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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hospital infection

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Academic literature on the topic 'Hospital infection'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Hospital infection"

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Jayasree, T., and Mustafa Afzal. "Implementation of Infection Control Practices to Manage Hospital Acquired Infections." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 591–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.13.1.68.

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Cookson, Barry. "Hospital Infection Society/PHLS Laboratory of Hospital Infection Course on Hospital Infection Control." Journal of Hospital Infection 48, no. 3 (July 2001): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jhin.2001.1027.

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Drohan, Sarah E., Simon A. Levin, Bryan T. Grenfell, and Ramanan Laxminarayan. "Incentivizing hospital infection control." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 13 (March 11, 2019): 6221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812231116.

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Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) pose a significant burden to patient safety. Institutions can implement hospital infection control (HIC) measures to reduce the impact of HAIs. Since patients can carry pathogens between institutions, there is an economic incentive for hospitals to free ride on the HIC investments of other facilities. Subsidies for infection control by public health authorities could encourage regional spending on HIC. We develop coupled mathematical models of epidemiology and hospital behavior in a game-theoretic framework to investigate how hospitals may change spending behavior in response to subsidies. We demonstrate that under a limited budget, a dollar-for-dollar matching grant outperforms both a fixed-amount subsidy and a subsidy on uninfected patients in reducing the number of HAIs in a single institution. Additionally, when multiple hospitals serve a community, funding priority should go to the hospital with a lower transmission rate. Overall, subsidies incentivize HIC spending and reduce the overall prevalence of HAIs.

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Ayliffe, G. A. J. "Hospital Infection Surveillance in the United Kingdom." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 9, no. 7 (July 1988): 320–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/645862.

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Surveillance methods vary in different hospitals, but are mainly based on laboratory reports, as in Sweden. These reports are supplemented by ward visits by the infection control nurse and by the usual epidemiologic methods in the investigation of outbreaks.An increasing interest in surveillance of hospital infection occurred in the 1950s when outbreaks of staphylococcal infection were causing problems throughout the world. The appointment of an MD as infection control officer in every hospital was suggested in 1955 by Colebrook in the Birmingham Accident Hospital, but no full-time officer has so far been appointed in the United Kingdom (UK). The task was taken on by medical microbiologists, who are usually physicians and, currently in England and Wales, make up 82% of infection control officers.”In the early days, the recording of the incidence of infection was usually confined to surgical wounds, as in the US. The problem of collecting a large amount of data by the microbiologist was recognized by Moore who appointed the first infection control nurse.” He also described the importance of laboratory reports in the early detection of outbreaks.Surveillance was a major topic for discussion at the international Conference on Nosocomial Infections in 1970, and Moore suggested that incidence rates were of little value for determining changes in a hospital or for comparisons between hospitals. The number of infections in individual hospitals was too small for statistical comparison, particularly if rates were low and infections influenced bv many factors were not corrected for in the overall rates.

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Collier, Caryl, Donald P. Miller, and Marguerite Borst. "Community Hospital Surgeon-Specific Infection Rates." Infection Control 8, no. 6 (June 1987): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700066133.

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AbstractA one-year prospective study of surgeon-specific nosocomial infection rates was done in two community hospitals. Hospital A (93 beds) and Hospital B (158 beds) have nearly identical surgical staffs. Unified criteria for the diagnosis of infections, methods of data collection, and coding were used. Data were processed with an IBM 370 computer using Statistical Analysis System (SAS). Each surgeon received semiannual reports of 1) overall infection rate by site, 2) number of surgical wound infections by wound class and type of procedure, 3) pathogens for each deep and incisional infection, and 4) quarterly wound infection rates by wound class. Analysis of reports revealed high Class I surgical wound infection rates for both general and orthopedic surgeons. One person in each group had inordinately high infection rates. These data serve as an objective incentive to reduce surgical wound infections, identify individual problems, and suggest surgical privileges be evaluated by performance.

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Yanai, Mitsuru. "Hospital Infection (Healthcare-Associated Infection)." Journal of Nihon University Medical Association 76, no. 3 (2017): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4264/numa.76.3_121.

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Mackenzie, D. W. R. "Rapid diagnosis of hospital infection: fungal infections." Journal of Hospital Infection 11 (February 1988): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-6701(88)90198-3.

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Baral, R. "Organizational culture and its implications on infection prevention and control." Journal of Pathology of Nepal 5, no. 10 (September 14, 2015): 865–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v5i10.15644.

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The hospital acquired infections are becoming common in our hospitals lately. These infections are difficult to treat and maybe life threatening. Hospital acquired infection can be minimized or eradicated by good Infection Prevention and Control guidelines and good hand hygiene practices. The success of Infection Prevention and Control guidelines program in any hospital is largely impacted by the organizational culture. In any health care setting the management is challenged by the organizational culture to change of any kind. Where implementation of Infection Prevention and Control guidelines program is easily implemented in some hospitals it is very difficult in others. Moreover, hand hygiene is not only biomedical practice but also has more behavioral factors.

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He, Wenlong, Lingbo Meng, and Yaogang Wang. "Research progress on influencing factors of hospital infection and prevention and control measures." Infection International 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ii-2017-0101.

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Abstract Hospital infections are associated with the emergence of hospitals. As the understanding of hospital infections deepen and prevention and control measures improve, hospital infections have become manageable. In recent years, affected by the increase in invasive treatment technology, antimicrobial abuse, and other factors, the control of hospital infection has encountered new problems. This paper reviews the influencing factors of hospital infections and their prevention and control measures.

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Decker, Michael D., and William E. Scheckler. "Continuous Quality Improvement in a Hospital System: Implications for Hospital Epidemiology." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 13, no. 5 (May 1992): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/646528.

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The purpose of this report is to describe the “Continuous Quality Improvement” (CQI) paradigm as adopted by one of the 30 largest hospital systems in the United States and to explore the implications for hospital epidemiology and infection control. Hospital epidemiology has its roots in the application of epidemiologic tools and principles to the problems of nosocomial infections. Key steps in the development of hospital epidemiology came from physicians in Great Britain and the United States who were part of the public health systems of those countries. In the United States, physicians trained in infectious diseases as a subspecialty occupy the position of hospital epidemiologist in most university, Veterans Affairs, and larger community teaching hospitals. Some of these individuals argue that hospital epidemiologists should continue to focus principally on infection control. Others are just as convinced that the premises and knowledge of epidemiology honed by experiences in infection control are very well suited to many other problems facing hospitals in the 1990s.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hospital infection"

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Yang, Chao-Ying. "Influencers on hospital infection control policy : what incentives could promote infection control in hospitals?" Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433632.

