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1
Sengebau, Fernando M. Determination of non-host status for Betel Nut (Areca catechu). Palau: Bureau of Agriculture, 2004.
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2
Tripp, Ralph A., and S. Mark Tompkins, eds. Roles of Host Gene and Non-coding RNA Expression in Virus Infection. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05369-7.
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3
PhD, Henderson Brian, ed. Cellular microbiology: Bacteria-host interactions in health and disease. Chichester: J. Wiley, 1999.
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4
Ashton, Matthew J. Freshwater mussel records collected by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources' Monitoring and Non-Tidal Assessment Division (1995-2009): Investigating environmental conditions and potential host fish of select species. Annapolis, Md: Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Resource Assessment Service, Monitoring and Non-Tidal Assessment Division, 2010.
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5
Adegbite, Adewale Bandele. English language usage, uses and misuse(s) in a non-host second language context, Nigeria: An inaugural lecture delivered at the Oduduwa Hall, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria on Tuesday September 14, 2010. Ile-Ife, Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo University Press Limited, 2010.
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6
Luong, Lien, Julia Buck, Janet Koprivnikar, and Sara B. Weinstein, eds. Ecology and Evolution of Non-Consumptive Effects in Host-Parasite Interactions. Frontiers Media SA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88971-913-6.
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Brombacher, Frank, Abhay Satoskar, and Alessandro Marcello, eds. Towards Host-Directed Drug Therapies for Infectious and Non-Communicable Diseases. Frontiers Media SA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88963-102-5.
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Taberlet, Pierre, Aurélie Bonin, Lucie Zinger, and Eric Coissac. Host-associated microbiota. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767220.003.0016.
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DNA-based approaches have enabled the multifaceted role of microbes for the fitness and performance of their host to be revealed. The increasing recognition of the crucial role of microorganisms for the fitness and performance of plants and animals has led to the concepts of holobiont (i.e., a host and its microbiota), and hologenome (i.e., the collective genomes of a holobiont). Here a brief review is provided of the advances that have been made in this field by using DNA-based approaches. Chapter 16 “Host-associated microbiota” summarizes this area of research by presenting past and recent major findings, as well as new research avenues for unraveling host-microbiota interactions in non-model animals and plants.
9
Tripp, Ralph A., and S. Mark Tompkins. Roles of Host Gene and Non-coding RNA Expression in Virus Infection. Springer, 2019.
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10
Masihi, K. N. Immunomodulators and Non-Specific Host Defense Mechanisms Against Microbial Infections (Advances in the Biosciences). Pergamon, 1988.
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11
Masihi, K. N. Immunomodulators and Non-Specific Host Defense Mechanisms Against Microbial Infections (Advances in the Biosciences). Pergamon, 1988.
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12
Sadowski, Ivan John *. A non-catalytic domain of the v-fps protein-tyrosine kinase directs interactons with the host cell. 1988.
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13
Lax, Alistair J., Michael F. Wilson, Rod McNab, and Brian Henderson. Cellular Microbiology: Bacteria-Host Interactions in Health and Disease. Wiley, 1999.
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14
Lax, Alistair J., Michael F. Wilson, Rod McNab, and Brian Henderson. Cellular Microbiology: Bacteria-Host Interactions in Health and Disease. Wiley, 1999.
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15
Immunobiologic prognostic factors in aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: The role of proliferative index, host-immune response, and continuous lactate dehydrogenase level in predicting survival in 148 consecutive subjects. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2000.
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16
Koinova, Maria. Diaspora Entrepreneurs and Contested States. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848622.001.0001.
