequality and its growth are measured and decomposed by using data from the CHIP 2002 and 2013 survey datasets. Techniques for estimating the top tail of the income distribution by using a Pareto approximation are applied to measure the sensitivity of wealth inequality to plausible assumptions about the underrepresentation of the wealthy and underreporting by the wealthy. The rising wealth inequality is explained in terms of the relationships between income and wealth, house price inflation, and differential savings.
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Nemeth, Bence. "Defence Budgets." In How to Achieve Defence Cooperation in Europe?, 80–95. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529209433.003.0005.

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This chapter applies the concept of ‘the arithmetic of defence policy’ to highlight the relevance of defence budgets in launching new subregional defence collaborations in Europe. This concept points out that European armed forces faced two choices because of significant defence budget cuts after the end of the Cold War and a decrease in the purchasing power of defence budgets as a result of high defence inflation. They either cut their armed forces or started significant military cooperation. This section looks at three case studies (Lancaster House Treaties, NORDEFCO, CEDC) and concludes that low defence budgets do indeed contribute to the willingness of militaries to start new defence collaborations. However, defence budgets that are too low will not allow them to cooperate, drawing off the resources necessary for cooperation too.
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Punzi, Maria Teresa, and Pornpinun Chantapacdepong. "Spillover Effects of Unconventional Monetary Policy on Asia and the Pacific." In Macroeconomic Shocks and Unconventional Monetary Policy, 182–215. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198838104.003.0009.

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The chapter assesses the evolution of spillover effects of unconventional monetary policies (UMPs) and their macroeconomic impact on Asia and the Pacific region. It develops a Panel Vector Auto Regression model for a period covering data from first quarter 2000 until first quarter 2015. It finds that Asia and the Pacific region has responded to the advanced economies’ actions with accommodative monetary policy. Such lower interest rates were coupled with currency appreciation, asset price inflation, and strong movements in capital flows. If prior to the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), the ‘global saving glut’ hypothesis (i.e. Asian savings flight to the US) was one of the major effects resulting in booming US house prices, it is clear that a reversal effect has dominated the economy after the GFC: funds flight to Asia and the Pacific region putting pressure on asset prices, leading to financial vulnerability.
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Conference papers on the topic "House inflation"

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Fajana, Oluwaseun. "House Price Inflation: Consequences and solutions for housing affordability and wealth inequality." In 25th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference. European Real Estate Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2018_202.

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Saeed, Kurdistan, and Chawan Salah. "Electoral systems applied to the Iraqi parliament elections after 2003 (comparative analytical study)." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF DEFICIENCIES AND INFLATION ASPECTS IN LEGISLATION. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicdial.pp277-289.

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This study deals with the electoral systems applied in Iraq after 2003 for the Iraqi Parliament elections. The issue's importance lies in the fact that elections are the legitimate means adopted by modern political systems based on the separation of powers. Therefore, after changing the political system in Iraq in 2003 from a one-party system to a democratic parliamentary system, the permanent constitution of 2005 granted the right to political participation for citizens. Including the right to participate in elections through nomination or candidacy for the Iraqi Council of Representatives, this study examines the electoral systems applied after 2003 and the reasons for the instability of the Iraqi parliament elections on a specific law. The study dealt with the types of electoral systems by focusing on the concept and emergence of elections and the most critical electoral systems adopted by political systems. Furthermore, the electoral systems applied after 2003 in the Iraqi parliament elections by focusing on the electoral laws or their amendments that preceded each electoral cycle since 2003 until now. The study concluded that the electoral system in Iraq was not legally stable; several amendments have been made to the laws regulating the elections for the House of Representatives. So the two elections did not repeat under one law because of political parties' criticism leveled at it. Moreover, the attempt by the large parliamentary blocs, through their control of the Iraqi Council of Representatives, to legislate laws that limit the victory of the blocs and small parties.
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Korkmaz, Özge, Ebru Çağlayan Akay, and Hoşeng Bülbül. "Are There Any Housing Bubbles in Turkey?" In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c13.02549.

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It is very important that the housing market, which meets the most basic need of people is needed for shelter from the past to the present, has a stable structure. The instability structure of the housing market is generally associated with the presence of housing bubbles. The deviation of housing prices from their basic value and not being able to be explained by economic fundamentals leads to the formation of housing bubbles. Housing bubbles can lead to permanent losses, as it may take a long time to return to normal prices. For Turkey as a developing country, it is important to identify an unstable structure in house prices discuss the basic economic factors related to this. After the global increases in housing prices, inflation, and depreciation in the Turkish lira, Turkey has become the country with the highest housing price increases globally in 2020. In the study, the presence of bubbles in the housing market for Ankara, Izmir, Istanbul, and Turkey in general, was investigated by SADF and GSADF unit root tests for the period 2010:01-2021:02. In this context, the study examines the presence of bubbles in housing prices for Ankara, Izmir, Istanbul, and Turkey in general, which are the three cities with the highest price increases. As a result of the study, the presence of bubbles in the housing market has been determined for Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir, and Turkey in general.
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Reports on the topic "House inflation"

1

Al-Qadi, Imad, Jaime Hernandez, Angeli Jayme, Mojtaba Ziyadi, Erman Gungor, Seunggu Kang, John Harvey, et al. The Impact of Wide-Base Tires on Pavement—A National Study. Illinois Center for Transportation, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-035.

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Abstract:
Researchers have been studying wide-base tires for over two decades, but no evidence has been provided regarding the net benefit of this tire technology. In this study, a comprehensive approach is used to compare new-generation wide-base tires (NG-WBT) with the dual-tire assembly (DTA). Numerical modeling, prediction methods, experimental measurements, and environmental impact assessment were combined to provide recommendations about the use of NG-WBT. A finite element approach, considering variables usually omitted in the conventional analysis of flexible pavement was utilized for modeling. Five hundred seventy-six cases combining layer thickness, material properties, tire load, tire inflation pressure, and pavement type (thick and thin) were analyzed to obtained critical pavement responses. A prediction tool, known as ICT-Wide, was developed based on artificial neural networks to obtain critical pavement responses in cases outside the finite element analysis matrix. The environmental impacts were determined using life cycle assessment. Based on the bottom-up fatigue cracking, permanent deformation, and international roughness index, the life cycle energy consumption, cost, and green-house gas (GHG) emissions were estimated. To make the outcome of this research effort useful for state departments of transportation and practitioners, a modification to AASHTOWare is proposed to account for NG-WBT. The revision is based on two adjustment factors, one accounting for the discrepancy between the AASHTOware approach and the finite element model of this study, and the other addressing the impact of NG-WBT.
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