Academic literature on the topic 'Hospitals Waste disposal Case studies'
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Journal articles on the topic "Hospitals Waste disposal Case studies"
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Alani, R., D. Nwude, and O. Adeniyi. "Assessment of Hospital Wastes Management Practices in Lagos, Nigeria, using Two Health Care Centres as Case Studies." Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 3, no. 2 (October 2019): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2019.02.0121.
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Hospital wastes are highly infectious and can pose serious threat to human health. As the rate at which these wastes are generated is getting rapidly higher because of rapid urbanization and population growth, also the problem of disposal of these wastes is becoming more serious. It is of utmost importance that these wastes receive specialized treatment and management prior to their final disposal. Some of these wastes are mixed with household wastes, and the entire pile becomes a great public health hazard. Scavengers search through the piles for salable items, which they wash, repack and resell to the public, endangering their lives, and that of the entire public. Until recently, the management of medical wastes has received little attention despite their potential environmental hazards and public health risks. The collection, storage and disposal of medical wastes in Lagos are of growing environmental problem which needs immediate attention. This study was carried out to assess the current waste management practices in terms of type of wastes and quantities of waste generated in the healthcare facilities and the waste handling and disposal practices; also, to assess the level of awareness of health workers regarding hospital and clinical waste management. Two health care facilities in Lagos state were used as case studies. These hospitals are secondary facilities providing emergency, surgical, material and child health services. The methodology design was mainly of qualitative and involved physical observation, questionnaire administration, quantitative data collection procedures and manipulation, data analysis and interpretation. The findings showed that there was almost no knowledge of hospital waste management policy in the two health care facilities among the management staff, which seemed to confirm the premium on hospital wastes and their poor management.
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Yoon, Jeongyeon, Younghan Yoon, Sang Leen Yun, and Wontae Lee. "The Current State of Management and Disposal of Wastes Related to COVID-19 : A review." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 43, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2021.43.12.739.
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Objectives : This paper summarizes effective waste management and disposal methods for plastic and medical wastes during the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic.Methods : We reviewed the literatures reporting and identifying the current status and characteristics of wastes related to COVID-19, and the management and treatment guidelines for those wastes. We also investigated various technologies for waste treatment and disposal, and assessed the current status and future direction of the technologies in Korea.Results and Discussion : In the first half of 2020 in Korea, the amount of plastic waste produced had increased by 15.6% year-on-year, and medical waste production also increased significantly from 0.6 ton in January 2020 to 2,928 ton in August 2021. All of the infectious wastes are currently being incinerated in Korea, but there are concerns on air pollutant emissions and insufficient treatment facilities. Municipal solid waste also suffers from a lack of landfill capacity and low price competitiveness in the recycling industry.Conclusions : Policy and system need to be improved to reduce the infectious waste generation from the sources, and treatment and disposal technologies for produced wastes also need to be developed. Furthermore, hospitals and health care facilities should establish their own waste reducing systems which may include chemical treatment and sterilization units.
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Etim, Mmemek-Abasi, Sunday Academe, PraiseGod Emenike, and David Omole. "Application of Multi-Criteria Decision Approach in the Assessment of Medical Waste Management Systems in Nigeria." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (September 30, 2021): 10914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910914.
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Globally, the pandemic of COVID-19 has penetrated all spheres of human endeavors, and noteworthy is the tremendous increase in the volume of healthcare wastes generated in Nigeria. There has been an increase in medical waste materials produced as a result of the extensive use of both disposable personal protective equipment (PPE), such as face shields and nose and face masks, and highly infectious waste materials, such as contaminated syringes, needles, and soiled bandages from diagnosed positive cases. Despite the huge volume in waste generation, a standardized evaluation framework is currently lacking in the management of medical wastes in Nigeria. This study has developed a novel assessment framework for managing medical wastes, which is curated from the technical guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO). The applicability of the framework was examined on seven designated public and private-owned hospitals in Ota. The fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) approaches of multi-criteria decision analysis were utilized in modelling an evaluation framework for the objective of medical waste management. Carefully designed interview questionnaires, observations, and site visits were carried out to obtain data from healthcare professionals in Ota. Results show that waste segregation was practiced more decisively in private hospitals than public hospitals. Waste segregation is established as a key determinant in implementing an effective waste management system in any healthcare facility. The success of waste segregation in healthcare institutions is highly dependent on good hospital management, organizational policies, efficient budget planning for waste management, and the operational running cost. Disposal methods investigated were mostly open burning and incessant dumping for most public health care centers. Deficient waste management practices were observed in waste disposal, waste transportation, storage, and organizational policies. While the awareness and capacity building on occupational safety practices and environmental public health is widely known by health workers and waste handlers, compliance and enforcement are critical challenges. The validation of results using fuzzy TOPSIS and a sensitivity analysis shows a high degree of the consistency, stability, and robustness of the model. Findings from the present study can aid decision making, as this will benefit policy makers and key stakeholders in developing more comprehensive and effective medical waste management guidelines in Nigeria. In addition, future decision-making studies could augment the results from the current research by assessing the impact of the pandemic preparedness and response on medical waste management.
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Kalantary, Roshanak Rezaei, Arsalan Jamshidi, Mohammad Mehdi Golbini Mofrad, Ahmad Jonidi Jafari, Neda Heidari, Saeid Fallahizadeh, Mohsen Hesami Arani, and Javad Torkashvand. "Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on medical waste management: a case study." Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 19, no. 1 (March 18, 2021): 831–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00650-9.
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AbstractCovid-19 Pandemic leads to medical services for the society all over the world. The Covid-19 pandemic influence the waste management and specially medical waste management. In this study, the effect of the Covid-19 outbreak on medical waste was evaluated via assessing the solid waste generation, composition, and management status in five hospitals in Iran. The results indicated that the epidemic Covid-19 leads to increased waste generation on average 102.2 % in both private and public hospitals. In addition, the ratio of infectious waste in the studied hospitals increased by an average of 9 % in medical waste composition and 121 % compared with before COVID-19 pandemic. Changes in plans and management measurement such as increasing the frequency of waste collection per week leads to lower the risk of infection transmission from medical waste in the studied hospitals. The results obtained from the present research clearly show the changes in medical waste generation and waste composition within pandemic Covid-19. In addition, established new ward, Covid-19 ward with high-infected waste led to new challenges which should be managed properly by change in routine activities.
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e Hani, Um, and Ilyas Hussain Sarfaraz. "REVIEWING CLINICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT UNDER THE LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK IN PAKISTAN: PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES." JOURNAL OF WASTES AND BIOMASS MANAGEMENT 3, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/jwbm.02.2021.69.76.
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The waste generated at healthcare facilities has two distinct categories: hazardous and non-hazardous waste. 10- 15% of the total waste generated at hospitals is hazardous which is termed as clinical waste. This review article has reported and reviewed the practices of clinical waste management in Pakistan’s major cities. Researches demonstrated that about 1.35 Kg / bed waste has been produced by the tertiary health care facilities in Pakistan. Studies for review process are selected through an iterative process. More than 100 research articles, National legislations, international protocols and newspaper reports are consulted and reviewed to extract the data of interest. Clinical waste management in Pakistan is the responsibility of the individual health care facility producing it under Hospital Waste Management Rules, 2005. Due to lack of proper checks and weak implementation of legislations many gaps have been identified in this review article like lack of segregation, inappropriate vehicles for transportation, poor storage and no advanced pollution control treatment strategies. Most of the hospitals lack documented waste management plan. Staff was mostly untrained and under educated. International standards for safe hazardous waste disposal are not being followed resulting in spread of diseases like hepatitis and AIDS. Cases of poor recycling and reuse of used clinical instruments is also documented. However, the condition is much satisfactory in big cities. There is an understanding to focus on the proper implementation of clinical waste management rules with strict checks. Establishment of incineration facility at major hospitals with proper maintenance, safe transportation to secure landfills and utilization of proper SOPs are suggested improvements towards safe management of clinical waste.
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Attrah, Mustafa, Amira Elmanadely, Dilruba Akter, and Eldon R. Rene. "A Review on Medical Waste Management: Treatment, Recycling, and Disposal Options." Environments 9, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments9110146.