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Why do conflict-generated diasporas mobilize in contentious and non-contentious ways or use mixed strategies of contention? Why do they channel their homeland-oriented goals through host-states, transnational networks, and international organizations? This book develops a theory of socio-spatial positionality and its implications for the individual agency of diaspora entrepreneurs, moving beyond essentialized notions of diasporas as groups. Individual diaspora entrepreneurs operate in transnational social fields affecting their mobilizations beyond dynamics confined to host-states and original home-states. There are four types of diaspora entrepreneurs—Broker, Local, Distant, and Reserved—depending on the relative strength of their socio-spatial linkages to host-land, on the one hand, and original homeland and other global locations, on the other. A two-level typological theory captures nine causal pathways, unravelling how the socio-spatial linkages of these diaspora entrepreneurs interact with external factors: host-land foreign policies, homeland governments, parties, non-state actors, and critical events or limited global influences. Such pathways produce mobilization trajectories with varying levels of contention and methods of channelling homeland-oriented goals. Non-contentious pathways often occur when host-state foreign policies are convergent with the diaspora entrepreneurs’ goals, and when diaspora entrepreneurs can act autonomously. Dual-pronged contention pathways occur quite often, under the influence of homeland governments, non-state actors, and political parties. The most contentious pathway occurs in response to violent critical events in the homeland or adjacent to it fragile states. This book is informed by 300 interviews and a dataset of 146 interviews with diaspora entrepreneurs among the Albanian, Armenian, and Palestinian diasporas in the UK, Germany, France, Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland, as well as Kosovo and Armenia in the European neighbourhood.
17
Mendy, Angèle Flora. Recruitment Policies of Non-EU/EEA Nurses and Ethical Issues. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815273.003.0015.
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By examining policies of recruiting non-EU/EEA health workers and how ethical considerations are taken into account when employing non-EU/EEA nurses in the United Kingdom, France, and Switzerland, this chapter intends to show that the use of the so-called ‘ethical’ argument to convince national public opinion of the relevance of restrictive recruitment policies is recent (since the 1990s). The analysis highlights the fact that in addition to the institutional legacies, qualification and skills—through the process of their recognition—play an important role in the opening or restriction of the labour market to health professionals from the Global South. The legacy of the past also largely determines the place offered to non-EU/EEA health professionals in the different health systems of host countries.
18
Dangerfield, Paul, Andrew Austin, and Graeme Baker. Biology, Ecology and Systematics of Australian Scelio. CSIRO Publishing, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100763.
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Parasitic wasps of the genus Scelio play an important role in the regulation of orthopteran populations and are implicated in suppressing numbers of numerous pest locusts and grasshoppers. This landmark volume provides a full taxonomic treatment of the sixty species of Scelio found on the Australian continent and reviews in detail the biology and ecology and host relationships of Scelio on a worldwide basis.
Taking an international perspective, the text outlines our current knowledge on topics such as host finding, population biology, and methods and techniques for collection and study in the field. The use of Scelio as biological control agents is discussed and comprehensive checklists document the recorded host relationships of each known species worldwide.
There is a full taxonomic revision of all Australian species of Scelio, half of which are newly described. Each species description is complemented with high-quality line drawings, micrographs and distribution maps. In addition, an illustrated key to species enables easy identification of species by non-taxonomists. Biology, Ecology and Systematics of Australian Scelio provides wasp taxonomists, researchers of orthoptera and biological control workers with a basis for detailed studies elsewhere on this economically important group of insects.
19
Rahman, Md Mizanur, and Rakesh Ranjan. Indian Migrant Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190121341.001.0001.
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The Indian diaspora is increasingly engaging with the homeland by forming a range of migrant organizations—organizations constituting a growing sector of non-State actors who engage with the host country and the country of origin in a sustained and profound way. Research on migrant organizations tends to focus only transnational migrant organizations in host countries. Indian Migrant Organizations analyses a set of local and transnational organizations formed by Indian migrants, whose activities include mobilizing resources and connections and engaging in numerous development initiatives in India, and studies their engagement particularly in the Indian healthcare and education sectors. In particular, the book discusses how these organizations have evolved, what kind of healthcare and educational projects and activities they are carrying out, and how such collective efforts are affecting development dynamics in India.
20
Norah, Gallagher, and Shan Wenhua. 3 Fair And Equitable Treatment. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law:iic/9780199230259.003.003.
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Like other bilateral investment treaties (BITs), Chinese BITs establish a set of general standards of treatment accorded to foreign investors by the host state. The most commonly found general standards of treatment include fair and equitable treatment (FET), (full) protection and security (PNS), most favoured nation treatment (MFN), and national treatment (NT). The first two belong to the group of non-contingent standards (or so-called “absolute standard of treatment”), whilst the latter two are forms of contingent standards (or “relative standards of treatment”). Absolute standards do not depend on treatment granted to other investors. In contrast, the relative standards are contingent on treatment given to other categories of investors, nationals of the host state in the case of NT and investors from third states for the MFN. This chapter begins with an examination of the FET standard, focusing on the different approaches of interpretations that have been developed in theory and in arbitration practice. It then analyzes the standard under Chinese BITs and assesses the implications of its standard format and any variations.