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Glenister, Helen Mary. "Surveillance methods for hospital infection." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1991. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/664/.

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Eight selective surveillance methods were assessed for their effectiveness in detecting hospital infection and the time required for data collection. The methods were compared with a reference method which was designed to identify all patients and infections in the study population (patients occupying 122 beds of a district general hospital). The selective methods were: - laboratory based ward surveillance - laboratory based telephone surveillance - ward liaison surveillance - laboratory based ward liaison surveillance - risk factor surveillance - temperature chart surveillance - treatment chart surveillance - temperature and treatment chart surveillance. The proportions of community acquired infection (CAI) and hospital acquired infection (HAI) detected by the selective surveillance methods varied; the highest proportion of CAI (70%) was identified by treatment chart surveillance, and temperature and treatment chart surveillance, and of HAI (71%), detected by laboratory based ward liaison surveillance. The time for data collection ranged from 1.5 hours/122 beds/week for laboratory based telephone surveillance to almost 8 hours for temperature and treatment chart surveillance. The time for the reference method was 22.1 hours/122 beds/week. Using the proportion of patients with HAI detected and time required for data collection to assess the methods, laboratory based ward liaison surveillance was the most effective and an efficient method. This method was revised minimally and introduced into six district general hospitals by infection control nurses. The time for data collection ranged from 4 to almost 8 hours/120 beds/week. The revision did not affect the proportion of HAI detected, however, the proportion of CAI identified was significantly reduced. The reproducibility of laboratory based ward liaison surveillance was good. The results will enable infection control teams to make an objective and rational choice of methods for the surveillance of hospital infection.

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Makin, Thomas. "Legionellae and the hospital environment." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261833.

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This thesis investigates the distribution of legionellae in water systems in the Royal Liverpool University Hospital (RLUH) and examines some of the factors that affect colonisation by these organisms. The effect of persistent contamination of the domestic water system on immunocompromised patients was monitored, and the envirorunental control of legionellae by various methods was assessed. A fluorescent monoclonal antibody (DFA) was evaluated for its ability to detect L. pneumophila in domestic and cooling water, and was highly sensitive and specific for this purpose. DFA detected non-culturable L. pneumophila in the cold water system (CWS) that were not recovered following heat shock procedures. Legionellae were not isolated from air conditioning humidifiers, and were rarely detected in cooling towers despite treatment with inadequate concentrations of biocide. A high pH assisted in preventing legionella colonisation. Calorifier sediment contained legionellae and high levels of insoluble copper oxides. Culture media and a low pH, released Cuions from sediment which were markedly inhibitory to legionellae. Low concentrations of Cuions were detected in domestic hot water. At temperatures below 60°C legionellae were detected in the hot water supply to the wards, and calorifiers were regularly re-seeded by legionellae returning from contaminated peripheral parts of the system. Legionellae were not detected in the HWS when 60°C was achieved. L. pneumophila sgps 6, 12 and L. bozemanii predominated in domestic water. L. pneumophila sgp 1 was detected on one occasion only in a cold water storage tank and a calorifier, and did not colonise any of the water systems. L. pneumophila sgps 6 and 12 were isolated from three nosocomial cases of Legionnaires' disease. Endemic legionellae prepared as yolk sac antigens, detected significant titres of legionella antibodies (~ 1 :64) in samples from six subjects which did not react ( < 1: 16) with the PHLS L. pneumophUa sgp 1 yolk sac antigen. Most raised titres were to L. pneumophila sgp 12, and the highest titre in heterologous responses identified the infecting serogroup of L. pneumophila. Routine culture of respiratory samples from susceptible patients. detected only one undiagnosed case of Legionnaires' disease. Legionellae were not detected in water from showers that were regularly flushed or irradiated with UV light. Re-colonisation of showers by legionellae was closely associated with the reappearance of amoebae. A trace heating element was effective at maintaining dead-legs at 50°C (± 1.5) and reduced legionellae in these sites. Legionellae proliferated where pipes and heating element were not adequately insulated. Re-circulating the HWS through dead-legs eradicated legionellae from this site but resulted in heavy colonisation of adjacent mixer valves. Automatic drain valves failed to prevent legionellae from colonising shower hoses and mixer valves, and hyperchlorination of shower hoses and water strainers had only a short term effect. Showers heated electrically at point of use were not colonised by legionellae entering in the CWS, or by wild strains of legionellae introduced with calorifier sediment. This appeared to be due to rapid throughput of water, extensive use of copper, and pasteurisation of calorifier contents following discharge of heat from the heating elements, after the shower ceased operating.

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Qian, Hua. "Ventilation for controlling airborne infection in hospital environments." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38974551.

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Qian, Hua, and 錢華. "Ventilation for controlling airborne infection in hospital environments." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38974551.

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McHaney, Megan. "Intra-Hospital Transfers and the Associated Risk of Hospital-Onset Clostridium Difficile Infection." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524668971169289.

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Nascimento, Flávia Alves Ferreira Rossini. "Sucesso no controle da transmissão de Enterococcus spp. em um hospital universitário brasileiro." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/311646.

