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Journal articles on the topic 'Host-parasite dynamics'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

May, R. M., and R. M. Anderson. "Parasite—host coevolution." Parasitology 100, S1 (June 1990): S89—S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000073042.

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In this paper we wish to develop three themes, each having to do with evolutionary aspects of associations between hosts and parasites (with parasite defined broadly, to include viruses, bacteria and protozoans, along with the more conventionally defined helminth and arthropod parasites). The three themes are: the evolution of virulence; the population dynamics and population genetics of host–parasite associations; and invasions by, or ‘emergence’ of, new parasites.

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2

HOLAND, HÅKON, HENRIK JENSEN, JARLE TUFTO, BERNT-ERIK SÆTHER, and THOR HARALD RINGSBY. "Temporal and spatial variation in prevalence of the parasite Syngamus trachea in a metapopulation of house sparrows (Passer domesticus)." Parasitology 140, no. 10 (June 21, 2013): 1275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013000735.

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SUMMARYWhen investigating parasite–host dynamics in wild populations, a fundamental parameter to investigate is prevalence. This quantifies the percentage of individuals infected in the population. Investigating how prevalence changes over time and space can reveal interesting aspects in the parasite–host relationship in natural populations. We investigated the dynamic between a common avian parasite (Syngamus trachea) in a host metapopulation of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) on the coast of Helgeland in northern Norway. We found that parasite prevalence varied in both time and space. In addition, the parasite prevalence was found to be different between demographic groups in the local populations. Our results reveal just how complex the dynamic between a host and its parasite may become in a fragmented landscape. Although temperature may be an important factor, the specific mechanisms causing this complexity are not fully understood, but need to be further examined to understand how parasite–host interactions may affect the ecological and evolutionary dynamics and viability of host populations.

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3

Kaitala, V. "Host-parasite dynamics and the evolution of host immunity and parasite fecundity strategies." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 59, no. 3 (May 1997): 427–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8240(96)00090-0.

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4

Kaitala, Veijo, Mikko Heino, and Wayne M. Getz. "Host-parasite dynamics and the evolution of host immunity and parasite fecundity strategies." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 59, no. 3 (May 1997): 427–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02459459.

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5

Hite, Jessica L., and Clayton E. Cressler. "Resource-driven changes to host population stability alter the evolution of virulence and transmission." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1745 (March 12, 2018): 20170087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0087.

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What drives the evolution of parasite life-history traits? Recent studies suggest that linking within- and between-host processes can provide key insight into both disease dynamics and parasite evolution. Still, it remains difficult to understand how to pinpoint the critical factors connecting these cross-scale feedbacks, particularly under non-equilibrium conditions; many natural host populations inherently fluctuate and parasites themselves can strongly alter the stability of host populations. Here, we develop a general model framework that mechanistically links resources to parasite evolution across a gradient of stable and unstable conditions. First, we dynamically link resources and between-host processes (host density, stability, transmission) to virulence evolution, using a ‘non-nested’ model. Then, we consider a ‘nested’ model where population-level processes (transmission and virulence) depend on resource-driven changes to individual-level (within-host) processes (energetics, immune function, parasite production). Contrary to ‘non-nested’ model predictions, the ‘nested’ model reveals complex effects of host population dynamics on parasite evolution, including regions of evolutionary bistability; evolution can push parasites towards strongly or weakly stabilizing strategies. This bistability results from dynamic feedbacks between resource-driven changes to host density, host immune function and parasite production. Together, these results highlight how cross-scale feedbacks can provide key insights into the structuring role of parasites and parasite evolution. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Anthropogenic resource subsidies and host–parasite dynamics in wildlife’.

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6

Gómez, Pedro, Ben Ashby, and Angus Buckling. "Population mixing promotes arms race host–parasite coevolution." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1798 (January 7, 2015): 20142297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2297.

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The consequences of host–parasite coevolution are highly contingent on the qualitative coevolutionary dynamics: whether selection fluctuates (fluctuating selection dynamic; FSD), or is directional towards increasing infectivity/resistance (arms race dynamic; ARD). Both genetics and ecology can play an important role in determining whether coevolution follows FSD or ARD, but the ecological conditions under which FSD shifts to ARD, and vice versa, are not well understood. The degree of population mixing is thought to increase host exposure to parasites, hence selecting for greater resistance and infectivity ranges, and we hypothesize this promotes ARD. We tested this by coevolving bacteria and viruses in soil microcosms and found that population mixing shifted bacteria–virus coevolution from FSD to ARD. A simple theoretical model produced qualitatively similar results, showing that mechanisms that increase host exposure to parasites tend to push dynamics towards ARD. The shift from FSD to ARD with increased population mixing may help to explain variation in coevolutionary dynamics between different host–parasite systems, and more specifically the observed discrepancies between laboratory and field bacteria–virus coevolutionary studies.

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7

Duffy, Meghan A., and Lena Sivars-Becker. "Rapid evolution and ecological host-parasite dynamics." Ecology Letters 10, no. 1 (December 8, 2006): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00995.x.