21
Pearlman, Wendy, and Boaz Atzili. Triadic Coercion: Israel's Targeting of States That Host Nonstate Actors. Columbia University Press, 2019.
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22
Pearlman, Wendy, and Boaz Atzili. Triadic Coercion: Israel's Targeting of States That Host Nonstate Actors. Columbia University Press, 2018.
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23
Triadic Coercion: Israel's Targeting of States That Host Nonstate Actors. Columbia University Press, 2018.
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24
Jeswald W, Salacuse. 11 Treatment of State Obligations (the ‘Umbrella Clause’). Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703976.003.0011.
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A large number of investment treaties contain provisions, often referred to as ‘umbrella clauses’, that require host states to respect non-treaty commitments and obligations made to foreign investment covered by the treaty. This chapter examines the general nature of umbrella clauses, their historical background, the various forms that they can take, and their application by arbitral tribunals. In view of the unsettled state of the jurisprudence on umbrella clauses, the chapter concludes with a suggested framework of analysis for applying umbrella clauses to specific investments, setting out a number of questions which persons applying umbrella clauses should seek to address.
25
Litell, John M., and Nathan I. Shapiro. Pathophysiology of septic shock. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0297.
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The pathophysiology of sepsis is the result of a dysregulated host response to infection. Interactions between conserved pathogenic signals and host recognition systems initiate a systemic reaction to local infection. Pro- and anti-inflammatory intermediates and associated coagulatory abnormalities lead to altered macrovascular, microvascular, and mitochondrial function. Uncorrected, these processes yield similar patterns of failure in multiple organ systems. Mortality increases with successive organ failures. Although commonly thought to be a manifestation of impaired renal circulation, septic acute kidney injury may be due primarily to non-haemodynamic factors. Pulmonary parenchymal dysfunction in sepsis also contributes to failures in other organ systems. Sepsis involves complex alterations in myocardial function, vascular tone, and capillary integrity, which are mediated by elevated concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species, among others. Gut hypomotility and translocation of enteric flora likely contribute to a persistent inflammatory response. This perpetuates the pathophysiological pattern of sepsis, and can lead to the delayed onset of these features in patients with other types of critical illness. The neurological manifestations of sepsis include acquired delirium, which is also probably due to circulatory and inflammatory abnormalities, as well as alterations in cerebral amino acid metabolism. Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency and derangements in glucose metabolism are among the endocrine abnormalities commonly seen in septic patients. Restoration of homeostasis requires early haemodynamic resuscitation and aggressive infectious source control.
26
Shu, XU, WU Yingying, and JIA Henry Hailong. Investment law’s Roots in Customary International law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-iic/9780198809722.016.0006.
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The existing regimes of international investment law and trade law both face a prominent issue, namely, the balance between investment protection/trade liberalization on the one hand and the right of host states/importing countries to regulate for non-economic purposes on the other hand. However, investment law has taken an approach that is different from that of trade law in dealing with the issue. In addressing the balancing issue, this chapter finds investment law has deep roots in customary international law and argues that the roots of investment law in customary international law can partially explain why investment law is kept apart from trade law in this context.
27
Provan, Drew, Trevor Baglin, Inderjeet Dokal, Johannes de Vos, and Hassan Al-Sader. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199683307.003.0009.
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Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) - Indications for haemopoietic SCT - Allogeneic SCT - Autologous STC - Investigations for BMT/PBSCT - Pretransplant investigation of donors - Bone marrow harvesting - Peripheral blood stem cell mobilization and harvesting - Microbiological screening for stem cell cryopreservation - Stem cell transplant conditioning regimens - Infusion of cryopreserved stem cells - Infusion of fresh non-cryopreserved stem cells - Blood product support for SCT - Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) prophylaxis - Acute GvHD - Chronic GvHD - Veno-occlusive disease (syn. sinusoidal obstruction syndrome) - Invasive fungal infections and antifungal therapy - CMV prophylaxis and treatment - Post-transplant vaccination programme and foreign travel - Longer term effect post-transplant - Treatment of relapse post-allogeneic SCT - Discharge and follow-up
28
Rello, Jordi, and Bárbara Borgatta. Pathophysiology of pneumonia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0115.
