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Journal articles on the topic 'Host-directed'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Wilkinson, Robert John. "Host-directed therapies against tuberculosis." Lancet Respiratory Medicine 2, no. 2 (February 2014): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(13)70295-9.

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2

Stricker, Raphael B. "Host-Directed Therapy for AIDS." Annals of Internal Medicine 123, no. 6 (September 15, 1995): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-123-6-199509150-00019.

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3

Lederman, Michael M. "Host-Directed Therapy for AIDS." Annals of Internal Medicine 123, no. 6 (September 15, 1995): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-123-6-199509150-00020.

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4

Jeong, Eui-Kwon, Hyo-Ji Lee, and Yu-Jin Jung. "Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis." Pathogens 11, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): 1291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111291.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, consistently threatening public health. Conventional tuberculosis treatment requires a long-term treatment regimen and is associated with side effects. The efficacy of antitubercular drugs has decreased with the emergence of drug-resistant TB; therefore, the development of new TB treatment strategies is urgently needed. In this context, we present host-directed therapy (HDT) as an alternative to current tuberculosis therapy. Unlike antitubercular drugs that directly target Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB, HDT is an approach for treating TB that appropriately modulates host immune responses. HDT primarily aims to enhance the antimicrobial activity of the host in order to control Mtb infection and attenuate excessive inflammation in order to minimize tissue damage. Recently, research based on the repositioning of drugs for use in HDT has been in progress. Based on the overall immune responses against Mtb infection and the immune-evasion mechanisms of Mtb, this review examines the repositioned drugs available for HDT and their mechanisms of action.
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5

Maeurer, Markus, Renata Ramalho, Fu-Sheng Wang, and Alimuddin Zumla. "Host-directed therapies for COVID-19." Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 27, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mcp.0000000000000769.

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6

Davis, Angharad G., Joseph Donovan, Marise Bremer, Ronald Van Toorn, Johan Schoeman, Ariba Dadabhoy, Rachel P. J. Lai, et al. "Host Directed Therapies for Tuberculous Meningitis." Wellcome Open Research 5 (July 1, 2021): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16474.2.

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A dysregulated host immune response significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality in tuberculous meningitis (TBM). Effective host directed therapies (HDTs) are critical to improve survival and clinical outcomes. Currently only one HDT, dexamethasone, is proven to improve mortality. However, there is no evidence dexamethasone reduces morbidity, how it reduces mortality is uncertain, and it has no proven benefit in HIV co-infected individuals. Further research on these aspects of its use, as well as alternative HDTs such as aspirin, thalidomide and other immunomodulatory drugs is needed. Based on new knowledge from pathogenesis studies, repurposed therapeutics which act upon small molecule drug targets may also have a role in TBM. Here we review existing literature investigating HDTs in TBM, and propose new rationale for the use of novel and repurposed drugs. We also discuss host variable responses and evidence to support a personalised approach to HDTs in TBM.
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7

Singh, Bhawana, Sanjay Varikuti, Gregory Halsey, Greta Volpedo, Omar M. Hamza, and Abhay R. Satoskar. "Host-directed therapies for parasitic diseases." Future Medicinal Chemistry 11, no. 15 (August 2019): 1999–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2018-0439.

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Parasitic infections are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Management strategies rely primarily on antiparasitic drugs that have side effects and risk of drug resistance. Therefore, novel strategies are needed for treatment of parasitic infections. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is a viable alternative, which targets host pathways responsible for parasite invasion/survival/pathogenicity. Recent innovative combinations of genomics, proteomics and computational biology approaches have led to discovery of several host pathways that could be promising targets for HDT for treating parasitic infections. Herein, we review major advances in HDT for parasitic disease with regard to core regulatory pathways and their interactions.
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8

Davis, Angharad G., Joseph Donovan, Marise Bremer, Ronald Van Toorn, Johan Schoeman, Ariba Dadabhoy, Rachel PJ Lai, et al. "Host Directed Therapies for Tuberculous Meningitis." Wellcome Open Research 5 (December 23, 2020): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16474.1.

