Academic literature on the topic 'Host feeding preference'
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Journal articles on the topic "Host feeding preference"
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Simpson, Jennifer E., Paul J. Hurtado, Jan Medlock, Goudarz Molaei, Theodore G. Andreadis, Alison P. Galvani, and Maria A. Diuk-Wasser. "Vector host-feeding preferences drive transmission of multi-host pathogens: West Nile virus as a model system." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1730 (August 17, 2011): 925–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1282.
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Seasonal epizootics of vector-borne pathogens infecting multiple species are ecologically complex and difficult to forecast. Pathogen transmission potential within the host community is determined by the relative abilities of host species to maintain and transmit the pathogen and by ecological factors influencing contact rates between hosts and vectors. Increasing evidence of strong feeding preferences by a number of vectors suggests that the host community experienced by the pathogen may be very different from the local host community. We developed an empirically informed transmission model for West Nile virus (WNV) in four sites using one vector species ( Culex pipiens ) and preferred and non-preferred avian hosts. We measured strong feeding preferences for American robins ( Turdus migratorius ) by Cx. pipiens , quantified as the proportion of Cx. pipiens blood meals from robins in relation to their abundance (feeding index). The model accurately predicted WNV prevalence in Cx. pipiens at three of four sites. Sensitivity analysis revealed feeding preference was the most influential parameter on intensity and timing of peak WNV infection in Cx. pipiens and a threshold feeding index for transmission was identified. Our findings indicate host preference-induced contact heterogeneity is a key mediator of vector-borne pathogen epizootics in multi-species host communities, and should be incorporated into multi-host transmission models.
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Lefort, Marie-Caroline, Stéphane Boyer, Jessica Vereijssen, Rowan Sprague, Travis R. Glare, and Susan P. Worner. "Preference of a native beetle for “exoticism,” characteristics that contribute to invasive success ofCostelytra zealandica(Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae)." PeerJ 3 (November 30, 2015): e1454. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1454.
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Widespread replacement of native ecosystems by productive land sometimes results in the outbreak of a native species. In New Zealand, the introduction of exotic pastoral plants has resulted in diet alteration of the native coleopteran species,Costelytra zealandica(White) (Scarabaeidae) such that this insect has reached the status of pest. In contrast,C. brunneum(Broun), a congeneric species, has not developed such a relationship with these ‘novel’ host plants. This study investigated the feeding preferences and fitness performance of these two closely related scarab beetles to increase fundamental knowledge about the mechanisms responsible for the development of invasive characteristics in native insects. To this end, the feeding preference of third instar larvae of bothCostelytraspecies was investigated using an olfactometer device, and the survival and larval growth of the invasive speciesC. zealandicawere compared on native and exotic host plants.Costelytra zealandica, when sampled from exotic pastures, was unable to fully utilise its ancestral native host and showed higher feeding preference and performance on exotic plants. In contrast,C. zealandicasampled from native grasslands did not perform significantly better on either host and showed similar feeding preferences toC. brunneum, which exhibited no feeding preference. This study suggests the possibility of strong intraspecific variation in the ability ofC. zealandicato exploit native or exotic plants, supporting the hypothesis that such ability underpins the existence of distinct host-races in this species.
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Diagne, Aboubacar, Richard N. Story, and Abner M. Hammond. "ADULT PHYLLOPHAGA EPHILIDA HOST PLANT FEEDING PREFERENCE." Florida Entomologist 89, no. 3 (September 2006): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2006)89[391:apehpf]2.0.co;2.
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Astuti, Ludji Pantja, and Mutala’liah Mutala’liah. "Host preference of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) on six kinds of flour." Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 17, no. 3 (December 11, 2020): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.17.3.149.