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Airway colonization, ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT), and hospital-acquired (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are three manifestations having the presence of micro-organisms in airways in common. Newer definitions have to consider worsening of oxygenation, in addition to purulent respiratory secretions, chest-X rays opacities, and biomarkers of inflammation. Bacteria are the main causes of HAP/VAP. During hospitalization there’s a shift of airway’s colonizing flora from core organisms to enteric and non-fermentative ones. Macro- and micro-aspiration is the most important source of pneumonia. Endotracheal tube secretion leakage is an important source, serving biofilm as a reservoir. Exogenous colonization is infrequent, but it may contribute to cross-infection with resistant species. Prevention of VAP can be achieved by implementing multidisciplinary care bundles focusing on oral/hand hygiene and control of sedation. Pneumonia develops when micro-organisms overwhelm host defences, resulting in a multifocal process. Risk and severity of pneumonia is determined by bacterial burden, organism virulence and host defences. Innate and adaptive immune responses are altered, decreasing clearing of pathogens. Some deficits of the complement pathway in intubated patients are associated with increased risk for VAP and higher mortality. Micro-arrays have demonstrated specific different immunological signatures for VAP and VAT. Early antibiotic therapy is associated with a decrease in early HAP/VAP incidence, but selects for MDR organisms. Attributable mortality is lower than 10%, but HAP/VAP prolongs length of stay, and dramatically increase costs and use of health care resources.
29
August, Reinisch. Part VI The Post-Award Phase, 29 Enforcement of Investment Treaty Awards. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0029.
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Investment arbitration between States and private parties is mostly pursued according to the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Dispute (ICSID) Convention and under various institutional or ad hoc arbitration rules leading to arbitral awards, which are regarded as foreign arbitral awards in the sense of the 1958 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. This chapter distinguishes between enforcement possibilities offered by the New York Convention for non-ICSID awards and the special enforcement regime for ICSID awards laid down in the ICSID Convention. In the majority of that fraction of cases in which host States were found to have incurred liability, the awards seem to have been voluntarily complied with.
30
Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Prebiotics and probiotics in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0027.
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Probiotics are live, non-pathogenic commensal microorganisms with beneficial effects on the host organism; they improve and/or maintain intestinal flora balance by suppressing and displacing harmful bacteria. Prebiotics are nondigestible food components that stimulate growth or activity of these beneficial intestinal bacteria. Such microorganisms form an integral part of the intestinal mucosal defence system and are important for the development and maturation of the infant#amp;#x2019;s gastrointestinal tract. Maternal ingestion of probiotics and prebiotics from dietary sources during pregnancy, or by the infant at weaning, may enhance the development and maturation of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract. Probiotic foods may also help control insulin resistance and the development of gestational diabetes.
31
Katia, Yannaca-Small. Part IV Guide to Key Substantive Issues, 20 Fair and Equitable Treatment: Have Its Contours Fully Evolved? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0020.
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The fair and equitable treatment (FET) standard is an ‘absolute’, or ‘non-contingent’, standard of treatment, i.e. a standard that states the treatment to be accorded in terms that have their own normative content, as contrasted with the ‘relative’ standards embodied in the ‘national treatment’ and ‘most-favoured-nation’ principles, which define the required treatment by reference to the treatment accorded to other investments in similar circumstances. The FET is the most often invoked treaty standard in investor-state arbitration, present in almost every single claim brought by foreign investors against host States. This chapter tackles the FET standard from two angles: its position in the international law context and the elements identified by arbitral tribunals as forming part of this standard (and their balance).
32
Bhopal, Raj S. Variation in disease by time, place, and person: Background and a framework for analysis of genetic and environmental effects. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739685.003.0003.
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Diseases wax and wane in their population frequency. The underlying reasons are often difficult to detect and may remain a mystery. The principles behind the investigation of clusters, outbreaks, epidemics, and inequalities in both of communicable and non-communicable diseases, are similar. On those occasions when the mystery is solved we tend to gain huge insights, both scientific and practical to help in disease control. Disease variations are often, however, artefactual, and arise from data errors. A systematic approach to the analysis of variation in disease begins by differentiating artefactual change from real change. Real change results from changes in host susceptibility, in the agent’s capacity to cause disease, and in the influence of the environment. The epidemiological challenge is to pinpoint the causal factors.