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Many nations struggle with the collection, separation, and disposal of medical waste. However, extra caution is required to avoid the risk of injury, cross-contamination, and infection; thus, healthcare workers and individuals responsible for waste management must follow the mandatory safety procedures. In this review, a classification of the various types and categories of medical waste and its treatment methods are discussed. Due to the fact that medical waste can be contaminated and hazardous, it must be managed and processed using complex steps and procedures. In many countries, the primary medical/hospital waste treatment method is incineration, which is regarded as a highly polluting process that emits numerous pollutants that degrade air quality and pose a threat to human health and the environment. As case studies, medical waste treatment and disposal practices in Germany, China, USA, and Egypt were compared, and the legislations and laws enacted to regulate medical waste in each of these countries are reviewed and discussed.
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Babaee Tirkolaee, Erfan, Parvin Abbasian, Mehdi Soltani, and Seyed Ali Ghaffarian. "Developing an applied algorithm for multi-trip vehicle routing problem with time windows in urban waste collection: A case study." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 37, no. 1_suppl (January 2019): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18807001.
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This paper studies a multi-trip vehicle routing problem with time windows specifically related to urban waste collection. Urban waste collection is one of the municipal activities with large costs and has many practical difficulties. In other words, waste collection and disposal is a costly task due to high operating expenses (fuel, maintenance, recycling, manpower, etc.) and small improvements in this field can result in tremendous savings on municipal expenditure. In the raised problem, the goal is to minimize total cost including traversing cost, vehicle employment cost, and exit penalty from permissible time windows. In this problem, the waste is deposited at the points indicating the demand nodes, in which each demand shows the volume of generated waste. Considering multiple trips for vehicles and time windows are the most critical features of the problem, so that the priorities of serving some specific places such as hospitals can be observed. Since vehicle routing problems (VRP) belongs to NP-hard problems, an efficient simulated annealing (SA) is proposed to solve the problem. The computational results show that our proposed algorithm has a great performance in a short computational time in comparison with the CPLEX solver. Finally, in order to demonstrate the applicability of the model, a case study is analyzed in Iran, and the optimal policies are presented.
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Srisuwandee, Thitiworada, Sombat Sindhuchao, and Thitinon Srisuwandee. "The Differential Evolution Algorithm for Solving the Problem of Size Selection and Location of Infectious Waste Incinerator." Computation 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation11010010.
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The disposal of infectious waste remains one of the most severe medical, social, and environmental problems in almost every country. Choosing the right location and arranging the most suitable transport route is one of the main issues in managing hazardous waste. Identifying a site for the disposal of infectious waste is a complicated process because both tangible and intangible factors must be considered together, and it also depends on various rules and regulations. This research aims to solve the problem of the size selection and location of infectious waste incinerators for 109 community hospitals in the upper part of northeastern Thailand by applying a differential evolution algorithm to solve the problem with the objective of minimizing the total system cost, which consists of the cost of transporting infectious waste, the fixed costs, and the variable cost of operating the infectious waste incinerator. The developed differential evolution produces vectors that differ from the conventional differential evolution. Instead of a single set of vectors, three are created to search for the solution. In addition to solving the problem of the case study, this research conducts numerical experiments with randomly generated data to measure the performance of the differential evolution algorithm. The results show that the proposed algorithm efficiently solves the problem and can find the global optimal solution for the problem studied.
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Ali, Moazzam, and Chushi Kuroiwa. "Status and challenges of hospital solid waste management: case studies from Thailand, Pakistan, and Mongolia." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 11, no. 3 (September 2009): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-009-0238-4.
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Scholz, Miklas, Niall L. Corrigan, and Sara K. Yazdi. "The Glasgow Sustainable Urban Drainage System Management Project: Case Studies (Belvidere Hospital and Celtic FC Stadium Areas)." Environmental Engineering Science 23, no. 6 (November 2006): 908–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.2006.23.908.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Hospitals Waste disposal Case studies"
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Lai, Yau-yu Edmond, and 賴友裕. "A review of solid waste management in Cheung Chau." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254263.
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繆嘉欣 and Ka-yan Mou. "The role of government and construction waste management: a case study of Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41680625.
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Puling, Leloko, and der Merwe J. H. Van. "Solid waste management in developing urban areas : case study of Lwandle Township." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/8255.
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Thesis (MSc (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.103 Leaves printed on single pages, preliminary pages i- viii and numbered pages 1-94.I ncludes bibliography, ADDENDUM A: Questionnaire document used in the research; list of tables and figures.
Digitized at 330 dpi black and white PDF format (OCR), using KODAK i 1220 PLUS scanner.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The subject of waste management is one that evokes a variety of debates due to the overwhelming implications on the environment and on health that are associated with the management of waste. In developing urban areas associated with informal settlements, environmental problems emanating from household solid waste management predicaments such as illegal dumping, littering and overfilling of skips have become a permanent feature. This is also the case in Lwandle a developing township in Helderberg Municipality, Western Cape. This study looks into the waste management system in Lwandle with the aim to investigate institutional settings, related socio-economic factors and resultant community perceptions, and avenues for the use of environmental education and community participation. The results show waste collection to be the responsibility of the Helderberg Municipality, but the collection operation is undertaken by a private contractor. The nature of waste collection under these arrangements is mainly determined by the nature of housing and associated accessibility. Consequently, three main methods of waste collection are used: kerbside collection; communal collection where there is use of bins and communal collection where there is use of skips. These have varying efficiency among the nine housing areas. Socioeconomic conditions, which were marked by a high level of unemployment and low incomes, determine societal attitudes. These underpin finer variations and detailed conditions of waste collection. These, in tum, establish the framework for suitable environmental education and community participation. The latter was found to be minimal. Thus, a holistic approach to the improvement of waste management that first acknowledges inherent broader societal problems such as housing and unemployment is proposed as part of the recommendations. This approach then concentrates on finer aspects such as contracts for waste collection, aspects of waste collection dependent on waste stream nature of housing areas, appropriate environmental education and community participation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Afvalbestuur is 'n onderwerp wat 'n verskeidenheid van debatte uitlok vanwee die geweldige implikasies vir die omgewing en vir gesondheid wat met afvalbestuur geassosieer word. In ontwikkelende stedelike gebiede wat met informele behuising geassosieer word, het omgewingsprobleme soos onwettige storting, die strooi van rommel en oorvol stortbakke wat verband hou met die hantering van vaste afval uit huise 'n permanente kenmerk geword. Dit is ook die geval by Lwandle, 'n ontwikkelende dorpsgebied te Helderberg, in die Wes-Kaap. Hierdie studie beskou die afvalbestuursisteem in Lwandle met die doel om institusionele omgewings, verwante sosio-ekonomiese faktore en die persepsies van die gemeenskap wat daaruit ontwikkel, asook moontlikhede vir die gebruik van omgewingsopvoeding en gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid, te ondersoek. Die resultate van die ondersoek toon dat die Helderberg Munisipaliteit verantwoordelik is vir die insameling van afval, maar dat die insameling deur 'n private kontrakteur uitgevoer word. Onder sulke omstandighede word die aard van afvalinsameling hoofsaaklik deur die aard van die behuising en die verwante toeganklikheid bepaal. Daarvolgens is daar drie hoofmetodes van insameling, wat deur verskillende grade van effektiwiteit gekenmerk word, vir die nege behuisingsgebiede: sypaadjie versameling; kommunale versameling in dromme; en kommunale versameling in stortbakke. Sosio-ekonomiese omstandighede, wat gekenmerk word deur 'n hoe mate van werkloosheid en lae inkomstes, bepaal gemeenskapshoudings wat deur die verskillende maniere van afvalverwydering tot stand kom en ondersteun fyner variasies en gedetailleerde omstandighede van afvalinsameling. Dit bepaal weer die raamwerk vir gepaste omgewingsopvoeding en die deelname van die gemeenskap. Die studie het getoon dat laasgenoemde minimaal is. 'n Holistiese benadering tot die verbetering van afvalbestuur, wat eerstens inherente breer gemeenskapsprobleme soos behuising en werkloosheid erken, word dus as deel van die aanbevelings voorgestel. Hierdie benadering konsentreer vervolgens op die fynere aspekte, soos kontrakte vir afvalinsameling, aspekte van afvalinsameling, gepaste omgewingsopvoeding en gemeenskapsdeelname.