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<p>The red flour beetle, <em>Tribolium castaneum </em>(Herbts)<em> </em>is a major pest of flour from various grains. The infested flour is discoloured and will emit a disagreeable odour due to the secretion of benzoquinone from the insect’s abdominal glands. Considering the economic losses effected by <em>T. castaneum, </em>new alternative control measures are needed for this pest. This study sought to determine the host preferences of <em>T. castaneum </em>from amongst six kinds of flour to assess their vulnerability to infestation. The research was conducted in the Plant Pest Laboratory, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya. The host preferences of <em>T. castaneum</em> were examined using a six-arm olfactometer. Feeding preference tests were performed for a duration of 12 hours at 200 ml/minute airflow in each chamber-arm, followed by oviposition preference observations one week later. Feeding preference was calculated for the total pool of adults observed, segregated by sex, whereas oviposition preference was calculated as the number of eggs laid. Flour nutrition (proximate composition, phenolic content, and riboflavin content) were analyzed. Our results showed a feeding preference by <em>T. castaneum </em>for bran, soy and tapioca flour was greater over wheat, corn, and white gelatinous rice flour, while for oviposition, bran flour was the most preferred.</p>
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Bouyer, Jérémy, Mathieu Pruvot, Zacharia Bengaly, Patrick M. Guerin, and Renaud Lancelot. "Learning influences host choice in tsetse." Biology Letters 3, no. 2 (December 19, 2006): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0578.
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A learning capacity for feeding is described in many insect species including vectors of diseases, but has never been reported in tsetse flies (Diptera, Glossinidae), the cyclic vectors of human (sleeping sickness) and animal trypanosomoses in Africa. Repeated feeding on the same host species by a disease vector is likely to increase the within-species disease-transmission risk, but to decrease it between species. An experiment with cattle and reptiles in a stable provides evidence that the species of host selected for the second blood meal in tsetse flies depends on the host encountered for the first blood meal when the between-meal interval is 2 days. This preference disappears when the between-meal interval is extended to 3 days. The energetic advantages of this acquired preference and its importance in trypanosomoses epidemiology are discussed.
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Radžiutė, Sandra, and Vincas Būda. "Host feeding experience affects host plant odour preference of the polyphagous leafminerLiriomyza bryoniae." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 146, no. 2 (December 26, 2012): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eea.12028.
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ELIZONDO-QUIROGA, ARMANDO, ADRIANA FLORES-SUAREZ, DARWIN ELIZONDO-QUIROGA, GUSTAVO PONCE-GARCIA, BRADLEY J. BLITVICH, JUAN FRANCISCO CONTRERAS-CORDERO, JOSE IGNACIO GONZALEZ-ROJAS, ROBERTO MERCADO-HERNANDEZ, BARRY J. BEATY, and ILDEFONSO FERNANDEZ-SALAS. "HOST-FEEDING PREFERENCE OF CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS IN MONTERREY, NORTHEASTERN MEXICO." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 22, no. 4 (December 2006): 654–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/8756-971x(2006)22[654:hpocqi]2.0.co;2.
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Chu, Chang–Chi, Thomas J. Henneberry, and Allen C. Cohen. "Bemesia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): Host Preference and Factors Affecting Oviposition and Feeding Site Preference." Environmental Entomology 24, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/24.2.354.
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Knodel-Montz, Janet J., Robert E. Lyons, and Sidney L. Poe. "Photoperiod Affects Chrysanthemum Host Plant Selection by Leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae)." HortScience 20, no. 4 (August 1985): 708–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.4.708.
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Abstract The leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), was attracted more to short day (SD) grown chrysanthemums for feeding and oviposition than to long day (LD) grown chrysanthemums. Densities of feeding punctures and mines within SD grown plants were positively related to leaf height. A physical property of chrysanthemum leaves influencing the preference of feeding and oviposition sites by the female leafminer was trichome density.
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Menezes Jr., Ayres Oliveira, Adriana Yatie Mikami, André Keiiti Ide, and Maurício Ursi Ventura. "Feeding preferences of Microtheca punctigera (Achard) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) for some Brassicaceae plants in multiple-choice assays." Scientia Agricola 62, no. 1 (January 2005): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162005000100014.
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Host plant feeding preference is important basic information for the development of insect management strategies. Multiple-choice feeding preference assays were conducted in the laboratory for the chrysomelid beetle, Microtheca punctigera (Achard). Feeding was assessed 72 h after onset of experiments. With one larva per Petri dish, food items comprised watercress, Nasturtium officinale L., arugula, Eruca sativa L., mustard, Brassica juncea Cosson, Chinese cabbage, B. pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr. and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.). Feeding ranking preferences were Chinese cabbage, mustard, wild radish, arugula and watercress (7.97, 1.85, 0.98, 0.36 and 0.11 mm², respectively). Feeding on Chinese cabbage was 4.31 times more intense than on mustard. The same experiment was repeated with one adult per dish. Responses of males and females were quite similar. Feeding was higher on mustard (87.2 and 142.8 for males and females, respectively). Feeding on arugula (51.5 and 132.7) and Chinese cabbage (51.8 and 89.0) were intermediate. Watercress (22.96 and 39.3) and wild radish (12.03 and 28.4) were the least preferred host plants. In a third experiment, ten larvae per dish were used and spinach, Tetragonia expansa Murr., radish, Raphanus sativus L. and collard, B. oleracea var. acephala L., were also included. Daily larval frequencies on each food were also measured. Feeding was similar on Chinese cabbage and mustard (47.89 and 53.78, respectively). Number of insects was greater on mustard, Chinese cabbage and wild radish. Probable explanations for results and proposals for further investigations are discussed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Host feeding preference"
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Chu, C. C., T. J. Hennberry, and A. C. Cohen. "Host Preference of Silverleaf Whitefly and Factors Associated with Feeding Site Preference." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210321.
