Journal articles: 'Hours of labor Australia'

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HUBERMAN, MICHAEL. "Working Hours of the World Unite? New International Evidence of Worktime, 1870–1913." Journal of Economic History 64, no. 4 (December 2004): 964–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050704043050.

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This article constructs new measures of worktime for Europe, North America, and Australia, 1870–1913. Great Britain began with the shortest work year and Belgium the longest. By 1913 certain continental countries approached British worktimes, and, consistent with recent findings on real wages, annual hours in Old and New Worlds had converged. Although globalization did not lead to a race to the bottom of worktimes, there is only partial evidence of a race to the top. National work routines, the outcome of different legal, labor, and political histories, mediated relations between hours and income.

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Baxter, Janeen, Michele Haynes, and Belinda Hewitt. "Pathways Into Marriage: Cohabitation and the Domestic Division of Labor." Journal of Family Issues 31, no. 11 (March 26, 2010): 1507–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x10365817.

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Does time spent in a cohabiting relationship prior to marriage lead to more egalitarian housework arrangements after marriage? Previous research has shown that housework patterns within cohabiting relationships are more egalitarian than in marital relationships. But do these patterns remain when couples marry? The findings from previous studies are mixed. This article uses three waves of data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey to examine changes in men’s and women’s time spent on housework as they transition into marriage. The results show that men’s housework hours remain stable regardless of life course pathway, and for women there is only minimal evidence that different pathways into marriage lead to different housework outcomes. The article concludes that the gender division of labor is developed well before the formation of a union and that the pathway to marriage has a relatively small effect on housework patterns after marriage.

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Jefferson, Therese, and Alison Preston. "Labour Markets and Wages in Australia in 2009." Journal of Industrial Relations 52, no. 3 (June 2010): 335–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185610365637.

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The global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008 made it clear that traditional indicators of labour market activity such as headline unemployment, labour force participation and earnings in full-time employment can only partially explain the health of the labour market. In this article we argue the need for a nuanced approach that takes into fuller consideration issues related to hours of work and part-time earnings. Selected industry sectors show stark differences in labour market outcomes when these issues are examined.

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Smith, Meg. "Gender Equity: The Commission’s Legacy and the Challenge for Fair Work Australia." Journal of Industrial Relations 53, no. 5 (November 2011): 647–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185611419617.

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Two labour-market variables, wages and hours, are used to review the gender relations record of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission and its predecessors. This review informs an assessment of what features of Commission practice and capacity should and can be replicated by Fair Work Australia. Arbitration has been most decisive for women in paid work when it has enjoyed national and industry distribution. Advances in equal pay and leave linked to reproduction are two relevant examples, although these advances have been confronted more recently by frailties in federal gender pay equity regulation and policy shifts to enterprise and individual bargaining. The findings suggest an agenda for Fair Work Australia, notwithstanding the possibilities and limitations posed by the Fair Work Act 2009 and the tendency for changes to the gender contract to be highly contested.

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Jefferson, Therese, and Alison Preston. "Labour Markets and Wages in Australia: 2010." Journal of Industrial Relations 53, no. 3 (June 2011): 303–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185611402000.

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In this article we present data on earnings and hours in 2010 and, using data over a longer time frame, show how the character of the Australian labour market has significantly changed in recent decades. Among other things, we demonstrate a continued shift towards part-time work and, across full-time and part-time labour markets, a change in the distribution of jobs towards more highly skilled occupations. We continue to argue that traditional indicators of labour-market activity, such as headline unemployment and earnings in full-time employment, are only able to partially explain the health of the labour market. There is an urgent need to better understand other dimensions such as underemployment, part-time employment and part-time earnings.

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Coles, Laetitia, Belinda Hewitt, and Bill Martin. "Contemporary fatherhood: Social, demographic and attitudinal factors associated with involved fathering and long work hours." Journal of Sociology 54, no. 4 (November 13, 2017): 591–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783317739695.

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Time pressures around work and care within families have increased over recent decades, exacerbated by an enduring male breadwinner culture in Australia and manifested in increasingly long work hours for fathers. We identified fathers who spent relatively long hours actively caring for children despite long work hours and we compared them with other fathers who did less work, less childcare, or less of both. Using 13 waves of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, we explored characteristics associated with the time fathers spent in work and care. The age and ethnicity of fathers differentiated those who spent long hours in both work and childcare from all other groups of fathers, yet other factors were also important for the time fathers spent at work or with children. By examining fathers at the margins of the distributions of work and childcare hours, we add valuable insights into associations between work and care for families.

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Hosking, Amanda, and Mark Western. "The effects of non-standard employment on work—family conflict." Journal of Sociology 44, no. 1 (March 2008): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783307085803.

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Over the last five decades the Australian labour market has changed profoundly, one prominent aspect being an increase in non-standard forms of employment. Using data from the first wave of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia project, this article explores whether non-standard employment is associated with greater or reduced work—family conflict among employed parents and whether experiences vary by gender. We focus on three types of non-standard employment: part-time hours, casual and fixed-term contracts and non-standard scheduling practices. Regression analyses show that mothers who work full-time rather than part-time experience significantly greater work—family conflict. Casual employment is not linked to a reduction in work—family conflict for either mothers or fathers once we control for working hours. Even though mothers are the primary carer in most families, mothers do not report greater work—family conflict than fathers. We attribute this finding to gender differences in the time spent in employment.

