Relevant bibliographies by topics / Host-parasite dynamics

Academic literature on the topic 'Host-parasite dynamics'

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Published: 10 December 2022
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Journal articles on the topic "Host-parasite dynamics"

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May, R. M., and R. M. Anderson. "Parasite—host coevolution." Parasitology 100, S1 (June 1990): S89—S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000073042.

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In this paper we wish to develop three themes, each having to do with evolutionary aspects of associations between hosts and parasites (with parasite defined broadly, to include viruses, bacteria and protozoans, along with the more conventionally defined helminth and arthropod parasites). The three themes are: the evolution of virulence; the population dynamics and population genetics of host–parasite associations; and invasions by, or ‘emergence’ of, new parasites.
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HOLAND, HÅKON, HENRIK JENSEN, JARLE TUFTO, BERNT-ERIK SÆTHER, and THOR HARALD RINGSBY. "Temporal and spatial variation in prevalence of the parasite Syngamus trachea in a metapopulation of house sparrows (Passer domesticus)." Parasitology 140, no. 10 (June 21, 2013): 1275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013000735.

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SUMMARYWhen investigating parasite–host dynamics in wild populations, a fundamental parameter to investigate is prevalence. This quantifies the percentage of individuals infected in the population. Investigating how prevalence changes over time and space can reveal interesting aspects in the parasite–host relationship in natural populations. We investigated the dynamic between a common avian parasite (Syngamus trachea) in a host metapopulation of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) on the coast of Helgeland in northern Norway. We found that parasite prevalence varied in both time and space. In addition, the parasite prevalence was found to be different between demographic groups in the local populations. Our results reveal just how complex the dynamic between a host and its parasite may become in a fragmented landscape. Although temperature may be an important factor, the specific mechanisms causing this complexity are not fully understood, but need to be further examined to understand how parasite–host interactions may affect the ecological and evolutionary dynamics and viability of host populations.
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Kaitala, V. "Host-parasite dynamics and the evolution of host immunity and parasite fecundity strategies." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 59, no. 3 (May 1997): 427–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8240(96)00090-0.

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Kaitala, Veijo, Mikko Heino, and Wayne M. Getz. "Host-parasite dynamics and the evolution of host immunity and parasite fecundity strategies." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 59, no. 3 (May 1997): 427–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02459459.

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Hite, Jessica L., and Clayton E. Cressler. "Resource-driven changes to host population stability alter the evolution of virulence and transmission." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1745 (March 12, 2018): 20170087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0087.

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What drives the evolution of parasite life-history traits? Recent studies suggest that linking within- and between-host processes can provide key insight into both disease dynamics and parasite evolution. Still, it remains difficult to understand how to pinpoint the critical factors connecting these cross-scale feedbacks, particularly under non-equilibrium conditions; many natural host populations inherently fluctuate and parasites themselves can strongly alter the stability of host populations. Here, we develop a general model framework that mechanistically links resources to parasite evolution across a gradient of stable and unstable conditions. First, we dynamically link resources and between-host processes (host density, stability, transmission) to virulence evolution, using a ‘non-nested’ model. Then, we consider a ‘nested’ model where population-level processes (transmission and virulence) depend on resource-driven changes to individual-level (within-host) processes (energetics, immune function, parasite production). Contrary to ‘non-nested’ model predictions, the ‘nested’ model reveals complex effects of host population dynamics on parasite evolution, including regions of evolutionary bistability; evolution can push parasites towards strongly or weakly stabilizing strategies. This bistability results from dynamic feedbacks between resource-driven changes to host density, host immune function and parasite production. Together, these results highlight how cross-scale feedbacks can provide key insights into the structuring role of parasites and parasite evolution. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Anthropogenic resource subsidies and host–parasite dynamics in wildlife’.
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Gómez, Pedro, Ben Ashby, and Angus Buckling. "Population mixing promotes arms race host–parasite coevolution." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1798 (January 7, 2015): 20142297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2297.