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A dysregulated host immune response significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality in tuberculous meningitis (TBM). Effective host directed therapies (HDTs) are critical to improve survival and clinical outcomes. Currently only one HDT, dexamethasone, is proven to improve mortality. However, there is no evidence dexamethasone reduces morbidity, how it reduces mortality is uncertain, and it has no proven benefit in HIV co-infected individuals. Further research on these aspects of its use, as well as alternative HDTs such as aspirin, thalidomide and other immunomodulatory drugs is needed. Based on new knowledge from pathogenesis studies, repurposed therapeutics which act upon small molecule drug targets may also have a role in TBM. Here we review existing literature investigating HDTs in TBM, and propose new rationale for the use of novel and repurposed drugs. We also discuss host variable responses and evidence to support a personalised approach to HDTs in TBM.
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9

Guler, Reto, and Frank Brombacher. "Host-directed drug therapy for tuberculosis." Nature Chemical Biology 11, no. 10 (September 17, 2015): 748–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.1917.

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10

Zumla, Alimuddin, Jeremiah Chakaya, Michael Hoelscher, Francine Ntoumi, Roxana Rustomjee, Cristina Vilaplana, Dorothy Yeboah-Manu, et al. "Towards host-directed therapies for tuberculosis." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 14, no. 8 (July 17, 2015): 511–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd4696.

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11

Zumla, A., M. Rao, S. K. Parida, S. Keshavjee, G. Cassell, R. Wallis, R. Axelsson-Robertsson, M. Doherty, J. Andersson, and M. Maeurer. "Inflammation and tuberculosis: host-directed therapies." Journal of Internal Medicine 277, no. 4 (May 19, 2014): 373–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joim.12256.

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12

Rao, Martin, Alimuddin Zumla, and Markus Maeurer. "Host-directed therapy: tuberculosis vaccine development." Lancet Respiratory Medicine 3, no. 3 (March 2015): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00055-7.

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13

Wallis, Robert S., and Richard Hafner. "Advancing host-directed therapy for tuberculosis." Nature Reviews Immunology 15, no. 4 (March 13, 2015): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri3813.

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14

Zumla, Alimuddin, Markus Maeurer, Guido Moll, and Bongani M. Mayosi. "Host-directed therapies for tuberculous pericarditis." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 32 (March 2015): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.11.017.

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15

Gomes, Maria Salomé, and Luisa Pereira. "Special Issue: From Host–Pathogen Interaction to Host-Directed Therapies." Microorganisms 9, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): 2606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122606.

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Despite the enormous progress made in the last few decades, infectious diseases still represent a huge challenge to human society and health systems, as evidenced by the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic [...]
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16

Hawn, T. R., A. I. Matheson, S. N. Maley, and O. Vandal. "Host-Directed Therapeutics for Tuberculosis: Can We Harness the Host?" Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 77, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 608–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00032-13.

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17

Kilinç, Gül, Anno Saris, Tom H. M. Ottenhoff, and Mariëlle C. Haks. "Host‐directed therapy to combat mycobacterial infections*." Immunological Reviews 301, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 62–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imr.12951.

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18

van Tol, Sarah, Adam Hage, and Ricardo Rajsbaum. "Lighting the way to host-directed immunotherapeutics." Cell Chemical Biology 29, no. 7 (July 2022): 1067–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.06.009.

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19

Schloer, Sebastian, Jonas Goretzko, and Ursula Rescher. "Repurposing Antifungals for Host-Directed Antiviral Therapy?" Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15020212.

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Because of their epidemic and pandemic potential, emerging viruses are a major threat to global healthcare systems. While vaccination is in general a straightforward approach to prevent viral infections, immunization can also cause escape mutants that hide from immune cell and antibody detection. Thus, other approaches than immunization are critical for the management and control of viral infections. Viruses are prone to mutations leading to the rapid emergence of resistant strains upon treatment with direct antivirals. In contrast to the direct interference with pathogen components, host-directed therapies aim to target host factors that are essential for the pathogenic replication cycle or to improve the host defense mechanisms, thus circumventing resistance. These relatively new approaches are often based on the repurposing of drugs which are already licensed for the treatment of other unrelated diseases. Here, we summarize what is known about the mechanisms and modes of action for a potential use of antifungals as repurposed host-directed anti-infectives for the therapeutic intervention to control viral infections.
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20

Tobin, David M. "Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis: Figure 1." Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 5, no. 10 (May 18, 2015): a021196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a021196.

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21

Zumla, Alimuddin, and Markus Maeurer. "Host-directed therapies for multidrug resistant tuberculosis." International Journal of Mycobacteriology 5 (December 2016): S21—S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmyco.2016.09.044.

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22

Pourmir, Azadeh, and Tyler W. Johannes. "DIRECTED EVOLUTION: SELECTION OF THE HOST ORGANISM." Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal 2, no. 3 (September 2012): e201209012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5936/csbj.201209012.