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Mehran, Farhad, and Zahra Rezaei Ghahroodi. "Labour accounts in Iran, Australia and Denmark." Statistical Journal of the IAOS 36, no. 3 (August 26, 2020): 615–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-200645.

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Labour accounts provide an orderly manner to compare, reconcile and built-on data from different sources. The procedures may in principle be applied to topics other than labour. As part of a research project at the Statistical Research and Training Center of Iran, an attempt was made for the first time to develop labour accounts for Iran for the reference year 1390 (March 2011–February 2012). The procedure is described in the first part of the paper. In the second part, comparative tables for Australia, Denmark and Iran are constructed on each of the three main elements (employment, hours of work and employment-related income). In the process of comparing the data, the differences in the underlying methodologies are reviewed and an assessment is made on the way forward. To date, very few countries have attempted to construct labour accounts. The three countries discussed in this paper represent a diverse set of statistical systems, but have in common, particularly, Iran and Australia, the same concepts and definitions in line with the ILO international standards.

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Ginzburg, M. "A. Mueller (Victoria in Australia). - Two Curiosities in Midwifery practice. (Australasian Medical Gaz., 1894, VIII, p. 258). Two rare cases in obstetric practice." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 9, no. 7-8 (October 22, 2020): 700–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd97-8700-701.

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1) Congenital cyst, emanating from the spine, as an obstacle to childbirth. In 30-year-olds, I-women in labor, the baby's head sank into the pelvic cavity, the cervix opened, but despite the good contractions, labor was delayed. Examining the pelvis of a woman in labor with his finger to find out the reason for stopping labor, Mueller felt a fluctuating tumor in the lower part of the sacral cavity, the size of a hen's egg. Dr. M .. checked the result of examination of the per rectum and found it more convenient to pierce the tumor with a test trocar from the rectum. In the fluid released from the tumor, the light, straw color turned out to be epithelial, cylindrical cells, indicating that the cyst was congenital (Eulenburg) and communicated with the cavity of the fetal spine. Childbirth ended with forceps, with great effort in the course of half an hour. The postpartum period went well.

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Howe, Joanna. "A Legally Constructed Underclass of Workers? The Deportability and Limited Work Rights of International Students in Australia and the United Kingdom." Industrial Law Journal 48, no. 3 (October 24, 2018): 416–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dwy021.

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Abstract International students have not traditionally been the focus of labour law scholarship, in part because their central purpose in a foreign country is to study rather than work. It is also generally accepted that there is no special reason to focus on international students as a distinct category of workers. This article attests to the particular vulnerability of international students in domestic labour markets, drawing on a comparative study of government policy and practice in relation to international students in Australia and the UK. Immigration rules in both jurisdictions frame the manner in which international students engage in the labour market during their studies. These rules restrict the hours in which international students can engage in paid work during semester, and if breached can result in the international students being deported from the host country. This has the effect of limiting the job market for international students, increasing the power of employers and reducing the likelihood international students will report exploitative work. Instead of strict work hour limits and deportation for breach, governments should rely on other regulatory mechanisms for ensuring international students are present in the host country for the purpose of education rather than work.

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Wilkins, Roger. "The Consequences of Underemployment for the Underemployed." Journal of Industrial Relations 49, no. 2 (April 2007): 247–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185607074921.

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Underemployment is generally conceived as excess labour supply associated with employed persons — that is, as a situation where employed persons would like to work more hours at prevailing wage rates. Using information collected by the 2001 Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey, this study examines the effects of underemployment on outcomes such as income, welfare dependence and subjective well-being. Results obtained imply that, while unemployment clearly has greater adverse consequences, underemployment is nonetheless associated with significant detrimental effects on the outcomes examined. Negative effects are found for both part-time employed and full-time employed workers who would prefer to work more hours, but effects are greater for underemployed part-time workers, and are particularly large for part-time workers who would like to work full-time. Indeed, for part-time workers seeking full-time employment, adverse effects attributable to underemployment are, for some outcomes, not far short of those attributable to unemployment.

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Sandell, Robin. "Network Design Strategies to Increase Efficiency and Usefulness of Urban Transit Ferry Systems." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2649, no. 1 (January 2017): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2649-08.

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As urban transit ferry systems expand, it is important for operators and transport agencies to take a more sophisticated approach to network design and scheduling to make services more useful for riders and to reduce costs. A new schedule was developed for a passenger ferry network in Sydney, Australia, on the basis of principles of integrated regular-interval scheduling. The existing network followed a conventional radial pattern, with 36 landings and terminals on nine lines, which converged on Circular Quay in Sydney’s central business district. The reconfigured network established timed transfers between all lines at Circular Quay and at other network nodes. The reconfiguration increased the number of origin–destination pairs with all-day convenient connections from 96 to 419. Service hours increased by 11%, but without a change in requirements for peak operating vessels. The modified network simplified operations and was likely to reduce the operating cost per service hour because of labor efficiency gains. Safer ferry operations were also predicted. Critical to successful implementation was an improvement in the passenger exchange process to reduce systemic causes of service delays. The results show that the usefulness of a complex urban transit ferry network can be enhanced by improved connectivity without necessarily increasing the number of terminals or government subsidy levels. The results also suggest the need for detailed network planning to precede plans for fleet acquisition and terminal infrastructure design. This planning is likely to target infrastructure investment better.

