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Alani, R., D. Nwude, and O. Adeniyi. "Assessment of Hospital Wastes Management Practices in Lagos, Nigeria, using Two Health Care Centres as Case Studies." Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 3, no. 2 (October 2019): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2019.02.0121.
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Hospital wastes are highly infectious and can pose serious threat to human health. As the rate at which these wastes are generated is getting rapidly higher because of rapid urbanization and population growth, also the problem of disposal of these wastes is becoming more serious. It is of utmost importance that these wastes receive specialized treatment and management prior to their final disposal. Some of these wastes are mixed with household wastes, and the entire pile becomes a great public health hazard. Scavengers search through the piles for salable items, which they wash, repack and resell to the public, endangering their lives, and that of the entire public. Until recently, the management of medical wastes has received little attention despite their potential environmental hazards and public health risks. The collection, storage and disposal of medical wastes in Lagos are of growing environmental problem which needs immediate attention. This study was carried out to assess the current waste management practices in terms of type of wastes and quantities of waste generated in the healthcare facilities and the waste handling and disposal practices; also, to assess the level of awareness of health workers regarding hospital and clinical waste management. Two health care facilities in Lagos state were used as case studies. These hospitals are secondary facilities providing emergency, surgical, material and child health services. The methodology design was mainly of qualitative and involved physical observation, questionnaire administration, quantitative data collection procedures and manipulation, data analysis and interpretation. The findings showed that there was almost no knowledge of hospital waste management policy in the two health care facilities among the management staff, which seemed to confirm the premium on hospital wastes and their poor management.
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Yoon, Jeongyeon, Younghan Yoon, Sang Leen Yun, and Wontae Lee. "The Current State of Management and Disposal of Wastes Related to COVID-19 : A review." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 43, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2021.43.12.739.
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Objectives : This paper summarizes effective waste management and disposal methods for plastic and medical wastes during the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic.Methods : We reviewed the literatures reporting and identifying the current status and characteristics of wastes related to COVID-19, and the management and treatment guidelines for those wastes. We also investigated various technologies for waste treatment and disposal, and assessed the current status and future direction of the technologies in Korea.Results and Discussion : In the first half of 2020 in Korea, the amount of plastic waste produced had increased by 15.6% year-on-year, and medical waste production also increased significantly from 0.6 ton in January 2020 to 2,928 ton in August 2021. All of the infectious wastes are currently being incinerated in Korea, but there are concerns on air pollutant emissions and insufficient treatment facilities. Municipal solid waste also suffers from a lack of landfill capacity and low price competitiveness in the recycling industry.Conclusions : Policy and system need to be improved to reduce the infectious waste generation from the sources, and treatment and disposal technologies for produced wastes also need to be developed. Furthermore, hospitals and health care facilities should establish their own waste reducing systems which may include chemical treatment and sterilization units.
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Etim, Mmemek-Abasi, Sunday Academe, PraiseGod Emenike, and David Omole. "Application of Multi-Criteria Decision Approach in the Assessment of Medical Waste Management Systems in Nigeria." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (September 30, 2021): 10914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910914.
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Globally, the pandemic of COVID-19 has penetrated all spheres of human endeavors, and noteworthy is the tremendous increase in the volume of healthcare wastes generated in Nigeria. There has been an increase in medical waste materials produced as a result of the extensive use of both disposable personal protective equipment (PPE), such as face shields and nose and face masks, and highly infectious waste materials, such as contaminated syringes, needles, and soiled bandages from diagnosed positive cases. Despite the huge volume in waste generation, a standardized evaluation framework is currently lacking in the management of medical wastes in Nigeria. This study has developed a novel assessment framework for managing medical wastes, which is curated from the technical guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO). The applicability of the framework was examined on seven designated public and private-owned hospitals in Ota. The fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) approaches of multi-criteria decision analysis were utilized in modelling an evaluation framework for the objective of medical waste management. Carefully designed interview questionnaires, observations, and site visits were carried out to obtain data from healthcare professionals in Ota. Results show that waste segregation was practiced more decisively in private hospitals than public hospitals. Waste segregation is established as a key determinant in implementing an effective waste management system in any healthcare facility. The success of waste segregation in healthcare institutions is highly dependent on good hospital management, organizational policies, efficient budget planning for waste management, and the operational running cost. Disposal methods investigated were mostly open burning and incessant dumping for most public health care centers. Deficient waste management practices were observed in waste disposal, waste transportation, storage, and organizational policies. While the awareness and capacity building on occupational safety practices and environmental public health is widely known by health workers and waste handlers, compliance and enforcement are critical challenges. The validation of results using fuzzy TOPSIS and a sensitivity analysis shows a high degree of the consistency, stability, and robustness of the model. Findings from the present study can aid decision making, as this will benefit policy makers and key stakeholders in developing more comprehensive and effective medical waste management guidelines in Nigeria. In addition, future decision-making studies could augment the results from the current research by assessing the impact of the pandemic preparedness and response on medical waste management.
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Kalantary, Roshanak Rezaei, Arsalan Jamshidi, Mohammad Mehdi Golbini Mofrad, Ahmad Jonidi Jafari, Neda Heidari, Saeid Fallahizadeh, Mohsen Hesami Arani, and Javad Torkashvand. "Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on medical waste management: a case study." Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 19, no. 1 (March 18, 2021): 831–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00650-9.
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AbstractCovid-19 Pandemic leads to medical services for the society all over the world. The Covid-19 pandemic influence the waste management and specially medical waste management. In this study, the effect of the Covid-19 outbreak on medical waste was evaluated via assessing the solid waste generation, composition, and management status in five hospitals in Iran. The results indicated that the epidemic Covid-19 leads to increased waste generation on average 102.2 % in both private and public hospitals. In addition, the ratio of infectious waste in the studied hospitals increased by an average of 9 % in medical waste composition and 121 % compared with before COVID-19 pandemic. Changes in plans and management measurement such as increasing the frequency of waste collection per week leads to lower the risk of infection transmission from medical waste in the studied hospitals. The results obtained from the present research clearly show the changes in medical waste generation and waste composition within pandemic Covid-19. In addition, established new ward, Covid-19 ward with high-infected waste led to new challenges which should be managed properly by change in routine activities.
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e Hani, Um, and Ilyas Hussain Sarfaraz. "REVIEWING CLINICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT UNDER THE LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK IN PAKISTAN: PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES." JOURNAL OF WASTES AND BIOMASS MANAGEMENT 3, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/jwbm.02.2021.69.76.
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The waste generated at healthcare facilities has two distinct categories: hazardous and non-hazardous waste. 10- 15% of the total waste generated at hospitals is hazardous which is termed as clinical waste. This review article has reported and reviewed the practices of clinical waste management in Pakistan’s major cities. Researches demonstrated that about 1.35 Kg / bed waste has been produced by the tertiary health care facilities in Pakistan. Studies for review process are selected through an iterative process. More than 100 research articles, National legislations, international protocols and newspaper reports are consulted and reviewed to extract the data of interest. Clinical waste management in Pakistan is the responsibility of the individual health care facility producing it under Hospital Waste Management Rules, 2005. Due to lack of proper checks and weak implementation of legislations many gaps have been identified in this review article like lack of segregation, inappropriate vehicles for transportation, poor storage and no advanced pollution control treatment strategies. Most of the hospitals lack documented waste management plan. Staff was mostly untrained and under educated. International standards for safe hazardous waste disposal are not being followed resulting in spread of diseases like hepatitis and AIDS. Cases of poor recycling and reuse of used clinical instruments is also documented. However, the condition is much satisfactory in big cities. There is an understanding to focus on the proper implementation of clinical waste management rules with strict checks. Establishment of incineration facility at major hospitals with proper maintenance, safe transportation to secure landfills and utilization of proper SOPs are suggested improvements towards safe management of clinical waste.