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Iammarino, Simona, and Philip McCann. Network Geographies and Geographical Networks: Co-dependence and Co-evolution of Multinational Enterprises and Space. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.48.
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The main analytical and multidisciplinary frameworks adopted for understanding the multinational enterprise (MNE) have tended to be largely non-spatial and non-geographical in nature. Although there have been some recent developments incorporating geography into the analysis of the of MNE studies the longstanding and widespread absence of geography in MNE studies leads to analytical problems. In particular, in the investigation of MNE operations and their interactions with different economic actors and contexts, the use of typical dichotomies, such as home versus host, horizontal versus vertical integration, and determinant versus impact, today prove to be much less effective or relevant than might previously have been the case. More specifically, the fundamental geographical and institutional re-orderings associated with modern globalization mean that nowadays we see increasingly co-dependent and co-evolutionary corporate and geographical networks. Understanding these is essential in order to understand the new international division of labour.
34
Batchelor, Tracy T., Oussama Abla, Zhong-ping Chen, Dennis C. Shrieve, and Samar Issa. Tumours of the haematopoietic system. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0013.
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‘Tumours of the haematopoietic system’ examines the epidemiology, the pathogenesis, and the clinical features of adult and childhood primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSLs), extranodal forms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, as well as the histiocytoses included in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumours. It reviews these features in the most common PCNSL, primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, as well as the other rare histopathological PCNSL variants including lymphomatoid granulomatosis, T-cell lymphoma, anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma, natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, low-grade lymphoma, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) of the dura, and Hodgkin lymphoma. The chapter also discusses clinical and anatomical PCNSL variants including vitreoretinal lymphoma, leptomeningeal lymphoma, intramedullary spinal cord lymphoma, intravascular lymphoma, and PCNSL in the immunocompromised host. It also reviews the CNS presentations of Langerhans cell histiocytosis and the following non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses: Erdheim–Chester disease, Rosai–Dorfman disease, juvenile xanthogranuloma, and histiocytic sarcoma. It is written for specialists and non-specialists managing these various conditions.
35
Lehmann, Volker. Natural Resources, the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, and Global Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805373.003.0012.
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This chapter analyzes the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) as a global governance tool to curb adverse effects of non-renewable natural resource extraction and commodification, and its interlocking challenges for environment, security, and justice. EITI’s premise that transparency in state resource revenues will foster broader societal transformations so far seems illusory. EITI lacks sanctioning mechanisms vis-à-vis participating companies that hinder full transparency, for example by evading the payment of taxes through tax loopholes. Such problems cannot be solved by resource-rich countries alone, but require political intervention by states that host global financial hubs as well as the most powerful multinational resource extraction companies. Going forward, an “EITI Plus” should also include environmental sustainability standards, so it may strengthen, not contradict broader global agreements such as the UN’s Agenda 2030 for sustainable development and the Paris Climate Accord.
36
Henstridge, Mark, and Alan Roe. The Macroeconomic Management of Natural Resources. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0008.
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Managing natural resource wealth requires accommodating very large increases in investment, production, exports, and government revenues within the economy of the host country, and setting appropriate macroeconomic policies—especially fiscal, monetary, and exchange-rate policies—both to prevent resource wealth from destabilizing the economy and to ensure that its potential for economic development is maximized. This chapter focuses on the complexity of decision-making and policy on the unusual characteristics of the macroeconomic flows of the extractives sector: (i) foreign direct investment, production, exports, and revenues are often large; (ii) for each project there is a strong degree of uniformity in the sequence of activity from discovery through development to production; (iii) the non-renewable resource is finite, and so are the revenues; (iv) commodity prices are often volatile, hence public revenues can be also volatile.
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Addison, Tony, and Alan Roe. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0033.
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The extractive industries have invariably occupied a somewhat uncomfortable position in development debate and practice. The very word ‘extraction’ conjures up images of forceful (and painful) removal. The media image is frequently one of despoiling nature, sometimes abusing and destroying the environment, including the resources (water, forests, soils etc.) essential to human life. Nor does mining infrastructure offer the same attractive photo opportunities for local politicians or for visiting ministers from aid-donor countries. In some cases there can be an imbalance of power between large extractives companies and host governments, and corruption and non-transparency are still to be found. This chapter lays out the framework of a book which certainly does not seek to present a rose-tinted view of the development benefits of extractives. Nor does it subscribe to the most negative manifestations of the resource curse thesis.