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Silverleaf whitefly (SLW), Bemisia argentifolii, Bellows and Perring, preferred cantaloupe to cotton, broccoli and lettuce in field and greenhouse studies. In the absence of cantaloupe, SLW preferred cotton to broccoli and lettuce. In the field, more eggs and fewer nymphs were found on broccoli than on cotton. Differences in the relative abundance of vascular bundles per unit of leaf area between the four plant species may partly account for differences in oviposition site selection. Vascular bundle volume/unit of leaf tissue volume was 50% greater in cantaloupe than in cotton and broccoli, which in turn were significantly greater than in lettuce. Most SLW on cotton leaves are found on underside leaf surfaces. Distances from top and underside leaf surfaces to the nearest vascular bundles in cotton leaves were 131 and 60 tun, respectively, in the present studies.
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Cassell, Meredith Edana. "Bean Leaf Beetle: Impact of Leaf Feeding Injury on Snap Beans, Host Plant Choice and Role as a Vector of Bean Pod Mottle Virus in Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76768.
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The bean leaf beetle (BLB), Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a pest of commercially produced legumes in eastern Virginia. Field cage and manual-defoliation studies were conducted in Virginia to determine an economic impact of BLB. In the manual-defoliation study, snap bean plants had significant yield loss when > 25% of leaf area was removed. In the field cage experiments, I was unable to establish beetle densities per plant to impact yield. Host plant selection by BLB was done in laboratory and field studies with snap bean, lima bean, and soybeans. Laboratory studies showed that BLB preferred snap bean and lima bean over soybean. Field studies did not showed no preference. A survey was conducted on the Eastern Shore of Virginia determine the epicenter of BPMV. Soybean leaves and beetles were collected and assessed for BPMV by ELISA or TBIA. Beetles at the ESAREC were BPMV-positive upon emergence from overwintering sites, but the virus load was low when tested by ELISA. This suggests acquisition of virus from a source other than infected cultivated legumes. To find the potential inoculum sources of BPMV in eastern Virginia, leguminous weeds and perennial weeds were tested for BPMV. Four weed species gave BPMV-positive tissue blots including: Oxalis stricta, Rumex acetosella, Trifolium pretense, and Trifolium repens. Insecticidal seed treatment of thiamethoxam on soybean seeds was evaluated to test the efficacy. Leaf area eaten and beetle mortality was measured. The thiamethoxam seed treatment protected soybean seedlings from beetle feeding through the V2 stage of growth.Master of Science in Life Sciences
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Fisher, Makani Layne. "Biogeography and Natural History of Tiger Moths and Spongillaflies of Intermountain North America with Experimental Studies of Host Preference in the Lichen-Feeder Cisthene angelus (Insecta: Lepdioptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae and Neuroptera: Sisyridae)." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7194.
