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Journal articles on the topic 'Hospital infection'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Jayasree, T., and Mustafa Afzal. "Implementation of Infection Control Practices to Manage Hospital Acquired Infections." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 591–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.13.1.68.

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2

Cookson, Barry. "Hospital Infection Society/PHLS Laboratory of Hospital Infection Course on Hospital Infection Control." Journal of Hospital Infection 48, no. 3 (July 2001): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jhin.2001.1027.

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3

Drohan, Sarah E., Simon A. Levin, Bryan T. Grenfell, and Ramanan Laxminarayan. "Incentivizing hospital infection control." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 13 (March 11, 2019): 6221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812231116.

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Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) pose a significant burden to patient safety. Institutions can implement hospital infection control (HIC) measures to reduce the impact of HAIs. Since patients can carry pathogens between institutions, there is an economic incentive for hospitals to free ride on the HIC investments of other facilities. Subsidies for infection control by public health authorities could encourage regional spending on HIC. We develop coupled mathematical models of epidemiology and hospital behavior in a game-theoretic framework to investigate how hospitals may change spending behavior in response to subsidies. We demonstrate that under a limited budget, a dollar-for-dollar matching grant outperforms both a fixed-amount subsidy and a subsidy on uninfected patients in reducing the number of HAIs in a single institution. Additionally, when multiple hospitals serve a community, funding priority should go to the hospital with a lower transmission rate. Overall, subsidies incentivize HIC spending and reduce the overall prevalence of HAIs.

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4

Ayliffe, G. A. J. "Hospital Infection Surveillance in the United Kingdom." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 9, no. 7 (July 1988): 320–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/645862.

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Surveillance methods vary in different hospitals, but are mainly based on laboratory reports, as in Sweden. These reports are supplemented by ward visits by the infection control nurse and by the usual epidemiologic methods in the investigation of outbreaks.An increasing interest in surveillance of hospital infection occurred in the 1950s when outbreaks of staphylococcal infection were causing problems throughout the world. The appointment of an MD as infection control officer in every hospital was suggested in 1955 by Colebrook in the Birmingham Accident Hospital, but no full-time officer has so far been appointed in the United Kingdom (UK). The task was taken on by medical microbiologists, who are usually physicians and, currently in England and Wales, make up 82% of infection control officers.”In the early days, the recording of the incidence of infection was usually confined to surgical wounds, as in the US. The problem of collecting a large amount of data by the microbiologist was recognized by Moore who appointed the first infection control nurse.” He also described the importance of laboratory reports in the early detection of outbreaks.Surveillance was a major topic for discussion at the international Conference on Nosocomial Infections in 1970, and Moore suggested that incidence rates were of little value for determining changes in a hospital or for comparisons between hospitals. The number of infections in individual hospitals was too small for statistical comparison, particularly if rates were low and infections influenced bv many factors were not corrected for in the overall rates.

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Collier, Caryl, Donald P. Miller, and Marguerite Borst. "Community Hospital Surgeon-Specific Infection Rates." Infection Control 8, no. 6 (June 1987): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700066133.

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AbstractA one-year prospective study of surgeon-specific nosocomial infection rates was done in two community hospitals. Hospital A (93 beds) and Hospital B (158 beds) have nearly identical surgical staffs. Unified criteria for the diagnosis of infections, methods of data collection, and coding were used. Data were processed with an IBM 370 computer using Statistical Analysis System (SAS). Each surgeon received semiannual reports of 1) overall infection rate by site, 2) number of surgical wound infections by wound class and type of procedure, 3) pathogens for each deep and incisional infection, and 4) quarterly wound infection rates by wound class. Analysis of reports revealed high Class I surgical wound infection rates for both general and orthopedic surgeons. One person in each group had inordinately high infection rates. These data serve as an objective incentive to reduce surgical wound infections, identify individual problems, and suggest surgical privileges be evaluated by performance.

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Yanai, Mitsuru. "Hospital Infection (Healthcare-Associated Infection)." Journal of Nihon University Medical Association 76, no. 3 (2017): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4264/numa.76.3_121.

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7

Mackenzie, D. W. R. "Rapid diagnosis of hospital infection: fungal infections." Journal of Hospital Infection 11 (February 1988): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-6701(88)90198-3.