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C Diaz, Eva, Celeste C Finnerty, and David N. Herndon. Severe Burn Injuries and Their Long-Term Implications. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0016.
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Burn injury is notable for the degree and duration of pathophysiological alterations that it induces. Burn triggers profound changes in metabolism, immune function, and endocrine function, leading to a host of negative effects, including catabolism of muscle and bone and insulin resistance. These changes may persist or evolve for years after the injury has occurred, delaying recovery. This chapter discusses all of these consequences of burn injury, along with other adverse outcomes, specifically growth delay in children and hypertrophic scarring. Particular attention is placed on what is known about the mechanisms underlying each of these pathological changes and, in some cases, current practice in their management. A description is also provided of some of the pharmacologic (i.e. oxandrolone and recombinant human growth hormone) and non-pharmacologic (i.e. exercise therapy) approaches that hold promise in the treatment of burn injury and its consequences.
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Rees, David. Insects of Stored Grain. CSIRO Publishing, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643094673.
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A pocket reference that allows the non-specialist to identify major insect and arachnid pests found in stored cereal grains, grain products and grain legumes. It describes most storage pests found worldwide and provides concise information on the biology, distribution, damage and economic importance of each species.
Each entry contains at least one colour photograph. The notes for each species tell the nature of the pest or beneficial and the commodity affected; temperature and humidity conditions at which the species can survive; optimum conditions at which eggs take the shortest time to develop into adults; and maximum population growth rate per month.
This new edition has twice as many species in it and more detail on distribution, host range and pest status than the previous edition. Short introductory sections on insect biology, principles of control and concepts of pest status evaluation have also been added.
40
Jeswald W, Salacuse. 15 Investment Treaty Dispute Settlement. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703976.003.0015.
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This chapter first considers the nature of conflicts between investors and states. Three of the most common measures that may lead to a dispute are government actions that cancel or change the contractual or licence rights of an investment; seize or cancel property rights owned by an investor; or change legislation or regulations. The chapter then examines the various means provided by treaties to resolve such conflicts. Most investment treaties provide four separate dispute settlement methods: consultations and negotiations between contracting states; arbitration between contracting states; consultations and negotiations between covered investors and host governments; and investor–state arbitration. Finally, criticisms of investor–state arbitration are considered, regarding the integrity of arbitrators, treatment exceptions, arbitral procedure, transparency of proceedings, and submissions by non-disputing parties. The chapter concludes that the dispute settlement process seems to be in a state of flux and is open to various options for reform.
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Campbell, McLachlan, Shore Laurence, and Weiniger Matthew. Part I Overview, 3 Dispute Resolution Provisions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199676798.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 examines those aspects of dispute resolution provisions commonly found in bilateral investment treaties (BITs), with particular emphasis on four fundamental issues in the settlement of investment disputes through arbitration: (1) the clauses in investment treaties that provide for investor–State arbitration, focusing on the issue of the existence and limits of the consent to arbitrate; (2) transparency and the extent to which non-parties may be heard in the process; (3) the legal nature of the rights contained in investment treaties within the choice of law framework applicable to investment arbitration, in which both international law and host State law have a role to play; and (4) the overall approach to be taken to the interpretation of BITs under the general rule of interpretation provided in the Vienna Convention. The chapter concludes by discussing the role precedent plays in the development of investment treaty law.
42
Kastoryano, Riva. Burying Jihadis. Translated by Cynthia Schoch. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190889128.001.0001.
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What should states do with the bodies of suicide bombers and other jihadists who die while perpetrating terrorist attacks? This original and unsettling book explores the host of ethical and political questions raised by this dilemma, from (non-)legitimization of the "enemy" and their cause to the non-territorial identity of individuals who identified in life with a global community of believers. Because states do not recognize suicide bombers as enemy combatants, governments must decide individually what to do with their remains. Riva Kastoryano offers a window onto this challenging predicament through the responses of the American, Spanish, British and French governments after the Al-Qaeda suicide attacks in New York, Madrid and London, and Islamic State's attacks on Paris in 2015. Interviewing officials, religious and local leaders and jihadists' families, both in their countries of origin and in the target nations, she has traced the terrorists' travel history, discovering unexpected connections between their itineraries and the handling of their burials. This fascinating book reveals how states' approaches to a seemingly practical issue are closely shaped by territory, culture, globalization and identity.