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The Intermountain West is comprised of impressive land formations, numerous ecoregions, and a unique biota. The area has many flora and fauna that have been investigated, but the region is generally considered undersampled when it comes to insects. However, I propose the matter to be a lack of shared experience in identifying key insect species and the underutilization of professional and personal collections. These impediments are highlighted by two insect groups in the Intermountain West: spongillaflies and tiger moths.Spongillaflies can be difficult to recognize for the general entomologist and have rarely been recorded in the Intermountain West. My colleagues and I recently discovered a large population of spongillaflies in Utah that we present as a substantial additional record. I also followed the population throughout the 2016 field season to make natural history observations. I identified the spongillaflies to be Climacia californica and their associated host to be Ephydatia fluviatilis. During the season, a total of 1,731 specimens were collected, light traps were the most effective sampling technique and the population had one mass emergence event. I hope my work and figures will help investigators as they continue to search the area for spongillaflies. Tiger moths on the other hand have largely been collected in the Intermountain West and are easily recognized, generally being brightly colored. Because of these bright colors, they attract collectors and have been sampled heavily throughout the Intermountain West. However, until now, these records have not been utilized and tucked away in collections. We took the vast amount of records and used them to create predicted models of biogeography for each tiger moth species in the area. We successfully created species level ecological niche models (ENM) analyzing environmental variables such as temperature, precipitation, elevation, and vegetation. Overall, I found tiger moths can be collected almost everywhere and during each month of the year with 93 different species scattered across the region. I anticipate our ENM models to help researchers locate tiger moths of interest to investigate within the Intermountain West.During my studies, I investigated in detail the lichen feeding tiger moths (Lithosiini). Many tiger moths eat toxic plants, but only a few in the area consume lichen, an unusual host because of their secondary defensive chemicals. I investigated how these chemicals impacted Cisthene angelus caterpillars host selection by simultaneously offering them various lichens with differing chemistries. I expected these caterpillars to avoid usnic acid as it deterred other lichen feeding tiger moths. However, these caterpillars surprised me by consistently consuming the acid and being largely polyphagous. Our future work will be directed at how caterpillars balance nutritional needs and the chemicals they sequester.
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Brugman, Victor. "Host selection and feeding preferences of farm-associated mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the United Kingdom." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2016. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2548573/.
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Livestock farms sit at the interface between humans, livestock species and wildlife. However, limited data exist on mosquito-vertebrate host interactions on farms in the United Kingdom. This thesis therefore aimed to understand mosquito-vertebrate host interactions on UK livestock farms using a combination of field collections, colony mosquito experiments and molecular techniques for species identification and blood meal analysis. Field collections conducted between 2012 and 2014 yielded a total of 22 693 adult mosquitoes comprising 7 genera and 18 species. Fifteen species displayed human biting activity as assessed by human landing catch, with a maximum observed biting pressure at a single farm of up to 89 bites per 25 minutes at sunset. The avian biting rate, as assessed by the use of chicken-baited traps, was considerably lower than the human biting rate, but demonstrated the ornithophilic activity of three mosquito species, two of which had not previously been collected by such an approach in the UK. Field-caught blood-fed mosquitoes were subjected to a three-stage, targeted analysis, demonstrating that a single DNA extract from an engorged mosquito abdomen provides sufficient DNA for species delineation of Anopheles maculipennis s.l., blood meal identification and detection of myxoma virus. This study implicated Anopheles atroparvus, for the first time, in the transmission of myxomatosis between wild rabbits. The blood meals of over 900 mosquitoes of nine species were identified, revealing feeding on 5 mammalian and 14 avian hosts. Importantly, this study identified key potential vector species Culex pipiens f. pipiens as feeding on both resident and migratory birds. Collectively, these results demonstrate that UK livestock farms support ornithophagic, mammalophagic and anthropophagic mosquito populations which, at certain farms, can lead to a severe nuisance biting pressure on humans. The described feeding of potential vector species, such as newly-established Culex modestus, on farm-associated domestic and wild hosts, suggests that certain mosquito species could play a role in facilitating future pathogen transmission cycles on livestock farms in the case of a novel incursion.
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Grisenti, Michela. "The role of wild animals in the ecoepidemiology of flaviviruses in Northeastern Italy." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10449/32648.
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West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV), both belonging to the genus Flavivirus, are emerging worldwide as important human and animal pathogens. Migratory birds are involved in the spread of Flaviviruses over long distances, particularly from Africa to Europe. Once introduced, these viruses can be further be dispersed by short-distance migratory and resident bird species. The Region of Trentino-Alto Adige is located on the migratory route of many of the short- and long-distance migratory birds that cross the Alps. Until now, only a silent circulation of WNV and USUV within this territory has been confirmed by serological screening, whilst no cases of infected humans or animals have so far been reported. However, continuous spillover events of both viruses have been reported in neighbouring Regions. The aim of this study was to monitor the circulation of WNV and USUV in Trentino-Alto Adige, in order to detect if active virus shedding occurs in migratory birds captured during their seasonal movements and to evaluate the role that different bird species could play in the spreading of these viruses. All samples tested negative for Flaviviruses.