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Orientador: Plínio Trabasso
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T03:40:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nascimento_FlaviaAlvesFerreiraRossini_M.pdf: 1038661 bytes, checksum: 041f2fd8d5649e81912f39d290b74f94 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: Enterococos resistentes a vancomicina (ERV) representam grande problema na assistência hospitalar, com dificuldades terapêuticas e de controle ambiental, pois colonizam trato gastrintestinal e são capazes de sobreviver no ambiente por tempo prolongado. A transmissão ocorre principalmente através das mãos de profissionais de saúde e contato com equipamentos ou superfícies contaminadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever um surto de ERV em hospital de ensino brasileiro e avaliar o impacto de medidas adotadas para o seu controle. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 150 pacientes admitidos no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, de fevereiro de 2008 a janeiro de 2009, com identificação de ERV; foi realizada revisão dos prontuários médicos para obtenção de dados demográficos, comorbidades, fatores de risco e unidades de internação. Os desfechos primários foram colonização ou infecção por ERV e morte. A associação entre variáveis categóricas foi verificada com aplicação do teste x2 ou teste exato de Fisher quando necessário e para variáveis contínuas através do teste de Mann-Whitney. O nível de significância adotado foi 5% (p? 0,05). Entre os 150 pacientes identificados, 94 (63%) eram do sexo masculino e a mediana de idade foi 50 anos. As principais comorbidades foram infecção na admissão em 90 (60%) pacientes, câncer em 60 (40%) e hipertensão arterial em 49 (33%). Clínica Médica, Onco-Hematologia, Trauma, Emergência e Gastroenterologia corresponderam a 73% dos pacientes. Os casos foram identificados através de esfregaços retais em 139 (92,7%) indivíduos e em outros sítios em 11 (7,3%) pacientes, sendo sangue em 5 casos (3,4%), líquido ascítico em 2 (1,3%) e cateter venoso central, líquido pleural, urina e secreção de ferida cirúrgica em 1 paciente (0,7%) cada. Enterococcus faecium foi a espécie identificada em 147 (98%) pacientes, representando uma mudança na epidemiologia do hospital, pois durante o período inicial do surto havia maior número de casos de E. faecalis. Não houve diferenças entre os pacientes colonizados ou infectados em relação a sexo, idade e comorbidades. Infecção ocorreu com maior frequencia entre pacientes em uso de ventilação mecânica (p = 0,013), cateter venoso central (p = 0,043), cateter urinário (p = 0,049) e drenos (p = 0,049). A morte foi mais frequente entre os pacientes infectados (73%) do que nos colonizados (17%) (p < 0,001). Uma campanha informativa foi realizada, através de palestras e distribuição de folhetos explicativos para pacientes e familiares. A limpeza do ambiente foi reforçada e dispensadores de álcool gel foram amplamente distribuídos. Precauções de contato para todos pacientes com ERV e restrição às visitas foram implementadas. O acompanhamento do surto revelou decréscimo significativo no número de casos, com 40 novos casos nos onze meses posteriores, representando uma taxa de ataque de 0,33%, comparada com a taxa prévia de 1,49% (p<0,001). A prevenção da transmissão cruzada de ERV, bem como a redução da contaminação ambiental foram baseadas em medidas educativas, reforço da limpeza ambiental e estímulo à higienização das mãos, sendo eficazes para controle do surto
Abstract: Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) represent an important problem in hospital care, because of the therapeutic and environmental control difficulties, because they colonize the gastrointestinal tract and therefore are able to survive in the environment for long periods. Transmission occurs primarily through the hands of health care professionals and contact with contaminated surfaces or equipments. The goal of this study was to describe an outbreak of VRE in Brazilian teaching hospital and evaluate the impact of measures taken for its control. We conducted a retrospective study of patients admitted to the Hospital de Clínicas of Universidade Estadual de Campinas, from February 2008 to January 2009, with identification of VRE. We reviewed the medical records to obtain demographic data, comorbidities, risk factors and inpatient wards. The primary outcomes were VRE colonization or infection and death. The association between categorical variables was assessed by applying the x2 test or Fisher's exact test and the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables. The level of significance was 5% (p ? 0.05). Among the 150 patients identified, 94 (63%) were male and median age was 50 years. The main comorbidities were prior infection at admission in 90 (60%) patients, cancer in 60 (40%) and hypertension in 49 (33%). The main wards were Internal Medicine, Onco-Hematology, Trauma, Emergency and Gastroenterology, representing 73.0% of patients, while only 9 (6.0%) cases were cared for at ICU. Among the identified cases, VRE was isolated from rectal swab in 139 (92.7%) cases and from others sites in 11 (7.3%) cases, being 5 (3.4%) in blood, 2 (1.3%) in peritoneal fluid and in central line catheter, pleural effusion, urine and surgical wound infection in 1 (0.7%) each. Enterococcus faecium was isolated from 147 (98.0%) patients, representing a substantial change in the hospital epidemiology, since during the initial outbreak period, the majority of cases were caused by E. faecalis. There were no differences between patients in respect of being colonized or infected by VRE according to gender, age and underlying conditions. Patients with infection were more frequently observed among those in mechanical ventilation (p=0.013), central line catheter (p=0.043), indwelling urinary catheter (p=0.049) or surgical drains (p=0.049). Death was statistically significant higher in the infected patients than in the colonized individuals (p<0.001). An informative campaign was conducted through lectures and distributing leaflets for patients and their relatives. Environmental cleaning was reinforced and alcohol gel dispensers were widely distributed. Contact precautions for all patients with VRE and restrictions on visits have been implemented. The follow up of the outbreak revealed a significant decrease in the number of cases, with 40 new cases in the next eleven months, representing an attack rate of 0.33%, compared with the previous rate of 1.49% (p <0.001). The prevention of cross transmission of VRE, as well as reduction of environmental contamination were based on educational measures, strengthening of environmental cleaning and encouraging hand washing, being effective to control the outbreak
Mestrado
Clinica Medica
Mestre em Clinica Medica

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Choi, Kelly Baekyung. "Cost Attributable to Hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30198.

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Introduction: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a common hospital-acquired infection and a financial burden on the healthcare system. There is a need to reduce its impact on patients and the entire health system. More accurate estimates of the financial impact of CDI will assist hospitals in creating better CDI reduction strategies with limited resources. Previous research has not sufficiently accounted for the skewed nature of hospital cost data, baseline patient mortality risk, and the time-varying nature of CDI. Objective: We conducted a retrospective cohort study to estimate the cost impact of hospital-acquired CDI from the hospital perspective, using a number of analytical approaches. Method: We used clinical and administrative data for inpatients treated at The Ottawa Hospital to construct an analytical data set. Our primary outcome was direct costs and our primary exposure was hospital-acquired CDI. We performed the following analyses: Ordinary least square regression and generalized linear regression as time-fixed methods, and Kaplan-Meier survival curve and Cox regression models as time-varying methods. Results: A total of 49,888 admissions were included in this study (mean (SD) age of 64.6 ± 17.8 years, median (IQR) baseline mortality risk of 0.04 (0.01-0.14)). 360 (0.73%) patients developed CDI. Estimates of incremental cost due to CDI were substantially higher when using time-fixed methods than time-varying methods. Using methods that appropriately account for the time-varying nature of the exposure, the estimated incremental cost due to CDI was $8,997 per patient. In contrast, estimates from time-fixed methods ranged from $49,150 to $55,962: about a six fold difference. Conclusion: Estimates of hospital costs are strongly influenced by the time-varying nature of CDI as well as baseline mortality risk. If studies do not account for these factors, it is likely that the impact of hospital-acquired CDI will be overestimated.

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Moura, Josely Pinto de. "A adesão dos profissionais de enfermagem às precauções de isolamento na assistência aos portadores de microrganismos multirresistentes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-12082004-125447/.

