Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hôte/non-Hôte'
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Cotin-Galvan, Laetitia. "Relation plante-hôte / Frankia dans les symbioses actinorhiziennes : cas particulier des souches non-isolables capables de sporuler in-planta." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10183/document.
Full textSporulation is a phenomenon present in many microorganisms, usually involved in the mechanisms of dispersion and/or resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions. Sporulation occurs in some Frankia strains (a diazotrophic actinobacteria) during their symbiotic interaction with actinorhizal plants, which is paradoxical in a context where the bacterium has a favorable ecological niche for its development. These particular Frankia strains, called Sp+, represent a unique model of symbiont capable of sporulation within the host cells. The ecological role and the evolutionary meanings of this in-planta sporulation still remain understood. The two main objectives of this thesis aimed to (i) understand the influence of in-planta sporulation on the symbiotic capacity of Sp+ strains in terms of infectivity and competitiveness and (ii) understand the impact of this sporulation on the functioning of the symbiotic complex by a metabolic profiling approach. These studies have confirmed the symbiotic characteristics of Sp+ strains (greater infectivity and competitiveness) and have shown significant differences in the primary and secondary metabolism of the symbiotic complex associated with the presence of Frankia spores
Ollivier, Rémi. "Caractérisation des bases génétiques et des déterminants moléculaires impliqués dans la résistance du pois (Pisum sativum) face au puceron du pois (Acyrthosiphon pisum)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NSARB366.
Full textIn the context of sustainable agriculture, understanding the molecular mechanisms that determine the specificity of aphids to plants is an essential step in developing pest management strategies. However, the mechanisms leading to compatibility or incompatibility between the plant and the aphid remain unknown. This thesis aimed to identify the genetic basis and molecular determinants involved in pea resistance to the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. The natural genetic variability of pea resistance to pea-adapted and non-adapted biotypes of the A. pisum was identified by screening a collection of 240 pea genotypes. An association genetics study identified the ApRVII locus controlling pea resistance to both adapted and non-adapted A. pisum biotypes.This study, coupled with transcriptomic studies of selected pea genotypes, identified candidate genes underlying ApRVII that are potentially involved in pea resistance to A. pisum. These genes indicated the involvement of biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites in ApRVII mediated resistance to the aphids. In addition, the transcriptomic studies identified pea molecular pathways specifically repressed during the infestation by the adapted biotype, suggesting a possible manipulation of pea transcriptome by the aphid infestation. The knowledge provided during this thesis contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the compatibility and incompatibility between plants and aphids
Bouraï, Mehdi. "Caractérisation d'un interactome virus-hôte : l'exemple du virus du Chikungunya." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077183.
Full textThe lifting of many technological barriers in recent years has allowed the development of « functional genomics », an innovative systemic approach to molecular and cell biology. Viruses, being intracellular parasites, interact with several components of the cell to replicate. Thus, defining and improving our knowledge of the interactions between viral and cellular proteins ensures a better understanding of the viral replication cycle and pathogenesis and opens the pathway to new therapeutic approaches. In my thesis, I defined the interaction map, or interactome, of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a virus whose interactions with the cell at the molecular level have been poorly understood. For this, I performed high throughput two-hybrid approaches in yeast (HT-Y2H) and validations in mammalian cells (including protein complementation assay technique or PCA). We screened all the CHIKV mature proteins across three different human cDNA libraries and a normalized 12,000 human full-length open reading frames (ORF) library. We identified 22 interactions, the majority of which involve non-structural protein 2 (nsP2) of CHIKV. Among the identified cellular interactors, we showed the important role of hnRNP-K (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K) and ubiquilin 4 in virus replication in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrated the involvement of the TTC7B protein (tétratricopeptide 7B) in the transcriptional inhibition activity induced by the nsP2 protein of CHIKV. Such techniques conducted in the laboratory also allowed me to participate in thé charaterization of three virus-host interactions identified by a fellow PhD student and contribute to researching the replication of measles virus (MV) and type 3 human parainfluenza virus (hPIV3). In particular, I was able to accurately map the peptide domains involved in these interactions, using a technique adapted from Y2H. This work has allowed me to not only understand the current techniques for defining virus-host interactomes and consequently produce a map of virus-host interactions for CHIKV, but also to shed some light on the viral mechanisms involved in the replication cycle and the pathogenesis of this virus
Dianne, Lucile. "Caractérisation du rôle du stade non-infectieux du parasite acanthocéphale Pomphorhynchus laevis dans la manipulation comportementale de son hôte intermédiaire amphipode." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00866995.