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Jones, Evan Lewis. "Survey of household hazardous waste generation and collection preferences in the City of Vancouver, British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29626.
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The potential hazards to the environment and to human health posed by several types of household hazardous wastes (HHW) and waste products are discussed in this paper. This discussion serves to lead into an evaluation of the design and operating parameters of a collection program for these wastes, and the influence that various design parameters may have on the ability of the collection program to remove the wastes from uncontrolled waste stream. A review of existing HHW collection programs and of surveys regarding HHW's is presented. A survey of over 200 households in Vancouver was conducted to determine stored quantities and generation characteristics of specific household hazardous wastes. Respondents were also asked to identify their preferences and concerns regarding the design of a collection program for these wastes. The results were used to estimate the quantities of HHW disposed of annually, and the quantities and profiles of wastes that could be received at a typical depot collection program in the City. Different operating parameters for both depot collection programs and household collection programs were compared. Public willingness to participate in different collection programs was evaluated, and the collection needs of different residential areas was assessed.
Significant differences in waste generation and storage practices were indicated to exist between types of dwellings, and between areas of differing economic status. Examples include the result that as many or more apartments residents generated HHW's as did detached dwelling residents, but in significantly smaller quantities, especially for liquid HHW's. Apartment residents also tended to store less HHW than detached dwelling residents. Between upper income and lower income detached dwelling areas, the composition of HHW's was significantly different, with automotive products more prevalent in the lower income area and paints more prevalent in the upper income area. Other differences between dwelling type and income level differentiated areas were also noted. Further observations included the difference in the willingness of respondents to participate in various types of collection programs, and the disposal practices for different waste types. Also, concerns of the respondents with regard to the issue of HHW in general and to each type of collection program in specific were solicited and discussed. Recommendations were made to assist in the design of an effective HHW collection program for the City of Vancouver.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Silo, Nthalivi. "Exploring opportunities for action competence development through learners' participation in waste management activities in selected primary schools in Botswana." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003423.
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The broader aim of this study is to probe participation of learners in waste management activities in selected primary schools in Botswana and through these activities, explore opportunities for action competence development. The study starts by tracing and outlining the socio-ecological challenges that confront children and the historical background of learner-centred education which gave rise to an emphasis on learner participation in Botswana education policy. It then maps out the development of children's participation in the global, regional and Botswana contexts by tracing the development of environmental education from early ecological and issue resolution goals of environmental education to sustainable development discourses. The focus is on policy issues and how learner participation has been represented and implemented in environmental education. The study then probes the rhetorical and normalised emphases on participation, and seeks further insight into how learners can be engaged in participatory learning processes that are meaningful, purposeful and that broaden their action competence and civic agency. The study uses the Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) methodology to build a picture of waste management activity systems in primary schools and to bring to the surface contradictions and tensions in learner participation in these activity systems. These contradictions are used to open up expansive learning participatory processes with learners using the Danish action competence framework. The expansive learning process uses action competence models that provide potential for transformative participation with learners, and new and different opportunities for learner participation. Case study research was used and conducted in the south eastern region of Botswana in three primary schools in three contexts, namely urban, peri-urban and rural. The data was largely generated through focus group interviews during workshops with children and observations of waste management activities. These two methods formed the main data generation methods. They were complemented by semi-structured interviews with teachers, and other actors in the waste management activities, learners' activities and work, learners' notes, photographs and children's drawings as well as show-and-tell explanations by learners. Content analysis and the abductive mode of inference were used to analyse data in all three case studies. Findings from the first phase of the study reveal that participation of learners in waste management activities was largely teacher-directed. This resulted in a mis-match between teachers views of what practices are necessary and important, and children's views of what practices are necessary and important in and for environmental education. Due to culturally and historically formed views of environmental education, the study reveals that teachers wanted children to pick up litter, and this was their primary environmental education concern. Learners on the other hand, identified sanitation management in the school toilets as their primary waste management concern. Teachers had not considered this an environmental education concern. Using the action competence expansive learning approach, the second phase of the study addressed this tension by opening up dialogue between teachers and learners and amongst the learners themselves through an expansive learning process supporting children's participation and action competence development. Through this teacher-learner dialogical engagement, a broader range of possibilities became available and ideas around participation were radically changed. The study further reveals that the achievement of this open dialogue provided for a better relationship within the school community. And with improved communication came better ideas to solve waste management issues that the community still face on a daily basis, such as too much litter. Newly devised solutions were practical and had a broader impact than the initial ones that teachers had always focussed on. They included mobilising the maintenance of toilets, landscaping the school premises and even re-contextualising the litter management that had always caused tensions between learners and teachers. Children seemed to be developing not only a better understanding of the environment, but also developing the ability to resolve conflict amongst themselves and with their elders. By engaging in dialogue with children, they became co-catalysts for change in the school community. This study shows that if children's participation is taken seriously, and if opportunities for dialogue exist between teachers and children, positive changes for a healthier environment can be created in schools. It reveals that children also appeared to be feeling more confident and more equipped to consider changes in their environment outside of the school community. The study further shows that participation in environmental education involves more than cognitive changes as proposed in earlier constructivist literature; it includes in-depth engagement with socio-cultural dynamics and histories in the school context, such as the cultural histories of teachers, schooling and authority structures in the cultural community of the school. The study recommends that there is need to strengthen Teacher Education programmes to develop teaching practices and support for teachers to identify ways of engaging learners' views on issues in the school in open, dialogical ways. Such Teacher Education programmes should deepen teachers' understandings of learners' zone of proximal development (ZPD), demonstrating how dialogue and scaffolding are part of a teacher's role in supporting learning. This is shown in the three case studies that form part of this study. Finally, the study also deepens insights of using the Cultural Historical Activity theory (CHAT) to shed light on issues surrounding learner participation within the socio-cultural and historical environmental education contexts of the schools. The action competence models used in the study provide a tool for revealing forms of learner participation. This tool can be used for critical reflections and monitoring of teaching practices in schools.
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Chiphwanya, Nellie Chimwemwe. "Action competence and waste management: a case study of learner agency in two Grahamstown eco-schools." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008308.
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There has been a growing need in environmental education to develop students' ability and will to take part in democratic processes that enable them take environmental action in their local environment. This study examined learner action competence in waste management practices in two primary school contexts in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. An interpretive case study design is used to probe how learner participation in Eco-School waste management practices enabled the acquisition of knowledge in purposeful learning and action experiences that developed the vision and agency of informed action. The research was centred on two guiding questions: 1. How informed, purposeful and action-orientated is learner participation in Eco-School waste management activities? 2. What Eco-School waste management activities are fostering active participation towards a learner-led agency? Educators in the two schools were interviewed and Eco-School portfolios were examined for evidence of the learning activities and learner achievement. This provided the contextual data for reviewing focus group interviews to probe what was significant to learners, what they came to know and how they had contributed to the process of developing better waste management in the Eco-School context. The evidence generated in the study was used to identify the roles of the various players, the significant activities and processes that enabled and constrained the emergence of learner-led agency. The main findings in the study were that teacher intentionality and school management ethos were significant in engaging learners in meaningful waste management activities in both cases. The study also revealed that although most of the waste management activities in both cases were teacher-initiated, there were spaces open for learner initiatives. However, it appeared that the activity based waste management practices mostly allowed learners to learn how to do waste management more than allowing them to find out more about the scope and nature of ii the problem of waste. This then resulted in learners talking more about what they were doing with waste than talking about what they knew about waste. There were differences in the way in which learners approached waste in the two cases. In the one case, Kingswood Junior School learners used waste artistically and carried out activities that allowed for better use of waste resources like paper while in the other School, Grahamstown SDA School, learners approached waste as a resource for making money. However, in both cases, learners appeared to enjoy the positive experiences of doing things that contributed to a cleaner environment and were of benefit to others and this gave them a sense of pride to share their experiences with others. This study was significant as it allowed me to probe learner participation and examine the development of their action competence through listening to the voices of the learners themselves and understanding what was important to them about the knowledge they gained and their vision of better waste management.