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8

Chiyaka, Edward T., Gesham Magombedze, and Lawrence Mutimbu. "Modelling within Host Parasite Dynamics of Schistosomiasis." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 11, no. 3 (2010): 255–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17486701003614336.

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Schistosomiasis infection is characterized by the presence of adult worms in the portal and mesenteric veins of humans as part of a complex migratory cycle initiated by cutaneous penetration of the cercariae shed by infected freshwater snails. The drug praziquantel is not always effective in the treatment against schistosomiasis at larvae stage. However, our simulations show that it is effective against mature worms and eggs. As a result, the study and understanding of immunological responses is key in understanding parasite dynamics. We therefore introduce quantitative interpretations of human immunological responses of the disease to formulate mathematical models for the within-host dynamics of schistosomiasis. We also use numerical simulations to demonstrate that it is the level of T cells that differentiates between either an effective immune response or some degree of infection. These cells are responsible for the differentiation and recruitment of eosinophils that are instrumental in clearing the parasite. From the model analysis, we conclude that control of infection is much attributed to the value of a functionf, a measure of the average number of larvae penetrating a susceptible individual having hatched from an egg released by an infected individual. This agrees with evidence that there is a close association between the ecology, the distribution of infection and the disease.

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9

Mangel, Marc, and Bernard D. Roitberg. "Behavioral stabilization of host-parasite population dynamics." Theoretical Population Biology 42, no. 3 (December 1992): 308–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-5809(92)90017-n.

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10

Hwang, Tzy-Wei, and Yang Kuang. "Host Extinction Dynamics in a Simple Parasite-Host Interaction Model." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 2, no. 4 (2005): 743–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2005.2.743.

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11

LANGLAIS, M., and P. SILAN. "THEORETICAL AND MATHEMATICAL APPROACH OF SOME REGULATION MECHANISMS IN A MARINE HOST-PARASITE SYSTEM." Journal of Biological Systems 03, no. 02 (June 1995): 559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339095000514.

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Host-parasite systems offer such a complex behaviour that few quantitative analysis of their coupled dynamics have been performed. Many intertwinned factors play a role, such as intensity-dependent (intra or interspecific competition, pathogeny, immunological reactions) and/or intensity-independent (abiotic factors, host ethology). Most biomathematical approaches to host-parasite systems are concerned with infectious processes. Corresponding epidemiological models are not well-adapted to macroparasites whose demographical behaviour is quite specific: host mortality, parasite fertility and sometimes recruitment mechanisms depend on the amount of already fixed parasites on a given host and not on the mere existence of parasites. Overdispersion processes are fundamental and determine for a large part the regulation of both populations. A central issue is therefore a reliable description of these processes and their interactions with the global dynamics of the system. Our goal is to develop a mixed deterministic and stochastic model describing the dynamics of a host-parasite system (fish-helminth parasite) having a direct cycle within a marine environment. A dynamical analysis combining a deterministic approach and a stochastic one adapted to macroparasites allows the introduction of spatial and temporal heterogeneities. A particular effort is made towards the recruitment process.

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12

Rafaluk-Mohr, Charlotte, Michael Gerth, Jordan E. Sealey, Alice K. E. Ekroth, Aziz A. Aboobaker, Anke Kloock, and Kayla C. King. "Microbial protection favors parasite tolerance and alters host-parasite coevolutionary dynamics." Current Biology 32, no. 7 (April 2022): 1593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.063.

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13

Izhar, Rony, Jarkko Routtu, and Frida Ben-Ami. "Host age modulates within-host parasite competition." Biology Letters 11, no. 5 (May 2015): 20150131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0131.

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In many host populations, one of the most striking differences among hosts is their age. While parasite prevalence differences in relation to host age are well known, little is known on how host age impacts ecological and evolutionary dynamics of diseases. Using two clones of the water flea Daphnia magna and two clones of its bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa , we examined how host age at exposure influences within-host parasite competition and virulence. We found that multiply-exposed hosts were more susceptible to infection and suffered higher mortality than singly-exposed hosts. Hosts oldest at exposure were least often infected and vice versa. Furthermore, we found that in young multiply-exposed hosts competition was weak, allowing coexistence and transmission of both parasite clones, whereas in older multiply-exposed hosts competitive exclusion was observed. Thus, age-dependent parasite exposure and host demography (age structure) could together play an important role in mediating parasite evolution. At the individual level, our results demonstrate a previously unnoticed interaction of the host's immune system with host age, suggesting that the specificity of immune function changes as hosts mature. Therefore, evolutionary models of parasite virulence might benefit from incorporating age-dependent epidemiological parameters.

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14

Gehman, Alyssa-Lois M., Richard J. Hall, and James E. Byers. "Host and parasite thermal ecology jointly determine the effect of climate warming on epidemic dynamics." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 4 (January 8, 2018): 744–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705067115.