Full textZriki, Ghais. "Etude intégrative des interactions au sein d’une association lâche, hôte-microprédateur-arthropodes non hématophages cohabitant avec lui : vers une gestion agro-écologique des bâtiments d’élevage de volaille." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG025.
Full textNatural enemies such as predatory arthropods play an important role in controlling pest populations in agroecosystems. Laying-hen farms are agroecosystems of intensive production that incorporate a high diversity of arthropods: hen parasites and manure arthropods (predators, detritivorous, etc.). The poultry red mites Dermanyssus gallinae is the most damaging ectoparasite in laying-hen farms. Infestations with D. gallinae cause both welfare and economic problems. Dermanyssus gallinae is a nidicolous ectoparasite that lives close to its host in an environment shared by the naturally-occurring predatory arthropods in laying-hen farms.In this thesis, our objective was to improve our knowledge on the impact of native arthropods predators in laying-hen farms on D. gallinae. Based on three methodological approaches –descriptive, correlative and experimental–, the present work explored predator-prey interactions (with focus on D. gallinae) and the impact of arthropods predators on D. gallinae at three levels: 1) individual level: building the food web of native arthropods (in vitro), 2) species level: analyzing the covariation of the abundances of D. gallinae and its predators in farm buildings, 3) population level: measuring in an experimental system (hen-D. gallinae-predator) in mesocosms the impact of native arthropod predators on the development of D. gallinae populations.The analysis of native arthropods food web showed that D. gallinae is a potential prey for ten predatory species. These predators showed a significant disparity in predation frequency on D. gallinae and in their preferences for prey species between D. gallinae and detritivorous mites as alternative prey. In laying-hen farms, analysis of the relative abundances of D. gallinae and native predators supported the presence of interactions between D. gallinae and predatory species that showed high predation frequencies on it in vitro. The experiments in mesocosm allowed the development of D. gallinae, native arthropod predators and detritivorous mites. Under our experimental conditions, native arthropod predators did not show any detectable effect on the development of D. gallinae populations when other alternative prey species were present. These results suggest that, under our experimental conditions, the development of D. gallinae populations seemed to be limited by food resources (the hen) and not by the predation effect. The presence of alternative prey (detritivorus mites) may have reduced predators’ impact on D. gallinae populations. Through our experimental system, we also showed that mass-reared and commercially available predatory mites currently used to control D. gallinae in laying farms, did not have a negative effect on non-target species such as native predatory mites.Our results uncovered important gaps in our understanding of D. gallinae biology and population dynamics. These results also demonstrate the importance of further investigating the impact of alternative prey species in the absence of a regulatory effect of native predators on D. gallinae populations
Enchéry, François. "Étude de la modulation de la voie canonique d'activation de NF-kB par les protéines non structurales du virus Nipah." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN093/document.
Full textNipah virus (NiV), from Henipavirus genus, is a zoonotic paramyxovirus, which emerged in 1998. In humans, it causes acute respiratory distress and encephalitis with a high lethality. Conversely, the natural hosts of NiV, bats from the Pteropodidae family, are asymptomatic. The mechanisms by which the Pteropodidae control infection are unknown to date. NiV produces non-structural proteins, V, W and C, which are virulence factors. V, W and C inhibit the type 1 interferon pathways. Moreover, W inhibits the production of chemokines in vitro and modulates the inflammatory response in vivo, but its mechanism remains unknown. The NF-κB pathway being the main regulator of the inflammatory response, we hypothesized that W could modulate the NF-κB pathway. We demonstrated that protein W inhibits the activation of the NF-κB canonical pathway induced by TNFα and IL-1β. The specific C-terminal region of W is necessary for this effect. We have also identified which nuclear import and export signals of W are necessary for its inhibitory effect and thus highlight the importance of the nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking of W for the inhibition of NF-κB. The study of the interactions of W with the cellular proteins allowed us to identify a promising partner known for its role in the negative feedback of NF-κB. Finally, the role of W in the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway was demonstrated during the infection with NiV. The results obtained open the way to understanding the mechanism by which W modulates the inflammatory response. Finally, to better understand the control of the infection of NiV by its natural host, we generated primary and immortalized cell lines of Pteropus giganteus bat. These cells should provide a better understanding of the mechanisms by which these bats control viral infection
Bakhache, William. "Interactions de la protéine nsP1 du virus Chikungunya avec les membranes de l’hôte et conséquences fonctionnelles." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT008.