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The consequences of host–parasite coevolution are highly contingent on the qualitative coevolutionary dynamics: whether selection fluctuates (fluctuating selection dynamic; FSD), or is directional towards increasing infectivity/resistance (arms race dynamic; ARD). Both genetics and ecology can play an important role in determining whether coevolution follows FSD or ARD, but the ecological conditions under which FSD shifts to ARD, and vice versa, are not well understood. The degree of population mixing is thought to increase host exposure to parasites, hence selecting for greater resistance and infectivity ranges, and we hypothesize this promotes ARD. We tested this by coevolving bacteria and viruses in soil microcosms and found that population mixing shifted bacteria–virus coevolution from FSD to ARD. A simple theoretical model produced qualitatively similar results, showing that mechanisms that increase host exposure to parasites tend to push dynamics towards ARD. The shift from FSD to ARD with increased population mixing may help to explain variation in coevolutionary dynamics between different host–parasite systems, and more specifically the observed discrepancies between laboratory and field bacteria–virus coevolutionary studies.
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Duffy, Meghan A., and Lena Sivars-Becker. "Rapid evolution and ecological host-parasite dynamics." Ecology Letters 10, no. 1 (December 8, 2006): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00995.x.

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Chiyaka, Edward T., Gesham Magombedze, and Lawrence Mutimbu. "Modelling within Host Parasite Dynamics of Schistosomiasis." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 11, no. 3 (2010): 255–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17486701003614336.

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Schistosomiasis infection is characterized by the presence of adult worms in the portal and mesenteric veins of humans as part of a complex migratory cycle initiated by cutaneous penetration of the cercariae shed by infected freshwater snails. The drug praziquantel is not always effective in the treatment against schistosomiasis at larvae stage. However, our simulations show that it is effective against mature worms and eggs. As a result, the study and understanding of immunological responses is key in understanding parasite dynamics. We therefore introduce quantitative interpretations of human immunological responses of the disease to formulate mathematical models for the within-host dynamics of schistosomiasis. We also use numerical simulations to demonstrate that it is the level of T cells that differentiates between either an effective immune response or some degree of infection. These cells are responsible for the differentiation and recruitment of eosinophils that are instrumental in clearing the parasite. From the model analysis, we conclude that control of infection is much attributed to the value of a functionf, a measure of the average number of larvae penetrating a susceptible individual having hatched from an egg released by an infected individual. This agrees with evidence that there is a close association between the ecology, the distribution of infection and the disease.
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Mangel, Marc, and Bernard D. Roitberg. "Behavioral stabilization of host-parasite population dynamics." Theoretical Population Biology 42, no. 3 (December 1992): 308–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-5809(92)90017-n.

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Hwang, Tzy-Wei, and Yang Kuang. "Host Extinction Dynamics in a Simple Parasite-Host Interaction Model." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 2, no. 4 (2005): 743–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2005.2.743.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Host-parasite dynamics"

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Rethinavel, Natarajan [UNESP]. "Nonlinear dynamics of within-host parasite competition." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/108886.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Nesta tese estudamos a biologia de populações de sistemas hospedeiro-parasita, com especial atenção para os efeitos produzidos por múltiplas infecções de diferentes parasitas numa dada população de hospedeiros. Tal situação se assemelha a múlpiplas espécies competindo por um mesmo recurso. Com os parasitas competindo por hospedeiros, diversos resultados no nível populacional podem ocorrer. Se ambos parasitas não puderem infectar um hospedeiro conjuntamente, então o parasita mais apto elimina o menos apto. Quando co-infecções são possíveis, o padrão muda e a coexistência pode ser estabelecida. Finalmente, se um parasita pode deslocar o outro, o assim chamado efeito intraguilda, o resultado dependerá fortemente da taxa de geração de novos hospedeiros, a qual é determinada por fatores ambientais. Nós estudamos este sistema por meio de um modelo matemático su?cientemente abrangente para dar conta destas situações. Procedemos passo-a-passo: começamos com um modelo matemático simples para o caso de um parasita e um hospedeiro. Ao progredirmos para outros casos nosso modelo matemático passa a incluir novos termos até chegarmos num modelo completo. Há dois métodos de análise envolvidos. Estudamos analiticamente a estabilidade do estado livre de infecções, o que nos permite dar condições sobre a capacidade dos parasitas de invadir uma população não infectada/parasitada. Por outro lado, usamos métodos numéricos para estudar o comportamento para grandes tempos, que em todos os casos tende a um ponto ?xo. O foco é saber qual parasita prevelacerá ou se haverá coexistência, além de determinar as condições que regulam o resultado da interação. Através de diagramas de bifurcação analisamos a importância da riqueza de recursos do ambiente, relacionada à taxa de produção de novos hospedeiros. Encontramos que os estados assimptóticos dependem fortemente...
In this thesis we study the population biology of host-parasite systems, with a systematic view of the e?ects produced by multiple infections of di?erent parasites on a same host population. This situation is akin to multiple species competing for a shared resource. As parasites compete for a host, several outcomes at the population level can appear. If both parasites cannot jointly infect the same host, then the ?ttest parasite eliminates the other. When confection is possible, the pattern changes, and coexistence of both parasites becomes possible. Finally, if a parasite can displace the other within the host, the so-called intraguild e?ect, the outcome will strongly be dependent on the income rate of new hosts, which is determined by environmental factors. We studied this system through a mathematical model which is broad enough to encompass these situations. We proceed by steps: ?rst we framed a simple mathematical model for a single parasite/host case and as we progress to other cases, our mathematical model includes new terms and ?nally it is shaped into a complete model. Our methods are twofold. We study analytically the stability of the disease-free state, which allows us to give conditions for the ability of the parasites to invade a disease-free/non-infected population. On the other hand, we resort to numerical methods to study the long-term behavior of the system, which in all cases tends to a ?xed point. The main focus is to know which parasite prevails or if they are able to coexist, and determine the conditions that regulate this outcome . Through bifurcation diagrams we analyzed the importance of the richness of the environment, de?ned by the rate of production of new hosts. We found that the long-term states depend crucially on this rate. Our main original contribution is related to the study of the intraguild e?ect. Depending of the host income rate we can have four di?erent states, which are a disease...
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Rethinavel, Natarajan. "Nonlinear dynamics of within-host parasite competition /." São Paulo, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/108886.