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Hosking, Diane E., and Kaarin J. Anstey. "The Economics of Cognitive Impairment: Volunteering and Cognitive Function in the HILDA Survey." Gerontology 62, no. 5 (2016): 536–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000444416.

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Background: The economic impact of older-age cognitive impairment has been estimated primarily by the direct and indirect costs associated with dementia care. Other potential costs associated with milder cognitive impairment in the community have received little attention. Objective: To quantify the cost of nonclinical cognitive impairment in a large population-based sample in order to more fully inform cost-effectiveness evaluations of interventions to maintain cognitive health. Methods: Volunteering by seniors has economic value but those with lower cognitive function may contribute fewer hours. Relations between hours volunteering and cognitive impairment were assessed using the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey data. These findings were extrapolated to the Australian population to estimate one potential cost attributable to nonclinical cognitive impairment. Results: In those aged ≥60 years in HILDA (n = 3,127), conservatively defined cognitive impairment was present in 3.8% of the sample. Impairment was defined by performance ≥1 standard deviation below the age- and education-adjusted mean on both the Symbol Digit Modalities Test and Backwards Digit Span test. In fully adjusted binomial regression models, impairment was associated with the probability of undertaking 1 h 9 min less volunteering a week compared to being nonimpaired (β = -1.15, 95% confidence interval -1.82 to -0.47, p = 0.001). In the population, 3.8% impairment equated to probable loss of AUD 302,307,969 per annum estimated by hours of volunteering valued by replacement cost. Conclusion: Nonclinical cognitive impairment in older age impacts upon on the nonmonetary economy via probable loss of volunteering contribution. Valuing loss of contribution provides additional information for cost-effectiveness evaluations of research and action directed toward maintaining older-age cognitive functioning.

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Oostenbach, Laura Helena, Karen Elaine Lamb, David Crawford, and Lukar Thornton. "Influence of work hours and commute time on food practices: a longitudinal analysis of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey." BMJ Open 12, no. 5 (May 2022): e056212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056212.

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ObjectivesWork hours and commute time are key contributors to time scarcity, with potential detrimental implications for healthy eating. This study examined (1) associations between work and commute hours with food practices and (2) within-individual associations between changes in work and commute hours with changes in food practices.DesignLongitudinal studySettingAustraliaParticipantsData were from 14 807 respondents in waves 7 (2007), 9 (2009), 13 (2013) and 17 (2017) of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey. The sample for this analysis included individuals who were in paid employment in at least one of the four waves.Primary and secondary outcome measuresOutcomes included frequency of out-of-home food purchasing for breakfast, lunch, dinner and all three summed eating occasions, and fruit and vegetables consumption.ResultsResults indicated the longer individuals spent working and commuting, the more likely they were to purchase out-of-home foods (frequency of total out-of-home food purchasing: incidence rate ratio (IRR)=1.007 (95% CI 1.007 to 1.008)), and the less they consumed fruit and vegetables, although reductions in fruit and vegetables servings were minimal (fruit: β=−0.002 (95% CI −0.003 to –0.001), vegetables: β=−0.002 (95% CI −0.003 to –0.001)). Similar results regarding associations with out-of-home food purchasing were observed when examining within-individual changes (IRR=1.006 (95% CI 1.005 to 1.007)).ConclusionsResults suggest employment-related time demands push towards more frequent out-of-home food purchasing. In the long term, this may have negative health consequences as out-of-home foods tend to be less healthy than home-prepared foods.

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Kortt, Michael A., Todd Steen, and Elisabeth Sinnewe. "Church attendance, faith and the allocation of time: evidence from Australia." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 12 (December 4, 2017): 2112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2016-0140.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of church attendance and the formation of “religious human capital” using a Becker-inspired allocation-of-time framework. Design/methodology/approach Data derived from three waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey were used to estimate a reduced-form two-equation system where the endogenous variables were frequency of attendance at religious services and intensity of faith. Findings The results indicate that while the hourly wage rate accounts for some of the variation in the attendance and faith regressions (i.e. higher wages lead to lower levels of attendance and faith), “allocation of time” variables like working long hours also influence these dimensions. The findings also suggest that the decision to attend or not or to have any faith at all is generally independent from economic factors. However, once the decision to attend or to have faith is made, an individual’s wage influences the degree of attendance or faith to a significant level. Originality/value The study contributes to this embryonic body of empirical literature by providing – to the best of the authors’ knowledge – the first results for Australia.