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Letsitsi, Ezekiel Tebogo. "Waste management in the pharmaceutical industry : an evaluation report of Dr Reddy's Laboratories." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001872.
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The pharmaceutical industry must worry about managing pharmaceutical waste as it poses a health risk to human beings and its presence in the environment can also contribute to loss of biodiversity. Ngwuluka, Ochekpe, and Odumosu (2011: 11259) state that “Pharmaceuticals, though used to treat and manage diseases, are poisons, which justify the growing concerns about their presence in the environment.” Various forms of pharmaceutical waste exist, Ngwuluka et al. (2011) identified the following forms of pharmaceutical waste: Expired dosage forms, non-reworkable formulations, spilled pharmaceuticals, rejected active pharmaceutical ingredients, expired active pharmaceutical ingredients, and wastewater resulting from the water used for process operations during manufacturing and could come from the water used to clean equipment, pipes and floors, and would contain amongst other materials, chemicals and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). A review on the pharmaceutical industry and the progress they have made in environmental management by generating health, safety and environmental programs, preventing pollution, waste minimization, recycling and reusing materials, investing in projects and facilities to ensure environmental sustainability have been established (Berry & Rondinelli, 2000). Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories is an Indian based pharmaceutical company which imports, markets and sells medicines in South Africa. Dr. Reddy’s has plans to set up a manufacturing plant in South Africa. The purpose of this study is to research waste management practices at Dr. Reddy’s plant in India and to draw parallels between India’s and South Africa’s waste legislation. This is to enable Dr. Reddy’s to review all aspects of its waste management systems, in order to revise where necessary and to improve the overall achievement of its waste management objectives in order to become a more sustainable organisation and to meet South African Waste legislation before setting up a plant in South Africa. 3 ii. Objective of the Evaluation Report The purpose of this research is to evaluate and analyse the development and implementation of a waste management system in a pharmaceutical company, specifically Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories. This is primarily to enable the company to review and analyse all aspects of waste management pertaining to pharmaceutical manufacturing and to revise or improve where necessary to ensure adherence to waste regulations as outlined by government. The following research goals have been also been identified: To identify and describe waste management practices at Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, on the inherent assumption by the researcher that the company has a successful waste management strategy that would need to be reviewed to identify areas of improvement before expanding manufacturing facilities into South Africa. To evaluate, assess and compare similarities and/or differences between the identified South African Legislation for Waste Management with those identified during research conducted at Dr. Reddy’s iii. Importance of the Research Conducted Waste Management is important in that it not only removes from the environment, substances that can be harmful to humans and animals but it also enables an organisation to be more sustainable. According to Seadon (2010: i) “Integrated waste management is considered from a systems’ approach, with a particular emphasis on advancing sustainability”. The study will provide guidance to senior management, shop floor managers and employees who work in Dr. Reddy’s manufacturing plants as well as overall employees at Dr. Reddy’s on how to successfully implement a Waste Management programme to enhance sustainability at the organisation and realise the benefits to the organisation of being more sustainable. Weybrecht (2010) identified the following benefits that companies could gain by adopting sustainable waste management practices: reduced costs, resource preservation, keeping up with legislation, enhanced reputation, business differentiation from competitors, and attraction and retention of quality employees, and customer need satisfaction amongst many other benefits. This research needs to address the gap in analysing waste management practices (with more emphasis on waste treatment, waste minimisation, re-use, recycling and disposal), and implementation and understanding of waste management in the pharmaceutical industry as prior research was done mostly in other chemical industries and not to a large scale in the pharmaceutical industry. South African Waste Legislation, Indian Waste Legislation (as Dr. Reddy’s is based in India), as well as International Pharmaceutical Waste Management Guidelines, and International Pharmaceutical Good Manufacturing Practices provide a framework and benchmark of leading pharmaceutical waste management practices that can guide Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories’ leadership into integrating their waste management practices into their plans of setting up a manufacturing plant in South Africa. 5. Research Methodology This is evaluation research in the form of a case study and the data collection method employed is the conduction of a survey through questionnaires. The evaluation research also involves a document analysis of the organisation’s 2011 and 2012 annual reports, Dr. Reddy’s 2010 Sustainability Report as well as literature compiled by the organisation’s Corporate Communications Division. The research would also include review of existing literature on waste management. v. Structure of Dissertation This dissertation consists of three sections. Section 1: The Evaluation Report The section introduces the research area, provides the objectives of the research, provides contextual background information and describes the rationale for conducting the research. This section further describes Dr. Reddy’s waste management practice as outlined in relevant company documentation; it is also intended to highlight the specific waste management processes that were followed in the formulation and implementation of the waste management strategy. This section further describes the sample and presents the results of the survey, where the results are collated and reviewed in the context of the criteria set in the South African Waste Legislation, Indian Waste Legislation, as well as in International Pharmaceutical Waste Management Guidelines, and International Pharmaceutical Good Manufacturing Practices. The overall findings of this case study suggest that although management at Dr. Reddy’s are satisfied with waste management practices and results achieved at it manufacturing plant, there is however dissatisfaction amongst employees who believe the organisation has not successfully disseminated information and sufficiently trained them on waste management policies, processes and practices. There is therefore a desire amongst employees to be trained and to see the company improve on its waste management processes, this desire is a very important attribute as it indicates that employees at Dr. Reddy understand and are committed to the importance of waste management. Future research should be conducted to measure the legal impact of non-compliance to legislation governing waste management in the pharmaceutical company. Section 2: Literature Review The objective of the literature review is to provide a critical assessment and evaluation of previous research in the field of waste management in general as prior research was done mostly in other industries and not to a large scale in the pharmaceutical industry. The literature review evaluates the key elements of an effective waste management strategy implementation and is followed by a review of literature pertaining to the description of Pharmaceutical waste. Section 3: Research Methodology This section presents a description of how the work in this research was conducted. It presents the research process followed in compiling this case study, represented by the aims and objectives, research methodology and design, data collection techniques and data analysis.
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黃國洪 and Kwok-hung Gray Wong. "A feasibility analysis of using B.O.T. in the management of public fill in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3196705X.
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Barbosa, Ricardo. "Avaliação da geração de resíduos em disciplinas de química orgânica e inorgânica e propostas de redução." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1162.