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Host–parasite systems have intricately coupled life cycles, but each interactor can respond differently to changes in environmental variables like temperature. Although vital to predicting how parasitism will respond to climate change, thermal responses of both host and parasite in key traits affecting infection dynamics have rarely been quantified. Through temperature-controlled experiments on an ectothermic host–parasite system, we demonstrate an offset in the thermal optima for survival of infected and uninfected hosts and parasite production. We combine experimentally derived thermal performance curves with field data on seasonal host abundance and parasite prevalence to parameterize an epidemiological model and forecast the dynamical responses to plausible future climate-warming scenarios. In warming scenarios within the coastal southeastern United States, the model predicts sharp declines in parasite prevalence, with local parasite extinction occurring with as little as 2 °C warming. The northern portion of the parasite’s current range could experience local increases in transmission, but assuming no thermal adaptation of the parasite, we find no evidence that the parasite will expand its range northward under warming. This work exemplifies that some host populations may experience reduced parasitism in a warming world and highlights the need to measure host and parasite thermal performance to predict infection responses to climate change.

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15

Wei, Xuerui, and Zhipeng Qiu. "Global stability and Hopf bifurcation of a host–parasite system." International Journal of Biomathematics 10, no. 04 (March 28, 2017): 1750047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524517500474.

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Understanding the dynamical mechanism of the host–parasite interactions is one of important issues on host–parasite association. In this paper, we formulate a three-dimensional host–macroparasite system to describe the host–parasite interactions, which includes the logistic growth rate of host population, the important free-living stage and the host fecundity reduction due to parasite infection. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the asymptotical behavior of the system. By using the properties of the solution to non-autonomous linear system, the basic production number [Formula: see text] is proved to be a threshold which determines the outcome of the parasites. If [Formula: see text], the parasite will eventually die out, and if [Formula: see text] the parasite will be uniformly persistent. Hopf bifurcation of the system is further studied, and sufficient conditions for the Hopf bifurcation are obtained. By using the singular perturbation techniques, the system is separated into two time scales with a faster time scale for the free-living infective particles and a slower time scale for the population dynamics of host and parasite, and then a complete analysis of the dynamics on the slow manifold is conducted. The theoretical results show that the level of aggregation of parasites within host may influence the persistence and stability of the system.

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16

Penley, McKenna J., and Levi T. Morran. "Host mating system and coevolutionary dynamics shape the evolution of parasite avoidance in Caenorhabditis elegans host populations." Parasitology 145, no. 6 (June 28, 2017): 724–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017000804.

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AbstractHosts exhibit a variety of defence mechanisms against parasites, including avoidance. Both host–parasite coevolutionary dynamics and the host mating system can alter the evolutionary trajectories of populations. Does the nature of host–parasite interactions and the host mating system affect the mechanisms that evolve to confer host defence? In a previous experimental evolution study, mixed mating and obligately outcrossing Caenorhabditis elegans host populations adapted to either coevolving or static Serratia marcescens parasite populations. Here, we assessed parasite avoidance as a mechanism underlying host adaptation. We measured host feeding preference for the coevolved and static parasites vs preference for Escherichia coli, to assess the evolution of avoidance behaviour within our experiment. We found that mixed mating host populations evolved a preference for E. coli relative to the static parasite strain; therefore, the hosts evolved parasite avoidance as a defence. However, mixed mating hosts did not exhibit E. coli preference when exposed to coevolved parasites, so avoidance cannot account for host adaptation to coevolving parasites. Further, the obligately outcrossing host populations did not exhibit parasite avoidance in the presence of either static or coevolved parasites. Therefore, both the nature of host–parasite interactions and the host mating system shaped the evolution of host defence.

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17

Stopka, Pavel, and Dominic D. P. Johnson. "Host-parasite dynamics lead to mixed cooperative games." Folia Zoologica 61, no. 3-4 (November 2012): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25225/fozo.v61.i3.a7.2012.

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18

Atabaigi, Ali, and Mohammad Hossein Akrami. "Dynamics and bifurcations of a host–parasite model." International Journal of Biomathematics 10, no. 06 (April 11, 2017): 1750089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524517500899.

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A two-parameter family of discrete models, consisting of two coupled nonlinear difference equations, describing a host–parasite interaction is considered. In particular, we prove that the model has at most one nontrivial interior fixed point which is stable for a certain range of parameter values and also undergoes a Neimark–Sacker bifurcation that produces an attracting invariant curve in some areas of the parameter.

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19

McArdle, David, and Orlando Merino. "Global dynamics of a Leslie host-parasite model." Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 24, no. 1 (November 2, 2017): 82–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10236198.2017.1397139.

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20

Born, E., and K. Dietz. "Parasite population dynamics within a dynamic host population." Probability Theory and Related Fields 83, no. 1-2 (September 1989): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00333144.

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21

Engelstädter, Jan, and Gregory D. D. Hurst. "The dynamics of parasite incidence across host species." Evolutionary Ecology 20, no. 6 (September 27, 2006): 603–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10682-006-9120-1.