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Attrah, Mustafa, Amira Elmanadely, Dilruba Akter, and Eldon R. Rene. "A Review on Medical Waste Management: Treatment, Recycling, and Disposal Options." Environments 9, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments9110146.
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Many nations struggle with the collection, separation, and disposal of medical waste. However, extra caution is required to avoid the risk of injury, cross-contamination, and infection; thus, healthcare workers and individuals responsible for waste management must follow the mandatory safety procedures. In this review, a classification of the various types and categories of medical waste and its treatment methods are discussed. Due to the fact that medical waste can be contaminated and hazardous, it must be managed and processed using complex steps and procedures. In many countries, the primary medical/hospital waste treatment method is incineration, which is regarded as a highly polluting process that emits numerous pollutants that degrade air quality and pose a threat to human health and the environment. As case studies, medical waste treatment and disposal practices in Germany, China, USA, and Egypt were compared, and the legislations and laws enacted to regulate medical waste in each of these countries are reviewed and discussed.
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Babaee Tirkolaee, Erfan, Parvin Abbasian, Mehdi Soltani, and Seyed Ali Ghaffarian. "Developing an applied algorithm for multi-trip vehicle routing problem with time windows in urban waste collection: A case study." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 37, no. 1_suppl (January 2019): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18807001.
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This paper studies a multi-trip vehicle routing problem with time windows specifically related to urban waste collection. Urban waste collection is one of the municipal activities with large costs and has many practical difficulties. In other words, waste collection and disposal is a costly task due to high operating expenses (fuel, maintenance, recycling, manpower, etc.) and small improvements in this field can result in tremendous savings on municipal expenditure. In the raised problem, the goal is to minimize total cost including traversing cost, vehicle employment cost, and exit penalty from permissible time windows. In this problem, the waste is deposited at the points indicating the demand nodes, in which each demand shows the volume of generated waste. Considering multiple trips for vehicles and time windows are the most critical features of the problem, so that the priorities of serving some specific places such as hospitals can be observed. Since vehicle routing problems (VRP) belongs to NP-hard problems, an efficient simulated annealing (SA) is proposed to solve the problem. The computational results show that our proposed algorithm has a great performance in a short computational time in comparison with the CPLEX solver. Finally, in order to demonstrate the applicability of the model, a case study is analyzed in Iran, and the optimal policies are presented.
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Srisuwandee, Thitiworada, Sombat Sindhuchao, and Thitinon Srisuwandee. "The Differential Evolution Algorithm for Solving the Problem of Size Selection and Location of Infectious Waste Incinerator." Computation 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation11010010.
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The disposal of infectious waste remains one of the most severe medical, social, and environmental problems in almost every country. Choosing the right location and arranging the most suitable transport route is one of the main issues in managing hazardous waste. Identifying a site for the disposal of infectious waste is a complicated process because both tangible and intangible factors must be considered together, and it also depends on various rules and regulations. This research aims to solve the problem of the size selection and location of infectious waste incinerators for 109 community hospitals in the upper part of northeastern Thailand by applying a differential evolution algorithm to solve the problem with the objective of minimizing the total system cost, which consists of the cost of transporting infectious waste, the fixed costs, and the variable cost of operating the infectious waste incinerator. The developed differential evolution produces vectors that differ from the conventional differential evolution. Instead of a single set of vectors, three are created to search for the solution. In addition to solving the problem of the case study, this research conducts numerical experiments with randomly generated data to measure the performance of the differential evolution algorithm. The results show that the proposed algorithm efficiently solves the problem and can find the global optimal solution for the problem studied.
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Ali, Moazzam, and Chushi Kuroiwa. "Status and challenges of hospital solid waste management: case studies from Thailand, Pakistan, and Mongolia." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 11, no. 3 (September 2009): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-009-0238-4.
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Scholz, Miklas, Niall L. Corrigan, and Sara K. Yazdi. "The Glasgow Sustainable Urban Drainage System Management Project: Case Studies (Belvidere Hospital and Celtic FC Stadium Areas)." Environmental Engineering Science 23, no. 6 (November 2006): 908–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.2006.23.908.
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McPherson, Brett, Mihray Sharip, and Terry Grimmond. "The impact on life cycle carbon footprint of converting from disposable to reusable sharps containers in a large US hospital geographically distant from manufacturing and processing facilities." PeerJ 7 (February 22, 2019): e6204. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6204.
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Background Sustainable purchasing can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at healthcare facilities (HCF). A previous study found that converting from disposable to reusable sharps containers (DSC, RSC) reduced sharps waste stream GHG by 84% but found transport distances impacted significantly on GHG outcomes and recommended further studies where transport distances are large. This case-study examines the impact on GHG of nation-wide transport distances when a large US health system converted from DSC to RSC. Methods The study’s scope was to examine life cycle GHG emissions during 12 months of facility-wide use of DSC and RSC at Loma Linda University Health (LLUH). The facility is an 1100-bed US, 5-hospital system where: the source of polymer was distant from the RSC manufacturing plant; both manufacturing plants were over 3,000 km from the HCF; and the RSC processing plant was considerably further from the HCF than was the DSC disposal plant. Using a “cradle to grave” life cycle GHG tool we calculated the annual GHG emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O expressed in metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents (MTCO2eq) for each container system. Primary energy input data was used wherever possible and region-specific energy-impact conversions were used to calculate GHG of each unit process over a 12-month period. The scope included Manufacture, Transport, Washing, and Treatment & disposal. GHG emissions from all unit process within these four life cycle stages were summed to estimate each container-system’s carbon footprint. Emission totals were workload-normalized and analysed using CHI2test with P ≤ 0.05 and rate ratios at 95% CL. Results Converting to RSC, LLUH reduced its annual GHG by 162.4 MTCO2eq (−65.3%; p < 0.001; RR 2.27–3.71), and annually eliminated 50.2 tonnes of plastic DSC and 8.1 tonnes of cardboard from the sharps waste stream. Of the plastic eliminated, 31.8 tonnes were diverted from landfill and 18.4 from incineration. Discussion Unlike GHG reduction strategies dependent on changes in staff behavior (waste segregation, recycling, turning off lights, car-pooling, etc), purchasing strategies can enable immediate, sustainable and institution-wide GHG reductions to be achieved. This study confirmed that large transport distances between polymer manufacturer, container manufacturer, user and processing facilities, can significantly impact the carbon footprint of sharps containment systems. However, even with large transport distances, we found that a large university health system significantly reduced the carbon footprint of their sharps waste stream by converting from DSC to RSC.
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Bakshi, Rishav, Nilanjana Ghosh, Risheen Mukherjee, and Sumanta Chakraborty. "Assessment of knowledge and practice of biomedical waste management among health care personnel in a rural tertiary care hospital of Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India." Journal of Comprehensive Health 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53553/jch.v06i01.004.