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Com o evento da resistência dos microrganismos aos antimicrobianos, surgiram as cepas multirresistentes de difícil tratamento, e com isso tornou-se imprescindível a adesão total dos profissionais de saúde às precauções empregadas na assistência aos portadores desses microrganismos, visando evitar a sua disseminação no ambiente hospitalar. Este estudo do tipo descritivo transversal foi realizado em uma instituição de saúde filantrópica do interior de Minas Gerais, teve como objetivos avaliar a adesão dos enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem às medidas preventivas empregadas na assistência aos portadores desses microrganismos multirresistentes. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de outubro a novembro de 2003 e os dados foram analisados qualitativa e quantitativamente. Utilizou-se do Método de análise de conteúdo de BARDIN (1977) e para a análise quantitativa de alguns dados, empregou-se a estatística descritiva, sendo os mesmos interpretados com base no significado atribuído por ROSENSTOCK (1974a). O Modelo de Crenças em Saúde (MCS) possibilitou identificar as barreiras físicas, cognitivas e psicológicas que justificaram a não-adesão de alguns profissionais às medidas preventivas direcionadas ao portador de Bactérias Multirresistentes (BMR). Como resultado destas avaliações, identificou-se que as percepções dos profissionais de enfermagem relacionadas à severidade das doenças causadas por BMR eram adequadas, que a maioria dos profissionais entrevistados associou a gravidade das doenças causadas por BMR a tratamento difícil ou a maior índice de mortalidade, e outros associaram-nas a tratamento inexistente. Quanto à susceptibilidade da doença, o conhecimento dos profissionais a respeito da temática apresentou-se bastante limitado. Os profissionais se aperceberam como susceptíveis de contrair BMR, entretanto, somente alguns conseguiram identificar os grupos mais susceptíveis à infecção causada por BMR. Observou-se uma influência favorável da instituição ao se constatar que proporciona aos profissionais as condições necessárias para que estes empreguem o Protocolo de Isolamento Específico. O comportamento dos profissionais em relação ao uso dos Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPI) evidenciou controvérsias, pois muitos relataram utilizar freqüentemente os paramentos, contudo admitiram que alguns profissionais não os utilizam rigorosamente por diversos motivos, sendo mais freqüentes: a crença de que não vão contrair a doença, diagnóstico tardio, ou por resistência, ou seja, injustificadamente ... não usa porque não quer .... Observou-se que muitos profissionais não aderem totalmente às precauções por opção pessoal, eles não têm o hábito de lavar as mãos ou friccioná-las com álcool na freqüência que deveriam, apesar de terem os materiais disponíveis. Acreditam que os benefícios à adesão são: proteção, prevenção de adquirir infecção/doenças, o fato de evitar a disseminação e sua segurança. Quanto às barreiras, mencionaram principalmente a falta de vagas, o diagnóstico tardio e a falta de alguns materiais. O estímulo para a ação, referido preferencialmente pelos profissionais, foi a abordagem informal na prática diária. Identificaram-se, ainda, a necessidade de elaborar estratégias de intervenção capazes de aprimorar a conduta dos profissionais de enfermagem e o levantamento dos problemas considerados imprescindíveis para percepção das crenças dos profissionais, a fim de se implementar efetivamente as estratégias que devem alterar positivamente a situação observada.
As microorganisms acquired resistance against antimicrobial agents, multiresistant strains appeared which are difficult to treat. Hence, the total adhesion of health professionals to the precaution measures used in care for patients with multiresistant microorganisms has become essential, with a view to avoiding their dissemination in the hospital environment. This descriptive transverse study was carried out at a philanthropic health institution in the interior of Minas Gerais, Brazil and aimed to evaluate the adhesion of nurses, nursing technicians and auxiliaries to prevention measures used in care for patients with these multiresistant microorganisms. Data were collected in October and November 2003 and were subject to qualitative and quantitative analysis. BARDINs (1977) content analysis method was used. Descriptive statistics was used with a view to the quantitative analysis of some data, which were interpreted on the basis of the meaning attributed by ROSENSTOCK (1974a). The Health Belief Model (HBM) allowed us to identify the physical, cognitive and psychological obstacles that justify some professionals non-adhesion to the prevention measures oriented towards patients with Multiresistant Bacteria (MRB). As a result of these evaluations, it was identified that nursing professionals adequately perceived the seriousness of diseases caused by MRB, that most of the interviewees linked up the gravity of diseases caused by MRB with difficult treatment or higher mortality rates, while others associated it with the inexistence of treatment. With respect to disease susceptibility, professionals demonstrated a rather limited knowledge about the theme. They perceived themselves as susceptible to MRB, although only some professionals managed to identify the groups that are most susceptible to infection by MRB. A favorable institutional influence was observed when verifying that the institution provides its professionals with the necessary conditions to use the Specific Isolation Protocol. Professional behavior in relation to Individual Protection Equipment (IPE) usage revealed controversies, since many of them mentioned frequent usage, although they admitted that some professionals do not use this equipment in a strict way, for different reasons, among which the most frequent were: the belief that they will not contract the disease, late diagnosis, or due to resistance, that is, without any justification ... they do not use it because they do not want to .... It was observed that many professionals choose not to adhere totally to the precaution measures. They are not used to washing their hands or scrubbing them with alcohol as frequently as they should, although the material is available. They believe that benefits of adhesion are: protection, prevention of infection/diseases, avoiding dissemination and their safety. With respect to obstacles, they mainly mentioned the lack of beds, late diagnosis and the lack of some kinds of material. As a stimulus towards action, professionals prefer the informal approach in daily practice. We also identified the need to elaborate intervention strategies capable of improving nursing professionals behavior and surveyed the problems considered essential to perceive professional beliefs, with a view to the efficient implementation of strategies that should positively change this situation.