Full textPositive strand RNA ((+) RNA) viruses share the common capacity to rearrange cellular membranes into vesicular organelles. These membranous compartments referred to as replication organelles (ROs), are seen as providing an appropriate environment recruiting all viral components and cofactors required for replication. Because of their strict necessity for viral replication, these compartments and the molecular mechanisms required for their assembly have generated an intense interest in recent years. Contrasting with the consequential advances made in this field for other (+)RNA viruses, virtually no mechanistic data has been produced on the formation of ROs by Alphaviruses which in the last decade have proven to be medically paramount viruses, especially with the recent spread of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). CHIKV is a re-emerging virus transmitted by mosquitoes that has caused outbreaks with devastating socio-economic impact in countries where it propagates. Symptoms include high fever and rash, with a significant percentage of patients suffering of long-term, often incapacitating, joint pain. Currently there is no vaccine or anti-viral treatment for this virus.CHIKV ROs appear as 50-60 nm electron translucent bulb-shaped spherules resulting from negative curvature at the plasma membrane. Inside these compartments, the replication machinery is anchored to the membrane through the direct interaction of the non-structural protein 1 (nsP1) with the lipid bilayer. When expressed as an isolated protein nsP1 dramatically remodels cellular membranes into filopodia-like protrusions. Therefore, this designated nsP1 as a critical factor in cellular membrane reshaping observed during infection. In this context, the aim of this thesis, with nsP1 at its centerpiece, is to characterize nsP1 interactions with cellular membranes and to define their functional consequences on viral replication. In this investigation, we have demonstrated the role of host cell lipid metabolism in nsP1 membrane anchoring and viral infection. Our results indicate that fatty acid synthesis is required for viral life cycle and favors nsP1 interaction with membranes. We also provide the very first information on the role of unsaturated fatty acids in Alphavirus replication. In-depth studies on the role of cholesterol revealed that palmitoylated nsP1 anchored CHIKV non-structural proteins to cholesterol-rich microdomains with functional consequences on replication. Finally, we have identified nsP1 interactome in order to identify host-cofactors required for the membrane deformation induced by this viral protein. Taken together, this thesis provides new information on nsP1/membrane lipids and host cofactors interplay. This work will allow the further comprehension of the mechanisms behind membrane deformation observed during Alphavirus replication
Delafont, Vincent. "Diversité et implication des amibes libres dans la survie et la persistance des mycobactéries non tuberculeuses au sein d'un réseau d'eau potable." Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2278/document.