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Background: Health care generates profuse amount of toxic biomedical wastes, which if not disposed appropriately turns out to be a potential health hazard. Biomedical waste management and handling rules thus are formulated, amended and universally implemented with health staffs playing a pivotal role in its success. This rural tertiary care hospital has wide catchment area, huge patient influx and face challenges unique to its remote settings. Objectives and Methods : The descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in North Bengal Medical College after obtaining ethical clearance among health care professionals of selected wards for one month to determine existing biomedical waste management practices and discern causes for any non-compliance to standard guidelines. Relevant tools and techniques were used and 53 participants pertaining to study criteria could be finally studied. Data was collected and analyzed accordingly. Results: Infrastructural support was inadequate. Knowledge and practice assessed under domains of biomedical waste segregation, use of designated equipment, waste storage before disposal, related trainings and workshops revealed discrepancies. Group D staffs had no training. Health care personnel unanimously agreed to importance of proper biomedical waste management but cited increased workload, inadequate administrative support and trainings as primary reasons for non-adherence. Conclusion: Biomedical waste management is grossly inadequate and gaps exist in knowledge and practice of concerned health care personnel. Addressing the discerned reasons is mandatory.
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BHATTI, MUHAMMAD AYAZ, Farah Rashid, KOMEL ZULFIQAR, Mirza Inamul Haq, and MOAZZAM ALI. "HOSPITALS." Professional Medical Journal 14, no. 04 (October 12, 2007): 639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2007.14.04.4830.
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Objectives: To know the amount of total waste generated in the hospital daily,to know the types of waste and the amount of infectious waste generated daily, and to know about knowledge andattitude of the health care workers, doctors nurses and sanitary staff about hospital waste. Setting: The study areais the Pakistan Railway Hospital a tertiary level care Hospital consisting of 380 beds and all the essential Departments.Study Period: the study was conducted from June 2006 to September 2006. Material and methods: study design:This was a cross sectional study Single tertiary level care hospital was studied due to limitation of time and resources.Data collection: Data was collected by using structured questionnaire and weighing of one day (24 hours) waste fromall the units. Other relevant data was collected by structured interviews, meetings, discussions. Results: wastegenerated in twenty four hours is 229.75 Kg. The average waste generated per patient per day is 1.05 Kg, the quantityof infectious waste generated is 104.8 Kg i.e. 0.478 Kg per patient per day. Quantity of waste generated in order ofmaximum to minimum waste was Gynae/Obs 1.29Kg, Paediatrics1.15Kg, Surgery 1.13 followed by Orthopaedics0.80Kg, ENT 0.71 Medicine 0.48 and ophthalmology 0.4Kg all per bed per day. The responses show that all thecategories of hospital workers are nearly not having the proper knowledge about the hazards and therefore unable togive suggestion or solution of the problem. Conclusion: Health care waste management in Railway Hospital is in badshape. The general awareness on the subject is very much lacking both by the producers as well as handlers of waste.There is acute need for training and sensitization of managers, staff and sanitary staff for safe disposal of waste.
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Mekonnen, Besufekad, Nahom Solomon, and Wondimagegn Wondimu. "Healthcare Waste Status and Handling Practices during COVID-19 Pandemic in Tepi General Hospital, Ethiopia." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2021 (January 30, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6614565.
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Background. Mismanagement of healthcare waste (HCW) during the COVID-19 pandemic can facilitate the transmission of coronavirus. Regarding this problem, there is gap of evidence in Ethiopia, and this study aimed to assess the HCW generation rate and management in Tepi General Hospital, southwest Ethiopia. Methods. Institution-based cross-sectional and case studies were conducted. The total amount of waste generated and its type among various case teams were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (r) was used to assess the correlation between the total numbers of patients and the total amount of HCW generated. Qualitative data were transcribed verbatim, translated to English, and analyzed with Open Code version 4.02 software, and content analysis was followed. Results. The total mean weight (±SD) of waste generation rate in all service units of the hospital was 492.5 ± 11.5 kg/day. The higher proportion (61.9%) of the total HCW produced was general waste and the remaining (38.1%) was hazardous waste. There was a statistically significant (X2 = 82.1, p < 0.001 ) difference in daily HCW generation rate among different case teams. Similarly, the hospital waste generation amount and total patient flow had a strong positive linear relationship (r = 0.7, p = 0.032 ). COVID-19-related medical wastes were not properly handled, segregated, stored, and disposed. There was a scarcity of resources needed to manage HCW, and available resources were utilized poorly. Overall, healthcare wastes were managed as usual (pre-COVID-19). Conclusion. The mean HCW generation rate in Tepi General Hospital was high. Overall, wastes were mismanaged, and COVID-19-related HCWs have been managed as usual. Availing of important resources and training the concerned bodies should be considered during the crisis of COVID-19.
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Martin, Stephen, P. Penttinen, G. Hedin, M. Ljungström, G. Allestam, Y. Andersson, and J. Giesecke. "A case–cohort study to investigate concomitant waterborne outbreaks of Campylobacter and gastroenteritis in Söderhamn, Sweden, 2002–3." Journal of Water and Health 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0025.
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Increased domestic, laboratory confirmed, Campylobacter notifications were reported in Söderhamn municipality, December 2002 and January 2003. Concurrently, during preliminary investigations a large outbreak of acute gastroenteritis was detected. Simultaneously, two studies were completed to identify risk factors for infection with Campylobacter and acute gastrointestinal infection (AGI): (1) a case–cohort study using Campylobacter cases (N =101) with a large random sample from the municipal population as referents (N=1000) and (2) a retrospective cohort study for the outcome AGI using the same sample. A postal questionnaire was used to collect demographic, clinical, water and food consumption data. Measures of association (risk ratio (RR), odds ratio (OR)) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Stool, environmental and water samples were tested by standard methods at Gävle Hospital and SMI laboratories respectively. In the case–cohort study, Camplylobacter cases were more likely than referents to consume communal water (OR=12.6 (95% CI 1.7–92.3)). In the cohort study, risk of gastroenteritis was 2.3 times higher in those who consumed water (AR=27.3%) than others (AR=12%). Risk of illness was associated with the amount of water consumed in both studies. Campylobacter was detected in stools and Escherichia coli (E. coli) from routine communal water (CW) samples. Results suggest both Söderhamn outbreaks of Campylobacter and AGI were associated with consumption of CW. The method used strengthened epidemiological evidence and was efficient in the use of time and resources.
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AMIN, RAHEELAH, RUBINA GUL, and AMINA MEHRAB. "HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT;." Professional Medical Journal 20, no. 06 (December 15, 2013): 988–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.06.1684.
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Introduction: Hospital waste is a special type of waste which carries high potential of infection and injury. Objectives: Thisstudy was conducted to examine Medical Waste Management Practices in different hospitals of Peshawar. Methodology: Simpleobservational, cross-sectional study. was conducted with a case study approach. Aug-Sep 2011, with selection of 15 hospitals. The datawas collected through a pre-designed questionnaire with a checklist. Results: The study showed that 80% of the hospital personnel knewhospital waste and its management. There was waste management plan present in 30% of hospitals. Although hospitals did not quantifiedwaste amounts but on average the amount of waste generated daily was 0.5-1 kg/bed/day. Segregation into risk and non risk waste wasdone in 93.3% of hospitals. For non risk waste, disposal through Municipal Corporation was conducted in 86.67% of the hospitals, whilein 13.3%, it was burnt. For risk waste, either it was buried or burnt. Proper incineration was carried out in only 33.3% of the hospitals.Discussion: Hospital waste generation, segregation, collection, transportation & disposal practices were not in accordance with standardguidelines. The average waste generation in most of the hospitals was almost equivalent to other under developed countries but less thanthat of developed countries. Conclusions: The hospital waste in the majority of hospitals of Peshawar was mismanaged. No properhospital waste management plan existed except at few hospitals.
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Farzadkia, Mahdi, Arash Moradi, Mojtaba Shah Mohammadi, and Sahand Jorfi. "Hospital waste management status in Iran: a case study in the teaching hospitals of Iran University of Medical Sciences." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 27, no. 4 (June 2009): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x09335703.