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23

Szychowski, J. A., G. Vidalakis, and J. S. Semancik. "Host-directed processing of Citrus exocortis viroid." Journal of General Virology 86, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80699-0.

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Prolonged infection of tomato hybrid (Lycopersicon esculentum×Lycopersicon peruvianum) by Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) resulted in viroid-like enlarged structures, detected by gel electrophoresis. This population included two new enlarged variants or D-variants, D-87 and D-76, and three transient species or D-forms, D-38, D-40 and D-43. Sequence analyses exposed a locus near the terminal repeat region where major changes appeared consistently. In transmission tests to CEVd hosts, a variety of progeny populations were recovered, including progeny enlargements of and reversions to CEVd, as well as sequence fidelity to the inoculum. Transmission tests to citrus hosts of the genera Citrus, Poncirus or Fortunella were unsuccessful. The importance of host specificity to the recovery and processing of the various CEVd-related structures, as well as the temporal variability of progeny populations, was demonstrated.
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24

Cholewa, Piotr P., Christine M. Beavers, Simon J. Teat, and Scott J. Dalgarno. "Directed assembly via selectively positioned host functionality." Chemical Communications 49, no. 31 (2013): 3203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cc40564h.

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25

Moore, Terry W., Kasinath Sana, Dan Yan, Pahk Thepchatri, John M. Ndungu, Manohar T. Saindane, Mark A. Lockwood, et al. "Asymmetric synthesis of host-directed inhibitors of myxoviruses." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 9 (January 30, 2013): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.9.23.

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High-throughput screening (HTS) previously identified benzimidazole 1 (JMN3-003) as a compound with broad antiviral activity against different influenza viruses and paramyxovirus strains. In pursuit of a lead compound from this series for development, we sought to increase both the potency and the aqueous solubility of 1. Lead optimization has achieved compounds with potent antiviral activity against a panel of myxovirus family members (EC50 values in the low nanomolar range) and much improved aqueous solubilities relative to that of 1. Additionally, we have devised a robust synthetic strategy for preparing 1 and congeners in an enantio-enriched fashion, which has allowed us to demonstrate that the (S)-enantiomers are generally 7- to 110-fold more potent than the corresponding (R)-isomers.
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26

Gina, P., M. Davids, and K. Dheda. "Manipulation of autophagy for host-directed tuberculosis therapy." African Journal of Thoracic and Critical Care Medicine 25, no. 2 (July 31, 2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/sarj.2019.v25i2.014.

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27

DiNardo, Andrew R., Tomoki Nishiguchi, Sandra L. Grimm, Larry S. Schlesinger, Edward A. Graviss, Jeffrey D. Cirillo, Cristian Coarfa, et al. "Tuberculosis endotypes to guide stratified host-directed therapy." Med 2, no. 3 (March 2021): 217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2020.11.003.

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28

Dara, Yash, Doron Volcani, Kush Shah, Kevin Shin, and Vishwanath Venketaraman. "Potentials of Host-Directed Therapies in Tuberculosis Management." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 8 (August 3, 2019): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081166.

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Tuberculosis (TB) remains as a leading cause of mortality in developing countries, persisting as a major threat to the global public health. Current treatment involving a long antibiotic regimen brings concern to the topic of patient compliance, contributing to the emergence of drug resistant TB. The current review will provide an updated outlook on novel anti-TB therapies that can be given as adjunctive agents to current anti-TB treatments, with a particular focus on modulating the host immune response to effectively target all forms of TB. Additional potential therapeutic pathway targets, including lipid metabolism alteration and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-directed therapies, are discussed.
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29

Zumla, Alimuddin, Giuseppe Ippolito, Francine Ntoumi, Vicki Seyfert-Margolies, Tumaini J. Nagu, Daniela Cirillo, Jeremiah Muhwa Chakaya, Ben Marais, and Markus Maeurer. "Host-directed therapies and holistic care for tuberculosis." Lancet Respiratory Medicine 8, no. 4 (April 2020): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30078-3.

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30

Zeng, Qiang, Reena Marthi, Andrea McNally, Calum Dickinson, Tia E. Keyes, and Robert J. Forster. "Host−Guest Directed Assembly of Gold Nanoparticle Arrays." Langmuir 26, no. 2 (January 19, 2010): 1325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la902258s.

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31

Kaufmann, Stefan H. E., Anca Dorhoi, Richard S. Hotchkiss, and Ralf Bartenschlager. "Host-directed therapies for bacterial and viral infections." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 17, no. 1 (September 22, 2017): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2017.162.