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Swarnamani, Kamala, Miranda Davies-Tuck, Euan Wallace, Ben W. Mol, and Joanne Mockler. "A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial of melatonin as an adjuvant agent in induction of labour (MILO): a study protocol." BMJ Open 10, no. 2 (February 2020): e032480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032480.

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IntroductionInduction of labour (IOL) is a common practice. In Australia, up to 40% of women undergoing labour induction will ultimately have a caesarean section. As a biological role for melatonin in the onset and progress of labour has been demonstrated, we aim to test the hypothesis that addition of melatonin will reduce the need for caesarean section.Methods and analysisThis is a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in women undergoing IOL at term. We plan to randomise 722 women (1:1 ratio) to receive either melatonin (four doses of 10 mg melatonin: first dose—in the evening at the time of cervical balloon or Dinoprostone PGE2vaginal pessary insertion, second dose—at time of oxytocin infusion commencement, third dose—6 hours after the second dose, fourth dose—6 hours after the third dose) or placebo (same dosing regime). Participants who are having artificial rupture of the membranes only as the primary means of labour induction will receive up to three doses of the trial intervention. The primary outcome measure will be the requirement for a caesarean section. Secondary outcomes will include duration of each stage of labour and time from induction to birth, total dose of oxytocin administration, epidural rate, indication for caesarean section, rate of instrumental deliveries, birth within 24 hours of induction commencement, estimated blood loss, Apgar score at 5 min, neonatal intensive care unit admissions and participant satisfaction. Maternal melatonin levels will be measured immediately before commencement of the oxytocin intravenous infusion and 3 hours after and at the time of birth in order to determine any differences between the two trial arms.Ethics and disseminationThe study is conducted in accordance with the conditions of Monash Health HREC (RES-17-0000-168A). Findings from the trial will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.Protocol versionV.7.0, 30 July 2019.Trial registration numberACTRN12616000311459, Universal trial number: (UTN) U1111-1195-3515.

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Hahn, Markus H., Duncan McVicar, and Mark Wooden. "Is casual employment in Australia bad for workers’ health?" Occupational and Environmental Medicine 78, no. 1 (October 8, 2020): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-106568.

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ObjectivesThis paper assessed the impact of working in casual employment, compared with permanent employment, on eight health attributes that make up the 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey, separately by sex. The mental health impacts of casual jobs with irregular hours over which the worker reports limited control were also investigated.MethodsLongitudinal data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey, over the period 2001–2018, were used to investigate the relationship between the eight SF-36 subscales and workers’ employment contract type. Individual, household and job characteristic confounders were included in dynamic panel data regression models with correlated random effects.ResultsFor both men and women, health outcomes for casual workers were no worse than for permanent workers for any of the eight SF-36 health attributes. For some health attributes, scores for casual workers were higher (ie, better) than for permanent workers (role physical: men: β=1.15, 95% CI 0.09 to 2.20, women: β=1.79, 95% CI 0.79 to 2.80; bodily pain: women: β=0.90, 95% CI 0.25 to 1.54; vitality: women: β=0.65, 95% CI 0.13 to 1.18; social functioning: men: β=1.00, 95% CI 0.28 to 1.73); role emotional: men: β=1.81, 95% CI 0.73 to 2.89, women: β=1.24, 95% CI 0.24 to 2.24). Among women (but not men), mental health and role emotional scores were lower for irregular casual workers than for regular permanent workers but not statistically significantly so.ConclusionsThis study found no evidence that casual employment in Australia is detrimental to self-assessed worker health.

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Deery, Stephen J., and Andrea Mahony. "Temporal Flexibility: Management Strategies and Employee Preferences in the Retail Industry." Journal of Industrial Relations 36, no. 3 (September 1994): 332–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569403600302.

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The introduction of more flexible working time arrangements has become an important managerial objective in Australia. This is particularly the case in the retail services sector where management has sought to obtain greater freedom to match staffing levels more closely to fluctuations in the volume of customer demand. Such arrangements may not, however, be in accordance with employee preferences. The aim of this paper is to examine the issue of temporal flexibility by looking at the employment policies of a large retailing firm as well as the attitudes of its employees to the introduction of flexible working hours. Contradictions are identified in the company's labour utilization strategy, which have attendant costs for both the employees and the organization.

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Heywood, Troy, and Caroline Laurence. "An overview of the general practice nurse workforce in Australia, 2012–15." Australian Journal of Primary Health 24, no. 3 (2018): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py17048.

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Several surveys of the general practice nurse (GPN) workforce have been undertaken in Australia over the last decade, but they have limitations, which mean that the workforce is not well-understood. The aim of this study is to describe the profile of the GPN workforce using the dataset available through the Australia Health Practitioner Registration Agency and to explore how it differs from the non-GPN nursing workforce, and if this workforce is changing over time. Data from labour force surveys conducted from 2012 to 2015 were used. Variables examined were age group, gender, remoteness area, hours worked, nurse type (enrolled (EN) or registered (RN)), years in the workforce and also intended years of work before exiting the workforce. When compared with the broader nursing workforce, a greater proportion of GPNs in 2015 were older (60 v. 51%), worked part-time (65 v. 48%) and worked in regional areas (35 v. 26%). Additionally, the characteristics of GPNs has changed between 2012 and 2015, with an increased proportion of younger nurses, more registered nurses and fewer working in remote areas. To ensure a sustainable workforce, particularly in rural and remote areas, strategies to recruit and retain this workforce will be needed.