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Orientador: Roberto André Kraenkel
Banca: Hilda Cerdeira
Banca: Fernando Fagundes Ferreira
Banca: Mario José de Oliveira
Banca: Stefanella Boatto
Resumo: Nesta tese estudamos a biologia de populações de sistemas hospedeiro-parasita, com especial atenção para os efeitos produzidos por múltiplas infecções de diferentes parasitas numa dada população de hospedeiros. Tal situação se assemelha a múlpiplas espécies competindo por um mesmo recurso. Com os parasitas competindo por hospedeiros, diversos resultados no nível populacional podem ocorrer. Se ambos parasitas não puderem infectar um hospedeiro conjuntamente, então o parasita mais apto elimina o menos apto. Quando co-infecções são possíveis, o padrão muda e a coexistência pode ser estabelecida. Finalmente, se um parasita pode deslocar o outro, o assim chamado efeito intraguilda, o resultado dependerá fortemente da taxa de geração de novos hospedeiros, a qual é determinada por fatores ambientais. Nós estudamos este sistema por meio de um modelo matemático suficientemente abrangente para dar conta destas situações. Procedemos passo-a-passo: começamos com um modelo matemático simples para o caso de um parasita e um hospedeiro. Ao progredirmos para outros casos nosso modelo matemático passa a incluir novos termos até chegarmos num modelo completo. Há dois métodos de análise envolvidos. Estudamos analiticamente a estabilidade do estado livre de infecções, o que nos permite dar condições sobre a capacidade dos parasitas de invadir uma população não infectada/parasitada. Por outro lado, usamos métodos numéricos para estudar o comportamento para grandes tempos, que em todos os casos tende a um ponto fixo. O foco é saber qual parasita prevelacerá ou se haverá coexistência, além de determinar as condições que regulam o resultado da interação. Através de diagramas de bifurcação analisamos a importância da riqueza de recursos do ambiente, relacionada à taxa de produção de novos hospedeiros. Encontramos que os estados assimptóticos dependem fortemente...
Abstract: In this thesis we study the population biology of host-parasite systems, with a systematic view of the effects produced by multiple infections of different parasites on a same host population. This situation is akin to multiple species competing for a shared resource. As parasites compete for a host, several outcomes at the population level can appear. If both parasites cannot jointly infect the same host, then the fittest parasite eliminates the other. When confection is possible, the pattern changes, and coexistence of both parasites becomes possible. Finally, if a parasite can displace the other within the host, the so-called intraguild effect, the outcome will strongly be dependent on the income rate of new hosts, which is determined by environmental factors. We studied this system through a mathematical model which is broad enough to encompass these situations. We proceed by steps: first we framed a simple mathematical model for a single parasite/host case and as we progress to other cases, our mathematical model includes new terms and finally it is shaped into a complete model. Our methods are twofold. We study analytically the stability of the disease-free state, which allows us to give conditions for the ability of the parasites to invade a disease-free/non-infected population. On the other hand, we resort to numerical methods to study the long-term behavior of the system, which in all cases tends to a fixed point. The main focus is to know which parasite prevails or if they are able to coexist, and determine the conditions that regulate this outcome . Through bifurcation diagrams we analyzed the importance of the richness of the environment, defined by the rate of production of new hosts. We found that the long-term states depend crucially on this rate. Our main original contribution is related to the study of the intraguild effect. Depending of the host income rate we can have four different states, which are a disease...
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Pascua, Laura del Carmen Lopez. "Environmental and genetic determinants of host-parasite coevolutionary dynamics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531978.