The pattern of flavivirus infection in mosquitoes belonging to the genera Aedes and Culex collected during 2012 in Trentino and Veneto was assessed, using a generic reverse transcription nested-PCR. Virus isolation was attempted in C6/36 insect cell lines.We detected a wide distribution of Aedes flavivirus (AeFV) in Aedes albopictus. In Culex pipiens collected in Veneto, we detected a new sequence of an insect-specific flavivirus and one of Usutu virus. We detected AeFV in Cx. pipiens, for the first time to our knowledge, in both regions. Viral isolation in cell culture was successful for AeFV. AeFV sequences found in Veneto showed a high percentage of similarity to those detected in Trentino and to those previously reported in other areas of northern Italy.
The principal vector for WNV and USUV in Europe is Cx. pipiens, with its two forms or biotypes pipiens and molestus, which feeds on a wide variety of vertebrate host species. Host feeding preferences for this species have been little studied in Europe.
We estimated the host feeding preference for wild Cx. pipiens using molecular analysis to identify the origin of blood meals, and avian census to control host abundance variations. Additionally, we used host bird odour extracts to test experimentally mosquito preferences in laboratory settings. For the first time, in both regions, we demonstrate a clear feeding preference for the common blackbird (Turdus merula), both for wild collected specimens and in the lab, suggesting a potential important role for this species in the WNV epidemiology in Europe. In Veneto, a seasonal decrease in abundance of blackbirds is associated with increased feeding on Eurasian magpies (Pica pica), and this may be linked to seasonal emergence of WNV in humans. Other species, such as the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) appear to be selected by mosquitoes opportunistically in relation to its abundance. In Trentino, molecular determination of wild-caught mosquitoes in the field were identified as pipiens biotype (85.3%), molestus biotype (7.3%) and hybrids (7.3%) while mosquitoes used in laboratory experiments derived from a population characterized by a large prevalence of molestus biotype (67.5%). Our resuts suggested that the genetic, physiological and behavioral differences between Cx. pipiens biotypes do not affect feeding habits for birds and in particular for blackbird.
Arboviruses, as flaviviruses, circulate in enzootic cycles among arthropod vectors and a number of animal species, which act as reservoirs. Each virus requires the contemporary occurrence of competent vertebrate reservoir hosts and mosquito species acting as vectors. Variables such as climate, habitat structure, and the relative abundance and behaviour of vectors and hosts all contribute to the complexity that characterises the dynamics of transmission of vector-borne pathogens The role played by biodiversity in the epidemiology of viral diseases is still debated because it can vary in any single ecoepidemiologic scenario. For these reasons I tried to investigate the influence of avian and mosquito community in Trentino and Veneto on the flavivirus ecoepidemiology by calculating three biodiversity indexes namely, Simpson’s Index, Shannon’s Index and Pielou’s Index, for data collected in 2011 and 2012.
Books on the topic "Host feeding preference"
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Farrow, Roger. Insects of South-Eastern Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486304752.
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A walk in the bush reveals insects visiting flowers, patrolling the air, burrowing under bark and even biting your skin. Every insect has characteristic feeding preferences and behaviours. Insects of South-Eastern Australia is a unique field guide that uses host plants and behavioural attributes as the starting point for identifying insects. Richly illustrated with colour photographs, the different species of insects found in Australia’s temperate south-east, including plant feeders, predators, parasites and decomposers, are presented.
The guide is complemented by an introduction to the insects of the region, including their environment, classification, life history, feeding strategies and behaviour. Fascinating boxes on camouflage, mimicry and many other topics are also included throughout. Whether you are a field naturalist, entomologist or just want to know what’s in your backyard, Insects of South-Eastern Australia will help you to identify the insects most likely to be encountered, as well as understand the basics of their ecology and behaviour.
Recipient of a 2016 Whitley Award commendation for Illustrated Guide
Book chapters on the topic "Host feeding preference"
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Harris, Mark Anglin. "Feeding Preference and Growth of Beet Army Worm on Allium fistulosum and Allium cepa under a Hot Humid Climate *." In Confronting Global Climate Change, 343–60. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2019.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429284847-22.
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Imarhiagbe, Odoligie. "Aspects of the Biology and Ethnobotany of Parasitic Angiosperm Species In Nigeria." In Parasitic Plants [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98667.