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22

FLATT, THOMAS, NICOLAS MAIRE, and MICHAEL DOEBELI. "A Bit of Sex Stabilizes Host–Parasite Dynamics." Journal of Theoretical Biology 212, no. 3 (October 2001): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.2001.2380.

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23

KARVONEN, ANSSI, ANNA FALTÝNKOVÁ, JOCELYN MAH CHOO, and E. TELLERVO VALTONEN. "Infection, specificity and host manipulation of Australapatemon sp. (Trematoda, Strigeidae) in two sympatric species of leeches (Hirudinea)." Parasitology 144, no. 10 (May 15, 2017): 1346–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017000609.

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SUMMARYFactors that drive parasite specificity and differences in infection dynamics among alternative host species are important for ecology and evolution of host–parasite interactions, but still often poorly known in natural systems. Here, we investigated spatiotemporal dynamics of infection, host susceptibility and parasite-induced changes in host phenotype in a rarely explored host–parasite system, the Australapatemon sp. trematode infecting two sympatric species of freshwater leeches, Erpobdella octoculata and Helobdella stagnalis. We show significant variation in infection abundance between the host species in both space and time. Using experimental infections, we also show that most of this variation likely comes from interspecific differences in exposure rather than susceptibility. Moreover, we demonstrate that the hiding behaviour of E. octoculata, but not that of H. stagnalis, was impaired by the infection irrespective of the parasite abundance. This may increase susceptibility of E. octoculata to predation by the final avian host. We conclude that differences in patterns of infection and in behavioural alterations among alternative sympatric host species may arise in narrow spatial scales, which emphasises the importance of local infection and transmission dynamics for parasite life cycles.

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Hovestadt, Thomas, Jeremy A. Thomas, Oliver Mitesser, and Karsten Schönrogge. "Multiple host use and the dynamics of host switching in host–parasite systems." Insect Conservation and Diversity 12, no. 6 (August 14, 2019): 511–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/icad.12374.

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25

Matthews, Keith R., Richard McCulloch, and Liam J. Morrison. "The within-host dynamics of African trypanosome infections." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1675 (August 19, 2015): 20140288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0288.

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African trypanosomes are single-celled protozoan parasites that are capable of long-term survival while living extracellularly in the bloodstream and tissues of mammalian hosts. Prolonged infections are possible because trypanosomes undergo antigenic variation—the expression of a large repertoire of antigenically distinct surface coats, which allows the parasite population to evade antibody-mediated elimination. The mechanisms by which antigen genes become activated influence their order of expression, most likely by influencing the frequency of productive antigen switching, which in turn is likely to contribute to infection chronicity. Superimposed upon antigen switching as a contributor to trypanosome infection dynamics is the density-dependent production of cell-cycle arrested parasite transmission stages, which limit the infection while ensuring parasite spread to new hosts via the bite of blood-feeding tsetse flies. Neither antigen switching nor developmental progression to transmission stages is driven by the host. However, the host can contribute to the infection dynamic through the selection of distinct antigen types, the influence of genetic susceptibility or trypanotolerance and the potential influence of host-dependent effects on parasite virulence, development of transmission stages and pathogenicity. In a zoonotic infection cycle where trypanosomes circulate within a range of host animal populations, and in some cases humans, there is considerable scope for a complex interplay between parasite immune evasion, transmission potential and host factors to govern the profile and outcome of infection.

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Lauri, Natalia, Zaher Bazzi, Cora L. Alvarez, María F. Leal Denis, Julieta Schachter, Vanesa Herlax, Mariano A. Ostuni, and Pablo J. Schwarzbaum. "ATPe Dynamics in Protozoan Parasites. Adapt or Perish." Genes 10, no. 1 (December 27, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10010016.

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In most animals, transient increases of extracellular ATP (ATPe) are used for physiological signaling or as a danger signal in pathological conditions. ATPe dynamics are controlled by ATP release from viable cells and cell lysis, ATPe degradation and interconversion by ecto-nucleotidases, and interaction of ATPe and byproducts with cell surface purinergic receptors and purine salvage mechanisms. Infection by protozoan parasites may alter at least one of the mechanisms controlling ATPe concentration. Protozoan parasites display their own set of proteins directly altering ATPe dynamics, or control the activity of host proteins. Parasite dependent activation of ATPe conduits of the host may promote infection and systemic responses that are beneficial or detrimental to the parasite. For instance, activation of organic solute permeability at the host membrane can support the elevated metabolism of the parasite. On the other hand ecto-nucleotidases of protozoan parasites, by promoting ATPe degradation and purine/pyrimidine salvage, may be involved in parasite growth, infectivity, and virulence. In this review, we will describe the complex dynamics of ATPe regulation in the context of protozoan parasite–host interactions. Particular focus will be given to features of parasite membrane proteins strongly controlling ATPe dynamics. This includes evolutionary, genetic and cellular mechanisms, as well as structural-functional relationships.

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Dennehy, John J. "What Can Phages Tell Us about Host-Pathogen Coevolution?" International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2012 (November 18, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/396165.