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Hospital waste materials pose a wide variety of health and safety hazards for patients and healthcare workers. Many of hospitals in Iran have neither a satisfactory waste disposal system nor a waste management and disposal policy. The main objective of this research was to investigate the solid waste management in the eight teaching hospitals of Iran University of Medical Sciences. In this cross-sectional study, the main stages of hospital waste management including generation, separation, collection, storage, and disposal of waste materials were assessed in these hospitals, located in Tehran city. The measurement was conducted through a questionnaire and direct observation by researchers. The data obtained was converted to a quantitative measure to evaluate the different management components. The results showed that the waste generation rate was 2.5 to 3.01 kg bed—1 day—1, which included 85 to 90% of domestic waste and 10 to 15% of infectious waste. The lack of separation between hazardous and non-hazardous waste, an absence of the necessary rules and regulations applying to the collection of waste from hospital wards and on-site transport to a temporary storage location, a lack of proper waste treatment, and disposal of hospital waste along with municipal garbage, were the main findings. In order to improve the existing conditions, some extensive research to assess the present situation in the hospitals of Iran, the compilation of rules and establishment of standards and effective training for the personnel are actions that are recommended.
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Guidotti, Tee L., and Lisa Ragain. "Communicating with healthcare providers." Journal of Water and Health 6, S1 (March 1, 2008): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2008.032.
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Studies of risk communication have identified healthcare providers, especially physicians, as the source of information most trusted by the public on issues of environmental health. Nothing in medical, nursing or most healthcare provider training actually prepares practitioners to play this role and healthcare providers are generally more oriented toward treatment and medical care than prevention and public health. Healthcare providers require education in order to play this role but rarely seek it. Gaps in the knowledge of professional on the issue of Cryptosporidium illustrate the problem. For members of the professional water community, communicating with healthcare providers is best done when messages are delivered in familiar settings, such as hospital Grand Rounds (a universal format for teaching conferences) and provided in a narrative (case-based) form but gaining access is difficult if the topic is not obviously clinical in nature. In addition to being a critically important target group itself, public health professionals are easier to reach and may mediate good working relationships with medical practitioners. We suggest a strategy for water utilities based on partnerships with academic public health and providing education through well-recognized formats in continuing medical and nursing education.
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Liu, Hao, and Zhong Yao. "Research on Mixed and Classification Simulation Models of Medical Waste—A Case Study in Beijing, China." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 16, 2018): 4226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114226.
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Medical waste has strict classification standards. However, in reality, the process of collection and disposal of most medical waste does not strictly follow the corresponding standards, thus resulting in great potential risks to people’s health. Our research analyzed existing problems with medical waste classification management, optimized the medical waste recycling business model, and then used the simulation software AnyLogic to design mixed and classification simulation models based on current literature regarding the standards of medical waste classification and composition in China. Furthermore, we simulated and calculated the generation of nonrecyclable medical waste, recyclable medical waste, and domestic waste in the three models based on 30,000 tons of medical waste generated in Beijing in 2015. We compared and analyzed the output, generation rate, disposal cost, recycling revenue, and cost–benefit based on the disposal cost standards of the Beijing Municipal Commission of Development and Reform and the China Renewable Resources Price Index in Beijing. The importance of strengthening the classification and recycling of medical waste was further validated by modeling and simulation. The study provides an important reference to hospitals, disposal plants, and government regulatory departments in their decision-making.
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Taghipour, Hassan, and Mohammad Mosaferi. "The challenge of medical waste management: a case study in northwest Iran-Tabriz." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 27, no. 4 (May 26, 2009): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x08104132.
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This article presents the results of a descriptive cross-sectional study on medical waste management in Tabriz (Iran's fourth largest city). The study was conducted in 10 of 25 active hospitals of the city in the summer of 2007. The methodology of the present study was based on data collected from hospitals through a checklist, site visits (observation), and quantity analysis by weight. The results indicated that more than 13.59 tonnes day—1 of total medical waste and 4.06 tonnes day—1 of hazardous-infectious medical waste are generated by the active hospitals of the city. Currently, there are no practical instructions, or suitable supervision on different levels of waste management. The health authorities and hospital managers do not accept sufficient responsibility for the medical waste due to financial problems and the lack of awareness regarding the hazards of medical waste. Segregation and minimization of waste are not carried out correctly in any of the hospitals. The use of protective measures by staff and temporary storage areas was not in agreement with standards in 70 and 60% of the hospitals in the present study, respectively. About 50% of the hospitals had been equipped with an incinerator, but all but one (10%) of them had been phased out due to operation and maintenance problems, air pollution, etc. Almost all of the hospitals have a waste management officer, but there is not an effective training programme for the staff. Infectious-hazardous medical waste is mixed with general waste, and it is disposed of in a municipal waste landfill, which is an unsanitary dumpsite. Illegal segregation and recycling of medical waste is carried out at the final disposal site; therefore, there are concerns about environmental pollution and the transmission of infectious diseases. It is proposed that, through the allocation of increased budgets, implementation of integrated segregation, minimization of waste, and creation of a training programme in the hospitals, the quantity of medical waste would be decreased (by about 70.11%). Considering the previous unsuccessful experience of on-site incineration in Tabriz (and in Iran's other large cites), an amendment should be made to Iran's current hazardous waste regulations to have infectious-hazardous waste sent to a central off-site autoclave or incinerator for treatment. The off-site autoclave would have some advantages, such as decreased air pollution. Of course, some health officials oppose this plan. To test this plan and receive the official's approval, a central off-site autoclave can be put into practice as a pilot.
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Liu, Ziyuan, Tianle Liu, Xingdong Liu, Aijing Wei, Xiaoxue Wang, Ying Yin, and You Li. "Research on Optimization of Healthcare Waste Management System Based on Green Governance Principle in the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 5316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105316.
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At present, strategies for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic have made significant and strategic strides; however, and the large quantities of healthcare treatment waste have become another important “battlefield”. For example, in Wuhan, the production rate of healthcare waste in hospitals, communities, temporary storage, and other units was much faster than the disposal rate during the COVID-19 pandemic. Improving the efficiency of healthcare waste transfer and treatment has become an important task for government health and environmental protection departments at all levels. Based on the situation of healthcare waste disposal in Wuhan during the critical period of the pandemic, this paper analyzes and studies green governance principles and summarizes the problems that exist in the current healthcare waste management system. Through the establishment of temporary storage facilities along transit routes, digital simulation and bionic experiments were carried out in the Hongshan District of Wuhan to improve the efficiency of healthcare waste transfer. Furthermore, this study discusses the coordination and cooperation of government, hospitals, communities, and other departments in the healthcare waste disposal process and provides guiding suggestions for healthcare waste disposal nationwide in order to deal with potential risks and provide effective references in all regions.
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Delmonico, Diego V. de Godoy, Hugo H. dos Santos, Marco AP Pinheiro, Rosani de Castro, and Regiane M. de Souza. "Waste management barriers in developing country hospitals: Case study and AHP analysis." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 1 (November 20, 2017): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x17739972.
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Healthcare waste management is an essential field for both researchers and practitioners. Although there have been few studies using statistical methods for its evaluation, it has been the subject of several studies in different contexts. Furthermore, the known precarious practices for waste management in developing countries raise questions about its potential barriers. This study aims to investigate the barriers in healthcare waste management and their relevance. For this purpose, this paper analyses waste management practices in two Brazilian hospitals by using case study and the Analytic Hierarchy Process method. The barriers were organized into three categories – human factors, management, and infrastructure, and the main findings suggest that cost and employee awareness were the most significant barriers. These results highlight the main barriers to more sustainable waste management, and provide an empirical basis for multi-criteria evaluation of the literature.