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Dugaw, Christopher James. "Dynamics of a soil-dwelling parasite and its insect host /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Schaik, Antoon Jacobus van [Verfasser]. "The influence of host social system on host-parasite evolutionary dynamics / Antoon Jacobus van Schaik." Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1118373596/34.

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Gubbins, S. "Dynamics and control of host-parasite systems in heterogeneous and disturbed environments." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599772.

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Using a combination of mathematical analysis, model fitting and parameter estimation, this thesis examines the dynamics and control of host-parasite systems in heterogeneous and disturbed environments. The first chapter introduces and tests models for the population dynamics of Sclerotinia minor, an economically important fungal plant parasite, and the fungal hyperparasite Sporidesmium sclerotivorum in a closed system from which any host of S. minor is excluded. Model structures are identified that reflect experimental data rather than models that are simply mathematical abstractions. Various elaborations of this simple model are discussed in the next chapter and, specifically, the effect of a latent period of infection and the influence of differentiating between primary and secondary infections are considered. In the following chapter, models are developed in which the dynamics of a host crop (lettuce) of S. minor are included. Various mechanisms that contribute to the observed persistence of the parasite are examined and, in particular, the roles played by discontinuities due to planting and harvesting of the lettuce crop, spatial heterogeneity and changes in environmental conditions are considered. Although the models discussed in the first three chapters are developed with close reference to the S. minor-S. sclerotivorum system, they are of broad applicability. In the remaining largely theoretical chapters, the population dynamics of the models are analysed, paying particular attention to thresholds for invasion and persistence. The persistence of host-parasite interactions in disturbed environments (where the host is not continuously present or does not continuously reproduce) is considered first. In the penultimate chapter, thresholds for invasion in plant-parasite systems are derived. These systems are characterised by dual sources of inoculum (primary and secondary infection) and a host response to infection load. Finally, the simple model fitted to the S. minor-S. sclerotivorum data is used to examine the effects of heterogeneous mixing on invasion and persistence.
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Miller, Martin Roy. "Theoretical models for the evolution and ecological dynamics of host-parasite systems." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2006. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14903/.

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Natural organisms are infected by many different parasites, and as a consequence, hosts have evolved a wide range of defences to cope with them. Resistance may be conferred through mechanisms that reduce susceptibility to infection ('avoidance') or increase the rate of clearance ('recovery'). Other forms of resistance reduce the deleterious effects of infection ('tolerance'), or inhibit the parasite's growth ('control'). In addition to these innate forms, hosts may also benefit from immunological memory ('acquired immunity'). The evolution of resistance is expected to be costly in terms of other life history traits. In the presence of such 'trade-offs', the host population may evolve towards an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) that balances the costs and benefits of resistance. Another possibility is that a process of evolutionary branching occurs, leading to polymorphism of distinct strategies. Parasites also show adaptation to their hosts and have generally not evolved to be avirulent. Again, this is the result of trade-offs between virulence and other aspects of life history. Often, a higher transmission rate is attained at the cost of increased virulence. This thesis uses a mathematical modelling approach to examine hostparasite interactions. The first part considers the evolutionary dynamics of quantitative host resistance and parasite traits, employing fitness expressions constructed using the techniques of adaptive dynamics. The second part examines the population dynamics of host-parasite interactions; in particular, how different assumptions about the nature of the transmission process may affect the dynamics.
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Ortega, Nicole. "Flames and Frogs – The Impact of Environmental Disturbances on Host-Parasite Dynamics." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7640.