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Gong, Cathy Honge, and Xiaojun He. "Factors Predicting Voluntary and Involuntary Workforce Transitions at Mature Ages: Evidence from HILDA in Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (October 8, 2019): 3769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193769.

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The fast population ageing has generated and will continue to generate large social, economic and health challenges in the 21th century in Australia, and many other developed and developing countries. Population ageing is projected to lead to workforce shortages, welfare dependency, fiscal unsustainability, and a higher burden of chronic diseases on health care system. Promoting health and sustainable work capacity among mature age and older workers hence becomes the most important and critical way to address all these challenges. This paper used the pooled data from the longitudinal Household, Incomes and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey 2002–2011 data to investigate common and different factors predicting voluntary or involuntary workforce transitions among workers aged 45 to 64. Long term health conditions and preference to work less hours increased while having a working partner and proportion of paid years decreased both voluntary and involuntary work force transitions. Besides these four common factors, the voluntary and involuntary workforce transitions had very different underlying mechanisms. Our findings suggest that government policies aimed at promoting workforce participation at later life should be directed specifically to life-long health promotion and continuous employment as well as different factors driving voluntary and involuntary workforce transitions, such as life-long training, healthy lifestyles, work flexibility, ageing friendly workplace, and job security.

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Inklaar, Robert, Marcel P. Timmer, and Bart van Ark. "Mind the Gap! International Comparisons of Productivity in Services and Goods Production." German Economic Review 8, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 281–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2007.00408.x.

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Abstract In this paper, we make a comparison of industry output, inputs and productivity growth and levels between seven advanced economies (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, United Kingdom and United States). Our industry-level growth accounts make use of input data on labour quantity (hours) and composition (schooling levels), and distinguish between six different types of capital assets (including three information and communication technology (ICT) assets). The comparisons of levels rely on industry-specific purchasing power parities (PPPs) for output and inputs, within a consistent input-output framework for the year 1997. Our results show that differences in productivity growth and levels can be mainly traced to market services, not to goods-producing industries. Part of the strong productivity growth in market services in Anglo-Saxon countries, such as in Australia and Canada, may be related to relatively low productivity levels compared with the United States. In contrast, services productivity levels in continental European countries were on par with the United States in 1997, but growth in Europe was much weaker since then. In terms of factor input use, the United States is very different from all other countries, mostly because of the more intensive use of ICT capital in the United States.

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Craig, Lyn, and Brendan Churchill. "Parenting Stress and the Use of Formal and Informal Child Care: Associations for Fathers and Mothers." Journal of Family Issues 39, no. 12 (May 28, 2018): 3203–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x18776419.

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We investigated relationships between nonparental care and psychological strains of parenthood. Using data from employed parents of children below 5 years of age ( n = 6,886 fathers and mothers) from Waves 4 to 11 of the household panel survey Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA), we constructed a parenting stress scale from the average of four items (α = .76) administered in the Self-Completion Questionnaire. We ran panel random-effects regression models testing associations between amount and type of nonparental care and parenting stress, for both mothers and fathers. We distinguished between formal care, informal and family care (mainly grandparents), and mixed care. Results showed that fathers and mothers’ parenting stress is positively associated with hours of nonparental care, but that for both genders parenting stress is significantly lower if the care is provided by informal/family carers.

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Auer, Peter. "What’s in a Name? The Rise (and Fall?) of Flexicurity." Journal of Industrial Relations 52, no. 3 (June 2010): 371–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185610365646.

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The term ‘flexicurity’ was coined by politicians, researchers and, most prominently, the European Commission as an encompassing labour market reform agenda for the 27 member countries of the European Union. As part of the European social model it offered an alternative to the Anglo Saxon ‘flexibility of the labour market’ mantra and attracted widespread attention around the world, lately also in the USA and in Australia. The recent global financial crisis, which often saw internal adjustment by shortening hours of work instead of external adjustment through lay-offs, has challenged the original concept based on easier hiring and firing coupled with sound social protection for the unemployed. Also the increasing irritation of trade unions with the term, coupled with mounting scepticism among researchers and uncertainties in support from a newly nominated EU Commission, means that the concept faces an uncertain future. However, the present widespread critique of flexicurity will probably not lead to the demise of the various policies that the term comprises, but to reinforcing internal adjustment options and supporting policies. At stake may be also a renaming of the concept.

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Whisson, Desley A., Freya McKinnon, Matthew Lefoe, and Anthony R. Rendall. "Passive acoustic monitoring for detecting the Yellow-bellied Glider, a highly vocal arboreal marsupial." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 25, 2021): e0252092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252092.