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8

Baral, R. "Organizational culture and its implications on infection prevention and control." Journal of Pathology of Nepal 5, no. 10 (September 14, 2015): 865–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v5i10.15644.

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The hospital acquired infections are becoming common in our hospitals lately. These infections are difficult to treat and maybe life threatening. Hospital acquired infection can be minimized or eradicated by good Infection Prevention and Control guidelines and good hand hygiene practices. The success of Infection Prevention and Control guidelines program in any hospital is largely impacted by the organizational culture. In any health care setting the management is challenged by the organizational culture to change of any kind. Where implementation of Infection Prevention and Control guidelines program is easily implemented in some hospitals it is very difficult in others. Moreover, hand hygiene is not only biomedical practice but also has more behavioral factors.

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9

He, Wenlong, Lingbo Meng, and Yaogang Wang. "Research progress on influencing factors of hospital infection and prevention and control measures." Infection International 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ii-2017-0101.

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Abstract Hospital infections are associated with the emergence of hospitals. As the understanding of hospital infections deepen and prevention and control measures improve, hospital infections have become manageable. In recent years, affected by the increase in invasive treatment technology, antimicrobial abuse, and other factors, the control of hospital infection has encountered new problems. This paper reviews the influencing factors of hospital infections and their prevention and control measures.

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10

Decker, Michael D., and William E. Scheckler. "Continuous Quality Improvement in a Hospital System: Implications for Hospital Epidemiology." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 13, no. 5 (May 1992): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/646528.

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The purpose of this report is to describe the “Continuous Quality Improvement” (CQI) paradigm as adopted by one of the 30 largest hospital systems in the United States and to explore the implications for hospital epidemiology and infection control. Hospital epidemiology has its roots in the application of epidemiologic tools and principles to the problems of nosocomial infections. Key steps in the development of hospital epidemiology came from physicians in Great Britain and the United States who were part of the public health systems of those countries. In the United States, physicians trained in infectious diseases as a subspecialty occupy the position of hospital epidemiologist in most university, Veterans Affairs, and larger community teaching hospitals. Some of these individuals argue that hospital epidemiologists should continue to focus principally on infection control. Others are just as convinced that the premises and knowledge of epidemiology honed by experiences in infection control are very well suited to many other problems facing hospitals in the 1990s.

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11

McCulloch, Janet. "Hospital-acquired infection." Nursing Standard 13, no. 3 (October 7, 1998): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.13.3.33.s47.

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12

Shimizu, Kihachiro. "Hospital Infection Control." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 5, no. 1 (2000): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.5.54.

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13

CHANDER, YOGESH, and RAMJI RAI. "HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION." Medical Journal Armed Forces India 54, no. 3 (July 1998): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-1237(17)30535-x.

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14

Starr, John. "Hospital acquired infection." BMJ 334, no. 7596 (April 5, 2007): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39169.601285.80.

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Dawson, S. "Hospital infection control." BMJ 325, no. 7369 (October 19, 2002): 121Sa—121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7369.s121a.

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16

&NA;. "Hospital-Acquired Infection." Journal of Clinical Engineering 16, no. 6 (November 1991): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004669-199111000-00016.

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17

Kuehn, Bridget M. "Hospital Infection Monitoring." JAMA 298, no. 8 (August 22, 2007): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.8.853-c.

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18

Kuehn, Bridget M. "Hospital-Acquired Infection." JAMA 299, no. 24 (June 25, 2008): 2847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.299.24.2847-d.

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19

Shoell, Lucy. "Hospital infection control." American Journal of Infection Control 17, no. 6 (December 1989): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-6553(89)90008-4.

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20

Spencer, Robert C. "Infection in hospital." Journal of Infection 23, no. 3 (November 1991): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-4453(91)93692-6.

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21

Tehrani, David M., Michael J. Phelan, Chenghua Cao, John Billimek, Rupak Datta, Hoanglong Nguyen, Homin Kwark, and Susan S. Huang. "Substantial Shifts in Ranking of California Hospitals by Hospital-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection Following Adjustment for Hospital Characteristics and Case Mix." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 35, no. 10 (October 2014): 1263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/678069.