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The successful completion of this work is dedicated first to my grandparents for having always shown their unwavering love and encouragement in my journeys (most of which they kindly and politely only pretended to understand) and for having also served as life-long role models who upheld an unparalleled work ethic. To many whom I consider to be my chosen family, especially Ann Williams and Brittany Sears, who kept me laughing, but more importantly, kept my crazy train from derailing during these tumultuous years. To Wayne Price and Tom Jackman, who fostered the success of my career and are the epitome of patience and kindness. To DeAngelis, for the many hours of laughter, conversations, and adventuresome treks that further kindled my knowledge, love, and respect for Florida’s ecology. To family in Alabama who have either helped shape my brazen character or made this education possible. To Taego, the one to whom I am bound through so many of the stories that begin with, “Remember when…?” and who is often so kind and thoughtful though he still holds tightly to the stereotype of the selfish youngest sibling. Finally, to Fen for being my smiling, bright blue-eyed, spunky kid who has been on this journey with me from the get-go; for keeping me from getting too big for my britches; for your intrinsic fire that burns for equality, fairness, and friendship; and for inspiring me to be the best example of a mother that I can possibly be.
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Dunlop, Judy. "The ecology and host parasite dynamics of a fauna translocation in Australia." Thesis, Dunlop, Judy (2015) The ecology and host parasite dynamics of a fauna translocation in Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2015. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/29146/.

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Despite the frequency of fauna translocations as a technique to improve the conservation status of threatened species, new populations frequently fail to establish. Translocations often lack experimental manipulation to determine ‘best practice’ methods to improve success. One poorly understood element of translocation science is the impact of parasites and disease-­‐causing pathogens on the animals moved and the ecosystem they are moved into. Of 58 published Australian translocations in the last 40 years, only 20 (35%) employed any level of parasite management, despite potential contribution of disease to initial fauna declines. I closely investigated a translocation of boodies (Bettongia lesueur) from Barrow Island and Dryandra to Lorna Glen, and ‘island dwarf’ golden bandicoots (Isoodon auratus) from Barrow Island to Lorna Glen and Hermite Island. Bandicoots born into the new populations showed an increased skeletal size and body mass (males) and reproductive output in the number and average size of young (females). These changes occurred within 18 months of release, suggesting that responses were due to phenotypic plasticity, rather than selective pressure occurring over many generations. I conclude that the small size of bandicoots on Barrow Island is a response to resource limitation, rather than true island dwarfism. I determined the impact on parasite load and survivorship of translocated animals by treating half the population with a topical antiparasitic. Despite frequent trapping (six-­‐ weekly) and very high recapture rate (64–99%), repeated dosage did not significantly impact ectoparasite or haemoparasite infection, or survival of the marsupials. I observed transmission of parasites between animals of different origin and to offspring, and a decline in species diversity present in the translocated population due to the failure of some species to persist. This thesis identified knowledge gaps in the translocation literature and addressed some key concepts of species ecology, population dynamics and parasitology via post-translocation monitoring.
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Woodburn, Maureen I. A. "Comparative population dynamics of wild and reared pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323941.

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Books on the topic "Host-parasite dynamics"

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Insect herbivore-host dynamics: Tree-dwelling aphids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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1936-, May Robert M., ed. Infectious diseases of humans: Dynamics and control. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

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Crichton, Michael. Prey. New York: Harper, 2013.

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Crichton, Michael. Presa. Barcelona, Spain: Debolsillo, 2005.

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Crichton, Michael. Prey. New York, USA: Avon Books, 2003.

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Crichton, Michael. La proie. Paris: Robert Laffont, 2005.

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Crichton, Michael. Prey. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: HarperCollins Publishers, 2003.

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Crichton, Michael. Prey. London: HarperCollins Publishers, 2002.

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Crichton, Michael. Prey. New York, USA: Harper Collins Publishers, 2002.

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Crichton, Michael. Prey. London: HarperCollins Publishers, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Host-parasite dynamics"

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Schiva, T. "Dynamics of Host-Parasite Interactions." In Genetics and Breeding of Ornamental Species, 213–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3296-1_11.

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Ezanno, Pauline, Elisabeta Vergu, Michel Langlais, and Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont. "Modelling the Dynamics of Host-Parasite Interactions: Basic Principles." In New Frontiers of Molecular Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, 79–101. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2114-2_5.

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Stephan, Wolfgang, and Aurélien Tellier. "Stochastic processes and host-parasite coevolution: Linking coevolutionary dynamics and DNA polymorphism data." In Probabilistic Structures in Evolution, 107–26. Zuerich, Switzerland: European Mathematical Society Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4171/ecr/17-1/6.