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The outcomes of host-parasite interactions depend on the coevolutionary forces acting upon them, but because every host-parasite relation is enmeshed in a web of biotic and abiotic interactions across a heterogeneous landscape, host-parasite coevolution has proven difficult to study. Simple laboratory phage-bacteria microcosms can ameliorate this difficulty by allowing controlled, well-replicated experiments with a limited number of interactors. Genetic, population, and life history data obtained from these studies permit a closer examination of the fundamental correlates of host-parasite coevolution. In this paper, I describe the results of phage-bacteria coevolutionary studies and their implications for the study of host-parasite coevolution. Recent experimental studies have confirmed phage-host coevolutionary dynamics in the laboratory and have shown that coevolution can increase parasite virulence, specialization, adaptation, and diversity. Genetically, coevolution frequently proceeds in a manner best described by the Gene for Gene model, typified by arms race dynamics, but certain contexts can result in Red Queen dynamics according to the Matching Alleles model. Although some features appear to apply only to phage-bacteria systems, other results are broadly generalizable and apply to all instances of antagonistic coevolution. With laboratory host-parasite coevolutionary studies, we can better understand the perplexing array of interactions that characterize organismal diversity in the wild.

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Dobson, A. P. "The population dynamics of competition between parasites." Parasitology 91, no. 2 (October 1985): 317–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000057401.

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A number of published studies of competition between parasite species are examined and compared. It is suggested that two general levels of interaction are discernible: these correspond to the two levels of competition recognized by workers studying free-living animals and plants: ‘exploitation’ and ‘interference’ competition. The former may be defined as the joint utilization of a host species by two or more parasite species, while the latter occurs when antagonistic mechanisms are utilized by one species either to reduce the survival or fecundity of a second species or to displace it from a preferred site of attachment. Data illustrating both levels of interaction are collated from a survey of the published literature and these suggest that interference competition invariably operates asymmetrically. The data are also used to estimate a number of population parameters which are important in determining the impact of competition at the population level. Theoretical models of host-parasite associations for both classes of competition are used to examine the expected patterns of population dynamics that will be exhibited by simple two-species communities of parasites that utilize the same host population. The analysis suggests that the most important factor allowing competing species of parasites to coexist is the statistical distribution of the parasites within the host population. A joint stable equilibrium should be possible if both species are aggregated in their distribution. The size of the parasite burdens at equilibrium is then determined by other life-history parameters such as pathogenicity, rates of resource utilization and antagonistic ability. Comparison of these theoretical expectations with a variety of sets of empirical data forms the basis for a discussion about the importance of competition in natural parasite populations. The models are used to assess quantitatively the potential for using competing parasite species as biological control agents for pathogens of economic or medical importance. The most important criterion for identifying a successful control agent is an ability to infect a high proportion of the host population. If such a parasite species also exhibits an intermediate level of pathology or an efficient ability to utilize shared common resources, antagonistic interactions between the parasite species contribute only secondarily to the success of the control. Competition in parasites is compared with competition in free-living animals and plants. The comparison suggests further experimental tests which may help to assess the importance of competition in determining the structure of more complex parasite-host communities.

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SARDANYÈS, JOSEP, and RICARD V. SOLÈ. "CHAOTIC STABILITY IN SPATIALLY-RESOLVED HOST-PARASITE REPLICATORS: THE RED QUEEN ON A LATTICE." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 17, no. 02 (February 2007): 589–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127407017458.

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Evolutionary patterns of change are often linked to complex coupled responses associated to predator-prey, immune system-viruses or host–parasite interactions. Under some conditions, it has been postulated that the final outcome of such interactions are oscillatory patterns of genotypic and phenotypic change, generically labeled as Red Queen dynamics (RQD). In RQD, changes occur in a changing pattern ensuring the persistence of both partners at the cost of constant changing. In this paper, we analyze the dynamics of two populations of host-parasite replicators extended on a surface considering three scenarios associated to neutral landscapes on binary hypercubes. Stochastic simulations show three asymptotic dynamic states: (i) host survival and parasite extinction, (ii) host-parasite extinction, and (iii) a stable RQD scenario able to maintain chaotic oscillations. The RQD scenario is shown to be facilitated with the increase of the genotypic diversity associated to the increase of the length of the replicators. Such diversity, jointly with the inclusion of spatial degrees of freedom and mutation, can act as a stabilizing factor.

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Roberts, M. G., and J. A. P. Heesterbeek. "The dynamics of nematode infections of farmed ruminants." Parasitology 110, no. 4 (May 1995): 493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000064830.

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SUMMARYIn this paper the dynamics and control of nematode parasites of farmed ruminants are discussed via a qualitative analysis of a differential equation model. To achieve this a quantity, ‘the basic reproduction quotient’ (Q0), whose definition coincides with previous definitions of R0 for macroparasites, but extends to models with periodic time-varying transition rates between parasite stages or management interventions, is introduced. This quantity has the usual threshold property: if Q0 is less than one the parasite population cannot maintain itself in the host population, and in the long term becomes extinct; but if Q0 is greater than one the parasite can invade the host population. An alternative quantity, R(E), that is often easier to calculate is also introduced, and shown to have the same threshold property. The use of these two quantities in analysing models for the dynamics of nematodes in complex situations is then demonstrated, with reference to the dynamics of mixed parasite species in one host; the effects of breeding host animals for resistance to parasitism; and the development of parasite strains that are resistant to chemotherapy. Five examples are discussed using parameters for the dynamics of nematode infections in sheep, and some statements on control policies are derived.