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Background.States have established public reporting of hospital-associated (HA) infections—including those of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)—but do not account for hospital case mix or postdischarge eventsObjective.Identify facility-level characteristics associated with HA-MRSA infection admissions and create adjusted hospital rankings.Methods.A retrospective cohort study of 2009–2010 California acute care hospitals. We defined HA-MRSA admissions as involving MRSA pneumonia or septicemia events arising during hospitalization or within 30 days after discharge. We used mandatory hospitalization and US Census data sets to generate hospital population characteristics by summarizing across admissions. Facility-level factors associated with hospitals’ proportions of HA-MRSA infection admissions were identified using generalized linear models. Using state methodology, hospitals were categorized into 3 tiers of HA-MRSA infection prevention performance, using raw and adjusted values.Results.Among 323 hospitals, a median of 16 HA-MRSA infections (range, 0–102) per 10,000 admissions was found. Hospitals serving a greater proportion of patients who had serious comorbidities, were from low-education zip codes, and were discharged to locations other than home were associated with higher HA-MRSA infection risk. Total concordance between all raw and adjusted hospital rankings was 0.45 (95% confidence interval, 0.40–0.51). Among 53 community hospitals in the poor-performance category, more than 20% moved into the average-performance category after adjustment. Similarly, among 71 hospitals in the superior-performance category, half moved into the average-performance category after adjustment.Conclusions.When adjusting for nonmodifiable facility characteristics and case mix, hospital rankings based on HA-MRSA infections substantially changed. Quality indicators for hospitals require adequate adjustment for patient population characteristics for valid interhospital performance comparisons.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35(10):1263–1270

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22

Morton, Anthony. "Hospital safety and hospital acquired infection." Australian Infection Control 11, no. 1 (March 2006): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hi06003.

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23

Svistunov, S. A., I. A. Svistunova, A. A. Kuzin, and D. A. Zharkov. "From «Hospital Mias» to «Hospital Infection»." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 17, no. 5 (October 23, 2018): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2018-17-5-96-99.

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The health of servicemen has always been one of the main factors playing a decisive role in the battle. The level of development of medical knowledge of military doctors plays an enormous role in maintaining the health of the personnel of the troops, together with their proper improvement. Sanitary losses of troops during the wars of the XIX-XX centuries have always been huge and depended mainly on infections, including wound infections, which many times exceeded the number of deaths during battles. Infectious complications of wounds of different genesis remain one of the most difficult problems of surgery in both peaceful and wartime. It should be noted, that Louis Pasteur was the first who spoke about infectious diseases at infectious diseases in 1862, and already in 1865, on the basis of Pasteur's experiments, the English surgeon Joseph Lister suggested using carbolic acid to fight infected wounds. These works laid the foundation of antiseptics, contributing to significant success in surgery. At the present time, new microorganisms have come to replace the classical pathogens of infectious diseases, contributing to the development of infectious complications, an increase in the duration of treatment and lethality.

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24

Simon, Tamara D., Matthew Hall, Jay Riva-Cambrin, J. Elaine Albert, Howard E. Jeffries, Bonnie LaFleur, J. Michael Dean, John R. W. Kestle, and _. _. "Infection rates following initial cerebrospinal fluid shunt placement across pediatric hospitals in the United States." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 4, no. 2 (August 2009): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.3.peds08215.

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Object Reported rates of CSF shunt infection vary widely across studies. The study objective was to determine the CSF shunt infection rates after initial shunt placement at multiple US pediatric hospitals. The authors hypothesized that infection rates between hospitals would vary widely even after adjustment for patient, hospital, and surgeon factors. Methods This retrospective cohort study included children 0–18 years of age with uncomplicated initial CSF shunt placement performed between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2005, and recorded in the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) longitudinal administrative database from 41 children's hospitals. For each child with 24 months of follow-up, subsequent CSF shunt infections and procedures were determined. Results The PHIS database included 7071 children with uncomplicated initial CSF shunt placement during this time period. During the 24 months of follow-up, these patients had a total of 825 shunt infections and 4434 subsequent shunt procedures. Overall unadjusted 24-month CSF shunt infection rates were 11.7% per patient and 7.2% per procedure. Unadjusted 24-month cumulative incidence rates for each hospital ranged from 4.1 to 20.5% per patient and 2.5–12.3% per procedure. Factors significantly associated with infection (p < 0.05) included young age, female sex, African-American race, public insurance, etiology of intraventricular hemorrhage, respiratory complex chronic condition, subsequent revision procedures, hospital volume, and surgeon case volume. Malignant lesions and trauma as etiologies were protective. Infection rates for each hospital adjusted for these factors decreased to 8.8–12.8% per patient and 1.4–5.3% per procedure. Conclusions Infections developed in > 11% of children who underwent uncomplicated initial CSF shunt placements within 24 months. Patient, hospital, and surgeon factors contributed somewhat to the wide variation in CSF shunt infection rates across hospitals. Additional factors may contribute to variation in CSF shunt infection rates between centers, but further study is needed. Benchmarking and future prospective multicenter studies of CSF shunt infection will need to incorporate these and other patient, hospital, and surgeon factors.