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Hannon, Bruce, and Matthias Ruth. "Nicholson–Bailey Host–Parasite Interaction." In Modeling Dynamic Biological Systems, 267–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05615-9_32.

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Keeling, M. J., and D. A. Rand. "Spatial Correlations and Local Fluctuations in Host-Parasite Models." In From Finite to Infinite Dimensional Dynamical Systems, 5–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0732-0_2.

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"Host-Parasite Dynamics." In Parasites in Social Insects, 204–36. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvs32rn5.9.

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"6. Host-Parasite Dynamics." In Parasites in Social Insects, 204–36. Princeton University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780691206851-007.

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Lively, Curtis M. "Parasite-Host Interactions." In Evolutionary Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195131543.003.0029.

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The diversity of known strategies for parasitic lifestyles is truly astonishing. Many species of parasitic worms, for example, utilize only one host species, while others cycle between two or more (as many as four) different species of hosts. Some parasites are highly virulent, seriously debilitating or even killing their hosts, while others cause only minor damage. Some parasites (such as viruses) are very small relative to their hosts and have the capacity for explosive reproduction. Others are almost as large as their hosts, and have relatively slow generation times. Therefore, parasites are difficult to categorize. Here, I use parasite to refer to organisms that have an obligate association with, and a negative effect on, another organism (the host). Host strategies for dealing with parasites are equally complex. Vertebrates have highly specialized immune systems that can rapidly respond to infection and then store information that can be used to mount future responses to the same type of infection. Invertebrates lack the memory cells of true immune systems, but they do have complex self-nonself recognition systems for recognizing and killing foreign tissues. Plants also have highly specialized defenses against pathogens, and the genetic basis of these defenses is especially well known due to the work of plant pathologists on crop plants. The myriad of details involved in the interactions between hosts and their parasites is overwhelming, but there are some shared, general aspects of these interactions that are of particular interest to evolutionary ecologists. First, parasites may attack in a frequency-dependent way. In other words, the probability of infection for a particular host genotype is expected to be, at least in part, a function of the frequency of that host genotype. This expectation has implications for sexual selection and the evolutionary maintenance of cross-fertilization (Sakai, this volume; Savalli, this volume). Second, parasites may affect the population density of their hosts, and host density may feed back to affect the numerical dynamics of the parasite. Host density may also affect natural selection on the reproductive rates of parasites, which in turn is likely to affect host fitness and host dynamics.
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Nunn, Charles L., and Sonia Altizer. "Host–parasite dynamics and epidemiological principles." In Infectious Diseases in Primates, 98–133. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565857.003.0004.

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10

Schmid-Hempel, Paul. "Host–parasite co-evolution." In Evolutionary Parasitology, 389–416. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832140.003.0014.

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Macroevolutionary patterns concern phylogenies of hosts and their parasites. From those, co-speciation occurs; but host switching is a common evolutionary process and more likely when hosts are close phylogenetically and geographical ranges overlap. Microevolutionary processes refer to allele frequency changes within population. In arms races, traits of hosts and parasites evolve in one direction in response to selection by the other party. With selective sweeps, advantageous alleles rapidly spread in host or parasite population and can become fixed. With antagonistic negative frequency-dependent fluctuations (Red Queen dynamics) genetic polymorphism in populations can be maintained, even through speciation events. A Red Queen co-evolutionary process can favour sexual over asexual reproduction and maintain meiotic recombination despite its other disadvantages (two-fold cost of sex). Local adaptation of host and parasites exist in various combinations; the relative migration rates of the two parties, embedded in a geographical mosaic, are important for this process.
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Conference papers on the topic "Host-parasite dynamics"

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Sullivan, Adam, Xiaopeng Zhao, and Chunlei Su. "Mathematical Modeling of Within-Host Dynamics of Toxoplasma Gondii." In ASME 2011 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference and Bath/ASME Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2011-6133.

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Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan capable of replicating sexually in cats and asexually in other warm-blooded animals. By using a three dimensional mesh of both the brain and spleen, it is possible to simulate using a computational model to demonstrate the entire life-cycle within an intermediate host of the parasite as it completes the life-cycle using host cells of these organs. A cellular automata model is developed to demonstrate the dynamics of the parasite, where each cell follows the same set of rules for each discrete time-step. This cellular automata model allows for data simulations to be run of the parasite within a mouse and display graphical images and animations.
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