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Nascimento, Ariane Cristina Mendes de Oliveira Bruder [UNESP]. "Susceptibilidade antifúngica, produção de biofilme e caracterização do gene ALS3 em isolados de Candida albicans e não-albicans do hospital das clínicas, UNESP, Botucatu." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87810.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Leveduras oportunistas do gênero Candida são capazes de disseminar-se em hospedeiros susceptíveis, num processo crescente nos últimos anos. Um fator complicador destes quadros ocorre quando estas leveduras são capazes de produzir biofilme, principalmente quando associadas a cateteres ou outros dispositivos médicos, elevando o poder de penetração e invasão em órgãos do hospedeiro. Por também conferir maior resistência às drogas antifúngicas do que as células dispersas, o biofilme fúngico tornou-se um dos maiores problemas no combate a estas infecções. A base genética da produção de biofimes nestas leveduras é complexa, porém já foi determinado o envolvimento de genes da família ALS, codificadores de glicoproteínas de adesão. Dentre os oito genes desta família (ALS1 ao ALS7 e ALS9), destaca-se o papel de ALS3. O gene ALS3, assim como todos os outros genes da família, apresenta uma estrutura composta por 3 domínios. O domínio 5’, região bem conservada; um domínio central que apresenta motifs de 108pb repetidos em tandem, com variações de tamanho entre os genes da mesma família e entre o mesmo gene em diferentes espécies, em uma mesma espécie e até mesmo entre alelos de uma mesma cepa, e o domínio 3, menos conservado que o domínio 5’, que pode apresentar variações de tamanho e de algumas seqüências de aminoácidos. Tendo em vista a crescente incidência de infecções por esse microrganismo em todo o mundo, o presente estudo objetivou investigar a freqüência das diferentes espécies de Candida em nossa região e caracterizá-las quanto à susceptibilidade a drogas antifúngicas e produção de biofilme, e possível correlação da produção de biofilme com polimorfismos de tamanho do gene ALS3. Os resultados obtidos confirmam a crescente incidência de espécies não-albicans, principalmente isoladas de infecções invasivas como cultura...
Opportunistic yeasts of the genus Candida are able to disseminate into the bloodstream in susceptible hosts, in an increasing course in the recent years. A complicating factor is when these yeasts are capable of producing biofilms, especially associated with catheters or other medical devices. Biofilm also confers greater resistance to antifungal drugs than dispersed cells, so the fungal biofilm has become one of the greatest problems in combating these infections. The genetic basis of the biofim production by yeasts is complex, but it has been know the involvement of ALS gene family, encoders of adhesion glycoproteins. Among the eight genes of this family (ALS1 to ALS7 and ALS9), the ALS3 are considered the most important. The ALS3 gene, such as the others members of the family, have three general domains: the 5’domain, conserved, with approximately 1300-pb; followed by a central domain consisting entirely of tandem-repeats of a 108-pb sequence, that are somewhat variable; and the 3’ domain, which is least conserved in length and sequence. Considering the increase incidence of these infections worldwide, the aims of this study were identify the frequency of Candida species in our region, to characterize the profile of antifungal susceptibility; to quantify the biofilm production and to correlate this production with the ALS3 gene length polymorphism. Our data confirm the increase incidence of non-albicans species, mainly when obtained from invasive infections, such as blood and peritoneal fluid, in which C. parapsilosis was the most frequent isolated species. The same was also observed to biofilm production, in which isolates obtained from invasive infections (blood and peritoneal fluid) are more biofilm producers than that obtained from vaginal secretion and urine. Among the different species, isolates of non-albicans also are more biofilm producers than C. albicans. Polimerase... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Books on the topic "Hospital infection"

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Plowman, R. M. Hospital acquired infection. London: Office of Health Economics, 1997.

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Group, Hospital Infection Working. Hospital infection control. London: Department of Health and Social Security, 1988.

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Wattal, Chand, and Nancy Khardori, eds. Hospital Infection Prevention. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1608-7.

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Group, DHSS/PHLS Hospital Infection Working. Hospital infection control: Guidance on the control of infection in hospitals. [London]: Department of Health and Social Security, 1988.

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Hospital airborne infection control. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2012.

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Hospital epidemiology and infection control. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012.

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Hospital-acquired infection: Causes and control. London: Whurr, 2003.

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Castle, Mary. Hospital infection control: Principles and practice. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1987.

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Philpott-Howard, J. Hospital infection control: Policies and practical procedures. London: W.B. Saunders, 1994.

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Currie, Elizabeth. The economics of hospital acquired infection. York: Centre for Health Economics, University of York, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hospital infection"

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El Lakkis, Iass, and Nancy Khardori. "The Mighty World of Microbes: An Overview." In Hospital Infection Prevention, 3–29. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1608-7_1.

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Wattal, Chand, and J. K. Oberoi. "Decontamination and Sterilization Procedures." In Hospital Infection Prevention, 103–20. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1608-7_10.

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Rao, B. K. "Monitoring of High-Risk Areas: Intensive Care Units." In Hospital Infection Prevention, 123–26. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1608-7_11.

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Sood, Jayashree, and Chand Sahai. "Monitoring of High-Risk Areas: Operating Suite." In Hospital Infection Prevention, 127–31. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1608-7_12.

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Anand, Bhavna, and Kanwal Gujral. "Monitoring of High-Risk Areas: Maternity Wards." In Hospital Infection Prevention, 133–36. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1608-7_13.

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Garg, Jeewan, and Anupam Sachdeva. "Monitoring of High-Risk Areas: Cancer Wards." In Hospital Infection Prevention, 137–42. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1608-7_14.

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Gupta, Ashwini. "Monitoring of High-Risk Areas: Dialysis Units." In Hospital Infection Prevention, 143–57. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1608-7_15.

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Jain, Sarika, and Rajni Gaind. "Monitoring of High-Risk Areas: Burn Units." In Hospital Infection Prevention, 159–65. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1608-7_16.

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Wattal, Sushant, and Neeraj Goel. "Infection Prevention for Procedures in Wards." In Hospital Infection Prevention, 169–77. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1608-7_17.

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Kak, Vivek. "Vaccinations and Infection Prevention." In Hospital Infection Prevention, 33–42. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1608-7_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hospital infection"

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Serino Barbosa, Mariana, João Caldas, Nuno Melo, Ana Ferreira, David Garcia, and Patrícia Lourenço. "Predictors of in-hospital mortality in influenza infection." In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa4538.

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Mekki, Yosra M., Mohamed M. Mekki, Mohamed Hamammi, and Susu Zughaier. "Virtual Reality Module Depicting Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection as Educational Tool to Reduce Antibiotic Resistant Hospital-Acquired Bacterial Infections." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0250.

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Introduction: Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are used as simulation models in student-patient interactive medical education and shown to enhance learning outcomes. The rise in global burden of infectious diseases and antibiotic resistance world-wide prompt immediate action to combat this emerging threat. Catheter associated urinary infections (CAUTI) are the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. The aim of this research is to develop a virtual reality (VR) based educational tool depicting the process of CAUTI caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria. The VR-CAUTI module is designed to provide insights to health care providers and community which help in reducing the burden of antibiotic resistant infections. Material and methods: The VRCAUTI module is designed using tools including Blender, Cinema4D and Unity to create a scientifically accurate first-person interactive movie. The users are launched inside a human bladder that needs to be drained. They can witness the insertion of a medical catheter into the bladder to drain the urine. Bacteria adhere to the catheter to establish colonization and infection. An interaction between antibiotic molecules and bacteria in the biofilm is observed later. After designing the 3D models, a highlight of the interaction between models, taken from the storyboard, is used to determine the necessary animation. Moreover, dialogue that facilitates the understanding of infections and antibiotic resistance is recorded. This is followed by the assembly of the module on Unity, and enrichments such as lights and orientation. Results and conclusion: This VRCAUTI module is the proof-of-concept for designing detailed VR based scientifically very accurate medical simulation that could be used in medical education to maximize learning outcomes. VR based modules that have the potential to transform and revolutionize learning experience and render medical education compatible with the IoT in the current 4th industrial revolution.