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Anzia, Elizabeth L., and Jomar F. Rabajante. "Antibiotic-driven escape of host in a parasite-induced Red Queen dynamics." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 9 (September 2018): 180693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180693.

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Winnerless coevolution of hosts and parasites could exhibit Red Queen dynamics, which is characterized by parasite-driven cyclic switching of expressed host phenotypes. We hypothesize that the application of antibiotics to suppress the reproduction of parasites can provide an opportunity for the hosts to escape such winnerless coevolution. Here, we formulate a minimal mathematical model of host–parasite interaction involving multiple host phenotypes that are targeted by adapting parasites. Our model predicts the levels of antibiotic effectiveness that can steer the parasite-driven cyclic switching of host phenotypes (oscillations) to a stable equilibrium of host survival. Our simulations show that uninterrupted application of antibiotic with high-level effectiveness (greater than 85%) is needed to escape the Red Queen dynamics. Interrupted and low level of antibiotic effectiveness are indeed useless to stop host–parasite coevolution. This study can be a guide in designing good practices and protocols to minimize the risk of further progression of parasitic infections.

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Šujanová, Alžbeta, and Radovan Václav. "Phylogeographic Patterns of Haemoproteid Assemblages of Selected Avian Hosts: Ecological and Evolutionary Implications." Microorganisms 10, no. 5 (May 12, 2022): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10051019.

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Background: While the dynamics of disease emergence is driven by host–parasite interactions, the structure and dynamics of these interactions are still poorly understood. Here we study the phylogenetic and morphological clustering of haemosporidian parasite lineages in a local avian host community. Subsequently, we examine geographical patterns of parasite assemblages in selected avian hosts breeding in Europe. Methods: We conduct phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses of Haemoproteus (Parahaemoproteus) lineages based on a short and an extended cytochrome b barcode region. Ordination analyses are used to examine changes in parasite assemblages with respect to climate type and geography. Results: We reveal relatively low phylogenetic clustering of haemoproteid lineages in a local avian host community and identify a potentially new Haemoproteus morphospecies. Further, we find that climate is effectively capturing geographical changes in parasite assemblages in selected widespread avian hosts. Moreover, parasite assemblages are found to vary distinctly across the host’s breeding range, even within a single avian host. Conclusions: This study suggests that a few keystone hosts can be important for the local phylogenetic and morphological clustering of haemoproteid parasites. Host spatio-temporal dynamics, both for partially and long-distance migratory birds, appear to explain geographical variation in haemoproteid parasite assemblages. This study also gives support to the idea that climate variation in terms of rainfall seasonality can be linked to the propensity for host switching in haemosporidians.

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Peacock, Stephanie J., Martin Krkošek, Mark A. Lewis, and Péter K. Molnár. "A unifying framework for the transient parasite dynamics of migratory hosts." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 20 (May 1, 2020): 10897–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908777117.

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Migrations allow animals to track seasonal changes in resources, find mates, and avoid harsh climates, but these regular, long-distance movements also have implications for parasite dynamics and animal health. Migratory animals have been dubbed “superspreaders” of infection, but migration can also reduce parasite burdens within host populations via migratory escape from contaminated habitats and transmission hotspots, migratory recovery due to parasite mortality, and migratory culling of infected individuals. Here, we show that a single migratory host–macroparasite model can give rise to these different phenomena under different parametrizations, providing a unifying framework for a mechanistic understanding of the parasite dynamics of migratory animals. Importantly, our model includes the impact of parasite burden on host movement capability during migration, which can lead to “parasite-induced migratory stalling” due to a positive feedback between increasing parasite burdens and reduced movement. Our results provide general insight into the conditions leading to different health outcomes in migratory wildlife. Our approach lays the foundation for tactical models that can help understand, predict, and mitigate future changes of disease risk in migratory wildlife that may arise from shifting migratory patterns, loss of migratory behavior, or climate effects on parasite development, mortality, and transmission.

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Tang, Yilei. "Global Dynamics of a Parasite-Host Model with Nonlinear Incidence Rate." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 25, no. 08 (July 2015): 1550102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127415501023.

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The paper is concerned with the effect of a nonlinear incidence rate Sp Iq on dynamical behaviors of a parasite-host model. It is shown that the global attractor of the parasite-host model is an equilibrium if q = 1, which is similar to that of the parasite-host model with a nonlinear incidence rate of the fractional function [Formula: see text]. However, when q is greater than one, more positive equilibria appear and limit cycles arise from Hopf bifurcations at the positive equilibria for the model with the incidence rate Sp Iq. It reveals that the nonlinear incidence rate of the exponential function Sp Iq for generic p and q can lead to more complicated and richer dynamics than the bilinear incidence rate or the fractional incidence rate for this model.