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Lien, La, Eva Johansson, Pham Lan, Nguyen Chuc, Nguyen Thoa, Nguyen Hoa, Ho Phuc, Ashok Tamhankar, and Cecilia Lundborg. "A Potential Way to Decrease the Know-Do Gap in Hospital Infection Control in Vietnam: “Providing Specific Figures on Healthcare-Associated Infections to the Hospital Staff Can ‘Wake Them Up’ to Change Their Behaviour”." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 7 (July 22, 2018): 1549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071549.

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Adequate infection control plays a key role in preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). This study aimed to explore staff perceptions of hospital infection control in a rural and an urban hospital in Vietnam. Individual interviews were conducted with hospital managers, and focus group discussions were conducted with doctors, nurses and cleaning workers separately. Content analysis was applied. An interview guide including discussion points on HAIs, hand hygiene and healthcare waste management was used. Generally, the staff were knowledgeable of hospital infection control, but they were not aware of the situation in their own hospital, and infection control practices in the hospitals remained poor. Reported difficulties in infection control included lack of resources, poor awareness and patient overload. A main theme emerged: ‘Making data on HAIs available for health workers can improve their awareness and motivate them to put their existing knowledge into practice, thus decreasing the know-do gap in infection control’. This could be a feasible intervention to improve infection control practice in the hospitals with limited resources, high workload and patient overload.

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Lewis, Sarah S., Rebekah W. Moehring, Luke F. Chen, Daniel J. Sexton, and Deverick J. Anderson. "Assessing the Relative Burden of Hospital-Acquired Infections in a Network of Community Hospitals." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 34, no. 11 (November 2013): 1229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/673443.

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Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) occur commonly, cause significant harm to patients, and result in excess healthcare expenditures. The urinary tract is frequently cited as the most common site of HAI, but these estimates were extrapolated from National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) data from the 1990s. Updated information regarding the relative burden of specific types of HAIs would help governmental agencies and other stakeholders within the field of infection prevention to prioritize areas for research and innovation. The objective of our study was to assess the relative proportion of HAIs attributed to each of the following 5 types of infection in a network of community hospitals: catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), surgical site infection (SSI), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), central line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).We performed a retrospective cohort study using prospectively collected HAI surveillance data from hospitals participating in the Duke Infection Control Outreach Network (DICON). DICON hospital epidemiologists and liaison infection preventionists work directly with local hospital infection preventionists to provide surveillance data validation, benchmarking, and infection prevention consultation services to participating hospitals.

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Javadi Bashar, Felor. "Methods of Preventing Hospital Acquired Infection." Advances in Bioscience and Clinical Medicine 7, no. 3 (July 31, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.abcmed.v.7n.3p.13.

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Hospital-acquired infections can increase the rate of morbidity and mortality as well as medical costs. Nosocomial infection is spread by various ways such as surgical, intravenous catheters, surface contact (like as hands) and also through the air. Some interventions include appropriate hand and surface decontamination, sufficient staffing, improved ventilator management, usage of coated central venous and urinary catheters have all been linked with considerably lower rate of nosocomial infection. Multiple interventions simultaneously are required for comprehensive infection control and multiple actions may be given better outcome rather than a single action. Some multiple infection control protocols will possibly show more effective result instead of employing a single or few strategies. Several non-pharmacological interventions to prevent HAIs will reduce the requirement for prolonged or multiple-drug antibiotic courses for infected patients. And lower antibiotic usage will decrease risk of antibiotic-resistant organisms and may improve effectiveness of antibiotics therapy to patients with acquired infections.