43
Somsen, Han. From Improvement Towards Enhancement. Edited by Roger Brownsword, Eloise Scotford, and Karen Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199680832.013.42.
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This chapter discusses a host of what mostly are still isolated ad hoc technology-driven initiatives, usually in support of human (rights) imperatives, which effectively endeavour to engineer and re-engineer living and non-living environments in ways that have no natural, legal, or historical precedent. The umbrella term I propose to capture such initiatives is ‘environmental enhancement’. Potential examples that fit this definition include genetic modification of disease-transmitting mosquitoes to protect human health, solar radiation-management initiatives and other forms of climate engineering to sustain human life on earth, the creation of new life forms to secure food supplies and absorb population growth, and de-extinction efforts that help restore the integrity of ecosystems. The question this paper asks, in the words of Brownsword, is whether conventional environmental law ‘connects’ with environmental enhancement, focusing on EU environmental law, and whether states may be duty-bound to enhance environments in pursuit of human rights imperatives.
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Todd, Stacy, and Nick Beeching. Fungal infection. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0315.
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Fungi, comprising yeasts, moulds, and higher fungi, have a worldwide distribution and are uncommon causes of disease in healthy individuals. However, over the last 20 years, invasive fungal disease (IFD) has become an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality. This is probably due to the increasing numbers of patients with underlying host conditions, which predispose to opportunistic IFD (e.g. transplant and anti-tumour necrosis factor immunosuppression, HIV, or chronic lung disease), and to increased recognition of endemic IFD (e.g. histoplasmosis), which cause disease in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts in selected geographic locations. Diagnosis of IFD remains a challenge. Symptoms are often non-specific, and a definite diagnosis requires invasive sampling with appropriate laboratory testing of these samples. Non-invasive tests are being developed, but their positive and negative predictive values still need validation. Diagnostic criteria (‘proven, probable, and possible’) established primarily for use in research and clinical trials can also prove useful in clinical environments. However, the most important step in identifying patients with IFD is to consider the diagnosis in those at risk. This chapter will focus on the commonest causes of IFD (Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Cryptococcus spp., and histoplasmosis).
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Mounsey, K. E., and S. F. Walton. Scabies and other mite infections. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0073.
Full textAbstract:
Acariasis in humans and animals is caused by a diversity of parasitic mites taxonomically grouped into the class Arachnida, subclass Acari. The zoonotic species that can transfer from birds and animals to man (e.g. Cheyletiella spp; Dermanyssus spp and Ornithonyssus spp) are important in that they often cause major skin irritation or a hypersensitivity reactions or alternatively act as vectors of diseases such as scrub typhus. Like ticks the lifecycle of mites involves four life stages of development. The female mite lays eggs on the host or in the environment; the eggs hatch into larvae and pass through two nymphal stages. All stages have eight legs except the six-legged larva. Transmission is predominantly via direct contact between hosts; however fomites have been recognised as a potential source of infestation although the importance of this is variable and dependent on the ability of the mite to survive in the environment. The geographic range of most zoonotic species is worldwide although some varieties may be rare or non-existent in some countries. No developmental change or propagation of the organism occurs during the transmission.
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Kortgen, Andreas, and Michael Bauer. Hepatic function in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0175.
Full textAbstract:
The liver with its parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells plays a key role in the organism with manifold functions of metabolism, synthesis, detoxification, excretion, and host response. This requires a portfolio of different tests to obtain an overview of hepatic function. In the critically ill hepatic dysfunction is common and potentially leading to extrahepatic organ dysfunctions culminating in multi-organ failure. Conventional laboratory measures are used to evaluate hepatocellular damage, cholestasis, or synthesis. They provide valuable (differential) diagnostic data and can yield prognostic information in chronic liver diseases, especially when used in scoring systems such as the ‘model for end-stage liver disease’. However, they have short-comings in the critically ill in assessing rapid changes in hepatic function and liver blood flow. In contrast, dynamic quantitative liver function tests measure current liver function with respect to the ability to eliminate and/or metabolize a specific substance. In addition, they are dependent on sinusoidal blood flow. Liver function tests have prognostic significance in the critically ill and may be used to guide therapy.