Full textFree-living amoebae are unicellular eukaryotes whose ecology in drinking water networks remains poorly understood. They may represent a public health concern, because of their ability to favour the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria, among which are mycobacteria.A sampling scheme based on Paris drinking water network allowed identifying the diversity of both freeliving amoebae and their bacterial microbiome, using ribosomal RNA targeted pyrosequencing. These analyses indicated the major presence of Acanthamoeba, Vermamoeba, Echinamoeba and Protacanthamoeba genera. The microbiome was highly diverse and dominated by Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Bradyrhizobium, Sphingomonas and Pseudoxanthomonas. The coupling of physicochemical parameters to this analysis allowed underlining the importance of water origin, temperature, pH and chlorine concentration in shaping amoebal populations. Also an original endosymbiosis between V. vermiformis and a bacterium of the TM6 phylum was described. Free-living amoebae were frequently co-isolated with mycobacteria in the water network, mainly M. llatzerense and M. chelonae species. Infection experiments on A. castellanii illustrated the capacity of these species to resist and grow in presence of amoebae. Through genomics and transcriptomics approaches, several virulence factors, conserved between M. llatzerense, M. chelonae and M. tuberculosis were identified, and found to be upregulated during infection experiments. These results suggest their involvement in mycobacterial resistance to amoebal predation.Altogether, this work helped to better understand the ecology of free-living amoebae and their microbiome in drinking water networks, as well as the role of free-living amoebae in the survival and persistence of mycobacteria in such environments
Bichara, Derdeï. "Etude de modèles épidémiologiques : stabilité, observation et estimation de paramètres." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0011/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is on the one hand to study stability of equilibria of some epidemic models and secondly to construct an observer to estimate the non-measured states and a key parameter in a within host model. We propose extensions of classical models SIR, SIRS and SIS and we study the global stability of their equilibria. In presence of multiple pathogen strains, we proved that competitive exclusion principle holds: the strain having the largest threshold wins the competition by eliminating the others. It turns out that the winning strain is the one for which the equilibrium gives the minimum of the susceptible host population. This can be interpreted as pessimization principle. By considering the same model with two strains and a frequency-dependent type of the contact law, we prove that dynamics changes and a coexistence equilibrium exists and it is globally asymptotically stable under some conditions. The asymptotic behavior of the two other boundary equilibria is also established. The stability study of equilibrium states is mainly done by construction Lyapunov functions combined with LaSalle's invariance principle. We consider an age-structured within-host model of the Plasmodium falciuparum parasite with a general infection force. We develop a method to estimate the total parasite burden that cannot be measured by the current methods. To this end, we use some tools from control theory, more precisely observers with unknown inputs, to estimate the non measured states from the measured ones (data). From this, we deduce a method to estimate an unknown parameter that represents infection rate of healthy reed blood cells by the parasites
Massoud, Kamal. "Résistance induite chez arabidopsis thaliana : la résistance à Fusariumoxysporum et la potentialisation des réponses de défense par le Phosphite." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112090.
Full textPlants have developed during their evolution an innate immunity system consisting of preformed barriers and induced defence responses against pathogens. This work studies resistances in Arabidopsis thaliana induced either naturally against the root pathogen Fusarium oxysporum spp. (Fo), or after application of phosphite (Phi) against the leaf pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa). In a first part, roles of secondary metabolites (SM) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in basal and non-host resistances of roots to the special forms conglutinans (Foco) and melonis (Fom) of Fo, respectively, were analyzed. We demonstrated the involvement of the indolic phytoalexin camalexin, in basal resistance of Arabidopsis to Foco. In contrast, the phenolic phytoalexin, scopoletin, and ROS play essential roles in non-host resistance to Fom. These data underscore the key role of MS and ROS in basal and non-host resistances of Arabidopsis. In a second part, the mode of action of Phi, an oxyanion of phosphorous acid (H3PO3) protecting Arabidopsis against the Hpa isolate Noco2 was studied. Effect of low doses of Phi is abolished in Arabidopsis mutants affected in salicylic acid (SA) signalling, indicating that induced resistance to Hpa is mediated by SA-dependent mechanisms. Phi primes defence responses against Hpa Noco2 via EDS1-PAD4, two essential components of basal resistance, as well as NPR1 and PR1. Expression of the MAP kinase MPK4, a negative regulator of resistance to Hpa, is decreased by Phi after inoculation with Hpa Noco2. Our results demonstrate that priming of defence responses by Phi is associated with down-regulation of MPK4
Vergely, Chabo Chantal. "La relation hôte-microbiote dans le développement du diabète de type 2 : du mutualisme au parasitisme métabolique." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3097/.