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32

Radke, Jay R., C. Amy Eibs, and Philip D. Fox. "Host Cell-Directed Interactions with Toxoplasma Influence Pathogenesis." Microbe Magazine 2, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbe.2.244.1.

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33

Khitrov, Gregory. "Host-Directed Polar Order Observed in Organic Molecular Crystals." MRS Bulletin 25, no. 8 (August 2000): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2000.138.

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34

Mehta, Krina, Herman P. Spaink, Tom H. M. Ottenhoff, Piet H. van der Graaf, and J. G. Coen van Hasselt. "Host-directed therapies for tuberculosis: quantitative systems pharmacology approaches." Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 43, no. 4 (April 2022): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2021.11.016.

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35

Wei, Ling, Jack Adderley, Didier Leroy, David H. Drewry, Danny W. Wilson, Alexis Kaushansky, and Christian Doerig. "Host-directed therapy, an untapped opportunity for antimalarial intervention." Cell Reports Medicine 2, no. 10 (October 2021): 100423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100423.

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36

Sachan, Madhur, Ashish Srivastava, Rajeev Ranjan, Anuradha Gupta, Sanketkumar Pandya, and Amit Misra. "Opportunities and Challenges for Host-Directed Therapies in Tuberculosis." Current Pharmaceutical Design 22, no. 17 (April 27, 2016): 2599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160128150636.

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37

Barber, Ron. "Host-directed short-term missions: Interviews with Japanese liaisons." Missiology: An International Review 43, no. 3 (April 21, 2015): 309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091829615581930.

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38

Maeurer, Markus, Martin Rao, and Alimuddin Zumla. "Host-directed therapies for antimicrobial resistant respiratory tract infections." Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 22, no. 3 (May 2016): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mcp.0000000000000271.

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39

Young, C., G. Walzl, and N. Du Plessis. "Therapeutic host-directed strategies to improve outcome in tuberculosis." Mucosal Immunology 13, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 190–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41385-019-0226-5.

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AbstractBacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only licenced tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, but has limited efficacy against pulmonary TB disease development and modest protection against extrapulmonary TB. Preventative antibiotic treatment for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections in high-prevalence settings is unfeasible due to unclear treatment durability, drug toxicity, logistical constraints related to directly observed treatment strategy (DOTS) and the lengthy treatment protocols. Together, these factors promote non-adherence, contributing to relapse and establishment of drug-resistant Mtb strains. Although antibiotic treatment of drug-susceptible Mtb is generally effective, drug-resistant TB has a treatment efficacy below 50% and can, in a proportion, develop into progressive, untreatable disease. Other immune compromising co-infections and/or co-morbidities require more complex prevention/treatment approaches, posing huge financial burdens to national health services. Novel TB treatment strategies, such as host-directed therapeutics, are required to complement pathogen-targeted approaches. Pre-clinical studies have highlighted promising candidates that enhance endogenous pathways and/or limit destructive host responses. This review discusses promising pre-clinical candidates and forerunning compounds at advanced stages of clinical investigation in TB host-directed therapeutic (HDT) efficacy trials. Such approaches are rationalized to improve outcome in TB and shorten treatment strategies.
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40

O'Brien, Philippa M., and M. Saveria Campo. "Evasion of host immunity directed by papillomavirus-encoded proteins." Virus Research 88, no. 1-2 (September 2002): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00123-5.

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41

Dallenga, Tobias, Lara Linnemann, Bhesh Paudyal, Urska Repnik, Gareth Griffiths, and Ulrich E. Schaible. "Targeting neutrophils for host-directed therapy to treat tuberculosis." International Journal of Medical Microbiology 308, no. 1 (January 2018): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.10.001.

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42

Schwegmann, A., and F. Brombacher. "Host-Directed Drug Targeting of Factors Hijacked by Pathogens." Science Signaling 1, no. 29 (July 15, 2008): re8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.129re8.

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43

Bull, James J., Holly A. Wichman, and Stephen M. Krone. "Modeling the Directed Evolution of Broad Host Range Phages." Antibiotics 11, no. 12 (November 27, 2022): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121709.