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Clerc, Melanie, Dieter Ebert, and Matthew D. Hall. "Expression of parasite genetic variation changes over the course of infection: implications of within-host dynamics for the evolution of virulence." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1804 (April 7, 2015): 20142820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2820.

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How infectious disease agents interact with their host changes during the course of infection and can alter the expression of disease-related traits. Yet by measuring parasite life-history traits at one or few moments during infection, studies have overlooked the impact of variable parasite growth trajectories on disease evolution. Here we show that infection-age-specific estimates of host and parasite fitness components can reveal new insight into the evolution of parasites. We do so by characterizing the within-host dynamics over an entire infection period for five genotypes of the castrating bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa infecting the crustacean Daphnia magna . Our results reveal that genetic variation for parasite-induced gigantism, host castration and parasite spore loads increases with the age of infection. Driving these patterns appears to be variation in how well the parasite maintains control of host reproduction late in the infection process. We discuss the evolutionary consequences of this finding with regard to natural selection acting on different ages of infection and the mechanism underlying the maintenance of castration efficiency. Our results highlight how elucidating within-host dynamics can shed light on the selective forces that shape infection strategies and the evolution of virulence.

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Gillespie, Thomas R. "Book review: Primate Parasite Ecology: The Dynamics and Study of Host-Parasite Relationships." American Journal of Human Biology 22, no. 3 (February 1, 2010): 425–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.21035.

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Mbora, David N. M. "Book review: Primate Parasite Ecology: The Dynamics and Study of Host-Parasite Relationships." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 142, no. 3 (February 22, 2010): 503–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21278.

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VIZOSO, D. B., and D. EBERT. "Within-host dynamics of a microsporidium with horizontal and vertical transmission:Octosporea bayeriinDaphnia magna." Parasitology 128, no. 1 (January 2004): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182003004293.

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The fresh-water crustaceanDaphnia magnamay acquire an infection with the microsporidiumOctosporea bayerieither by ingesting spores from the water (horizontally), or directly from its mother (vertically). Due to differences in the time and mechanisms of transmission, horizontal and vertical infections may lead to differences in the growth of the parasite within the host. This may influence parasite virulence, transmission to new hosts, and, consequently, epidemiology and evolution. Here we describe the within-host dynamics of 3 spore-types ofO.bayerifrom infections that were acquired either horizontally or vertically. In all treatments the number of spores increased exponentially until spore density reached a plateau, suggesting density-dependent within-host growth. The spore types seen differ in their growth dynamics, suggesting different roles in the parasite life-cycle. Horizontally-infected hosts harboured significantly fewer spores than vertically-infected hosts. Further, host survival was affected by infection route, with mortality being higher in horizontal infections than in vertical infections. Our results suggest that different routes of infection have an immediate effect on within-host parasite growth and thus on parasite fitness and epidemiology.

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TADIRI, C. P., M. E. SCOTT, and G. F. FUSSMANN. "Impact of host sex and group composition on parasite dynamics in experimental populations." Parasitology 143, no. 4 (February 18, 2016): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016000172.

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SUMMARYTo better understand the spread of disease in nature, it is fundamentally important to have broadly applicable model systems with readily available species which can be replicated and controlled in the laboratory. Here we used an experimental model system of fish hosts and monogenean parasites to determine whether host sex, group size and group composition (single-sex or mixed-sex) influenced host-parasite dynamics at an individual and group level. Parasite populations reached higher densities and persisted longer in groups of fish compared with isolated hosts and reached higher densities on isolated females than on isolated males. However, individual fish within groups had similar burdens to isolated males regardless of sex, indicating that females may benefit more than males by being in a group. Relative condition was positively associated with high parasite loads for isolated males, but not for isolated females or grouped fish. No difference in parasite dynamics between mixed-sex groups and single-sex groups was detected. Overall, these findings suggest that while host sex influences dynamics on isolated fish, individual fish in groups have similar parasite burdens, regardless of sex. We believe our experimental results contribute to a mechanistic understanding of host-parasite dynamics, although we are cautious about directly extrapolating these results to other systems.

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Turner, Wendy C., Pauline L. Kamath, Henriette van Heerden, Yen-Hua Huang, Zoe R. Barandongo, Spencer A. Bruce, and Kyrre Kausrud. "The roles of environmental variation and parasite survival in virulence–transmission relationships." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 6 (June 2021): 210088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210088.