Full textMetabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes are a major public health issue. A low grade chronic inflammatory reaction is one of the mechanisms appearing early during the development of these diseases. We hypothesized that bacteria could be a direct triggering factor of metabolic inflammation. First, we discovered the existence of a physiological infection. Moreover we found in mice an increased translocation of commensal bacteria towards blood and adipose tissue, before the onset of high-fat diet-induced diabetes, providing a putative direct cellular link between intestinal microbiota and metabolic inflammation. This bacterial translocation was prevented in mice lacking receptors for bacterial patterns Nod1 or CD14, but conversely increased in ob/ob or MyD88-deficient mice. Moreover, a probiotic treatment with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis, or with Lactococcus lactis delivering active leptine, was able to prevent metabolic infection and inflammation as well as diabetes. We then confirmed in man the existence of a physiological bacteremia. Bacterial DNA was moreover identified as a positive marker of metabolic diseases. Analysis of this microbiota shown a decrease in Gram positive bacteria and an increase in Gram negative ones, as well as an increase in NO reductase-expressing bacteria, in diabetics. These results were confirmed in mice. Moreover, mucus quantity and quality of its glycosylations were modified before diabetes, along with a decrease in defensins' expression, a loss of physiological inflammation and increased transcellular permeability
Guiraud, Thomas. "Les facteurs viraux restaurant la compatibilité entre un potyvirus et une plante dont l'eIF4E est non-permissif." Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21191.
Full textBy a reverse genetics approach, we identified the viral factors restoring the compatibility of LMV with resistant lettuce varieties encoding a defective form of elF4E. We built a serie of LMV chimeras exchnging genomic portions of two isolates differing in their abilities to infect mo1 plants. We showed that this compatibility was controlled by VPg and CI proteins. Analusis of the natural variability of LMV allowed us, by site-directed mutagenesis of LMV, to identify an amino acid of CI which seems crucial for the restoration of the compatibility with a form encoded by a resistant allele of elF4E. In addition, this piece of information was used for the design of an RT-PCR-based specific detection of isolates of the "Most" type (mo-breaking, seed-trtansmitted), which recently emerged in lettuce crops. Finally, all this information allowed us to propose a model for the interactions between the various forms of elF4E and the previously identified viral factors
Mensi, Imène. "Localisation in planta de Xanthomonas albilineans et identification de déterminants moléculaires impliqués dans la colonisation épiphyte de sa plante hôte, la canne à sucre." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20157.
Full textXanthomonas albilineans is the causal agent of leaf scald, a lethal disease of sugarcane that can significantly impact infected susceptible varieties in the field. The mechanisms that govern the interactions between this bacterial pathogen and its host plant are not well known. The objectives of this study were (i) to identify molecular factors involved in epiphytic survival of X. albilineans and (ii) to verify the localization of X. albilineans in sugarcane tissues. Among the studied factors, surface polysaccharides and an outer-membrane protein (XaOmpA1) of X. albilineans were crucial for epiphytic survival of this pathogen. Secondary metabolites synthesized by non-ribosomal peptide synthetases and the diffusible signal factor DSF were not critical for survival of X. albilineans on the sugarcane leaf surface, at least in absence of competing microorganisms. However, an intact DSF/RpfGC system was necessary for optimal colonization of the phyllosphere. In the second part of this study, we verified in planta localization of X. albilineans by confocal microscopy, immunochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. Microscopic observations allowed us to show that X. albilineans is not a xylem limited bacterium as it was believed until now. This pathogen is able to invade numerous cellular types including vascular and non-vascular parenchyma cells. To our knowledge, this is a novel invasion strategy of a plant pathogenic bacterium that has not previously been described, and that remains to be deciphered
Bichara, Derdei. "Étude de modèles épidémiologiques : Stabilité, observation et estimation de paramètres." Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00841444.
Full textBigot, Diane. "Biodiversité et évolution des virus présents dans les métagénomes animaux." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4019.
Full textViruses are among the most abundant entities on Earth, but the viral diversity remains mostly unknown as currently biased in favour of animals of social, agronomic and economic interest. Next Generation Sequencing technologies provide access to so far inaccessible information. The aim of my PhD thesis was the study of the viral diversity within a large range of non-model animals. To address this question I set up an innovative analytical framework to discover new viruses based on a meta-transcriptomic approach. This work i) shows that this bioinformatics method is efficient and powerful, ii) allows the discovery of new viruses with particular genomic organisations suggesting they belong to new virus genera of families, iii) uncovered new viruses from new hosts in well-known viral families and iv) shows wider viral host range than previously expected based on a particular focus on hymenopteran viral diversity. Overall, my work allows to fill some gaps in the knowledge of viral diversity and shows the importance of studying non-model animal species in virology
Aliaga, Benoît. "Comparaison des épigénomes des espèces non-modèles." Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0012/document.