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O Departamento Acadêmico de Química e Biologia da UTFPR- Câmpus Curitiba conta hoje com 30 laboratórios dedicados a atividades de ensino e pesquisa. Atualmente, os resíduos gerados por esses laboratórios são recolhidos e seguem para disposição final. Neste trabalho, foi realizado um levantamento da atual situação da geração de resíduos químicos de laboratório no Departamento. Inicialmente os laboratórios de ensino foram selecionados para execução do trabalho por atenderem maior número de alunos e por suas atividades frequentes, sendo identificados os que atendiam maior número de alunos e onde eram executadas mais aulas práticas. Estudou-se as características dos resíduos gerados nestas aulas, com base nos planos de ensino, acompanhamento de algumas disciplinas durante a execução dos experimentos e registros do almoxarifado. Verificou-se as possibilidades de modificações experimentais, visando a prevenção da geração de resíduos, conforme enunciam os princípios da Química Verde. Desta forma, as disciplinas de Química Inorgânica e Orgânica foram consideradas com boas oportunidades de intervenção. Os roteiros experimentais dessas disciplinas foram estudados, e o inventário dos resíduos gerados por elas apontaram a geração de resíduos perigosos, segundo a NBR 10.004 da ABNT. Elaborou-se cinco novos roteiros de aulas práticas e as modificações metodológicas propostas envolveram a substituição de reagentes que pudessem originar resíduos perigosos contendo bário, chumbo, acetato de etila e clorofórmio. Realizou-se estudo na literatura, de modo a embasar teoricamente as propostas, as quais foram testadas em laboratório. Os testes realizados atingiram os objetivos propostos, comprovando a possibilidade de aplicação das modificações sugeridas. Um dos roteiros modificados foi aplicado em aula prática com o objetivo de verificar sua aplicabilidade e como os alunos receberiam as mudanças. Os alunos executaram e verificaram os fenômenos conforme os objetivos do roteiro, comprovando que o aprendizado não foi prejudicado e que o caráter didático da aula foi mantido. Concluiu-se que é possível executar as aulas práticas das disciplinas citadas prevenindo a geração de resíduos perigosos por meio de técnicas simples e aplicáveis, mantendo-se os objetivos iniciais das aulas práticas e incorporando-se princípios da Química Verde.The Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology of UTFPR- Campus Curitiba today has 30 laboratories dedicated to teaching and research activities. Currently, waste generated by these laboratories are collected and proceed to final disposal. In this study, we conducted a survey of the current situation of the generation of laboratory chemical waste in the Department. Initially teaching laboratories were selected for execution of work for meeting more students and their frequent activity, were identified that met more students and where they were executed more practical classes. Studied the characteristics of the waste generated in these classes, based on the teaching plans, monitoring of some subjects during the execution of experiments and records the warehouse. There was the possibility of experimental changes, preventing the generation of waste, as set out the principles of green chemistry. Thus, the disciplines of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry were considered with good opportunities for intervention. The experimental manuals of these subjects were studied, and the inventory of the waste generated by them showed the generation of hazardous waste according to NBR 10004 of ABNT. We developed five new routes of practical classes and methodological changes proposed involved the replacement of reagents that could give rise to hazardous waste containing barium, lead, ethyl acetate and chloroform. It was proposed in the literature to explain theoretically proposed, which were tested in the laboratory. The tests met the proposed objectives, proving the applicability of the suggested changes. One of the modified scripts was applied in practical class in order to verify its applicability and how students receive the changes. Students performed and observed phenomena according to the objectives of the roadmap, proving that learning was not harmed and that the didactic nature of the class was held. In conclusion, you can perform the practical lessons of the disciplines mentioned preventing the generation of hazardous waste through simple and applicable techniques, maintaining the initial objectives of the practical classes and incorporating up principles of Green Chemistry.
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Heunis, Louis Barend. "The quantification of medical waste from the point of generation to the point of disposal: case studies at three private hospitals in Pretoria." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23143.
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The South African Waste Information System (SAWIS) was developed by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) in 2005. This is a system used by government and industry to capture routine data on the tonnages of waste generated, recycled and disposed of in South Africa on a monthly and annual basis. All waste producers and waste management organisations should contribute to this national waste database and should accurately monitor the types and quantities of waste produced and handled. According to DEAT (2006) the need for Data verification is important. DEAT (2006:59) defined the term Data Verification as: "assessing data accuracy, completeness, consistency, availability and internal control practices that serve to determine the overall reliability of the data collected."
The aim of the study is to determine a procedure, as well as the nature and extent of internal and external source documents, which could be used in the reconciliation of medical waste quantities from generation to disposal. The key objectives are to determine whether the selected hospitals keep internal records of the quantities of medical waste generated; to reconcile the waste quantities on the internal records with the external records, such as the collection certificates, invoices and waste incineration certificates; to ascertain whether the quantity of medical waste generated is equal to the quantity of waste incinerated and disposed of to determine the ratio factor between the quantity of medical waste before incineration and the quantity of the residue (ashes) after incineration, and to make recommendations on the reconciliation of waste quantities from the point of generation to the point of disposal.
The results of the study indicate that the destruction certificate is the proof that the waste that was on-site collected by the service provider has been disposed /treated. Especially as an internal control measure. The health care risk waste (HCRW) management record keeping of quantities of weight as per Hospital A, Hospital B and Hospital C allows the opportunity to analyse the weight per month and per Hospital and per category and to make comparisons. The weakness or the gap however still exist that the waste is not weighed at the point of origin, but at the point where the waste service provider collects the waste onsite. It is from this point onwards that the service level agreement between the hospital and the waste service provider and the document management system and the tracking receipt and the waste collection documents (WCD) becomes relevant and where the quantities of waste per category are for the first time recorded. The hypothesis as stated in Chapter 1 was proven valid.
The study concludes that reconciliation and comparison between the collection certificate and the destruction certificate and the monthly invoice is therefore possible, but the risk of mixing of waste and the understating or overstating of waste quantities is still not overcome.Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental management)
Books on the topic "Hospitals Waste disposal Case studies"
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Manasi, S. Emerging trends in managing drinking water: Case studies of coastal villages in Karnataka. Bangalore: Institute for Social and Economic Change, 2009.
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Manasi, S. Emerging trends in managing drinking water: Case studies of coastal villages in Karnataka. Bangalore: Institute for Social and Economic Change, 2009.
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Center for Economics Research (Research Triangle Institute). Paint waste reduction and disposal options. Champaign, Ill. (One E. Hazelwood Dr., Champaign 61820): Illinois Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center, 1993.
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Cosper, Stephen D. Case studies in rural recycling. Chicago: Office of Solid Waste Management, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1994.
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Sarma, Sanjib. A system approach to solid waste management: Case study, Alwar. New Delhi: Human Settlement Management Institute, 2000.
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Watch, Waste. Work at waste at school. 2nd ed. London: Waste Watch, 1998.
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Expert Seminar on Waste Management Planning (1994 Brussels, Belgium). Waste management planning in the European Community: Proceedings of an Expert Seminar on Waste Management Planning. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1994.
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Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory. Waste minimization audit report: Case studies of minimization of solvent waste from parts cleaning and from electronic capacitor manufacturing operations. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory, 1987.
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Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory. Waste minimization audit report: Case studies of minimization of solvent waste from parts cleaning and from electronic capacitor manufacturing operations. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory, 1987.
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Tran, Nga L. Chemical and radiation environmental risk management at the crossroads: Case studies. Washington, DC: Environmental Law Institute, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Hospitals Waste disposal Case studies"
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Lack, T. J., and J. Widdows. "Physiological and Cellular Responses of Animals to Environmental Stress - Case Studies." In The Role of the Oceans as a Waste Disposal Option, 647–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4628-6_32.
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Bhattacharyya, Sucharita, Souvick De, Shilajit Dey, and Anwesh Bhowmick. "Collapse of Natural Carcass Disposal System—Kolkata Rotten Meat Incident: The Insight Study." In Solid Waste Policies and Strategies: Issues, Challenges and Case Studies, 35–46. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1543-9_4.
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Tammemagi, Hans. "Case Histories." In The Waste Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195128987.003.0014.
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Theory is fine, but practical experience is the heart of real learning. This chapter provides—as much as a book can—some real-life experience through seven case histories of how wastes are managed. The case histories describe a state-of-the-art materials recycling facility, five waste disposal facilities in three different countries (the United States, Canada, and Sweden), and a large mass-burn incinerator. Choosing which of the many thousands of landfills in existence to include was a difficult task. Three municipal solid waste landfills are described. The first, Fresh Kills landfill in New York City, was constructed in 1948 and represents older landfill technology. The second, a new landfill in East Carbon County, Utah, was built in 1992 and incorporates the latest engineered barriers and features of a modern landfill. The third is being developed in a large, abandoned open-pit mine in California. In addition, we discuss a landfill and treatment center for hazardous waste, located in Swan Hills, Alberta. A unique Swedish facility for disposing radioactive wastes rounds out the suite of landfill case histories; this facility takes a very innovative approach to waste disposal and is included to provide a different perspective on this topic. Materials recovery facilities (MRFs) are the vital heart of modern integrated municipal waste management systems. Without MRFs, recycling on any practical scale would not be possible; it is here that recyclable materials are collected and made ready for sale to secondary markets. One of the most innovative recycle centers in North America has recently been constructed in the city of Guelph in southern Ontario (Guelph, n,d.). It offers good insight into what can be achieved through recycling, and the equipment that is involved. The city of Guelph, with a population of 95,000, is situated about 60 kilometers west of Toronto. In the mid-1980s, the city began studying ways to reduce the amount of waste being placed in its landfill. These studies received a major impetus in 1991, when the province of Ontario developed a waste reduction plan that required municipalities to reduce the amount of garbage being placed in landfills by 50% by the year 2000. A number of pilot studies were conducted before the present approach was selected.