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Costa, Clauber A., Camila C. Maia, Arthur Co Neves, Raphael T. de Vasconcelos Barros, and Marcos PG Mol. "Profile of highly infected wastes generated by hospitals: A case in Belo Horizonte, Brazil." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 37, no. 6 (May 13, 2019): 643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19846296.
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Healthcare wastes are generated in facilities whose activities are related to human or animal healthcare. Wastes with high infectious potential risk to human health and the environment must be managed carefully, from generation to its final disposal. However, there is an absence of consolidated data addressing the healthcare waste qualitative classification generated by hospitals of a large city. Therefore, the present study aims to characterise qualitatively the high infectious waste generated by hospitals from Belo Horizonte city, Brazil, whose Health Services Waste Management Plan were approved and certificated by the municipal cleansing autarchy. Differences in the types of infectious wastes generated in maternity hospitals were identified ( p 0.034), when compared with general ( p 0.189), low ( p 0.549) and high complexity ( p 0.619), which can be explained owing to the extended hospital activities. This information suggests a similar profile of the qualitative generation of infectious wastes by hospital categories, as expected. The largest generation and diversity of high-infected wastes are associated with a greater variety of activities provided. The segregation can be considered as the main step in healthcare waste management, therefore, it is concluded that the correct classification leads to a better understanding of all those involved in the healthcare waste management.
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Ishtiaq, Palvisha, Sharfuddin Ahmed Khan, and Moiz-ul Haq. "A multi-criteria decision-making approach to rank supplier selection criteria for hospital waste management: A case from Pakistan." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 4 (February 16, 2018): 386–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18755894.
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To address environmental issues and cost effectiveness, waste management is necessary for healthcare facilities. Most importantly, segregation of hazardous and non-hazardous waste must be done as in many developing countries; disposal of both types of healthcare waste is done together, which is an unsafe practice. Waste generated in hospitals needs proper management to minimise hazards for patient and healthcare workers. At the same time, it is quite difficult for hospitals to find a systematic way to select appropriate suppliers for hospital waste management. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to identify, validate, and rank criteria that are essential for hospital waste management suppliers’ selection. The analytical hierarchal process approach has been used and a survey from Pakistan’s largest city (Karachi) has been considered to rank the most appropriate criteria that is necessary to select the supplier, especially in a developing country like Pakistan. Results show that waste management cost (45.5%) and suppliers’ details (31.5%) are the top two main criteria for supplier selection; and storage cost (15.7%), waste handling cost (14.7%), and qualification of the suppliers (10.9%) are the top three most important overall sub-criteria for supplier selection for hospital waste management.
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Gabrielli, Francesco, Alessia Amato, Susanna Balducci, Lorenzo Magi Galluzzi, and Francesca Beolchini. "Disaster waste management in Italy: Analysis of recent case studies." Waste Management 71 (January 2018): 542–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.10.012.
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Hina, Tado Nabam, Shubhabrata Das, and Munmee Das. "Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding biomedical waste management amongst healthcare workers in a teaching hospital from a north eastern state of India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20210224.
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Background: Bio-medical waste (BMW) means any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities or in the production or testing of biological or in any health camp activities. Proper management of BMW ensures protection of public health and environment against any adverse effect associated with such waste materials. Several studies have reported that health care workers lack adequate level of awareness and right attitude regarding proper BMW management which ultimately reflects as incorrect practice of handling and disposal of bio medical waste. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of healthcare workers regarding bio-medical waste management.Methods: This study was conducted at Tomo Riba Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (TRIHMS), Arunachal Pradesh, India. Hospital based cross sectional study was conducted and questionnaire were administered to 313 healthcare workers of TRIHMS who consented to participate in the study. A predesigned questionnaire for knowledge, attitude and practice study was used for data collection. Data was analysed using Microsoft Excel and STATA 13.Results: Study results show that the average knowledge score was highest amongst nurses (10±2.6) and least in class IV staffs (7.2±1.9). Amongst all participants laboratory technicians were mostly average or poor on the attitude score. Overall only 23 percent (n=73) of the healthcare workers were found to be performing good BMW management practice.Conclusions: Our study revealed that there is significant variation in knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding biomedical waste management among healthcare workers.
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Eren, Emre, and Umut Rıfat Tuzkaya. "Occupational health and safety-oriented medical waste management: A case study of Istanbul." Waste Management & Research 37, no. 9 (July 3, 2019): 876–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19857802.
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The outstanding pace of technological development around the world coupled with increasing population and rapid urbanization have brought along an ever-increasing demand for healthcare services. This trend results in an increasing amount and variety of medical wastes. Accordingly, the issue of effective collection, transportation and disposal of medical wastes, specifically in large cities, has become a critical concern from the viewpoint of urban logistics and holds great importance in terms of safety. This study aims to determine the safety of hospitals in their medical waste management function. The study involves the determination of medical waste management steps, establishment of a hierarchical structure, and weighting of the criteria within the established hierarchical structure by means of the analytic hierarchy process method. Afterwards, the extent to which these criteria are adopted in hospitals was evaluated by the medical waste management officers of those hospitals, and safety scores were obtained for each hospital by associating the results with the weighted values obtained by the analytic hierarchy process method. The model proposed for medical waste management problems encountered by healthcare institutions in Istanbul was implemented for a specific region of Istanbul province, and the obtained results were analyzed. Evaluation of the opinions of the healthcare officials for determination of the medical waste management safety scores showed that the “collection” criterion has significantly higher importance than the “temporary storage” and “transportation” criteria. “The effect on hospital personnel” sub-criterion of the “collection” criterion had the highest score. This revealed the importance of the collection process that takes place between storage and transportation, for evaluating the human waste-based risks.
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Nemathaga, Felicia, Sally Maringa, and Luke Chimuka. "Hospital solid waste management practices in Limpopo Province, South Africa: A case study of two hospitals." Waste Management 28, no. 7 (January 2008): 1236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.03.033.
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Liu, Yanran, Tingting Tian, Xinyu Hao, Qin Zhang, Chengyan Yao, and Guangfu Liu. "Promotion of Household Waste Utilization in China: Lessons Learnt from Three Case Studies." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 20, 2021): 11598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111598.
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Household waste utilization has been regarded as an important pathway to promote the circular economy paradigm and sustainable development for a long time. However, relevant enterprises are facing dilemmas in terms of the backward disposal methods for food waste, inadequate recycling of low-value recyclable waste and the lack of leading enterprises, resulting in unsustainable expansion of the industry. To address these problems, we investigated governmental departments and 20 household waste utilization enterprises in China. From the investigation, three typical enterprises, representing the advanced technology for food waste, the recycling mode of recyclable waste and the cultivation mode of leading enterprises, were selected for case studies. The results indicate that applying the technology of bioconversion by maggots could improve the utilization of food waste and adopting the “online and offline” dual-channel mode could benefit the recycling of low-value recyclable waste. Additionally, leading enterprises can be cultivated by franchise mode, which can drive the utilization of household waste in China effectively. The findings enrich the theory of household waste utilization in terms of disposal methods, recycling modes and enterprise operation. Practically, this research should enlighten decision-makers to improve household waste utilization. Furthermore, the research results could be generalized in other countries, thereby advancing the household waste management worldwide.
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Homing, Linda A., and Philip W. Smith. "Infection Control Violations." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 12, no. 11 (November 1991): 672–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/646264.