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Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is increasingly being used for the survey of vocalising wildlife species that are otherwise cryptic and difficult to survey. Our study aimed to develop PAM guidelines for detecting the Yellow-bellied Glider, a highly vocal arboreal marsupial that occurs in native Eucalyptus forests in eastern and south-eastern Australia. To achieve this, we considered the influence of background noise, weather conditions, lunar illumination, time since sunset and season on the probability of detecting vocalisations. We deployed Autonomous Recording Units (ARUs) at 43 sites in the Central Highlands of Victoria during two periods: spring/summer (October 2018 to January 2019), and autumn/winter (May to August 2019). ARUs were programmed to record for 11 hours from sunset for 14 consecutive days during each period. Background noise resulted from inclement weather (wind and rain) and masked vocalisations in spectrograms of the recordings, thus having the greatest influence on detection probability. Vocalisations were most common in the four hours after sunset. Rainfall negatively influenced detection probability, especially during the autumn/winter sampling period. Detection of Yellow-bellied Gliders with PAM requires deploying ARUs programmed to record for four hours after sunset, for a minimum of six nights with minimal inclement weather (light or no wind or rain). The survey period should be extended to 12 nights when rain or wind are forecast. Because PAM is less labour intensive than active surveys (i.e., spotlighting and call playbacks with multiple observers and several nights’ survey per site), its use will facilitate broad-scale surveys for Yellow-bellied Gliders.

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Garcez, Estela O., Muhammad I. Kabir, Mahbube Subhani, Alastair MacLeod, Andras Fehervari, Mitchell Hall, and Patrick Moulton. "Development of high strength self-compacting fibre reinforced concrete for prefabricated concrete industry." MATEC Web of Conferences 275 (2019): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927502011.

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Prefabricated construction is an emerging industry in Australia and considered a key mechanism to boost productivity in the construction industry. The use of fibre reinforced concrete has a huge potential in the prefabricated industry as the concrete can be delivered straight to the precast mould, eliminating in many cases the steel reinforcement, thus increasing production quotas and cost savings. Such results can be further improved by utilising self-compacting concrete reinforced with fibres. Although the use of steel fibres as reinforcement is now well established, in the precast industry thin walls and shape of the moulds can be a limitation to steel fibre as well as work health and safety concerns for handling. Under such conditions, the use of polymeric fibres can be extremely beneficial, reducing labour hours and placement time as well as improving safety. This paper reports the development of high strength self-compacting fibre reinforced concrete for application in prefabricated concrete industry, exploring the effect of Forta-Ferro and ReoShore fibres on concrete fresh and mechanical properties.

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Boz Semerci, Anil, and Thierry Volery. "Entrepreneurs as parents: the antecedents and consequence of parenting stress." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 24, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-04-2017-0136.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand parenting stress of entrepreneurs and to attempt to extend the empirical evidence on the predictors and consequences of parenting stress for entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach This study draws on data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey. The quantitative research method was used. Drawing on the data of 2,051 entrepreneurs, a model was tested using structural equation modeling. Findings The results reveal that social support is a strong predictor of parenting stress and that there is a direct effect between parenting stress and family to work interference (FWI). In addition, parenting stress partially mediates the relationship between social support and FWI. Adding a direct path from social support to FWI substantially improves the validity in a revised model. No effects of gender stereotypes are found. Originality/value This study attempts to extend previous work on parenting and vocational behavior by investigating the perceptional and stereotypical antecedents of parenting stress and examining the impact of parenting stress on FWI. To the challenges of parenting, many entrepreneurs face constant pressure to achieve a positive return in their business venture and work hard, for long hours. Therefore, a better understanding of entrepreneurs’ parenting roles and stress can shed some light on the challenges faced by self-employed individuals and contributes to the vocational behavior and career development literature and practical experiences.

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Smedes, Michael, and Jennifer Humphrys. "Australian labour account: Linking production to people and jobs." Statistical Journal of the IAOS 36, no. 3 (August 26, 2020): 607–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-200684.

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This paper describes how the Australian Labour Account supports macro-economic analysis of peoples’ participation in employment and related production over time. Development of Labour Accounts have provided an opportunity to significantly improve the quality of aggregates such as the number of jobs occupied within each industry, measures of hours worked, and labour productivity growth. Finally, it provides an opportunity to further emphasise the household experience within the system of economic accounts, linking from production activities to important demographic and socio-economic issues.

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Birch, Elisa, and Alison Preston. "The Australian labour market in 2019." Journal of Industrial Relations 62, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 341–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185620909147.

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1 This article provides an overview of the key features of the labour market in 2019, with historical data providing insight into recent trends. In 2019, the female labour force participation rate reached an all-time high of 61.3%, 10 percentage points lower than the male rate. Disaggregated analysis shows this growth stems from rising participation amongst older women. This, in turn, is underpinned by a growth in feminised sectors of the labour market, notably the Health Care and Social Assistance sector. Since 2000 this sector has contributed 22.6% to total employment growth and at 2019 accounted for 13.5% of the Australian workforce. There has also been a growth in part-time and casual employment over recent years, with the latter now accounting for 25% of all employees. These are concerning developments, with estimates showing that 58.6% of casuals are not guaranteed a minimum number of hours of work in their job. The article notes that wages growth remains below that required to stimulate employment growth, and that a continued focus on conventional labour market indicators has the potential to lead to misguided policy formulation.