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Solomon, Tom. Meningitis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0969.
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Meningitis is defined as inflammation of the brain meninges, characterized clinically by inflammatory cells in CSF. When there is concurrent parenchymal brain involvement the term meningoencephalitis is used, meningoencephalomyelitis implies that there is spinal cord involvement too.Although increased cellularity in the CSF, or pleocytosis, is traditionally considered the hallmark of meningitis, some organisms, particularly fungi, can cause meningitis without a pleocytosis, especially in the immunocompromised. The advent of more sensitive methods of detecting viral nucleic acid in the CSF such as the polymerase chain reaction, have also shown that viral central nervous system infection can occur without an associated pleocytosis. When none of the common bacterial agents is easily identified the term aseptic meningitis is often used. The majority of such cases are caused by viruses; non-viral causes of an aseptic meningitis picture include certain bacteria which are not readily cultured, and do not grow in standard culture media, such as Borrelia burgdorferi. The clinical presentations of meningitis can be broadly divided into the acute, recurrent, and chronic. The development of meningitis depends on the infecting organism, and also whether there is any particular host susceptibility.
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Galasso, Regina. Translating New York. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786941121.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The cultural production of Spanish-speaking New York is closely linked to the Caribbean and to Latin America at large, but the city also plays a pivotal role in the work of a host of authors from the Iberian Peninsula, writing in Spanish, Catalan, and English. In many cases, their New York City texts have marked their careers and the history of their national literatures. Drawing from a variety of genres, Translating New York recovers cultural narratives occluded by single linguistic or national literary histories, and proposes that reading these texts through the lens of translation unveils new pathways of cultural circulation and influence. Looking beyond representations of the city's physical space, Translating New York suggests that travel to the city and contact with New York's multilingual setting ignited a heightened sensitivity towards both the verbal and non-verbal languages of the city, garnering literary achievement and aesthetic innovation. Analyzing the novels, poetry, and travel narratives of Felipe Alfau, José Moreno Villa, Julio Camba, and Josep Pla, this book uncovers an international perspective of Iberian literatures. Translating New York aims to rethink Iberian literatures through the transatlantic travels of influential writers.
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Black, Jeremy. Contesting History. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350249714.
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Contesting History is an authoritative guide to the positive and negative applications of the past in the public arena and what this signifies for the meaning of history more widely. Using a global, non-Western model, Jeremy Black examines the employment of history by the state, the media, the national collective memory and others and considers its fundamental significance in how we understand the past. Moving from public life pre-1400 to the struggle of ideologies in the 20th century and contemporary efforts to find meaning in historical narratives, Jeremy Black incorporates a great deal of original material on governmental, social and commercial influences on the public use of history. This includes a host of in-depth case studies from different periods of history around the world, and coverage of public history in a wider range of media, including TV and film. Readers are guided through this material by an expansive introduction, section headings, chapter conclusions and a selected further reading list. Written with eminent clarity and breadth of knowledge, Contesting History is a key text for all students of public history and anyone keen to know more about the nature of history as a discipline and concept.
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Smith, Robert M. Other bacterial diseasesErysipeloid. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0025.
Full textAbstract:
Erysipeloid is an acute bacterial infection usually causing acute localised cellulitis as a secondary infection of traumatised skin. It is caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (insidiosa), a non-sporulating Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium, ubiquitous in the environment. It is the cause of swine erysipelas and also a pathogen or commensal in a variety of wild and domestic birds, animal and marine species. Human infection primarily associated with occupational exposure to infected or contaminated animals or handling animal products and therefore is commoner in farmers, butchers and abattoir workers and fisherman.Risk factors for the rare human invasive E. rhusiopathiae infection include conditions that affect the host immune response, such as alcoholism, cancer and diabetes. Treatment is with penicillin.Erysipelas can affect animals of all ages but is recognised more frequently in juveniles. Swine exhibit similar stages to the disease in man. Clinical manifestations in swine vary from the classical rhomboid urticaria (diamond skin), the condition of greatest prevalence and economic importance, to sepsis, polyarthritis, pneumonia and death.Prevention is largely a matter of good hygiene, herd management and by raising awareness in those at risk (especially butchers, farmers and fishermen); ensuring that clinicians are aware of E. rhusiopathiae as a possible cause of occupational skin lesions and bacterial endocarditis is important.