Full textEpigenetic mechanisms contribute to generate heritable phenotypic variability. The most studied of these mechanisms is DNA methylation on cytosine residues. Methylation is predominantly (but not exclusively) located in CpG dinucleotides context. Surprisingly, DNA methylation has not been exhaustively studied in many species. During my PhD, I developed a new Galaxy-integrated software to predict DNA methylation based on mutation rates of methylated and unmethylated CpG regions. DNA methylation analysis from several data bases for 150 species have identified 4 typical profiles for methylation distribution all the long gene bodies. These methylation profiles are not congruent with kingdom classification. These results suggest evolutionary convergence under environmental or functional constraints and universality of the DNA methylation code. Our results contribute to pave the way for generating conceptual links between DNA methylation, genes function and environment for a large range of phylogenetic clades.To evaluate the significance of epigenetic program on the phenotypic plasticity, I focused also on the parasitic success of Schistosoma face to its intermediate host, the Biomphalaria glabrata snail. Indeed, the interaction between this trematode parasite causing of the second human disease after malaria and the mollusk is based on a compatibility polymorphism. On the side of the parasite, the main molecular marker of this compatibility is supported by expression profile of polymorphic mucins called SmPoMucs. We demonstrate that epimutator compounds induce chromatin structural modification on mucin promoters. These modifications are directly involved on the phenotypic plasticity since the infectivity rate is enhanced. In this work, we conclude that epigenetic modifications are key elements on adaptive and developmental plasticity for S. mansoni, as essential as the genetic component
Latchoumane, Lorraine. "Recherche d'une méthode non destructive d'analyse de la présence de taches noires de l'ananas pour l'exportation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Réunion, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LARE0006.
Full textThe host-pathogen interaction responsible for pineapple FCR disease represents an important economic issue for Reunion Island since it affects the cultivar 'Queen Victoria', which is particularly susceptible. To overcome this limitation and offer FCR disease-free pineapples to local, regional and international consumers, one solution would be to detect naturally infected pineapples by non-destructive approaches applicable in post-harvest. The research conducted during this thesis contributed to a thorough understanding of the biochemical changes and defense mechanisms developed by pineapples when attacked by the pathogens causing FCR infection.Metabolomics (LC-MS and GC-MS) confirmed the reconfigurations affecting some metabolites at the site of infection (hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives), and revealed the involvement of other metabolites whose contents are locally altered in the internal and external tissues of the pineapple (oses, amino acids). Furthermore, this work has highlighted the establishment of a systemic response within pineapples, through metabolic variations affecting both infected and asymptomatic fruitlets (AABA, pipecolate, proline). Spectroscopic approaches (FFFS and Vis-NIRS) demonstrated that a response to the fungal infection is indeed detectable by these techniques through differences in spectral signatures between infected and healthy pineapples. FFFS enabled the discrimination of fruit samples based on their differences in fluorophore content. Vis-NIR spectra acquired on intact pineapple skin also allowed classifying healthy and infected fruitlets, and to a lesser extent asymptomatic ones. Moreover, a correlation was noticed between the severity of infection and the spectrum collected, indicating that the systemic response related to FCR disease is externally detectable. Furthermore, a data fusion method revealed the advantage of classifying healthy and infected pineapple samples by combining different analytical techniques. Models were optimized using LC-MS and FFFS datasets to discriminate pulp samples, while Vis-NIRS dataset was sufficient to best classify skin samples. To conclude, the joint metabolomics and spectroscopy approaches reveal the complexity of the biochemical responses that occur during FCR infection, and thereby demonstrate the interest of pursuing further research to exploit the full potential of nondestructive techniques in disease detection and to make them accessible to agro-industrial actors
Martin, Lydie. "Développement et caractérisation d'un modèle d'infection non lytique de cellules de Leydig par le virus de l'Artérite Virale Equine." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC201.