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The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations UCAHO) mandates a hospital-wide infection control program.' National, state, and local healthcare guidelines and resources address infection control issues including asepsis, handwashing, isolation precautions, Universal Precautions (UP), and waste disposal. One important aspect of an infection control program is the monitoring of compliance with policies and procedures. We report a system of monitoring compliance with infection control policies and procedures through the use of confidential infection control violation reports.Bishop Clarkson Memorial Hospital is a 550-bed tertiary care center that has an epidemiology services department consisting of a medical director, associate medical director, and two nurse epidemiologists. Hospital personnel have been encouraged through formal and informal educational sessions to report infection control violations to the service. Prior to 1986, infection control violations usually were noted through special studies such as isolation precautions monitors and surveillance activities. Occasionally, employees told Epidemiology Services about a witnessed violation but were very hesitant to document the incident because of fear of retaliation, harassment, and job loss. Peer pressure appeared to play a role in this hesitation.
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Uddin, Faheem, Komal Umer, and Syeda Tehniyat Anjum. "Textile solid waste in product development studies." Chemical Reports 3, no. 1 (2022): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25082/cr.2021.01.005.
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Textile solid waste disposal and utilization is currently an important concern worldwide. Fashion and traditional articles of textiles are sourcing the solid textile waste generation. An increasing population and consumption of fiber and textile articles emphasize the development studies for the re-use of solid textile waste. Production of textiles is accompanied by the release of volatile emission and effluent during processing, and disposal of fibrous articles are producing solid waste. The hazardous waste generated from the textile can be seen as pre- consumer solid waste (fiber, yarn, and fabric pieces), processing waste (volatiles, chemicals and effluent release during the process), and post- consumer waste (textile fabric, yarn, apparel, home textiles, technical textiles, etc.) dispose to environment following the service life. Therefore, re-using the fiber and textile articles can significantly reduce undesired effects to environment. Designing the products using solid textile waste can be a useful source for reducing the environmental hazard. This study describes the re-use of various fiber and textiles, though the case studies, particularly denim fabric, in designing the products for home decoration.
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Padovani, C., S. J. Williams, and P. Wood. "An introduction to package evolution and criticality research studies relevant to the UK disposal programme." Mineralogical Magazine 76, no. 8 (December 2012): 2881–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2012.076.8.03.
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AbstractIn the UK, radioactive wastes currently planned for disposal in a geological disposal facility (GDF) include intermediate level waste, some low level waste and high level waste. Disposal of other materials, including spent fuel, uranium and plutonium is also being evaluated to inform the safety case for a GDF, if such materials were to be classified as wastes in the future. This paper describes the generic safety functions through which waste packages can contribute to the safety case of a GDF in the UK. It describes the engineering approach used or envisaged, in the UK and internationally, to ensure that waste packages retain their safety functions for the required periods of time and summarizes the scientific basis underpinning the current understanding of relevant evolution processes. Where gaps in the knowledge exist, the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority Radioactive Waste Management Directorate has identified specific research activities needed to close out such gaps to a level of maturity sufficient for this stage of the disposal programme (generic). This paper describes the latest results from their R&D programme and presents a summary of the research activities planned to meet the current needs of the disposal programme with specific reference to the topics of package evolution and criticality safety.
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Srivastava, Rajiv Ranjan, Dilip Kumar Rajak, Sadia Ilyas, Hyunjung Kim, and Pankaj Pathak. "Challenges, Regulations, and Case Studies on Sustainable Management of Industrial Waste." Minerals 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13010051.
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Incessant generation and mismanagement of industrial waste, resource scarcity, and environmental degradation have created non-sustainability in human life. Though industrial wastes are hazardous or non-hazardous in nature based on their source, open dumping disposal is commonly done for both types of waste. The adversity associated with waste enhances the environmental and health impacts. However, this waste has the potential to recycle and minimize resource scarcity. The circular economy works on the concept of reuse, recycling, and recovery to convert waste into a resource. Thus, industrial waste can benefit the environment and economic growth to build industrial ecology. However, the opportunities and challenges associated with industrial ecology for the reuse and recycling of waste have to be identified and preserved. Therefore, this study has identified challenges associated with waste, analyzed their impact, and industrial regulations, prioritized their criticality, and developed solution strategies to alleviate them. Two case studies on industrial byproducts, i.e., fly ash and red mud, based on different income groups are discussed in this study. It highlights the circular economy has minimized waste generation and enhanced the recovery of secondary resource materials. In addition, this study supports achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs) 11 and 12 to build a sustainable industrial ecosystem.
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Guerra, Beatriz C., Fernanda Leite, and Kasey M. Faust. "4D-BIM to enhance construction waste reuse and recycle planning: Case studies on concrete and drywall waste streams." Waste Management 116 (October 2020): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.035.
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Carr, Logan W., Brad Morrow, Brett Michelotti, and Randy M. Hauck. "Direct Cost Comparison of Open Carpal Tunnel Release in Different Venues." HAND 14, no. 4 (February 2018): 462–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558944718755476.
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Background: The increased efficiency and cost savings have led many surgeons to move their practice away from the traditional operating room (OR) or outpatient surgery center (OSC) and into the clinic setting. With the cost of health care continuing to rise, the venue with the lowest cost should be utilized. We performed a direct cost analysis of a single surgeon performing an open carpal tunnel release in the OR, OSC, and clinic. Methods: Four treatment groups were prospectively studied: the hospital OR with monitored anesthesia care (OR-MAC), OSC with MAC (OSC-MAC), OSC with local anesthesia (OSC-local), and clinic with local anesthesia (clinic). To determine direct costs, a detailed inventory was recorded including the weight and disposal of medical waste. Indirect costs were not included. Results: Five cases in each treatment group were prospectively recorded. Average direct costs were OR ($213.75), OSC-MAC ($102.79), OSC-local ($55.66), and clinic ($31.71). The average weight of surgical waste, in descending order, was the OR (4.78 kg), OSC-MAC (2.78 kg), OSC-local (2.6 kg), and the clinic (0.65 kg). Using analysis of variance, the clinic’s direct costs and surgical waste were significantly less than any other setting ( P < .005). Conclusions: The direct costs of an open carpal tunnel release were nearly 2 times more expensive in the OSC compared with the clinic and almost 7 times more expensive in the OR. Open carpal tunnel release is more cost-effective and generates less medical waste when performed in the clinic versus all other surgical venues.
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Thakur, Vikas, and A. Ramesh. "Healthcare waste disposal strategy selection using grey-AHP approach." Benchmarking: An International Journal 24, no. 3 (April 3, 2017): 735–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-09-2016-0138.
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Purpose Nowadays healthcare waste (HCW) has become a big challenge for the hospital management, especially, in developing countries like India. Like other developing countries, Indian healthcare waste disposal (HCWD) industry is also fragmented, as some hospitals are having their own in-house waste treatment facilities and others are outsourcing the process to government authorized Common Biomedical Waste Treatment Facilities. Literature also lacks the quantitative studies in selecting the HCWD strategy and, hence, the purpose of this paper is to identify and prioritize the factors, which affect the selection of HCWD strategy and to propose the model to select the HCWD strategy and to apply the proposed model to select the HCWD strategy in Uttarakhand, Northern State of India. Design/methodology/approach Grey theory-based analytic hierarchy process approach has been applied to evaluate the HCWD options and select the appropriate strategy for the healthcare facilities (HCFs). Findings From the literature, six criteria have been used to evaluate the HCWD strategies: “access to expertise,” “overdependence,” “transportation & risk associated,” “Government rules,” “environmental factors,” and “economic factors.” “Outsourcing” strategic option (0.61) got the higher desirability index than “in-house treatment” (0.39). Research limitations/implications The proposed methodology can be used by the researchers and experts in the field to evaluate the strategic options and select the appropriate strategy. Practical implications The HCFs and other generators of HCW can select the alternative, whether they should treat the infectious waste in-house or they should go for outsourcing. Originality/value In the field of HCW management, this is the first study of its kind, which helps to evaluate and select the HCWD strategies. The proposed model has been applied in Uttarakhand, Northern State of India to make the comparison between “in-house” and “outsource” strategies.