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McCalla, Saungi. "Infection Control Liaisons: Weapons Against Hospital Acquired Infections." American Journal of Infection Control 40, no. 5 (June 2012): e103-e104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2012.04.178.

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Agustina Simamora. "Relationship of Nursing Behavior with Treatment of Nosocomial Infections in RSUS Delitua in 2018." Caring: Indonesian Journal of Nursing Science 1, no. 1 (August 4, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/ijns.v1i1.1167.

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Most patients who are hospitalized get treatment and treatment from nurses according to their respective complaints. The behavior of nurses in these patients mostly can make an infection because often the action is taken in the form of therapy or not. Infection that often occurs in a hospital is called a nosocomial infection, nosocomial infection is an infection that is obtained during a patient's hospital treatment. Currently nosocomial infection is one of the causes of increased morbidity and mortality in hospitals. The aim of this study is to know in general the relationship between nurses' behavior and nosocomial infection control in Sembiring Delitua Hospital in 2018. This research is descriptive correlational, which identifies the causal relationship between the behavior of nurses and the prevention of nosocomial infections in Sembiring Delitua General Hospital in 2018. Based on the results obtained, the respondents' knowledge and attitudes in Sembiring Delitua General Hospital in 2013 will be able to overcome nosocomial infections. say well according to the results of a good questionnaire and on the respondent's actions both based on the observations of the respondent's actions can be said to be good. Thus the researchers hope that the results of this study can be a motivation in improving service quality in improving services for nosocomial infections for nurses.

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Cornistein, Wanda, Griselda Almada, Andrea Novau, Viviana Rodriguez, Cristina Freuler, and Maria Ines Staneloni. "Differences in Device-Associated Infections Rates in Argentina." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.1144.

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Background: Infection control programs (ICPs) are essential to reducing, in a progressive and sustained manner, healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). To achieve this goal these programs need not only resources (ie, trained human resources and financial resources) but also institutional leadership support. In our country, epidemiological surveillance is voluntary and is registered in the Argentina National Hospital Infection Surveillance System (VIHDA) where 114 hospitals and 78 adult intensive care unit (ICU) report their HAI rates. Many of these institutions do not have IPC or specific resources for this purpose. On the other hand, there are institutions with IPC, recognized by an international accreditation like Joint Commission International, that carry out an advanced and continuous program, with specific improvement goals for prevention and infection control. There is an imperative need in low- and middle-income countries to highlight the impact of ICPs in this setting and to promote regulations for mandatory surveillance and ICPs in all acute-care hospitals. Objective: To compare the rates for device-associated infections in ICUs of institutions with advanced ICPs versus national rates. Design: We conducted an observational, retrospective study, which includes device associated infection rates in adult critical care units from 2014 to 2018. We included all ICUs reporting to VIHDA and 3 surgical-medical teaching hospitals with an advanced ICP and Joint Commission International accreditation (Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Hospital Universitario Austral, Hospital Aleman). The VIHDA definition was used to define central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), catheter-related urinary infection (CAUTI), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). The rates were compared as adjusted reasons for exposure time using openepi.com software provided by the CDC. Results: Device associated infection rates in hospitals with advanced ICPs and in hospitals in the national surveillance system in Argentina are shown in Table 1. Compliance with infection control measures and bundles for device-associated infections in the 3 hospitals with advanced ICPs was >80%. No data were available for the rest of hospitals included the national surveillance system. Conclusions: Lower infection-control rates, catheter-related bloodstream infection and VAP, are possible in a middle-income country like Argentina when resources are allocated for this purpose and hospital leadership reinforces the efforts. Notably, all 3 hospitals improved their rates over time. The differences in catheter-related bloodstream infection and VAP rates between these hospitals and the rest of the hospitals in our surveillance system was significant and highlights the need for support when it comes to implementing ICPs.Funding: NoneDisclosures: Wanda Cornistein reports fees for conferences not related to this topic from the following speaker’s bureaus: Pfizer, Merck, and Becton Dickinson.

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Hultén, Kristina G., Sheldon L. Kaplan, Linda B. Lamberth, Katherine Slimp, Wendy A. Hammerman, Maria Carrillo-Marquez, Jeffrey R. Starke, James Versalovic, and Edward O. Mason. "Hospital-Acquired Staphylococcus aureus Infections at Texas Children's Hospital, 2001–2007." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 31, no. 2 (February 2010): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/649793.