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"Pareto Chart and Fishbone Diagram to Minimize Recyclable Waste Disposal in a Town." In Six Sigma Case Studies with Minitab, 202–11. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16371-15.
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Hanna, Victoria, and Kannan Sethuraman. "Classification of Waste in Hospitals." In Encyclopedia of Healthcare Information Systems, 210–16. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-889-5.ch029.
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Hospitals have to focus their efforts on identifying and eliminating waste of all forms if they are to succeed in today’s competitive landscape. A recent study by the Murphy Leadership Institute (Murphy, 2003) concluded that wasteful work consumes more than 35% of hospital employees’ time. This wasteful work includes activities such as completing multiple forms for the same task, filing inefficient shift-to-shift departmental reports, waiting for medications, and searching for misplaced records. Jimmerson warns that the actual amount of waste in health care lies closer to 60% (Panchek, 2003). In this chapter, we briefly review principles of lean philosophy for improving performance and then present a classification of waste that is relevant to hospital management. This classification is aimed at directing hospital initiatives toward understanding and controlling waste in its health care delivery processes. Through several examples from real-life hospital case studies that we have investigated, we trace much of the waste to various types of variability (both natural and artificial) and offer prescriptions to control variability. We then provide some guidelines for streamlining processes and show how this would benefit various stakeholders. We conclude the chapter with some directions for further research.
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Ustra, Andréa, and Vagner R. Elis. "Resistivity and Induced Polarization Application for Urban Waste Disposal Site Studies." In Applied Geophysics with Case Studies on Environmental, Exploration and Engineering Geophysics. IntechOpen, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81225.
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Kumar, Ashok, Saisantosh Vamshi Harsha Madiraju, and Lakshika Nishadhi Kuruppuarachchi. "Pollution Prevention Assessments: Approaches and Case Histories." In Sustainability Studies: Environmental and Energy Management, 148–65. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815039924122010010.
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The pollution prevention (P2) approach known as source reduction is being used worldwide to reduce the deleterious effects on human health and the environment due to the contaminants released from a variety of industrial sources. This chapter focuses on the concept of pollution prevention approaches undertaken by the U.S.EPA. P2 approach is discussed by applying the concept of energy efficiency, energy savings, greenhouse gas emission (GHG) reductions, waste reduction, and stormwater management to local schools, restaurants, hospitals, and the industrial sector in Ohio, USA. Several publicly available tools were used to analyze data collected during assessments. The major tools used are the Energy Assessment Spreadsheet tool (developed by Air Pollution Research Group at the College of Engineering, The University of Toledo, Ohio, USA) for the energy savings and Economic Input Life Cycle Assessment tool (developed by researchers at the Green Design Institute of Carnegie Mellon University) for the estimation of environmental emissions from industrial activities.These approaches result in the reduction of financial costs for waste management, cleanup, health problems, and environmental damage. Outcomes of pollution prevention activities are knowledge-based, behavioral, health-related, or environmental, which includes decreased exposure to toxins, conservation of natural resources, decreased release of toxins to the environment, and cost savings. The chapter presents case studies that focused on energy, greywater reuse, and food waste diversion from landfills.
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Dahlan, Irvan. "Leachate Treatment." In Waste Management, 1037–54. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1210-4.ch047.
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Landfilling is one of the most important methods for disposal of solid waste in many countries. One of the most obvious problems associated with the landfilling practice is the generation of leachate. This chapter reviews case studies on the on-site treatment of leachates using various technologies in selected European and Asian countries. It was shown that the generation of leachate varies widely in both quantity and quality in European and Asian countries. Biological treatment and membrane technology show very high efficiencies in treating leachate generated from Odayeri landfill (in European side of Turkey) and Komurcuoda landfill (at Asian side of Turkey). Leachates from Arpley landfill (UK) and Bukit Tagar landfill (Malaysia) were successfully treated using sequence batch reactor (SBR). Fairly good treatment efficiencies were obtained using constructed wetlands (CWs) in treating Gdansk-Szadolki landfill leachate in Poland. Furthermore, the use of coagulation, filtration and membrane technologies has been proven effectively in treating Nonthaburi landfill leachate in Thailand.
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Tammemagi, Hans. "Wastes: Know Your Enemy." In The Waste Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195128987.003.0009.
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When Sherlock Holmes solves a mystery, he studies the strengths, weaknesses, foibles, egos, sensitivities, and other traits of the villains. It is the same with wastes: a detailed understanding of their characteristics is fundamental to being able to manage them properly. To determine the size of a disposal facility, we must know the volumes and rate of generation of waste. A MRF cannot be designed unless it is known what recyclables are contained in the waste stream. A knowledge of the physical and chemical nature of waste allows engineers to select landfill construction materials that will be compatible with the waste. We must understand the toxic and hazardous components in order to design the facility to endure for a period of time commensurate with the hazardous lifetime of the waste. Because of the incredibly large number of existing waste compounds, it is useful to categorize them. Unfortunately, there are no well-established categorization systems in place. We will describe wastes using two main classification systems, and then we will describe their most important characteristics. The first system is a functional one; that is, the wastes are classified by generator. The second is a classification by chemical type. This somewhat arbitrary system combines different kinds of waste primarily by the group or industry that generates the waste. These waste types include: • municipal wastes • industrial wastes • hazardous wastes • radioactive wastes This is a convenient classification because each of these waste classes is generally managed and disposed of as a group. In addition, substantial volumes of waste are generated by the mining and agricultural sectors; these are not discussed in this book. Municipal solid wastes, as the name implies, are produced by the everyday activities in a community. They arise from the following sources: • residential—houses and apartments • commercial—stores, restaurants, office buildings, service stations, etc. • institutional—schools, courthouses, hospitals, etc. • construction and demolition—construction sites, road repair, building demolition, etc. • municipal services—street-cleaning, garden and park landscaping, wastewater treatment, etc. We are a wasteful society. Every person in North America generates approximately 2 kilograms of garbage each day.
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Simes, Guy F. "QA/QC in solid waste characterization, waste disposal monitoring and waste management practice* *Foreword: This chapter has been written by an author with many years’ professional experience as a Quality Assurance Manager at US EPA National Risk Management Research Laboratory. It presents basic principles and mechanisms of the successful dynamic QA systems, equally applicable both to solid waste management issues as a part of the environmental field and to other relevant project-oriented endeavors, e.g. health sciences. This broader character of the QA system's philosophy is of particular value. The quality assurance and quality control in specific solid waste management activities are addressed in the references and web sites to this chapter that provide the details of the relevant procedures and case studies. Quality Assurance organizational–catalytic–technical." In Solid Waste: Assessment, Monitoring and Remediation, 601–16. Elsevier, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0713-2743(04)80024-2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Hospitals Waste disposal Case studies"
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Rozman, Urška, Anja Vöröš Gaal, Sergej Kmetec, and Sonja Turk Šostar. "Ravnanje z odpadki iz zdravstva v času pandemije Covid-19: sistematični pregled literature." In Society’s Challenges for Organizational Opportunities: Conference Proceedings. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fov.3.2022.65.
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The covid-19 pandemic has brought drastic changes in the production and consumption of health care waste, with special attention being paid to infectious waste, and the fact that the use of disposable materials has increased. The purpose of the study was to determine how healthcare waste is handled during the covid-19 pandemic. A systematic literature review was performed in the Cinahl, Medline and PubMed databases, according to the PRISMA guidelines. 20 studies were included in the final review and analysis of the literature. New best approaches, models and tools for healthcare waste management during the covid-19 pandemic have been developed and adopted in various countries around the world. Incineration has proven to be the best method for healthcare waste management. Awareness of the population about the potential danger of health waste has improved, which has led to stricter compliance with existing legislation. Guidelines for hospital waste management have also been prepared by the World Health Organization.
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Kelley, Dennis. "Proven Technologies for the Solidification of Complex Liquid Radioactive Waste (LRW): Global Case Studies of Applications and Disposal Options." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66081.