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Subbalakshmi, Easwaran, P. Abirami, Vidhya Subramanian, Sumitha A., and H. Kalavathy Victor. "Awareness of Hand Hygiene in Hospital Set-up for Infection Control: Knowledge-based Questionnaire for Health Care Workers in a Teaching Hospital." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 13, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 1773–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2052.
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The notion of hygiene is built on the relationship between cleanliness and the maintenance of good health. Hand washing technique is the rubbing together of all parts of the hands, including all the clefts using soap and water. Hand hygiene is the first step in preventing cross-transmission of microorganisms, which can help in prevention of Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs). The entire world is in fact, emphasizing the importance of hand wash for the prevention of the COVID-19 pandemic. The germs causing infection in a health care setting can be transmitted through contaminated hands. Health care-associated pathogens can be acquired from any source, mainly from infected or draining wounds, patients’ skin, aprons they wear, mattresses they use, bedside furniture and other objects in the immediate environment of the patient. Organisms such as S. aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella spp., Acinetobacter spp., Enterococci, play an important role in HAIs. Although hand hygiene procedures are relatively simple, several studies have mentioned that health care workers do not adhere to this properly. Poor hand hygiene compliance has been one of the leading contributory factors to Health Care Acquired Infections (HCAIs). Reasons for low hand hygiene adherence include location of sinks in an inconvenient place, tight work schedule, reluctance as well as lack of role models and not being aware of implementation guidelines. Aim: To analyze the awareness of hand hygiene among health care workers in a hospital set-up for infection control. The goal of the study is to get a better insight of and explore the knowledge and awareness on hand hygiene among health care workers in a tertiary care hospital. Objective: To find out the lacunae in hand hygiene and to formulate and take measures to prevent HAIs and multidrug-resistant pathogens. Methods: The study was done through a self-administered questionnaire. Results: A total of 134 people participated which included 75 doctors (56%), 38 nurses (28.4%), 11 lab technicians (8.2%) and others (7.4%). The overall response was good. Both the nurses and doctors had adequate knowledge about hand hygiene. However, the nurses had better knowledge regarding the steps of hand wash (78.9%) and the disposal of biomedical waste (94.7%). The knowledge about hand hygiene and biomedical waste management was better among nurses and lab technicians. Conclusion: Most health professionals had adequate knowledge about hand hygiene. However, they did not have adequate practice of handwashing which can be initiated with effective training. Antimicrobial soap should be available and should be easily accessible for routine hand wash in all patient care areas to improve hand hygiene and to prevent hospital acquired infections.
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Subbalakshmi, Easwaran, P. Abirami, Vidhya Subramanian, Sumitha A., and H. Kalavathy Victor. "Awareness of Hand Hygiene in Hospital Set-up for Infection Control: Knowledge-based Questionnaire for Health Care Workers in a Teaching Hospital." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 13, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 1773–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2052.
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The notion of hygiene is built on the relationship between cleanliness and the maintenance of good health. Hand washing technique is the rubbing together of all parts of the hands, including all the clefts using soap and water. Hand hygiene is the first step in preventing cross-transmission of microorganisms, which can help in prevention of Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs). The entire world is in fact, emphasizing the importance of hand wash for the prevention of the COVID-19 pandemic. The germs causing infection in a health care setting can be transmitted through contaminated hands. Health care-associated pathogens can be acquired from any source, mainly from infected or draining wounds, patients’ skin, aprons they wear, mattresses they use, bedside furniture and other objects in the immediate environment of the patient. Organisms such as S. aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella spp., Acinetobacter spp., Enterococci, play an important role in HAIs. Although hand hygiene procedures are relatively simple, several studies have mentioned that health care workers do not adhere to this properly. Poor hand hygiene compliance has been one of the leading contributory factors to Health Care Acquired Infections (HCAIs). Reasons for low hand hygiene adherence include location of sinks in an inconvenient place, tight work schedule, reluctance as well as lack of role models and not being aware of implementation guidelines. Aim: To analyze the awareness of hand hygiene among health care workers in a hospital set-up for infection control. The goal of the study is to get a better insight of and explore the knowledge and awareness on hand hygiene among health care workers in a tertiary care hospital. Objective: To find out the lacunae in hand hygiene and to formulate and take measures to prevent HAIs and multidrug-resistant pathogens. Methods: The study was done through a self-administered questionnaire. Results: A total of 134 people participated which included 75 doctors (56%), 38 nurses (28.4%), 11 lab technicians (8.2%) and others (7.4%). The overall response was good. Both the nurses and doctors had adequate knowledge about hand hygiene. However, the nurses had better knowledge regarding the steps of hand wash (78.9%) and the disposal of biomedical waste (94.7%). The knowledge about hand hygiene and biomedical waste management was better among nurses and lab technicians. Conclusion: Most health professionals had adequate knowledge about hand hygiene. However, they did not have adequate practice of handwashing which can be initiated with effective training. Antimicrobial soap should be available and should be easily accessible for routine hand wash in all patient care areas to improve hand hygiene and to prevent hospital acquired infections.
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Mwinuka, Tito E., and Bravo B. Nyichomba. "Handling of Syringe Sharps in A Non-Incineration Health Care Waste Disposal." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 36, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v36i2.478.
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An attempt has been made by the R&D team of the University of Dar es Salaam todesign and manufacture two needle cutter prototypes, a manually operated and anautomatic needle cutter to be used in rural and urban areas, respectively. This is part ofthe UNDP and WHO efforts aimed at promoting the non-burn medical waste disposaltechnologies in developing countries such as Argentina, India, Latvia, Lebanon,Philippines, Senegal, Tanzania and Vietnam. The project also involves designing andmanufacturing of the autoclaves for sterilizing of needle cutters and other infectiousmedical waste. The use of needle cutters in hospitals is aimed at cutting the needles offfrom syringes hence eliminating the possibility of being re-used as may be the case ifthey are just buried in landfills. The needles and plastic barrels of the syringes are thensterilized at 121 o C in an autoclave before disposing them in land-fills or recycling them.It should be noted that unlike manual needle cutters, automatic needle cutters do not adda step in administering injection and hence they are likely to be accepted by nurses andhealth care authorities. Two types of automatic cutter prototypes were developed byUDSM R&D Team; one using pneumatic mechanisms and the other one using a 12V-DC motor to cut the syringe needles and to push the plastic barrel into the wastecontainer. Of the two, the 12V-DC motor operated mechanism was found to beaffordable and suitable for use in rural areas also since it can easily use solar power.The above prototypes have already been manufactured and tested and found to beworking properly. Views of various stakeholders were used to improve and perfect thedesigns. The costs of these prototypes are estimated to be USD 50 and 150 for manuallyoperated needle cutter and 12V-DC operated needle cutter, respectively. Thesetechnologies, except the automatic needle cutters, have already been disseminated tolocal producers so as to be able to manufacture the same in mass production and atmuch more affordable costs. Training on the use of non-burn technologies includingmanagement of medical waste is essential for successful implementation of thesetechnologies. There is a need also to sensitize the Government, Municipal Authoritiesand Healthcare Authorities including hospitals on non-burn disposal of medical wastefor the project to be successful.