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Disease outbreaks are a consequence of interactions among the three components of a host–parasite system: the infectious agent, the host and the environment. While virulence and transmission are widely investigated, most studies of parasite life-history trade-offs are conducted with theoretical models or tractable experimental systems where transmission is standardized and the environment controlled. Yet, biotic and abiotic environmental factors can strongly affect disease dynamics, and ultimately, host–parasite coevolution. Here, we review research on how environmental context alters virulence–transmission relationships, focusing on the off-host portion of the parasite life cycle, and how variation in parasite survival affects the evolution of virulence and transmission. We review three inter-related ‘approaches’ that have dominated the study of the evolution of virulence and transmission for different host–parasite systems: (i) evolutionary trade-off theory, (ii) parasite local adaptation and (iii) parasite phylodynamics. These approaches consider the role of the environment in virulence and transmission evolution from different angles, which entail different advantages and potential biases. We suggest improvements to how to investigate virulence–transmission relationships, through conceptual and methodological developments and taking environmental context into consideration. By combining developments in life-history evolution, phylogenetics, adaptive dynamics and comparative genomics, we can improve our understanding of virulence–transmission relationships across a diversity of host–parasite systems that have eluded experimental study of parasite life history.

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Wilson, Mark L. "Ecology of Parasite-Host Dynamics: Principles, Theory, and Analysis." Ecology 83, no. 12 (December 2002): 3525–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[3525:eophdp]2.0.co;2.

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Kenassa Edessa, Geremew, and Purnachandra Rao Koya. "Modeling and Stability Analysis of Host-parasite Population Dynamics." Mathematical Modelling and Applications 5, no. 2 (2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.mma.20200502.17.

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43

Decaestecker, Ellen, Sabrina Gaba, Joost A. M. Raeymaekers, Robby Stoks, Liesbeth Van Kerckhoven, Dieter Ebert, and Luc De Meester. "Host–parasite ‘Red Queen’ dynamics archived in pond sediment." Nature 450, no. 7171 (November 14, 2007): 870–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06291.

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Ak Gumus, Ozlem, and Figen Kangalgil. "Dynamics of a host-parasite model connected with immigration." New Trends in Mathematical Science 3, no. 5 (October 17, 2017): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20852/ntmsci.2017.208.

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45

Becker, Daniel J., Richard J. Hall, Kristian M. Forbes, Raina K. Plowright, and Sonia Altizer. "Anthropogenic resource subsidies and host–parasite dynamics in wildlife." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1745 (March 12, 2018): 20170086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0086.

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46

Best, Alex, Andy White, and Mike Boots. "The Implications of Coevolutionary Dynamics to Host‐Parasite Interactions." American Naturalist 173, no. 6 (June 2009): 779–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/598494.

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47

Su, Min, Wenlong Li, Zizhen Li, Fengpan Zhang, and Cang Hui. "The effect of landscape heterogeneity on host–parasite dynamics." Ecological Research 24, no. 4 (December 19, 2008): 889–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11284-008-0568-z.

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Jaenike, John, and Timothy J. C. Anderson. "Dynamics of Host-Parasite Interactions: The Drosophila-Howardula System." Oikos 64, no. 3 (September 1992): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3545172.

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49

Stenkewitz, Ute, Ólafur K. Nielsen, Karl Skírnisson, and Gunnar Stefánsson. "Host-Parasite Interactions and Population Dynamics of Rock Ptarmigan." PLOS ONE 11, no. 11 (November 21, 2016): e0165293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165293.

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50

Gubbins, Simon, and Christopher A. Gilligan. "Biological control in a disturbed environment." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, no. 1364 (December 29, 1997): 1935–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0180.

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Most ecological and epidemiological models describe systems with continuous uninterrupted interactions between populations. Many systems, though, have ecological disturbances, such as those associated with planting and harvesting of a seasonal crop. In this paper, we introduce host—parasite—hyperparasite systems as models of biological control in a disturbed environment, where the host—parasite interactions are discontinuous. One model is a parasite—hyperparasite system designed to capture the essence of biological control and the other is a host—parasite—hyperparasite system that incorporates many more features of the population dynamics. Two types of discontinuity are included in the models. One corresponds to a pulse of new parasites at harvest and the other reflects the discontinuous presence of the host due to planting and harvesting. Such discontinuities are characteristic of many ecosystems involving parasitism or other interactions with an annual host. The models are tested against data from an experiment investigating the persistent biological control of the fungal plant parasite of lettuce Sclerotinia minor by the fungal hyperparasite Sporidesmium sclerotivorum , over successive crops. Using a combination of mathematical analysis, model fitting and parameter estimation, the factors that contribute the observed persistence of the parasite are examined. Analytical results show that repeated planting and harvesting of the host allows the parasite to persist by maintaining a quantity of host tissue in the system on which the parasite can reproduce. When the host dynamics are not included explicitly in the model, we demonstrate that homogeneous mixing fails to predict the persistence of the parasite population, while incorporating spatial heterogeneity by allowing for heterogeneous mixing prevents fade–out. Including the host's dynamics lessens the effect of heterogeneous mixing on persistence, though the predicted values for the parasite population are closer to the observed values. An alternative hypothesis for persistence involving a stepped change in rates of infection is also tested and model fitting is used to show that changes in some environmental conditions may contribute to parasite persistence. The importance of disturbances and periodic forcing in models for interacting populations is discussed.

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