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Objective.To document the introduction of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) USA300 clone into a children's hospital. Current molecular epidemiology of infections due to the USA300 strain of MRSA in the pediatric healthcare setting remains obscure.Design.Retrospective study of patients with hospital-acquired S. aureus infection during the period from August 1, 2001, through July 31, 2007, at Texas Children's Hospital in Houston.Methods.Patients with hospital-acquired S. aureus infection from whom an isolate was available for molecular analysis were included. Clinical information was obtained from patient medical records and the electronic hospital information system. S. aureus isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and polymerase chain reaction testing for staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) mec, agr, the diamine N-acetyltransferase gene, and the Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes (pvl).Results.Of 242 patients with hospital-acquired S. aureus infection, 147 (61%) had methicillin-susceptible S. aureus infection. Of the 95 MRSA isolates causing hospital-acquired infection, 69 (73%) were USA300 isolates, and that rate did not increase over time. Skin and soft tissue infection (P < .001), onset of infection less than 10 days after admission (P = .007), and lack of comorbidities (P < .001) were associated with hospital-acquired MRSA infection caused by the USA300 strain, compared with other isolates (hereafter referred to as non-USA300 isolates). Nine of 10 patients with a S. aureus infection at the time of death were infected with a non-USA300 strain. USA300 carried SCCmec IV, agr I, the diamine N-acetyl transferase gene, and pvl. USA300 isolates were more susceptible to clindamycin, gentamicin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole than were other non-USA300 isolates (P < .01).Conclusions.In our patient population, the annual numbers of observed cases of hospital-acquired S. aureus infection have remained constant. USA300 was the most common clone and, compared with other non-USA300 MRSA isolates, was associated with skin and soft tissue infection, early onset of infection after admission, and greater susceptibility to antimicrobial agents.

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Arya, S. C., N. Agarwal, S. Agarwal, S. George, and K. Singh. "Nosocomial infection: hospital infection surveillance and control." Journal of Hospital Infection 58, no. 3 (November 2004): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2004.07.008.

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Glenistcr, Helen. "Surveillance of hospital infection." Nursing Standard 5, no. 17 (January 16, 1991): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.5.17.32.s42.

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Warren, David K., and Marin H. Kollef. "Prevention of hospital infection." Microbes and Infection 7, no. 2 (February 2005): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2004.12.003.

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Morton, A. P., Mary‐Louise McLaws, Julian Gold, Les Irwig, Geoffrey Berry, and Philip Mock. "Hospital infection in Australia." Medical Journal of Australia 151, no. 1 (July 1989): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1989.tb128459.x.

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Ormond-Walshe, Sarah, and Roger Newham. "Proving hospital-acquired infection." Clinical Risk 9, no. 2 (March 1, 2003): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/135626203762826245.

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Telfer Brunton, W. A. "Infection and hospital laundry." Lancet 345, no. 8964 (June 1995): 1574–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91124-3.

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Voss, Andreas, Sigfrido Rangel-Frausto, and Jan Kluytmans. "Hospital Infection Society (UK)." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 20, no. 02 (February 1999): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700070120.

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Dancer, S. J. "Mopping up hospital infection." Journal of Hospital Infection 43, no. 2 (October 1999): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jhin.1999.0616.

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40

Sharma, Rachna. "Combating hospital acquired infection." BMJ 328, no. 7441 (March 20, 2004): s117.2—s117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7441.s117-a.

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Casewell, M. "Control of hospital infection." BMJ 298, no. 6668 (January 28, 1989): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.298.6668.203.

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Rahman, A. F. "Control of hospital infection." BMJ 298, no. 6674 (March 11, 1989): 672–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.298.6674.672-b.

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Bannister, B. A. "Control of hospital infection." BMJ 298, no. 6678 (April 8, 1989): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.298.6678.960-b.

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Gaunt, P. N., and I. Phillips. "Computers and hospital infection." Journal of Hospital Infection 9, no. 2 (March 1987): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-6701(87)90047-8.

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Scott, G. "Control of hospital infection." Journal of Hospital Infection 24, no. 1 (May 1993): 84–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-6701(93)90096-i.