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Legacy radioactive waste streams from the Cold War still exist and newly generated waste streams from nuclear power plants and research institutes go untreated and expose environmental hazards at many nuclear sites. The nature of the waste is extremely diverse, depending upon the source or the process from which it originated. The most problematic waste streams include complex liquids such as organic (tri-butyl-phosphate TBP) solutions contaminated with Pu and U isotopes, mixed sludge types, high acid radioactive waste, H-3 tritium contaminated organic and aqueous streams, etc. Environmental and economic challenges exist for the treatment and disposal of such waste streams. A proven technology that has been applied to LRW on a global basis provides a low-cost solution to legacy streams and small volume, highly complex LRW frequently generated from routine NPP operations, in nuclear laboratories and during decommissioning. The engineered polymer technology from Nochar, USA, is capable of solidifying standard and highly complex LLW and ILW waste streams for interim or final storage, or for incineration.
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Mo¨ller, Kai D. "Challenges Dealing With Depleted Uranium in Germany: Reuse or Disposal." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7294.
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During enrichment large amounts of depleted Uranium are produced. In Germany every year 2.800 tons of depleted uranium are generated. In Germany depleted uranium is not classified as radioactive waste but a resource for further enrichment. Therefore since 1996 depleted Uranium is sent to ROSATOM in Russia. However it still has to be dealt with the second generation of depleted Uranium. To evaluate the alternative actions in case a solution has to be found in Germany, several studies have been initiated by the Federal Ministry of the Environment. The work that has been carried out evaluated various possibilities to deal with depleted uranium. The international studies on this field and the situation in Germany have been analyzed. In case no further enrichment is planned the depleted uranium has to be stored. In the enrichment process UF6 is generated. It is an international consensus that for storage it should be converted to U3O8. The necessary technique is well established. If the depleted Uranium would have to be characterized as radioactive waste, a final disposal would become necessary. For the planned Konrad repository — a repository for non heat generating radioactive waste — the amount of Uranium is limited by the licensing authority. The existing license wouldn’t allow the final disposal of large amounts of depleted Uranium in the Konrad repository. The potential effect on the safety case has not been roughly analyzed. As a result it may be necessary to think about alternatives. Several possibilities for the use of depleted uranium in the industry have been identified. Studies indicate that the properties of Uranium would make it useful in some industrial fields. Nevertheless many practical and legal questions are open. One further option may be the use as shielding e.g. in casks for transport or disposal. Possible techniques for using depleted Uranium as shielding are the use of the metallic Uranium as well as the inclusion in concrete. Another possibility could be the use of depleted uranium for the blending of High enriched Uranium (HEU) or with Plutonium to MOX-elements.
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Lee, S. Y., S. J. Hensel, and C. De Bock. "Thermal Analysis of Geologic High-Level Radioactive Waste Packages." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25105.
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The engineering design of disposal of the high level waste (HLW) packages in a geologic repository requires a thermal analysis to provide the temperature history of the packages. Calculated temperatures are used to demonstrate compliance with criteria for waste acceptance into the geologic disposal gallery system and as input to assess the transient thermal characteristics of the vitrified HLW Package. The objective of the work was to evaluate the thermal performance of the supercontainer containing the vitrified HLW in a non-backfilled and unventilated underground disposal gallery. In order to achieve the objective, transient computational models for a geologic vitrified HLW package were developed by using a computational fluid dynamics method, and calculations for the HLW disposal gallery of the current Belgian geological repository reference design were performed. An initial two-dimensional model was used to conduct some parametric sensitivity studies to better understand the geologic system’s thermal response. The effect of heat decay, number of co-disposed supercontainers, domain size, humidity, thermal conductivity and thermal emissivity were studied. Later, a more accurate three-dimensional model was developed by considering the conduction-convection cooling mechanism coupled with radiation, and the effect of the number of supercontainers (3, 4 and 8) was studied in more detail, as well as a bounding case with zero heat flux at both ends. The modeling methodology and results of the sensitivity studies will be presented.
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Cummings, Richard, Andrew J. Baker, Trevor Sumerling, John Shevelan, and Amy Huntington. "The LLWR’s 2011 Environmental Safety Case." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59135.
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The UK’s Low Level Waste Repository Ltd submitted an Environmental Safety Case (ESC) for the disposal of low-level waste to the Environment Agency on the 1st of May 2011. The ESC is a major submission that will decide the future use of the Repository and has major implications for the success of the UK’s LLW Strategy and decommissioning programme. This paper provides an overview of the work that has been carried out to support the submission. Key aspects of this ESC include: • detailed investigations of existing disposals, based on careful examination of existing records and other investigations, including interviews with former operational staff; • analysis of uncertainties in future disposals; • modelling of the biogeochemical evolution of the disposal system, which provides understanding of the evolution of pH, Eh and gas generation and thence underpinning for radionuclide releases in groundwater and gas; • development of a 3-D groundwater flow model, calibrated against observed heads and with a detailed representation of the engineered features; • analysis of coastal erosion and its impacts; • a major focus on optimisation based on detailed technical studies; • a conclusion that existing disposals do not require remediation; • the choice of a concrete vault design with permeable side walls designed to avoid bathtubbing after the end of management control; • a comprehensive set of assessment calculations, including thorough analysis of uncertainties, which demonstrate consistency with the Environment Agency’s risk and dose guidance levels; • revision of the LLWR’s WAC, based in part on the use of the ‘sum of fractions’ approach; • the use of a safety case document structure that emphasises key safety arguments in a Level 1 document and provides supporting evidence in a series of Level 2 documents; • the provision of a Level 2 document that describes in detail how each aspect of the regulatory guidance has been addressed. In the future, the 2011 ESC will be maintained using a formal system of change control. It will be used as a tool for decision making concerning the future development of the LLWR and waste acceptance.
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Maranville, Victoria M., and Richard McGrath. "A Summary of Radiological Waste Disposal Practices in the United States and the United Kingdom." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16379.
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A systematic review of near-surface repositories for radioactive waste in the United States (US) was conducted. The main focus of the review consisted of a literature search of available documents and other published sources on low level radioactive waste (LLRW) disposal practices, remediation of LLRW sites in the US, and public participation for remediation efforts of near-surface radiological waste disposal sites in the US. This review was undertaken to provide background information in support of work by the United Kingdom’s (UK) Low Level Waste Repository (LLWR) and to aid in optimizing the future management of this site. The review contained a summary of the US and UK radiological waste classification requirements including a discussion of the waste types, disposal requirements, and the differences between US and UK disposal practices. A regulatory overview and evolution of regulatory requirements in the US is presented. The UK regulatory environment is also discussed and contrasted to the US process. The public participation, as part of the US regulatory process, is provided and the mechanism for stakeholder identification and involvement is detailed. To demonstrate how remediation of radiologically impacted sites is implemented in the US, existing US case studies, in which remediation activities were carried out, were reviewed. The following information was compiled: type of wastes disposed of to US shallow ground facilities [with comparison with UK classifications], facility designs (with special emphasis on those directly comparable to the subsurface conditions in the UK), and deficiencies identified in operation or in demonstrating safe post closure; and processes and difficulties in remedial actions encountered at the selected sites. Stakeholder involvement is discussed within the case studies. Publicly available information related to radiological waste management and disposal practices were reviewed. Two sites are presented in this publication for discussion. These US sites were selected based on the site similarities to conditions in the UK.
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Lemmens, Karel, Christelle Cachoir, Elie Valcke, Karine Ferrand, Marc Aertsens, and Thierry Mennecart. "The Strategy of the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre in the Area of High-Level Waste Form Compatibility Research." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7232.