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Background: The host ranges of individual phages tend to be narrow, yet many applications of phages would benefit from expanded host ranges. Empirical methods have been developed to direct the evolution of phages to attack new strains, but the methods have not been evaluated or compared for their consequences. In particular, how do different methods favor generalist (broad host range) phages over specialist phages? All methods involve exposing phages to two or more novel bacterial strains, but the methods differ in the order in which those hosts are presented through time: Parallel presentation, Sequential presentation, and Mixed presentation. Methods: We use a combination of simple analytical methods and numerical analyses to study the effect of these different protocols on the selection of generalist versus specialist phages. Results: The three presentation protocols have profoundly different consequences for the evolution of generalist versus specialist phages. Sequential presentation favors generalists almost to the exclusion of specialists, whereas Parallel presentation does the least so. However, other protocol attributes (the nature of dilution between transfers of phages to new cultures) also have effects on selection and phage maintenance. It is also noted that protocols can be designed to enhance recombination to augment evolution and to reduce stochastic loss of newly arisen mutants.
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44

Wale, Nina, Matthew J. Jones, Derek G. Sim, Andrew F. Read, and Aaron A. King. "The contribution of host cell-directed vs. parasite-directed immunity to the disease and dynamics of malaria infections." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 44 (October 15, 2019): 22386–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908147116.

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Hosts defend themselves against pathogens by mounting an immune response. Fully understanding the immune response as a driver of host disease and pathogen evolution requires a quantitative account of its impact on parasite population dynamics. Here, we use a data-driven modeling approach to quantify the birth and death processes underlying the dynamics of infections of the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium chabaudi, and the red blood cells (RBCs) it targets. We decompose the immune response into 3 components, each with a distinct effect on parasite and RBC vital rates, and quantify the relative contribution of each component to host disease and parasite density. Our analysis suggests that these components are deployed in a coordinated fashion to realize distinct resource-directed defense strategies that complement the killing of parasitized cells. Early in the infection, the host deploys a strategy reminiscent of siege and scorched-earth tactics, in which it both destroys RBCs and restricts their supply. Late in the infection, a “juvenilization” strategy, in which turnover of RBCs is accelerated, allows the host to recover from anemia while holding parasite proliferation at bay. By quantifying the impact of immunity on both parasite fitness and host disease, we reveal that phenomena often interpreted as immunopathology may in fact be beneficial to the host. Finally, we show that, across mice, the components of the host response are consistently related to each other, even when infections take qualitatively different trajectories. This suggests the existence of simple rules that govern the immune system’s deployment.
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45

Ahmed, Sultan, Rubhana Raqib, Guðmundur Hrafn Guðmundsson, Peter Bergman, Birgitta Agerberth, and Rokeya Sultana Rekha. "Host-Directed Therapy as a Novel Treatment Strategy to Overcome Tuberculosis: Targeting Immune Modulation." Antibiotics 9, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9010021.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity, particularly in developing countries, presenting a major threat to the public health. The currently recommended long term treatment regimen with multiple antibiotics is associated with poor patient compliance, which in turn, may contribute to the emergence of multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB). The low global treatment efficacy of MDR-TB has highlighted the necessity to develop novel treatment options. Host-directed therapy (HDT) together with current standard anti-TB treatments, has gained considerable interest, as HDT targets novel host immune mechanisms. These immune mechanisms would otherwise bypass the antibiotic bactericidal targets to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which may be mutated to cause antibiotic resistance. Additionally, host-directed therapies against TB have been shown to be associated with reduced lung pathology and improved disease outcome, most likely via the modulation of host immune responses. This review will provide an update of host-directed therapies and their mechanism(s) of action against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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46

Saini, Sapna, Anjali Gangwar, and Rashmi Sharma. "Harnessing host-pathogen interactions for innovative drug discovery and host-directed therapeutics to tackle tuberculosis." Microbiological Research 275 (October 2023): 127466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2023.127466.

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47

Kim, Ye-Ram, and Chul-Su Yang. "Host-Directed Therapeutics as a Novel Approach for Tuberculosis Treatment." Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 27, no. 9 (September 28, 2017): 1549–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1705.05032.

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48

Ignatius, Elisa H., and Kelly E. Dooley. "A leap forward in assessing host-directed therapies for tuberculosis." Lancet Respiratory Medicine 9, no. 8 (August 2021): 809–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30528-2.

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49

Prussia, Andrew, Pahk Thepchatri, James P. Snyder, and Richard Plemper. "Systematic Approaches towards the Development of Host-Directed Antiviral Therapeutics." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 12, no. 6 (June 15, 2011): 4027–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms12064027.

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50

Collier, Michael A., Matthew D. Gallovic, Kevin J. Peine, Anthony D. Duong, Eric M. Bachelder, John S. Gunn, Larry S. Schlesinger, and Kristy M. Ainslie. "Delivery of host cell-directed therapeutics for intracellular pathogen clearance." Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 11, no. 11 (November 2013): 1225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14787210.2013.845524.

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