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Kamp-Hopmans, Titia E. M., Hetty E. M. Blok, Annet Troelstra, Ada C. M. Gigengack-Baars, Annemarie J. L. Weersink, Christina M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, Jan Verhoef, and Ellen M. Mascini. "Surveillance for Hospital-Acquired Infections on Surgical Wards in a Dutch University Hospital." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 24, no. 8 (August 2003): 584–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502258.

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AbstractObjectives:To determine incidence rates of hospital-acquired infections and to develop preventive measures to reduce the risk of hospital-acquired infections.Methods:Prospective surveillance for hospital-acquired infections was performed during a 5-year period in the wards housing general and vascular, thoracic, orthopedic, and general gynecologic and gynecologic-oncologic surgery of the University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands. Data were collected from patients with and without infections, using criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Results:The infection control team recorded 648 hospital-acquired infections affecting 550 (14%) of 3,845 patients. The incidence density was 17.8 per 1,000 patient-days. Patients with hospital-acquired infections were hospitalized for 19.8 days versus 7.7 days for patients without hospital-acquired infections.Prolongation of stay among patients with hospital-acquired infections may have resulted in 664 fewer admissions due to unavailable beds. Different specialties were associated with different infection rates at different sites, requiring a tailor-made approach. Interventions were recommended for respiratory tract infections in the thoracic surgery ward and for surgical-site infections in the orthopedic and gynecologic surgery wards.Conclusions:Surveillance in four surgical wards showed that each had its own prominent infection, risk factors, and indications for specific recommendations. Because prospective surveillance requires extensive resources, we considered a modified approach based on a half-yearly point-prevalence survey of hospital-acquired infections in all wards of our hospital. Such surveillance can be extended with procedure-specific prospective surveillance when indicated.

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Gould, Dinah. "The Challenge of Hospital Acquired Infection The Challenge of Hospital Acquired Infection." Nursing Standard 16, no. 43 (July 10, 2002): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2002.07.16.43.29.b342.

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Mangini, Ed, Sorana Segal-Maurer, Janice Burns, Annette Avicolli, Carl Urban, Noriel Mariano, Louise Grenner, Carl Rosenberg, and James J. Rahal. "Impact of Contact and Droplet Precautions on the Incidence of Hospital-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 28, no. 11 (November 2007): 1261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/521658.

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Objective.To evaluate the efficacy of contact and droplet precautions in reducing the incidence of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections.Design.Before-after study.Setting.A 439-bed, university-affiliated community hospital.Methods.To identify inpatients infected or colonized with MRSA, we conducted surveillance of S. aureus isolates recovered from clinical culture and processed by the hospital's clinical microbiology laboratory. We then reviewed patient records for all individuals from whom MRSA was recovered. The rates of hospital-acquired MRSA infection were tabulated for each area where patients received nursing care. After a baseline period, contact and droplet precautions were implemented in all intensive care units (ICUs). Reductions in the incidence of hospital-acquired MRSA infection in ICUs led to the implementation of contact precautions in non-ICU patient care areas (hereafter, “non-ICU areas”), as well. Droplet precautions were discontinued. An analysis comparing the rates of hospital-acquired MRSA infection during different intervention periods was performed.Results.The combined baseline rate of hospital-acquired MRSA infection was 10.0 infections per 1,000 patient-days in the medical ICU (MICU) and surgical ICU (SICU) and 0.7 infections per 1,000 patient-days in other ICUs. Following the implementation of contact and droplet precautions, combined rates of hospital-acquired MRSA infection in the MICU and SICU decreased to 4.3 infections per 1,000 patient-days (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17-0.97; P = .03). There was no significant change in hospital-acquired MRSA infection rates in other ICUs. After the discontinuation of droplet precautions, the combined rate in the MICU and SICU decreased further to 2.5 infections per 1,000 patient-days. This finding was not significant (P = .43). In the non-ICU areas that had a high incidence of hospital-acquired MRSA infection, the rate prior to implementation of contact precautions was 1.3 infections per 1,000 patient-days. After the implementation of contact precautions, the rate in these areas decreased to 0.9 infections per 1,000 patient-days (95% CI, 0.47-0.94; P = .02).Conclusion.The implementation of contact precautions significantly decreased the rate of hospital-acquired MRSA infection, and discontinuation of droplet precautions in the ICUs led to a further reduction. Additional studies evaluating specific infection control strategies are needed.