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The Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN) has a long-standing expertise in research concerning the compatibility of waste forms with the final disposal environment. For high level waste, most attention goes to two waste forms that are relevant for Belgium, namely (1) vitrified waste from the reprocessing of spent fuel, and (2) spent fuel as such, referring to the direct disposal scenario. The expertise lies especially in the study of the chemical interactions between the waste forms and the disposal environment. This is done by laboratory experiments, supported by modeling. The experiments vary from traditional leach tests, to more specific tests for the determination of particular parameters, and highly realistic experiments. This results in a description of the phenomena that are expected upon disposal of the waste forms, and in quantitative data that allow a conservative long-term prediction of the in situ life time of the waste form. The predictions are validated by in situ experiments in the underground research laboratory HADES. The final objective of these studies, is to estimate the contribution of the waste form to the overall safety of the disposal system, as part of the Safety and Feasibility Case, planned by the national agency ONDRAF/NIRAS. The recent change of the Belgian disposal concept from an engineered barrier system based on the use of bentonite clay to a system based on a concrete buffer has caused a reorientation of the research programme. The expertise in the area of clay-waste interaction will however be maintained, to develop experimental methodologies in collaboration with other countries, and as a potential support to the decision making in those countries where a clay based near field is still the reference. The paper explains the current R&D approach, and highlights some recent experimental set-ups available at SCK•CEN for this purpose, with some illustrating results.
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Hoorelbeke, Jean-Michel, Joël Chupeau, Jean Loubrieu, Jean-Baptiste Poisson, and Richard Poisson. "The Research in France on Disposal Concepts for High Level and Long Lived Radioactive Waste in Deep Clay Formation." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1292.
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Abstract The 15 year research on high level and long lived radioactive waste disposal in deep geological formations is being carried out by the ANDRA within the framework of the 1991 law. The status of the research program corresponds to the sinking of the shafts of the Meuse/Haute-Marne Underground Research Laboratory in an argilite layer. A set of preliminary concepts associated to this argillite layer has been studied to help address the issues raised by the feasibility analysis of a potential repository with respect to safety objectives. These concepts deal with transuranic no heat emitting waste, high level vitrified waste and potentially disposed spent fuel. Provision is made for a high level of flexibility, in particular regarding the reversibility of the step by step disposal process. The architecture of the repository concepts distinguishes disposal zones dedicated respectively to transuranic (type B) waste, vitrified high level (type C) waste, UOX and MOX spent fuel (if the case arrises). Each zone is itself divided into modules. The modular design, which segregates the waste categories, guarantees in particular the flexibility of the repository to contend with potential variations in inventory or waste management modes. This makes it possible to study the feasibility of disposal of each type of waste, in an independent way from the others. For each disposal zone and waste category, current studies, including safety and cost analysis, enable to compare various design options of the disposal cells and modules, prior to selecting those which will be presented in 2005. The paper mentions research targets of the program aiming at answering major scientific and technological questions raised by the concepts. The next milestone of the research program is scheduled at the end of the year 2001. It aims at tuning the approach to be used to assess the feasibility of disposal by 2005. The design will progressively benefit from the research carried out in the Meuse/Haute Marne underground research laboratory and other fields: The resulting data make it possible to fit the models used to dimension the structures, especially in the 2002–2005 period.
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Lawless, W. F., Mito Akiyoshi, John Whitton, Fjorentina Angjellari-Dajci, and Christian Poppeliers. "A Comparative Study of Stakeholder Participation in the Cleanup of Radioactive Wastes in the US, Japan and UK." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40219.
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We review case studies of stakeholder participation in the environmental cleanup of radioactive wastes in the United States, Japan and United Kingdom (e.g., [21,26,27,66,78]). Citizen participation programs in these three countries are at different stages: mature in the US, starting in Japan, and becoming operational in the UK. The US issue at the US Department of Energy’s (DOE) Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina (SC) had been focused on citizens encouraging Federal (DOE; US Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA; and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, or NRC) and State (SC’s Department of Health and Environmental Compliance, or DHEC) agencies to pursue “Plug-in-RODs” at SRS to simplify the regulations to accelerate closing seepage basins at SRS. In Japan, the Reprocessing of spent fuel and deep geological disposal of vitrified high-level waste have been among Japan’s priorities. A reprocessing plant in Rokkasho, Aomori Prefecture is expected to commence operations in October 2010. The search of a site for a deep geological disposal facility has been ongoing since 2002. But the direct engagement of stakeholders has not occurred in Japan. Indirectly, stakeholders attempt to exert influence on decision-making with social movements, local elections, and litigation. In the UK, the issue is gaining effective citizen participation with the UK’s Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA). We hope that the case studies from these countries may improve citizen participation.
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Andreozzi, C., B. Bianchilli, A. Dodaro, F. Gagliardi, E. Mauro, and M. Sisti. "Free Release of Radioactive Waste Containing Very Low Level Waste and Short Lived Radionuclides at Nucleco." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-82039.
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Since August 2015 a new classification of radioactive waste was issued by Italian Ministry of Economic Development, in order to adapt Italian historical classification to European standards. This new classification provides 6 categories, from exempt to high level waste, and it is based on the waste final destination: from free release to final disposal or interim storage (high level waste and intermediate level waste with α-content higher than 400 Bq/g) [1]. Nucleco is a State owned Company acting as Waste Management Organization for radioactive waste coming from hospitals, industries and research and development activities not related to electricity production by nuclear plants. Nucleco collects, safely manages and temporarily stores waste that will be sent to the National Repository (site definition phase is still ongoing), while for the Short Lived Radionuclides and Very Low Activity waste Nucleco performs all necessary operations to be compliant with the conditions of release prescribed by the Italian Control Authority. Short Lived Radionuclides are those whose half-life is shorter than 100 days or reach the condition of non-radiological relevance in 5 years: they are mainly produced by bio-medical applications of radioactive materials. Very Low Activity waste are characterized by activity concentrations lower than 100 Bq/g (of which less than 10 Bq/g of α-emitting radionuclides) and reach the condition of non-radiological relevance in 10 years: these waste usually came from research institutions and industrial activities. This work presents the authorized operating procedures, the radiological measurements criteria and the technical know-how put in place by Nucleco to fulfil the provisions of Italian regulations for unconditioned release of radioactive waste. A case study of ISO 20’ containers is discussed in the current paper. Main emphasis will be addressed to: • gathering of historical information about the state of the material to be released and definition of the reference radiological spectrum; • sampling procedures to ensure representativeness of the samples from homogeneous waste batch to be released and then subjected to radiological characterization; • characterization phase consisting of the integration of several state-of-art techniques aiming to collect the most complete set of radiological data; • data processing protocols needed for the calculation of the activity concentrations for each radionuclide of the reference spectrum (or other radionuclides eventually detected); • evaluation of the main sources of uncertainty affecting the results; • comparison of the activity concentration (including the uncertainty) of each radionuclide with the corresponding authorized concentration limits.
Reports on the topic "Hospitals Waste disposal Case studies"
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Avis, William. Technical Aspects of e-Waste Management. Institute of Development Studies, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.051.
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Population growth, increasing prosperity and changing consumer habits globally are increasing demand for consumer electronics. Further to this, rapid changes in technology, falling prices, increased affordability and consumer appetite for new products have exacerbated e-waste management challenges and seen millions of tons of electronic devices become obsolete. This rapid literature review collates evidence from academic, policy focussed and grey literature on the technical aspects e-waste value chains. The report should be read in conjunction with two earlier reports on e-waste management1. E-waste is any electrical or electronic equipment, including all components, subassemblies and consumables, which are part of the equipment at the time the equipment becomes waste. The exact treatment of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) can vary enormously according to the category of WEEE and technology that is used. Electrical and electronic items contain a wide variety of materials. As a result of this complex mix of product types and materials, some of which are hazardous (including arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury and certain flame retardants) multiple approaches to WEEE are required, each with specific technical guidelines. This report is structured as follows: Section two provides an introduction to the technical aspects of e-waste management, including a reflection on the challenges and complexities of managing a range of product types involving a range of components and pollutants. Section three provides an annotated bibliography of key readings that discuss elements of the technical aspects of managing e-waste. This bibliography includes readings on national guidelines, training manuals and technical notes produced by the Basel convention and courses. WEEE recycling can be a complex and multifaced process. In order to manage e-waste effectively, the following must be in place Legislative and regulatory frameworks Waste Prevention and minimisation guidelines Identification of waste mechanisms Sampling, analysis and monitoring expertise Handling, collection, packaging, labelling, transportation and storage guidelines Environmentally sound disposal guidelines Management is further complicated by the speed of technological advance with technologies becoming redundant much sooner than initially planned. Case studies show that the average actual lifetimes of certain electronic products are at least 2.3 years shorter than either their designed or desired lifetimes.