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Fry, Jane, Jeromey Temple, Peter McDonald, and Alysia Blackham. "COVID-19 and the Australian labour market: how did older Australians fare during 2020?" Australian Population Studies 5, no. 2 (November 27, 2021): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37970/aps.v5i2.91.

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Background In analysing the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labour market, attention has focussed on younger people, leaving a research gap when it comes to outcomes for older Australians aged 50 years or over, in terms of employment, unemployment, underemployment and hours worked. Aims To describe levels of labour force participation, unemployment, underemployment, and hours worked by older workers and job seekers during 2020. Data and methods Using Australian Bureau of Statistics data, we perform descriptive analyses of variations in labour market outcomes by geographic areas, public and private sector employment, industry of employment and demographic characteristics. Results Older employment fell in April but recovered by December. As the full-time share initially increased, average hours worked decreased due to reductions in hours offered to workers, increasing the underemployment rate. There was little recovery of employment in metropolitan Melbourne due to prolonged lockdown conditions. Of the largest industries, retail trade and manufacturing were worst affected. Conclusions By December 2020, employment levels for older workers in some sectors had recovered from the initial downturn caused by the pandemic. However, for older workers in some industries, there is a major concern about their potential for future employment.

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Manwaring, Rob, and Geoffrey Robinson. "What Is “Labor” About Labor State Governments In Australia?" Australian Journal of Politics & History 66, no. 1 (March 2020): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12643.

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Townsend, Keith, Helen Lingard, Lisa Bradley, and Kerry Brown. "Working time alterations within the Australian construction industry." Personnel Review 40, no. 1 (February 16, 2011): 70–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00483481111095528.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a labour process theory interpretation of four case studies within the Australian construction industry. In each case study a working time intervention (a shift to a five‐day working week from the industry standard six days) was implemented as an attempt to improve the work‐life balance of employees.Design/methodology/approachThis paper was based on four case studies with mixed methods. Each case study has a variety of data collection methods which include questionnaires, short and long interviews, and focus groups.FindingsIt was found that the complex mix of wage‐ and salary‐earning staff within the construction industry, along with labour market pressures, means that changing to a five‐day working week is quite a radical notion within the industry. However, there are some organisations willing to explore opportunities for change with mixed experiences.Practical implicationsThe practical implications of this research include understanding the complexity within the Australian construction industry, based around hours of work and pay systems. Decision‐makers within the construction industry must recognize a range of competing pressures that mean that “preferred” managerial styles might not be appropriate.Originality/valueThis paper shows that construction firms must take an active approach to reducing the culture of long working hours. This can only be achieved by addressing issues of project timelines and budgets and assuring that take‐home pay is not reliant on long hours of overtime.

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Dickens, William T., and Shelly J. Lundberg. "Hours Restrictions and Labor Supply." International Economic Review 34, no. 1 (February 1993): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2526955.

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Campbell, Iain. "Extended Working Hours In Australia." Labour & Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work 13, no. 1 (August 2002): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10301763.2002.10669258.

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Willis, Eileen. "Benchmarking working time in health care: the case of Excelcare." Australian Health Review 25, no. 3 (2002): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah020134.

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In the 2000-2004 Enterprise Bargaining round between the Australian Nursing Union and the South Australian state government, it was agreed that public hospitals would be staffed according to Excelcare timings or benchmarks. Excelcare is a computerised workload produce that measures the number of hours and minutes needed to perform a range of nursing tasks for patients on a given ward. This brought into sharp relief disagreements between the various parties over Excelcare timings, but more importantly, it illustrates the unions' strategic use of the Enterprise Bargaining process to de-intensify nursing labour.

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Shure, Nikki. "School Hours and Maternal Labor Supply." Kyklos 72, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 118–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12195.

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Fraser, Max. "Billable Hours Up, Labor Law Down." New Labor Forum 26, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1095796017699806.

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Altonji, Joseph G., and Christina H. Paxson. "Labor Supply Preferences, Hours Constraints, and Hours-Wage Trade-offs." Journal of Labor Economics 6, no. 2 (April 1988): 254–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/298183.

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Biddle, Nicholas. "The labour market status of Australian students: who is unemployed, who is working and for how many hours?" Journal of Education and Work 20, no. 3 (July 2007): 179–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13639080701464467.

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Liu, Yan-Ting, Yao-Dong Zhou, and Jiao-Li Cai. "Effects of Health Status on the Labor Supply of Older Adults with Different Socioeconomic Status." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021511.