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Sahal Alharbi, Nouf, Malak Yahia Qattan, and Jawaher Haji Alhaji. "Towards Sustainable Food Services in Hospitals: Expanding the Concept of ‘Plate Waste’ to ‘Tray Waste’." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 24, 2020): 6872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176872.
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Early debates on the sustainability of food-plating systems in hospitals have concentrated mostly on plate waste food served, but not eaten. This study aims to address the need for more comprehensive studies on sustainable food services systems by expanding the concept of plate waste, to that of tray waste (organic and inorganic materials), through a case study of a hospital in Saudi Arabia. Tray waste arising at the ward level was audited for three weeks, covering 939 meals. It was found that, on average, each patient threw away 0.41, 0.30, 0.12, and 0.02 kg of food, plastic, paper, and metal, respectively, each day. All this equated to 4831 tons of food, 3535 tons of plastic, 1414 tons of paper, and 235 tons of metal each year at hospitals across Saudi Arabia. As all of this waste ends up in landfills, without any form of recycling, this study proposes the need for a more comprehensive, political approach that unites all food system stakeholders around a shared vision of responsible consumption and sustainable development.
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Spišáková, Marcela, Peter Mésároš, and Tomáš Mandičák. "Construction Waste Audit in the Framework of Sustainable Waste Management in Construction Projects—Case Study." Buildings 11, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11020061.
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The issue of sustainability has long been the subject of interest in architecture engineering and the construction sector. All three aspects of sustainability—economic, environmental, and social—can be affected through appropriate construction waste management. Construction and demolition waste (CDW) is one of the largest worldwide waste streams, therefore, it is given great attention by all stakeholders (investors, contractors, authorities, etc.). Research studies show that one of the main barriers to insufficient CDW recovery is inadequate policies and legal frameworks to manage CDW. It is also one of European Union’s (EU) environmental priorities. The aim of the article was to confirm the economic potential of construction and demolition waste audit processing through a case study. A pre-demolition waste audit was processed for an unused shopping center building in the town Snina in Slovakia. Subsequently, a comparison of economic parameters (waste disposal costs and transport costs) of the recommended CDW management was performed. This comparison confirmed the economic benefits of environmentally friendly construction waste management methods according to the waste audit results, which would also increase the sustainability of construction projects. Additionally, the cost parameters of selected waste disposal methods could be another dimension of building information modeling.
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Lu, Weisheng, Zhikang Bao, Wendy M. W. Lee, Bin Chi, and Jiayuan Wang. "An analytical framework of “zero waste construction site”: Two case studies of Shenzhen, China." Waste Management 121 (February 2021): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.12.029.
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Lu, Weisheng, Zhikang Bao, Wendy M. W. Lee, Bin Chi, and Jiayuan Wang. "An analytical framework of “zero waste construction site”: Two case studies of Shenzhen, China." Waste Management 121 (February 2021): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.12.029.
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Cecchi, Franco, and Cristina Cavinato. "Smart Approaches to Food Waste Final Disposal." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16 (August 10, 2019): 2860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162860.
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Food waste, among the organic wastes, is one of the most promising substrates to be used as a renewable resource. Wide availability of food waste and the high greenhouse gas impacts derived from its inappropriate disposal, boost research through food waste valorization. Several innovative technologies are applied nowadays, mainly focused on bioenergy and bioresource recovery, within a circular economy approach. Nevertheless, food waste treatment should be evaluated in terms of sustainability and considering the availability of an optimized separate collection and a suitable treatment facility. Anaerobic codigestion of waste-activated sludge with food waste is a way to fully utilize available anaerobic digestion plants, increasing biogas production, energy, and nutrient recovery and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Codigestion implementation in Europe is explored and discussed in this paper, taking into account different food waste collection approaches in relation to anaerobic digestion treatment and confirming the sustainability of the anaerobic process based on case studies. Household food waste disposal implementation is also analyzed, and the results show that such a waste management system is able to reduce GHG emissions due to transport reduction and increase wastewater treatment performance.
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HIGGINS, THOMAS E., and STEPHEN ROMANOW. "Treatment Processes for Contaminated Groundwater—Three Case Studies." Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials 4, no. 4 (January 1987): 307–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/hwm.1987.4.307.
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Fraser, W. W., and J. D. Robertson. "Subaqueous Disposal of Reactive Mine Waste: An Overview and Update of Case Studies - MEND/CANADA." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 1994, no. 1 (1994): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr94010250.
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Kwenda, Phyllis R., Gareth Lagerwall, Sibel Eker, and Bas Van Ruijven. "A Mini-Review on the Causes of Poor Household Solid Waste Management in Low-income Developing Countries: a Case Study of Urban Harare City, Zimbabwe." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 48, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 375–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.375.
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Household solid waste (HSW) is the largest municipal solid waste (MSW) produced in Harare. This type of waste is poorly managed, driven by various factors. To inform future studies towards designing more informed solutions to HSW management in the city, this literature study was formulated. The review aims to uncover the causes of poor HSW management in the city.<br/> The systematic review methodology using NVIVO was used to develop the review. The results showed that the most reported causes of poor HSW management and waste management system inefficiencies in Harare are increase in population and population density, poor formal solid waste disposal, increase in waste volumes, informal waste disposal, low waste collection frequency and efficiency, municipal incapacitation, among others. Future studies can utilize these results to estimate the complexity of this phenomenon and thus propose appropriate solutions.
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Lee, Minha, and Heejung Kim. "COVID-19 Pandemic and Microplastic Pollution." Nanomaterials 12, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12050851.
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The world is suffering from aggravating, waste-generated consequences, and the contribution of microplastics to this problem is only increasing. A contributing factor to increased microplastic usage is the change in the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) from specific use in limited locations (e.g., hospitals) to general use in widespread locations to protect against the current COVID-19 pandemic. This has resulted in an overflow of microfiber waste from homes, schools, streets, and elsewhere, in every country. While various institutes have issued warnings regarding increasing PPE waste, there is no positive indication of an end to the pandemic in the near future. In this review, we examine the impact of the pandemic on microplastic production, consumption, and disposal, and suggest strategies for lessening environmental pollution. In preparation for the worst-case scenario in which PPE becomes a new normal (in the COVID-19 era), it is recommended that governments and other responsible organisations set up a structured monitoring system for the distribution and disposal of PPE to ensure the most effective waste management possible for continuous sustainable development.
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Morris, Kevin A. "Applications of mulch biowalls-three case studies." Remediation Journal 20, no. 1 (December 2009): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rem.20229.
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Falkowska, Aleksandra. "Environmental Regulations and Trade Patterns in Hazardous Waste: Facility-level Analysis." Review of European Studies 10, no. 3 (July 17, 2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v10n3p78.
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This paper offers a fresh look at the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) in the context of the waste management industry. Unlike previous research examining trade in waste products, the present study distinguishes between waste destined for final disposal and waste destined for recovery. Furthermore, it combines very disaggregated data with the highly flexible mixed logit model and a reliable measure of environmental policy stringency. Including all those elements in one analysis allowed for the uncovering of the dramatic differences in the reactions of waste generators to the environmental policy stringency of the destination country, depending on the treatment option their waste is slated for. Although there is no evidence confirming the PHH, a significant pollution haven effect has been found. This effect is apparent in the case of waste destined for final disposal. In contrast, facilities exporting waste for recovery are often attracted by the stringency of environmental policy.