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Park, Garam, and Yoo Jaeheung. "Suggesting infection causes monitoring system based on wireless sensor network for hospital infection control." In 2008 10th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icact.2008.4493844.

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Yi-Ju Tseng, Yee-Chun Chen, Hui-Chi Lin, Jung-Hsuan Wu, Ming-Yuan Chen, and Feipei Lai. "A web-based hospital-acquired infection surveillance information system." In 2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Information Technology and Applications in Biomedicine (ITAB 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itab.2010.5687808.

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Shhedi, Zaid Ali, Alin Moldoveanu, and Florica Moldoveanu. "Traditional and ICT Solutions for Preventing the Hospital Acquired Infection." In 2015 20th International Conference on Control Systems and Computer Science (CSCS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cscs.2015.125.

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Ramona, Stoicescu, Stoicescu Razvan-Alexandru, Codrin Gheorghe, and Schroder Verginica. "LABORATORY METHODS AND PREVALENCE OF SARS-COV-2 INFECTIONS IN THE 2ND SEMESTER OF 2021 IN THE EMERGENCY CLINICAL COUNTY HOSPITAL OF CONSTANTA." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/11.

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"Diagnosing infections with SARS-CoV-2 is still of great interest due to the health and economic impact of COVID pandemic. The 4th wave of the COVID-19 pandemic is expected and is considered to be stronger and faster due to the dominance of Delta variant which is highly contagious [1]. SARS-CoV-2 also known as 2019-nCoV is one of the three coronaviruses (together with SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV1/Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), MERS-CoV /Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus) which can cause severe respiratory tract infections in humans [2]. Early diagnosis in COVID 19 infection is the key for preventing infection transmission in collectivity and proper medical care for the ill patients. Gold standard for diagnosing SARS-Co-V-2 infection according to WHO recommendation is using nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT)/ reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The search is on to develop reliable but less expensive and faster diagnostic tests that detect antigens specific for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antigen-detection diagnostic tests are designed to directly detect SARSCoV-2 proteins produced by replicating virus in respiratory secretions so-called rapid diagnostic tests, or RDTs. The diagnostic development landscape is dynamic, with nearly a hundred companies developing or manufacturing rapid tests for SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection [3]. In the last 3 months our hospital introduced the antigen test or Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) which detects the presence of viral proteins (antigens) expressed by the COVID-19 virus in a sample from the respiratory tract of a person. All RDT were confirmed next day with a RT-PCR. The number of positive cases detected during 3 months in our laboratory was 425. There were 326 positive tests in April, 106 positive tests in May and 7 positive tests in June. Compared with the number of positive tests in the 1st semester of 2021, the positive tests have significantly declined."

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Sidabalok, Jhonferi. "The Effect of Infection Prevention and Control Link Nurse Supervision and Resource Availability on Paramedic Hand Hygiene at Hanau Hospital, Seruyan District, Central Kalimantan." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.19.

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ABSTRACT Background: Hand hygiene was the most straightforward and most effective behavior to prevent nosocomial infection. Doing hand-hygiene in 5 moments must be endeavored to improve the quality of service in the hospital. Hospitals must have a PPI team where the Infection Prevention and Control Link Nurse (IPCLN) is part of the structure. The availability of facilities in the hospital is needed to support hand hygiene behavior. This study aimed to know the effect of IPCLN supervision and facilities’ availability on paramedical hand hygiene behavior at Hanau Hospital. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional conducted at Hanau Hospital, Seruyan District, Central Kalimantan. A sample of 83 paramedics at Hanau Hospital was selected for this study by total sampling. The dependent variable was the behavior of hand hygiene paramedic. The independent variable was IPCLN supervision and the availability of facilities. The data were collected by questionnaire. The data was analyzed by Chi Square. Results: The respondents in this study were 67.5% women, 72.3% were under 30 years old, 74.7% had a Diploma-III education, and 69.9% worked less than 5 years. The supervision carried out by IPCLN (OR = 35.25; CI: 4.36 to 258.22), and the availability of facilities (OR = 24.35; CI: 5.10 to 116.26) was statistically significant (p <0.001). Variables that influence the behavior of paramedic hand hygiene at Hanau Hospital are supervision of the IPCLN towards paramedics (B = 2.86; OR = 17.42; 95% CI= 1.94 to 156.78; p= 0.011) together with the variable availability of facilities (B = 2.62; OR = 13.69; 95% CI= 2.62 to 71.49; p= 0.002). Conclusion: The supervision of IPCN and the availability of facilities affect the hand hygiene behavior of paramedics at Hanau Hospital. Keywords: hand hygiene, IPCLN, Supervision, Facilities, PPI Correspondence: Jhonferi Sidabalok, Hospital Administration Studies Master Program, Faculty of Public Health, Indonesia University. Email: jfs.usu98@gmail.com. Mobile 082154643424 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.19

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Melo, D., T. Pinto, E. Silva, M. Bastos, L. Pires, AP Sardo, and F. Mautempo. "999 Latent tuberculosis infection among healthcare workers at a general hospital." In 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.597.

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T.Kutty, Jayalakshmi, Bhumika Madhav, C. G. Prakash, Dipti Dhanwante, Narendra Patil, and Dhanaji Revande. "Study of likelihood of infection with Covid-19 among hospital staff." In ERS International Congress 2021 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2021.pa3655.

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Ren, Zejuan, and Xue Sun. "Research on the Problems and Countermeasures of Infection Management in XX Hospital." In 2016 International Conference on Economics, Social Science, Arts, Education and Management Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/essaeme-16.2016.56.

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Reports on the topic "Hospital infection"

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Bezerra, Alexandre Sacchetti, Flavia Altheman Loureiro, Carla Maria Pasquareli Vazquez, Afonso Cesar Polimanti, and Rafi Felicio Bauab Dauar. Empiric Treatment of Foot Infection in Patients with Severe Diabetes. Science Repository, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.jicoa.2021.04.04.