Full textEquine Arteritis Virus (EAV) is a positive-strand RNA virus, which belongs to the Arteriviridae familly, in the Nidovirales order. It is an equid specific virus that can be transmitted by respiratory and venereal routes. During primary infection, EAV can induce flu-like clinical signs, but worse, it may also cause the abortion of pregnant mares and newborn foal death. EAV is therefore a main economic challenge for the horse industry. Following primary infection, this virus is able to persist in the reproductive tract of some stallions. The mechanisms of this persistence remain unknown.During this thesis, the first in vitro model of an EAV non-lytic infection of a male reproductive tract cell line has been developed. EAV infection of these Leydig cells induced the expression of numerous innate immune genes including those coding for pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which could recruit innate immune cells to testicles and which could explain the orchitis observed in some stallions during primary infection.For persistently infected stallions, castration and anti-GnRH treatments can suppress EAV persistence, suggesting an involvement of testosterone in the virus persistence. Since TM3 cells express the androgen receptor, treatment trials have been performed. The first preliminary results suggest TM3 cells do not respond to the hormonal stimulus, or only a little. However, pretreatment trials should be realized to study the consequences on the viral cycle.Nevertheless, this non-lytic infection model is still an interesting model that can be used to study the host-pathogen relationship and that could help understanding the mechanisms involved in EAV persistence
Pitzalis, Nicolas. "Plant-virus interactions : role of virus- and host-derived small non-coding RNAs during infection and disease." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ103.
Full textIn this thesis, I investigated the role of host- and virus-derived sRNAs during infection of Rapeseed (Brassica napus, Canola) by the UK1 strain of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV-UK1). By using a TuMV derivative tagged with a gene encoding green fluorescent protein (TuMV-GFP), two rapeseed cultivars (‘Drakkar’ and ‘Tanto’) that differ in susceptibility to this virus were identified. Transcriptional profiling of local infection foci in Drakkar and Tanto leaves by next generation sequencing (NGS) revealed numerous differentially expressed genes. The same RNA samples from mock- and virus- treated Drakkar and Tanto leaves were also used for the global NGS profiling of sRNAs (sRNAseq) and their potential RNA targets (PAREseq). The bioinformatic analysis and their in vivo validation led to the identification of transcript cleavage events involving known and yet unknown miRNAs. Importantly, the results indicate that TuMV hijacks the host RNA silencing pathway with siRNAs derived from its own genome (vsiRNAs) to target host genes. The virus also triggers the widespread targeting of host messenger RNAs (mRNAs) through activation of phased, secondary siRNA production from PHAS loci. In turn, both vsiRNAs and host-derived siRNAs (hsRNAs) target and cleave the viral RNA by the RISC-mediated pathway. These observations illuminate the role of host and virus-derived sRNAs in the coordination of virus infection. Another chapter of this thesis is dedicated to the analysis of virus-induced diseases by using Arabidopsis plants infected with the Oilseed rape mosaic tobamovirus (ORMV) as a model. Initially, the infected plants develop leaves with strong disease symptoms. However, at a later stage, disease-free, “recovered” leaves start to appear. Analysis of symptoms recovery led to the identification of a mechanism in which the VSR and virus derived-siRNAs play a central role. I used Arabidopsis mutants impaired in transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing pathways (TGS and PTGS respectively) and a plant line carrying a promoter-driven GFP transgene silenced by PTGS (Arabidopsis line 8z2). Using various techniques able to monitor virus infection, small and long viral RNA molecules, VSR activity, as well as phloem-mediated transport with in these lines, this study led to the identification of genes required for disease symptoms and disease symptom recovery. Moreover, the observations allowed to propose a model in which symptoms recovery occurs upon robust delivery of antiviral secondary vsiRNAs from source to sink tissues, and establishment of a vsiRNA dosage able to block the VSR activity involved in the formation of disease symptoms
Berrebi, Johanna. "Contribution à l'intégration d'une liaison avionique sans fil. L'ingénierie système appliquée à une problématique industrielle." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00800141.
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