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Hopmans, T. E. M., H. E. M. Blok, A. Troelstra, and M. J. M. Bonten. "Prevalence of Hospital-Acquired Infections During Successive Surveillance Surveys Conducted at a University Hospital in The Netherlands." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 28, no. 4 (April 2007): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/512640.

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Objective.To monitor hospital-wide trends in the prevalence of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in order to identify areas where the risk of infection is increasing.Methods.Successive surveillance surveys were conducted twice yearly, from November 2001 until May 2004, to determine the prevalence of HAIs at 2 Dutch hospitals, using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria.Results.In all, 340 HAIs were observed in 295 (11.1%) of 2,661 patients surveyed. The overall prevalence per survey varied from 10.2% to 15.6%, with no significant differences between successive surveys. In the surgical department, the prevalence of HAIs increased from 10.8 cases per 100 surgeries in November 2001 to 20.4 cases per 100 surgeries in May 2002. Further analysis revealed a high prevalence of surgical site infection among patients who had an orthopedic procedure performed. In the neurology-neurosurgery department, the prevalence increased from 13.0 cases per 100 patients in May 2002 to 26.6 cases per 100 patients in May 2003 and involved several types of infection. Further analysis retrieved exceptionally high incidences of infections associated with cerebrospinal fluid drainage. Specific infection control interventions were developed and implemented in both departments. The total cost of the surveys was estimated to be €9,100 per year.Conclusion.Successive performance of surveillance surveys is a simple and cheap method to monitor the prevalence of infection throughout the hospital and appeared instrumental in identifying 2 departments with increased infection rates.

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Tanure, Luciana Coelho, Rafaela Tonholli Pinho, Érico Macedo Pacheco Alves, Bárbara Caldeira Pires, Joice Ribeiro Lopes, Daniela Teixeira Ribeiro, Flávio Henrique Batista de Souza, Braulio Roberto Gonçalves Marinho Couto, and Carlos Ernesto Ferreira Starling. "853. Hospital-acquired Infections by Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE): Results in 3 Years of Multicenter Study." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1042.

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Abstract Background Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) is considered one of the main pathogens of hospital-acquired infections (HAI), responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates. HAI caused by this bacteria, especially in intensive care units (ICU), are concerning for the health system, given that the microorganism is multi resistant to most antimicrobials available, especially vancomycin. Therefore, the present study is built from and analyzes the data of VRE, collected by the Infection Prevetion and Control Service of hospitals in Brazil, to clarify: the incidence rate, the gross lethality of these infections and what are the profiles of infected patients. Methods Collection and analysis of epidemiological data, according to the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) protocol of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 10 hospitals in Brazil, between Jan/2017 - Dec/2019. Results In three years, 118 VRE infections were diagnosed in the hospitals analyzed: 51 from ICU (43%), 24 from Vascular Acess (20%), 18 from General Clinic (15%), 10 from General Surgery (8%) and 15 from Others (13%). Patients ages ranged from 0 to 93 years, with a mean of 62 years (standard deviation of 20 years) and a median of 66 years. Time between admission and diagnosis of infection was 1 to 1001 days, with a mean of 68 days (standard deviation of 25 days) and a median of 59 days. The gross lethality for VRE infections was 47/118 (40%). The infection sites were: Bloodstream Infections – BSI = 34 (29%); Urinary Tract Infections – UTI = 28 (24%); Surgical Site Infections – SSI = 27 (23%); Skin and Soft Tissue Infections – SST = 14 (12%); Bone and Joint Infections – BJ = 5 (4%); Cardiovascular System Infections – CVS = 5 (4%); Lower Respiratory System Infections, other than pneumonia – LRI = 2 (2%); Pneumonia – PNEU = 2 (2%) and Gastrointestinal System Infections – GI = 1 (1%). Percentage of VRE infections by hospital units Percentage of VRE infections by infection sites Infection sites of VRE infections by hospital Conclusion VRE infection is a highly lethal event that usually occurs after two months of hospitalization. The main site of infection is the BSI, with a higher incidence in patients over 62 years or the ones in ICU. Early and accurate investigations of multiresistant microorganisms in a hospital setting are necessary to reduce patient morbidity and mortality. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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