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Background: Despite being treated with antibiotics of broad spectrum recommended by International Consensus, severe diabetic patients with lower limb infection do not present a positive clinical evolution during empirical treatment. This study’s bacterial profile was analysed and compared with other worldwide hospital centers. Objective: To confirm the need of an individualized empirical treatment for severe diabetic patients with foot infection. Methods: Retrospective analysis of cultures and antibiograms of severe diabetic patients admitted by foot infection. Results: The results were consistent with the socioeconomic realities of developing countries. Gram-negative bacteria (52,11%) were present in most bone cultures. Results presented a high incidence of Enterococcus faecalis in both gram-positive (21,2%) and polymicrobial (34,7%) samples. Bacterial resistance with the use of ordinary antibiotics in the statistical analysis was high. Conclusion: The community infections should undergo broad spectrum empirical therapy combining amikacin (80,43%) or meropenem (72,00%) with gram-negative and vancomycin (100%) or teicoplanin (90,00%) or linezolid (74,19%) with gram-positive.

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James-Scott, Alisha, Rachel Savoy, Donna Lynch-Smith, and tracy McClinton. Impact of Central Line Bundle Care on Reduction of Central Line Associated-Infections: A Scoping Review. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0014.

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Purpose/Background Central venous catheters (CVC) are typical for critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Due to the invasiveness of this procedure, there is a high risk for central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI). These infections have been known to increase mortality and morbidity, medical costs, and reduce hospital reimbursements. Evidenced-based interventions were grouped to assemble a central line bundle to decrease the number of CLABSIs and improve patient outcomes. This scoping review will evaluate the literature and examine the association between reduced CLABSI rates and central line bundle care implementation or current use. Methods A literature review was completed of nine critically appraised articles from the years 2010-2021. The association of the use of central line bundles and CLABSI rates was examined. These relationships were investigated to determine if the adherence to a central line bundle directly reduced the number of CLABSI rates in critically ill adult patients. A summary evaluation table was composed to determine the associations related to the implementation or current central line bundle care use. Results Of the study sample (N=9), all but one demonstrated a significant decrease in CLABSI rates when a central line bundle was in place. A trend towards reducing CLABSI was noted in the remaining article, a randomized controlled study, but the results were not significantly different. In all the other studies, a meta-analysis, randomized controlled trial, control trial, cohort or case-control studies, and quality improvement project, there was a significant improvement in CLABSI rates when utilizing a central line bundle. The extensive use of different levels of evidence provided an excellent synopsis that implementing a central line bundle care would directly affect decreasing CLABSI rates. Implications for Nursing Practice Results provided in this scoping review afforded the authors a diverse level of evidence that using a central line bundle has a direct outcome on reducing CLABSI rates. This practice can be implemented within the hospital setting as suggested by the literature review to prevent or reduce CLABSI rates. Implementing a standard central line bundle care hospital-wide helps avoid this hospital-acquired infection.

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Rosa-Mangeret, Flavia, Otis Olela, Francisca Barcos-Munoz, Noemie Wagner, Olivier Duperrex, Marc Dupuis, and Riccardo E. Pfister. Drug Resistant Bacterial Neonatal Early Onset Sepsis in Africa: A 20 year- prevalence review and metanalysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.1.0112.

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Review question / Objective: What is the prevalence of drug-resistant pathogens associated with neonatal Early Onset Sepsis (NEOS) in the African continent and their likelihood of resistance to commonly used antibiotics in the NEOS, and what is the trend through time? Condition being studied: There is no consensus on the definition of neonatal sepsis. Two main categories of neonatal sepsis are widely accepted: early-onset sepsis (EOS) defined as occurring in the first 72 hours of life, hence representing perinatal vertical infection; and late-onset sepsis (LOS), which occurs between 72 hours to 28 days and can be hospital or community-acquired. Information sources: Pubmed, EMBASE, Web of Science. All authors from papers with missing information were contacted before article exclusion.

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Vugrin, Eric D., Stephen Joseph Verzi, Patrick D. Finley, Mark A. Turnquist, Tamar Wyte-Lake, Ann R. Griffin, Karen J. Ricci, and Rachel Plotinsky. Resource Requirements Planning for Hospitals Treating Serious Infectious Disease Cases. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1171661.

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Bhatt, Mihir R., Shilpi Srivastava, Megan Schmidt-Sane, and Lyla Mehta. Key Considerations: India's Deadly Second COVID-19 Wave: Addressing Impacts and Building Preparedness Against Future Waves. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.031.

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Since February 2021, countless lives have been lost in India, which has compounded the social and economic devastation caused by the second wave of COVID-19. The sharp surge in cases across the country overwhelmed the health infrastructure, with people left scrambling for hospital beds, critical drugs, and oxygen. As of May 2021, infections began to come down in urban areas. However, the effects of the second wave continued to be felt in rural areas. This is the worst humanitarian and public health crisis the country has witnessed since independence; while the continued spread of COVID-19 variants will have regional and global implications. With a slow vaccine rollout and overwhelmed health infrastructure, there is a critical need to examine India's response and recommend measures to further arrest the current spread of infection and to prevent and prepare against future waves. This brief is a rapid social science review and analysis of the second wave of COVID-19 in India. It draws on emerging reports, literature, and regional social science expertise to examine reasons for the second wave, explain its impact, and highlight the systemic issues that hindered the response. This brief puts forth vital considerations for local and national government, civil society, and humanitarian actors at global and national levels, with implications for future waves of COVID-19 in low- and middle-income countries. This review is part of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) series on the COVID-19 response in India. It was developed for SSHAP by Mihir R. Bhatt (AIDMI), Shilpi Srivastava (IDS), Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), and Lyla Mehta (IDS) with input and reviews from Deepak Sanan (Former Civil Servant; Senior Visiting Fellow, Centre for Policy Research), Subir Sinha (SOAS), Murad Banaji (Middlesex University London), Delhi Rose Angom (Oxfam India), Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica) and Santiago Ripoll (IDS). It is the responsibility of SSHAP.

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Holland, Darren, and Nazmina Mahmoudzadeh. Foodborne Disease Estimates for the United Kingdom in 2018. Food Standards Agency, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.squ824.