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Parasitic plants continue to gain research attention due to their remarkable lifestyle pattern that clearly cites them as a typical example of a biological oddity. They have defiled the basic characteristics of plants to become dependent on other plants for existence. Aside from their unique heterotrophic mode of feeding, host range and preference, seed germination clues, distribution patterns vary across different parasitic plants, which has partly ensured their presence in virtually every plant community. Among the above-listed factors, host range and preference, in particular, appears to be a major significant factor that shapes their distribution around the world, enabling certain species to thrive in various microclimates. The Nigerian environment has heterogeneous vegetation, traversing mangroves, rainforest, savannah vegetation, and its home to host parasitic plant species, including endemic, natives, and exotic ones. The present chapter gathered and synthesized available information regarding parasitic plants in Nigeria, particularly their biology and the host species supporting their population. Aside from the devastating menace some parasitic plants are known for, this report recognizes their ethnobotanical relevance. Thereby stimulating research interest in these highly specialized plant groups.
Conference papers on the topic "Host feeding preference"
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Chen, Yigen. "Nutritional role of host plants in adult feeding preference of two invasive wood borers." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94870.
Full textReports on the topic "Host feeding preference"
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Morin, Shai, Gregory Walker, Linda Walling, and Asaph Aharoni. Identifying Arabidopsis thaliana Defense Genes to Phloem-feeding Insects. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699836.bard.
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The whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is a serious agricultural pest that afflicts a wide variety of ornamental and vegetable crop species. To enable survival on a great diversity of host plants, whiteflies must have the ability to avoid or detoxify numerous different plant defensive chemicals. Such toxins include a group of insect-deterrent molecules called glucosinolates (GSs), which also provide the pungent taste of Brassica vegetables such as radish and cabbage. In our BARD grant, we used the whitefly B. tabaci and Arabidopsis (a Brassica plant model) defense mutants and transgenic lines, to gain comprehensive understanding both on plant defense pathways against whiteflies and whitefly defense strategies against plants. Our major focus was on GSs. We produced transgenic Arabidopsis plants accumulating high levels of GSs. At the first step, we examined how exposure to high levels of GSs affects decision making and performance of whiteflies when provided plants with normal levels or high levels of GSs. Our major conclusions can be divided into three: (I) exposure to plants accumulating high levels of GSs, negatively affected the performance of both whitefly adult females and immature; (II) whitefly adult females are likely to be capable of sensing different levels of GSs in their host plants and are able to choose, for oviposition, the host plant on which their offspring survive and develop better (preference-performance relationship); (III) the dual presence of plants with normal levels and high levels of GSs, confused whitefly adult females, and led to difficulties in making a choice between the different host plants. These findings have an applicative perspective. Whiteflies are known as a serious pest of Brassica cropping systems. If the differences found here on adjacent small plants translate to field situations, intercropping with closely-related Brassica cultivars could negatively influence whitefly population build-up. At the second step, we characterized the defensive mechanisms whiteflies use to detoxify GSs and other plant toxins. We identified five detoxification genes, which can be considered as putative "key" general induced detoxifiers because their expression-levels responded to several unrelated plant toxic compounds. This knowledge is currently used (using new funding) to develop a new technology that will allow the production of pestresistant crops capable of protecting themselves from whiteflies by silencing insect detoxification genes without which successful host utilization can not occur. Finally, we made an effort to identify defense genes that deter whitefly performance, by infesting with whiteflies, wild-type and defense mutated Arabidopsis plants. The infested plants were used to construct deep-sequencing expression libraries. The 30- 50 million sequence reads per library, provide an unbiased and quantitative assessment of gene expression and contain sequences from both Arabidopsis and whiteflies. Therefore, the libraries give us sequence data that can be mined for both the plant and insect gene expression responses. An intensive analysis of these datasets is underway. We also conducted electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings of whiteflies feeding on Arabidopsis wild-type and defense mutant plants in order to determine the time-point and feeding behavior in which plant-defense genes are expressed. We are in the process of analyzing the recordings and calculating 125 feeding behavior parameters for each whitefly. From the analyses conducted so far we conclude that the Arabidopsis defense mutants do not affect adult feeding behavior in the same manner that they affect immatures development. Analysis of the immatures feeding behavior is not yet completed, but if it shows the same disconnect between feeding behavior data and developmental rate data, we would conclude that the differences in the defense mutants are due to a qualitative effect based on the chemical constituency of the phloem sap.