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Based on the panel data of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) collected from 2011 to 2018, this paper establishes a model using the instrumental variables method to investigate the effects of poor health on labor participation, labor hours, agricultural labor participation, agricultural labor hours, off-farm labor participation, and off-farm labor hours of older adults with different economic statuses. This paper conducts an empirical analysis to examine how subjective, self-rated poor health and objective poor health measured using the number of chronic diseases can affect the labor supply of older adults. The study of its influence on labor supply from the perspective of health can help to maintain the labor supply of the aged from the perspective of improving the health of the aged, provide a certain reference for the labor shortage caused by China’s aging society, and enrich the content of health economics. According to the research findings, subjective, self-rated poor health significantly reduces the labor participation of older adults. Although self-rated poor health does not affect the off-farm labor participation of older adults, it significantly reduces the likelihood of older adults engaging in agricultural labor. In addition, self-rated poor health also reduces the overall labor hours and off-farm labor hours of older adults, although no effects were observed on their agricultural labor hours. On the other hand, chronic diseases also reduce the overall likelihood of labor participation for older adults, resulting in significantly lower off-farm labor participation, although no effects were observed on their agricultural labor participation. The number of chronic diseases found in older adults does not affect their off-farm labor hours, but it does increase the hours they invest in agricultural labor.

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Mohommad, Adil. "Labor Market Adjustments to Shocks in Australia." IMF Working Papers 17, no. 124 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484301760.001.

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Robinson, Geoff. "Cornish radicalism and Labor in South Australia." History Australia 14, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 505–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14490854.2017.1360754.

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Wilson, Lou, and John Spoehr. "Social inclusion under Labor in South Australia." Australian Journal of Social Issues 50, no. 2 (July 2015): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1839-4655.2015.tb00342.x.

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Newton, Andy, Barry Hunt, and Julia Williams. "The paramedic profession: disruptive innovation and barriers to further progress." Journal of Paramedic Practice 12, no. 4 (April 2, 2020): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jpar.2020.12.4.138.

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The paramedic profession in the UK evolved from a small number of pilot programmes in the early 1970s that focused on training selected NHS ambulance crews in advanced resuscitation techniques. Similar initiatives occurred almost simultaneously in the United States, Australia, New Zealand and Canada. This case study focuses primarily on the UK, and England in particular. The purpose of the initiatives described was to address the unmet needs of patients with serious injury and illness. Over the following decades, paramedics developed a clear identity and became fully professionally recognised and regulated as allied health professionals, becoming an example of the phenomenon termed ‘disruptive Innovation’; this is something that creates a new market and value network while disrupting existing ones. The steep developmental trajectory of paramedics has not been mirrored by a comparable pace of reform and modernisation in NHS ambulance services which, in comparison, have lagged behind and also failed to adapt to significant changes in the pattern, quantity and epidemiological characteristics of patient demand. This has led to a mismatch between the capabilities offered by paramedics and the professional opportunities available to them in ambulance services, and hampered these practitioners' ability to make full use of their skills. The consequence of this has often manifested as low levels of paramedic and other ambulance staff satisfaction, resulting in high rates of staff turnover. Parallel developments in medical personnel deployment have increased the quantity of medical labour available to patients with serious or life-threatening injuries, with medical staff added to helicopter emergency medical crews. While many patients with urgent conditions would have benefited from general practitioners being available out of hours, proportionally fewer doctors are available to fulfil this role today and those that are attracted to working with the ambulance service often prefer to respond to cases involving major injury. For these reasons and given the reality that the ambulance service is morphing into primarily an urgent care organisation, de-emphasising the transport aspect of the service, changes are needed to its model of operation and to staff management and support.

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Woodman, Dan, and Julia Cook. "The new gendered labour of synchronisation: Temporal labour in the new world of work." Journal of Sociology 55, no. 4 (October 19, 2019): 762–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783319879244.

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Research considering how time is organised has shown that women tend to carry a disproportionate burden of coordinating the schedules of their households. However, little research has considered how these gendered inequalities may manifest in the context of the shift away from ‘standard’ work patterns and towards variable and non-standard hours. We address this question by using interview and digital data to consider how a selection of ‘ordinary’ Australian young adults in heterosexual partnerships manage and coordinate their time. We contend that even for middle-class young adults with relatively high employment security, increasingly complex working arrangements are shifting existing inequalities in gendered divisions of temporal labour in ways that heighten feelings of temporal insecurity. We conceptualise our findings as part of an intensification of the existing need to schedule and manage lives that is widely felt in the so-called ‘gig economy era’, even by those removed from gig work proper.

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Morgan, David E. "Book Reviews : Transforming Labor: Labour Tradition and the Labor Decade in Australia." Journal of Industrial Relations 36, no. 3 (September 1994): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569403600308.

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Ciscel, David H., and David C. Sharp. "Household Labor In Hours By Family Type." Journal of Forensic Economics 8, no. 2 (January 1, 1995): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5085/0898-5510-8.2.115.

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Trejo, Stephen J. "Overtime Pay, Overtime Hours, and Labor Unions." Journal of Labor Economics 11, no. 2 (April 1993): 253–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/298296.

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Altonji, Joseph G., and Christina H. Paxson. "Labor Supply, Hours Constraints, and Job Mobility." Journal of Human Resources 27, no. 2 (1992): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/145735.

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Card, David. "Labor supply with a minimum hours threshold." Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 33 (September 1990): 137–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2231(90)90011-9.

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Miller, Robert A. "Labor supply with a minimum hours threshold." Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 33 (September 1990): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2231(90)90012-a.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hours of labor Australia'

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