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In February 2020 the FSA published two reports which produced new estimates of foodborne norovirus cases. These were the ‘Norovirus Attribution Study’ (NoVAS study) (O’Brien et al., 2020) and the accompanying internal FSA technical review ‘Technical Report: Review of Quantitative Risk Assessment of foodborne norovirus transmission’ (NoVAS model review), (Food Standards Agency, 2020). The NoVAS study produced a Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment model (QMRA) to estimate foodborne norovirus. The NoVAS model review considered the impact of using alternative assumptions and other data sources on these estimates. From these two pieces of work, a revised estimate of foodborne norovirus was produced. The FSA has therefore updated its estimates of annual foodborne disease to include these new results and also to take account of more recent data related to other pathogens. The estimates produced include: •Estimates of GP presentations and hospital admissions for foodbornenorovirus based on the new estimates of cases. The NoVAS study onlyproduced estimates for cases. •Estimates of foodborne cases, GP presentations and hospital admissions for12 other pathogens •Estimates of unattributed cases of foodborne disease •Estimates of total foodborne disease from all pathogens Previous estimates An FSA funded research project ‘The second study of infectious intestinal disease in the community’, published in 2012 and referred to as the IID2 study (Tam et al., 2012), estimated that there were 17 million cases of infectious intestinal disease (IID) in 2009. These include illness caused by all sources, not just food. Of these 17 million cases, around 40% (around 7 million) could be attributed to 13 known pathogens. These pathogens included norovirus. The remaining 60% of cases (equivalent to 10 million cases) were unattributed cases. These are cases where the causal pathogen is unknown. Reasons for this include the causal pathogen was not tested for, the test was not sensitive enough to detect the causal pathogen or the pathogen is unknown to science. A second project ‘Costed extension to the second study of infectious intestinal disease in the community’, published in 2014 and known as IID2 extension (Tam, Larose and O’Brien, 2014), estimated that there were 566,000 cases of foodborne disease per year caused by the same 13 known pathogens. Although a proportion of the unattributed cases would also be due to food, no estimate was provided for this in the IID2 extension. New estimates We estimate that there were 2.4 million cases of foodborne disease in the UK in 2018 (95% credible intervals 1.8 million to 3.1 million), with 222,000 GP presentations (95% Cred. Int. 150,000 to 322,000) and 16,400 hospital admissions (95% Cred. Int. 11,200 to 26,000). Of the estimated 2.4 million cases, 0.9 million (95% Cred. Int. 0.7 million to 1.2 million) were from the 13 known pathogens included in the IID2 extension and 1.4 million1 (95% Cred. Int. 1.0 million to 2.0 million) for unattributed cases. Norovirus was the pathogen with the largest estimate with 383,000 cases a year. However, this estimate is within the 95% credible interval for Campylobacter of 127,000 to 571,000. The pathogen with the next highest number of cases was Clostridium perfringens with 85,000 (95% Cred. Int. 32,000 to 225,000). While the methodology used in the NoVAS study does not lend itself to producing credible intervals for cases of norovirus, this does not mean that there is no uncertainty in these estimates. There were a number of parameters used in the NoVAS study which, while based on the best science currently available, were acknowledged to have uncertain values. Sensitivity analysis undertaken as part of the study showed that changes to the values of these parameters could make big differences to the overall estimates. Campylobacter was estimated to have the most GP presentations with 43,000 (95% Cred. Int. 19,000 to 76,000) followed by norovirus with 17,000 (95% Cred. Int. 11,000 to 26,000) and Clostridium perfringens with 13,000 (95% Cred. Int. 6,000 to 29,000). For hospital admissions Campylobacter was estimated to have 3,500 (95% Cred. Int. 1,400 to 7,600), followed by norovirus 2,200 (95% Cred. Int. 1,500 to 3,100) and Salmonella with 2,100 admissions (95% Cred. Int. 400 to 9,900). As many of these credible intervals overlap, any ranking needs to be undertaken with caution. While the estimates provided in this report are for 2018 the methodology described can be applied to future years.

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Chauvin, Juan Pablo, Annabelle Fowler, and Nicolás Herrera L. The Younger Age Profile of COVID-19 Deaths in Developing Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002879.

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This paper examines why a larger share of COVID-19 deaths occurs among young and middle-aged adults in developing countries than in high-income countries. Using novel data at the country, city, and patient levels, we investigate the drivers of this gap in terms of the key components of the standard Susceptible-Infected-Recovered framework. We obtain three main results. First, we show that the COVID-19 mortality age gap is not explained by younger susceptible populations in developing countries. Second, we provide indirect evidence that higher infection rates play a role, showing that variables linked to faster COVID-19 spread such as residential crowding and labor informality are correlated with younger mortality age profiles across cities. Third, we show that lower recovery rates in developing countries account for nearly all of the higher death shares among young adults, and for almost half of the higher death shares among middle-aged adults. Our evidence suggests that lower recovery rates in developing countries are driven by a higher prevalence of preexisting conditions that have been linked to more severe COVID-19 complications, and by more limited access to hospitals and intensive care units in some countries.

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Treating asymptomatic MRSA on discharge from hospital reduces risk of later infection. National Institute for Health Research, April 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/signal-000766.

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Egypt: Expand access to postabortion care. Population Council, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2000.1023.

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The Population Council has supported a series of studies to improve the quality of postabortion care (PAC) in Egypt. A 1994 pilot study in two Egyptian hospitals showed that upgrading PAC and training physicians in manual vacuum aspiration (MVA), infection control, and counseling led to significant improvements in the care of postabortion patients. The 1997 study, conducted by the Egyptian Fertility Care Society with support from the Population Council, sought to institutionalize improved postabortion medical care and counseling procedures in ten hospitals. Five senior physicians from each hospital attended a five-day training course in MVA, infection control, and family planning (FP) counseling. The physicians then supervised four months of on-the-job training of doctors and nurses at the ten hospitals. A case management protocol, including emergency medical treatment, pain control, and FP counseling, was also introduced. As reported in this brief, training providers and introducing a case management protocol led to improved PAC at ten government and teaching hospitals in Egypt.

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Proceedings of the workshop on integrating reproductive tract infection case management in LGU health centers. Population Council, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1997.1003.

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This report documents the proceedings of a training workshop on reproductive tract infection (RTI) case management for physicians, nurses, and midwives in selected health centers of the Philippines. The training started with presentation of focus group discussion results emphasizing existing beliefs and perceptions of the community regarding RTIs. The results of the situation analysis served as an eye opener for many in that clients with RTI-related symptoms were found to be rather rare and not systematically managed in the health clinics. Many providers report that since they are not trained to handle such cases, they refer whoever comes with symptoms to the hospital or to private practitioners. The open forum sessions revealed preconceived notions and initial confusion regarding RTI management held by service providers. Participants were trained in history taking, physical examination, and management of RTIs. To guide service providers on giving appropriate messages to the client and the community, sessions on integrated RTI/FP counseling and community awareness were included. Training of service providers in RTI management is the first of several components of the RTI integration study.

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